1
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Zhao X, Zhao X, Di W, Wang C. Inhibitors of Cyclophilin A: Current and Anticipated Pharmaceutical Agents for Inflammatory Diseases and Cancers. Molecules 2024; 29:1235. [PMID: 38542872 PMCID: PMC10974348 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29061235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Cyclophilin A, a widely prevalent cellular protein, exhibits peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity. This protein is predominantly located in the cytosol; additionally, it can be secreted by the cells in response to inflammatory stimuli. Cyclophilin A has been identified to be a key player in many of the biological events and is therefore involved in several diseases, including vascular and inflammatory diseases, immune disorders, aging, and cancers. It represents an attractive target for therapeutic intervention with small molecule inhibitors such as cyclosporin A. Recently, a number of novel inhibitors of cyclophilin A have emerged. However, it remains elusive whether and how many cyclophilin A inhibitors function in the inflammatory diseases and cancers. In this review, we discuss current available data about cyclophilin A inhibitors, including cyclosporin A and its derivatives, quinoxaline derivatives, and peptide analogues, and outline the most recent advances in clinical trials of these agents. Inhibitors of cyclophilin A are poised to enhance our comprehension of the molecular mechanisms that underpin inflammatory diseases and cancers associated with cyclophilin A. This advancement will aid in the development of innovative pharmaceutical treatments in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji’nan 250000, China; (X.Z.); (W.D.)
| | - Xin Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji’nan 250000, China; (X.Z.); (W.D.)
| | - Weihua Di
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji’nan 250000, China; (X.Z.); (W.D.)
| | - Chang Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji’nan 250000, China; (X.Z.); (W.D.)
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji’nan 250000, China
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2
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Liu L, Song Z, Fan G, Lou L, Wang Y, Zhang X, Xiong XF. Discovery of novel indazole derivatives as SOS1 agonists that activate KRAS signaling. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 93:117457. [PMID: 37688996 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
KRAS serves as a vital regulator for cellular signaling and drives tumor pathogenesis after mutation. Despite extensive research efforts spanning several decades, targeting KRAS is still challenging due to the multiple KRAS mutations and the emergence of drug resistance. Interfering the interactions between KRAS and SOS1 is one of the promising approaches for modulating KRAS functions. Herein, we discovered small-molecule SOS1 agonists with novel indazole scaffold. Through structure-based optimization, compound 11 was identified with high SOS1 activation potency (p-ERK EC50 = 1.53 μM). In HeLa cells, compound 11 enhances cellular RAS-GTP levels and exhibits biphasic modulation of ERK1/2 phosphorylation through an on-target mechanism and presents the therapeutic potential to modulate RAS signaling by activating SOS1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Zhendong Song
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Guangjin Fan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Linlin Lou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yuanxiang Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Feng Xiong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China.
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3
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Liang L, Lin R, Xie Y, Lin H, Shao F, Rui W, Chen H. The Role of Cyclophilins in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Colorectal Cancer. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:2548-2560. [PMID: 34326693 PMCID: PMC8315013 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.58671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclophilins (Cyps) is a kind of ubiquitous protein family in organisms, which has biological functions such as promoting intracellular protein folding and participating in the pathological processes of inflammation and tumor. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC) are two common intestinal diseases, but the etiology and pathogenesis of these two diseases are still unclear. IBD and CRC are closely associated, IBD has always been considered as one of the main risks of CRC. However, the role of Cyps in these two related intestinal diseases is rarely studied and reported. In this review, the expression of CypA, CypB and CypD in IBD, especially ulcerative colitis (UC), and CRC, their relationship with the development of these two intestinal diseases, as well as the possible pathogenesis, were briefly summarized, so as to provide modest reference for clinical researches and treatments in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Liang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Rongxiao Lin
- Centrefor Novel Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Ying Xie
- Centrefor Novel Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Huaqing Lin
- Centrefor Novel Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, PR China
- GDPU-HKU Zhongshan Biomedical Innovation Plaform, Zhongshan 528437, Guangdong Province, PR China
- Guangdong Engineering & Technology Research Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Fangyuan Shao
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Wen Rui
- Centrefor Novel Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, PR China
- Guangdong Engineering & Technology Research Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of State Administration of TCM, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, PR China
- Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center,Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Hongyuan Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, PR China
- GDPU-HKU Zhongshan Biomedical Innovation Plaform, Zhongshan 528437, Guangdong Province, PR China
- Guangdong Engineering & Technology Research Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of State Administration of TCM, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, PR China
- Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center,Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, PR China
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4
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Ramharter J, Kessler D, Ettmayer P, Hofmann MH, Gerstberger T, Gmachl M, Wunberg T, Kofink C, Sanderson M, Arnhof H, Bader G, Rumpel K, Zöphel A, Schnitzer R, Böttcher J, O'Connell JC, Mendes RL, Richard D, Pototschnig N, Weiner I, Hela W, Hauer K, Haering D, Lamarre L, Wolkerstorfer B, Salamon C, Werni P, Munico-Martinez S, Meyer R, Kennedy MD, Kraut N, McConnell DB. One Atom Makes All the Difference: Getting a Foot in the Door between SOS1 and KRAS. J Med Chem 2021; 64:6569-6580. [PMID: 33719426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
KRAS, the most common oncogenic driver in human cancers, is controlled and signals primarily through protein-protein interactions (PPIs). The interaction between KRAS and SOS1, crucial for the activation of KRAS, is a typical, challenging PPI with a large contact surface area and high affinity. Here, we report that the addition of only one atom placed between Y884SOS1 and A73KRAS is sufficient to convert SOS1 activators into SOS1 inhibitors. We also disclose the discovery of BI-3406. Combination with the upstream EGFR inhibitor afatinib shows in vivo efficacy against KRASG13D mutant colorectal tumor cells, demonstrating the utility of BI-3406 to probe SOS1 biology. These findings challenge the dogma that large molecules are required to disrupt challenging PPIs. Instead, a "foot in the door" approach, whereby single atoms or small functional groups placed between key PPI interactions, can lead to potent inhibitors even for challenging PPIs such as SOS1-KRAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juergen Ramharter
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dirk Kessler
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Ettmayer
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marco H Hofmann
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Gerstberger
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Gmachl
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tobias Wunberg
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christiane Kofink
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Sanderson
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Heribert Arnhof
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerd Bader
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus Rumpel
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Zöphel
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Schnitzer
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jark Böttcher
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jonathan C O'Connell
- Forma Therapeutics, 500 Arsenal Street, Suite 100, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
| | - Rachel L Mendes
- Forma Therapeutics, 500 Arsenal Street, Suite 100, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
| | - David Richard
- Forma Therapeutics, 500 Arsenal Street, Suite 100, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
| | - Nikolai Pototschnig
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Irene Weiner
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Hela
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Katja Hauer
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Haering
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lyne Lamarre
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Wolkerstorfer
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Salamon
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Werni
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Silvia Munico-Martinez
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Reiner Meyer
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthew D Kennedy
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Norbert Kraut
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Darryl B McConnell
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
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5
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Almasi F, Mohammadipanah F. Hypothetical targets and plausible drugs of coronavirus infection caused by SARS-CoV-2. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:318-332. [PMID: 32662203 PMCID: PMC7405402 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The world is confronting a dire situation due to the recent pandemic of the novel coronavirus disease (SARS-CoV-2) with the mortality rate passed over 470,000. Attaining efficient drugs evolve in parallel to the understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. The current drugs in the pipeline and some plausible drugs are overviewed in this paper. Although different types of anti-viral targets are applicable for SARS-CoV-2 drug screenings, the more promising targets can be considered as 3C-like main protease (3Cl protease) and RNA polymerase. The remdesivir could be considered the closest bifunctional drug to the provisional clinical administration for SARS-CoV-2. The known molecular targets of the SARS-CoV-2 include fourteen targets, while four molecules of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), cathepsin L, 3Cl protease and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) are suggested as more promising potential targets. Accordingly, dual-acting drugs as an encouraging solution in drug discovery are suggested. Emphasizing the potential route of SARS-CoV-2 infection and virus entry-related factors like integrins, cathepsin and ACE2 seems valuable. The potential molecular targets of each phase of the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle are discussed and highlighted in this paper. Much progress in understanding the SARS-CoV-2 and molecular details of its life cycle followed by the identification of new therapeutic targets are needed to lead us to an efficient approach in anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Almasi
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology LabDepartment of Microbial BiotechnologySchool of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living OrganismsCollege of ScienceUniversity of TehranTehranIran
| | - Fatemeh Mohammadipanah
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology LabDepartment of Microbial BiotechnologySchool of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living OrganismsCollege of ScienceUniversity of TehranTehranIran
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6
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Stocco A, Smolina N, Sabatelli P, Šileikytė J, Artusi E, Mouly V, Cohen M, Forte M, Schiavone M, Bernardi P. Treatment with a triazole inhibitor of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore fully corrects the pathology of sapje zebrafish lacking dystrophin. Pharmacol Res 2021; 165:105421. [PMID: 33429034 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput screening identified isoxazoles as potent but metabolically unstable inhibitors of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP). Here we have studied the effects of a metabolically stable triazole analog, TR001, which maintains the PTP inhibitory properties with an in vitro potency in the nanomolar range. We show that TR001 leads to recovery of muscle structure and function of sapje zebrafish, a severe model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). PTP inhibition fully restores the otherwise defective respiration in vivo, allowing normal development of sapje individuals in spite of lack of dystrophin. About 80 % sapje zebrafish treated with TR001 are alive and normal at 18 days post fertilization (dpf), a point in time when not a single untreated sapje individual survives. Time to 50 % death of treated zebrafish increases from 5 to 28 dpf, a sizeable number of individuals becoming young adults in spite of the persistent lack of dystrophin expression. TR001 improves respiration of myoblasts and myotubes from DMD patients, suggesting that PTP-dependent dysfunction also occurs in the human disease and that mitochondrial therapy of DMD with PTP-inhibiting triazoles is a viable treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stocco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Neuroscience Institute, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Natalia Smolina
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Neuroscience Institute, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Patrizia Sabatelli
- CNR-Institute of Molecular Genetics "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza"-Unit of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Justina Šileikytė
- Vollum Institute and Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Edoardo Artusi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Neuroscience Institute, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Vincent Mouly
- Center for Research in Myology UMRS 974, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Myology Institute, Paris, France
| | - Michael Cohen
- Vollum Institute and Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Michael Forte
- Vollum Institute and Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Marco Schiavone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Neuroscience Institute, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Paolo Bernardi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Neuroscience Institute, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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7
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Carraro M, Carrer A, Urbani A, Bernardi P. Molecular nature and regulation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore(s), drug target(s) in cardioprotection. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 144:76-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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8
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Davra V, Saleh T, Geng K, Kimani S, Mehta D, Kasikara C, Smith B, Colangelo NW, Ciccarelli B, Li H, Azzam EI, Kalodimos CG, Birge RB, Kumar S. Cyclophilin A Inhibitor Debio-025 Targets Crk, Reduces Metastasis, and Induces Tumor Immunogenicity in Breast Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 18:1189-1201. [PMID: 32321766 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-1144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The Crk adaptor protein, a critical modifier of multiple signaling pathways, is overexpressed in many cancers where it contributes to tumor progression and metastasis. Recently, we have shown that Crk interacts with the peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase, Cyclophilin A (CypA; PP1A) via a G219P220Y221 (GPY) motif in the carboxyl-terminal linker region of Crk, thereby delaying pY221 phosphorylation and preventing downregulation of Crk signaling. Here, we investigate the physiologic significance of the CypA/Crk interaction and query whether CypA inhibition affects Crk signaling in vitro and in vivo. We show that CypA, when induced under conditions of hypoxia, regulates Crk pY221 phosphorylation and signaling in cancer cell lines. Using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we show that CypA binds to the Crk GPY motif via the catalytic PPII domain of CypA, and small-molecule nonimmunosuppressive inhibitors of CypA (Debio-025) disrupt the CypA-CrkII interaction and restores phosphorylation of Crk Y221. In cultured cell lines, Debio-025 suppresses cell migration, and when administered in vivo in an orthotopic model of triple-negative breast cancer, Debio-025 showed antitumor efficacy either alone or in combination with anti-PD-1 mAb, reducing both tumor volume and metastatic lung dispersion. Furthermore, when analyzed by NanoString immune profiling, treatment of Debio-025 with anti-PD-1 mAb increased both T-cell signaling and innate immune signaling in tumor microenvironment. IMPLICATIONS: These data suggest that pharmacologic inhibition of CypA may provide a promising and unanticipated consequence in cancer biology, in part by targeting the CypA/CrkII axis that regulates cell migration, tumor metastasis, and host antitumor immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viralkumar Davra
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Center for Cell Signaling, Rutgers- New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Tamjeed Saleh
- Department of Structural Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Ke Geng
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Center for Cell Signaling, Rutgers- New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Stanley Kimani
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Center for Cell Signaling, Rutgers- New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Dhriti Mehta
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Center for Cell Signaling, Rutgers- New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Canan Kasikara
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Center for Cell Signaling, Rutgers- New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Brendan Smith
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Center for Cell Signaling, Rutgers- New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Nicholas W Colangelo
- Department of Radiology, Center for Cell Signaling, Rutgers- New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Bryan Ciccarelli
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Center for Cell Signaling, Rutgers- New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Hong Li
- Center for Advanced Proteomics, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Edouard I Azzam
- Department of Radiology, Center for Cell Signaling, Rutgers- New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | | | - Raymond B Birge
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Center for Cell Signaling, Rutgers- New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey.
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Center for Cell Signaling, Rutgers- New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey.
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9
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Stanciu C, Trifan A, Muzica C, Sfarti C. Efficacy and safety of alisporivir for the treatment of hepatitis C infection. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2019; 20:379-384. [PMID: 30576256 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2018.1560424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alisporivir (ALV) (previously known as Debio 025) is a potent, pangenotypic host-targeting antiviral oral agent acting on cyclophilin A, which is necessary for HCV replication. Areas covered: This article reviews the therapeutic efficacy and safety of ALV for the treatment of HCV infection. Expert opinion: Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) have revolutionized the HCV antiviral treatment paradigm with success rates well above 95% for all HCV genotypes. However, challenges still remain in certain patient populations such as those who have developed resistance and have experienced multi-DAA failure. To cure HCV infection, a treatment regimen must combine antiviral potency and a high barrier to resistance. ALV fulfills this need as shown by the studies evaluating its clinical efficacy. Nevertheless, ALV missed the chance to be included in the HCV treatment armamentarium after the FDA halted clinical studies following reports of serious side effects (three cases of pancreatitis, one lethal). However, it is possible that ALV could still be considered for HCV-infected non-cirrhotic patients that are infected with a multiresistant virus or with HCV genotype 3, although it must be said that the drug industry would be reluctant to invest in new antivirals if the current clinical need is effectively met.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Stanciu
- a Department of Gastroenterology , Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Iasi , Romania
- b Department of Gastroenterology , St. Spiridon, Emergency Clinical Hospital , Iasi , Romania
| | - Anca Trifan
- a Department of Gastroenterology , Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Iasi , Romania
- b Department of Gastroenterology , St. Spiridon, Emergency Clinical Hospital , Iasi , Romania
| | - Cristina Muzica
- b Department of Gastroenterology , St. Spiridon, Emergency Clinical Hospital , Iasi , Romania
| | - Catalin Sfarti
- a Department of Gastroenterology , Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Iasi , Romania
- b Department of Gastroenterology , St. Spiridon, Emergency Clinical Hospital , Iasi , Romania
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10
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Dujardin M, Bouckaert J, Rucktooa P, Hanoulle X. X-ray structure of alisporivir in complex with cyclophilin A at 1.5 Å resolution. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2018; 74:583-592. [PMID: 30198892 PMCID: PMC6130424 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x18010415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alisporivir (ALV) is an 11-amino-acid hydrophobic cyclic peptide with N-methyl-D-alanine and N-ethyl-L-valine (NEV) residues at positions 3 and 4, respectively. ALV is a non-immunosuppressive cyclosporin A (CsA) derivative. This inhibitor targets cyclophilins (Cyps), a family of proteins with peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase enzymatic activity. Cyps act as protein chaperones and are involved in numerous cellular functions. Moreover, Cyps have been shown to be an essential cofactor for the replication of many viruses, including Hepatitis C virus and Human immunodeficiency virus, and have also been shown to be involved in mitochondrial diseases. For these reasons, cyclophilins represent an attractive drug target. The structure of ALV in complex with cyclophilin A (CypA), the most abundant Cyp in humans, has been determined at 1.5 Å resolution. This first structure of the CypA-ALV complex shows that the binding of ALV is highly similar to that of CsA. The high resolution allowed the unambiguous determination of the conformations of residues 3 and 4 in ALV when bound to its target. In particular, the side-chain conformation of NEV4 precludes the interaction of the CypA-ALV complex with calcineurin, a cellular protein phosphatase involved in the immune response, which explains the non-immunosuppressive property of ALV. This study provides detailed molecular insights into the CypA-ALV interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Dujardin
- UGSF–UMR8576, University of Lille, CNRS, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Julie Bouckaert
- UGSF–UMR8576, University of Lille, CNRS, F-59000 Lille, France
| | | | - Xavier Hanoulle
- UGSF–UMR8576, University of Lille, CNRS, F-59000 Lille, France
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11
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de Wilde AH, Pham U, Posthuma CC, Snijder EJ. Cyclophilins and cyclophilin inhibitors in nidovirus replication. Virology 2018; 522:46-55. [PMID: 30014857 PMCID: PMC7112023 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cyclophilins (Cyps) belong to the family of peptidyl-prolyl isomerases (PPIases). The PPIase activity of most Cyps is inhibited by the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A and several of its non-immunosuppressive analogs, which can also block the replication of nidoviruses (arteriviruses and coronaviruses). Cyclophilins have been reported to play an essential role in the replication of several other RNA viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus-1, hepatitis C virus, and influenza A virus. Likewise, the replication of various nidoviruses was reported to depend on Cyps or other PPIases. This review summarizes our current understanding of this class of nidovirus-host interactions, including the potential function of in particular CypA and the inhibitory effect of Cyp inhibitors. Also the involvement of the FK-506-binding proteins and parvulins is discussed. The nidovirus data are placed in a broader perspective by summarizing the most relevant data on Cyp interactions and Cyp inhibitors for other RNA viruses. Nidovirus replication is inhibited by cyclophilin inhibitors. Arterivirus replication depends on cyclophilin A. Cyclosporin A blocks arterivirus RNA synthesis. Using cyclophilin inhibitors against nidoviruses in vivo needs more investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriaan H de Wilde
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Uyen Pham
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Clara C Posthuma
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eric J Snijder
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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A Abdullah A, Abdullah R, A Nazariah Z, N Balakrishnan K, Firdaus J Abdullah F, A Bala J, Mohd-Lila MA. Cyclophilin A as a target in the treatment of cytomegalovirus infections. Antivir Chem Chemother 2018; 26:2040206618811413. [PMID: 30449131 PMCID: PMC6243413 DOI: 10.1177/2040206618811413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viruses are obligate parasites that depend on the cellular machinery of the host to regenerate and manufacture their proteins. Most antiviral drugs on the market today target viral proteins. However, the more recent strategies involve targeting the host cell proteins or pathways that mediate viral replication. This new approach would be effective for most viruses while minimizing drug resistance and toxicity. METHODS Cytomegalovirus replication, latency, and immune response are mediated by the intermediate early protein 2, the main protein that determines the effectiveness of drugs in cytomegalovirus inhibition. This review explains how intermediate early protein 2 can modify the action of cyclosporin A, an immunosuppressive, and antiviral drug. It also links all the pathways mediated by cyclosporin A, cytomegalovirus replication, and its encoded proteins. RESULTS Intermediate early protein 2 can influence the cellular cyclophilin A pathway, affecting cyclosporin A as a mediator of viral replication or anti-cytomegalovirus drug. CONCLUSION Cyclosporin A has a dual function in cytomegalovirus pathogenesis. It has the immunosuppressive effect that establishes virus replication through the inhibition of T-cell function. It also has an anti-cytomegalovirus effect mediated by intermediate early protein 2. Both of these functions involve cyclophilin A pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwaq A Abdullah
- 1 Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor D.E, Malaysia
- 2 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Science, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
| | - Rasedee Abdullah
- 1 Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor D.E, Malaysia
- 3 Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor D.E, Malaysia
| | - Zeenathul A Nazariah
- 1 Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor D.E, Malaysia
- 4 Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor D.E, Malaysia
| | - Krishnan N Balakrishnan
- 4 Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor D.E, Malaysia
| | - Faez Firdaus J Abdullah
- 5 Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor D.E, Malaysia
| | - Jamilu A Bala
- 4 Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor D.E, Malaysia
- 6 Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Mohd-Azmi Mohd-Lila
- 1 Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor D.E, Malaysia
- 4 Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor D.E, Malaysia
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Esser-Nobis K, Schmidt J, Nitschke K, Neumann-Haefelin C, Thimme R, Lohmann V. The cyclophilin-inhibitor alisporivir stimulates antigen presentation thereby promoting antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell activation. J Hepatol 2016; 64:1305-14. [PMID: 26921685 PMCID: PMC7172366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cyclophilin-inhibitors have potent antiviral activity against Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and are promising candidates for broad-spectrum antiviral therapy. Cyclosporine A (CsA) acts immunosuppressive by blocking T cell activation and antigen presentation. Alisporivir, a non-immunosuppressive CsA analog in clinical development, does not inhibit T cell activation. In this study we explored the impact of alisporivir on antigen presentation. METHODS Hepatoma cells endogenously expressing the epitope-restricting major histocompatibility complex-class I (MHC-I) allele HLA-A2 and constitutively expressing a viral antigen were established to study the impact of cyclophilin-inhibitors on antigen presentation. Antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell activation and MHC-I surface expression were measured to quantify antigen presentation. RESULTS Our work establishes a novel cell culture model to study antigen presentation in liver-derived cells. Authentic regulation of antigen presentation was ensured by the action of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Alisporivir pretreatment stimulated antigen presentation by hepatoma target cells, leading to enhancement of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell activation by 40%. Alisporivir, as well as a panel of other cyclophilin-inhibitors, induced an increase of MHC-I and beta-2 microglobulin on the surface of several cell lines. The drug neither enhanced MHC-I transcript or protein levels nor affected surface expression of other proteins or protein trafficking in general. Proteasome-inhibitors completely blocked the alisporivir-directed enhancement of surface MHC-I, suggesting an influence of the drug on peptide-availability. CONCLUSIONS Alisporivir stimulates antigen presentation by inducing enhanced MHC-I surface expression, thereby promoting antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell activation. This immunostimulatory function might further contribute to the antiviral activity of non-immunosuppressive cyclophilin-inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Esser-Nobis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Schmidt
- Department of Medicine II, Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katja Nitschke
- Department of Medicine II, Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Neumann-Haefelin
- Department of Medicine II, Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Thimme
- Department of Medicine II, Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Volker Lohmann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Zeuzem S, Flisiak R, Vierling JM, Mazur W, Mazzella G, Thongsawat S, Abdurakhmanov D, Van Kính N, Calistru P, Heo J, Stanciu C, Gould M, Makara M, Hsu SJ, Buggisch P, Samuel D, Mutimer D, Nault B, Merz M, Bao W, Griffel LH, Brass C, Naoumov NV. Randomised clinical trial: alisporivir combined with peginterferon and ribavirin in treatment-naïve patients with chronic HCV genotype 1 infection (ESSENTIAL II). Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2015; 42:829-44. [PMID: 26238707 DOI: 10.1111/apt.13342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alisporivir (ALV) is an oral, host-targeting agent with pangenotypic anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) activity and a high barrier to resistance. AIM To evaluate efficacy and safety of ALV plus peginterferon-α2a and ribavirin (PR) in treatment-naïve patients with chronic HCV genotype 1 infection. METHODS Double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, Phase 3 study evaluating ALV 600 mg once daily [response-guided therapy (RGT) for 24 or 48 weeks or 48 weeks fixed duration] or ALV 400 mg twice daily RGT with PR, compared to PR alone. Following a Food and Drug Administration partial clinical hold, ALV/placebo was discontinued and patients completed treatment with PR only. At that time, 87% of patients had received ≥12 weeks and 20% had received ≥24 weeks of ALV/PR triple therapy. RESULTS A total of 1081 patients were randomised (12% cirrhosis, 55% CT/TT IL28B). Addition of ALV to PR improved virological response in a dose-dependent fashion. Overall, sustained virological response (SVR12; primary endpoint) was 69% in all ALV groups vs. 53% in PR control. Highest SVR12 (90%) was achieved in patients treated with ALV 400 mg twice daily and PR for >24 weeks. Seven cases of pancreatitis were reported, with similar frequency between ALV/PR and PR control groups (0.6% vs. 0.8% respectively). Adverse events seen more frequently with ALV/PR than with PR alone were anaemia, thrombocytopenia, hyperbilirubinaemia and hypertension. CONCLUSIONS Alisporivir, especially the 400 mg twice daily regimen, increased efficacy of PR therapy in treatment-naïve patients with HCV genotype 1 infection. The mechanism of action and pangenotypic activity suggest that alisporivir could be useful in interferon-free combination regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - B Nault
- Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - M Merz
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - W Bao
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | - L H Griffel
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | - C Brass
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ, USA
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15
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Pawlotsky JM, Flisiak R, Sarin SK, Rasenack J, Piratvisuth T, Chuang WL, Peng CY, Foster GR, Shah S, Wedemeyer H, Hézode C, Zhang W, Wong KA, Li B, Avila C, Naoumov NV. Alisporivir plus ribavirin, interferon free or in combination with pegylated interferon, for hepatitis C virus genotype 2 or 3 infection. Hepatology 2015; 62:1013-23. [PMID: 26118427 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Alisporivir is a cyclophilin inhibitor with pan-genotypic anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) activity and a high barrier to viral resistance. The VITAL-1 study assessed alisporivir as interferon (IFN)-free therapy in treatment-naïve patients infected with HCV genotype 2 or 3. Three hundred forty patients without cirrhosis were randomized to: arm 1, alisporivir (ALV) 1,000 mg once-daily (QD); arm 2, ALV 600 mg QD and ribavirin (RBV); arm 3, ALV 800 mg QD and RBV; arm 4, ALV 600 mg QD and pegylated IFN (Peg-IFN); or arm 5, Peg-IFN and RBV. Patients receiving IFN-free ALV regimens who achieved rapid virological response (RVR) continued the same treatment throughout, whereas those with detectable HCV RNA at week 4 received ALV, RBV, and Peg-IFN from weeks 6 to 24. Overall, 300 patients received ALV-based regimens. In arm 1 to arm 4, the intent-to-treat rates of sustained virological response (SVR) 24 weeks after treatment (SVR24) were from 80% to 85%, compared with 58% (n = 23 of 40) with Peg-IFN/RBV. Per-protocol analysis showed higher SVR24 rates in patients who received ALV/RBV, IFN-free after RVR (92%; n = 56 of 61) than with ALV alone after RVR (72%; n = 13 of 18) or with Peg-IFN/RBV (70%; n = 23 of 33). Both RVRs and SVRs to ALV IFN-free regimens were numerically higher in genotype 3- than in genotype 2-infected patients. Viral breakthrough was infrequent (3%; n = 7 of 258). IFN-free ALV treatment showed markedly better safety/tolerability than IFN-containing regimens. CONCLUSIONS ALV plus RBV represents an effective IFN-free option for a proportion of patients with HCV genotype 2 or 3 infections, with high SVR rates for patients with early viral clearance. Further investigations of ALV in IFN-free combination regimens with direct-acting antiviral drugs deserve exploration in future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Pawlotsky
- National Reference Center for Viral Hepatitis B, C and Delta, Department of Virology, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France
- INSERM U955, Créteil, France
| | | | - Shiv K Sarin
- Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Jens Rasenack
- Klinikum der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Teerha Piratvisuth
- Prince of Songkla University, Songklanagarind Hospital, Hat-Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Wan-Long Chuang
- Kaohsiung Medical University, Chang-Ho Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yuan Peng
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Graham R Foster
- Bart's and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Christophe Hézode
- INSERM U955, Créteil, France
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France
| | - Wei Zhang
- Beijing Novartis Pharma Co Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Kelly A Wong
- Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Emeryville, CA
| | - Bin Li
- Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA
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Buti M, Flisiak R, Kao JH, Chuang WL, Streinu-Cercel A, Tabak F, Calistru P, Goeser T, Rasenack J, Horban A, Davis GL, Alberti A, Mazzella G, Pol S, Orsenigo R, Brass C. Alisporivir with peginterferon/ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection who failed to respond to or relapsed after prior interferon-based therapy: FUNDAMENTAL, a Phase II trial. J Viral Hepat 2015; 22:596-606. [PMID: 25412795 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Alisporivir (ALV) is an oral, investigational host-targeting agent, with pangenotypic activity against hepatitis C virus (HCV). This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, Phase II study explored the efficacy and safety of ALV with peginterferon-α2a/ribavirin (PR) in patients with chronic HCV genotype 1 infection in whom prior PR had failed (43% relapsers, 34% null responders and 23% partial responders). Four-hundred-and-fifty-nine patients were randomized (1:1:1:1) to ALV 600 mg once daily (QD), ALV 800 mg QD, ALV 400 twice daily (BID) or placebo plus PR for 48 weeks. When the global ALV trial programme was put on clinical hold, all patients in this study had received ≥31 weeks of randomized treatment; patients completed 48 weeks on PR alone. All ALV groups demonstrated superior rates of complete early virologic response (cEVR; primary endpoint) vs PR alone (P ≤ 0.0131), with highest cEVR rate seen with ALV 400 mg BID (74% vs 36% with PR alone; P < 0.0001). Respective SVR12 rates (key secondary endpoint) were 65% vs 26% in prior relapsers, 63% vs 5% in partial responders and 68% vs 3% in null responders. In patients who received >40 weeks of randomized treatment, the SVR12 rate was 89% for ALV 400 mg BID vs 30% for PR alone (P = 0.0053). Rates of viral breakthrough and relapse were lowest with ALV 400 mg BID. One case of pancreatitis (fully recovered) occurred with ALV/PR. Common AEs were headache, fatigue, anaemia, neutropenia and nausea. Hypertension was infrequent, but more common with ALV. ALV merits further investigation in interferon-free regimens in combination with direct-acting antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Buti
- Liver Unit, Hospital Universitario Valle Hebron and Ciberehd del Instituto Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Flisiak
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - J-H Kao
- National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - W-L Chuang
- Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - A Streinu-Cercel
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, and National Institute for Infectious Diseases 'Prof. Dr. Matei Balş', Bucharest, Romania
| | - F Tabak
- Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - P Calistru
- Centrul de Diagnostic si Tratament Dr. Viktor Babeş, Bucharest, Romania
| | - T Goeser
- Klinik für Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie Universitätsklinik Köln, Köln, Germany
| | - J Rasenack
- Universitätsklinik Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - A Horban
- Warsaw Medical University and Hospital of Infectious Disease, Warsaw, Poland
| | - G L Davis
- Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - A Alberti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - G Mazzella
- Azienda Ospedaliera di Bologna Policl, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - S Pol
- Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | | | - C Brass
- Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
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Naoumov NV. Cyclophilin inhibition as potential therapy for liver diseases. J Hepatol 2014; 61:1166-74. [PMID: 25048953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Revised: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cyclophilins are a group of proteins with peptidyl-prolyl isomerase enzymatic activity, localised in different cellular compartments and involved in a variety of functions related to cell metabolism and energy homeostasis, having enhanced expression in inflammation or malignancy. Cyclophilin A (CypA), the most abundantly expressed cyclophilin, is present mainly in the cytoplasm and is a host factor involved in the life cycle of multiple viruses. The extracellular fractions of CypA and CypB are potent pro-inflammatory mediators. CypD, located in mitochondria, is a key regulator of mitochondrial permeability transition pores, and is critical for necrotic cell death. Cyclosporines are the prototype cyclophilin inhibitors. Cyclic peptides, which bind and inhibit cyclophilins without having immunosuppressive properties, have been generated by chemical modifications of cyclosporin A. In addition, cyclophilin inhibitors that are structurally different from cyclosporines have been synthesized. The involvement of cyclophilins in the pathogenesis of different liver diseases has been established using both in vitro and in vivo investigations, thus indicating that cyclophilin inhibition may be of therapeutic benefit. This review summarises the evidence for potential therapeutic applications of non-immunosuppressive cyclophilin inhibitors, alone or in combination with other agents, in virus-induced liver diseases like hepatitis C, B or Delta, liver inflammation and fibrosis, acetaminophen-induced liver toxicity and hepatocellular carcinoma.
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18
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Fu J, Tjandra M, Becker C, Bednarczyk D, Capparelli M, Elling R, Hanna I, Fujimoto R, Furegati M, Karur S, Kasprzyk T, Knapp M, Leung K, Li X, Lu P, Mergo W, Miault C, Ng S, Parker D, Peng Y, Roggo S, Rivkin A, Simmons RL, Wang M, Wiedmann B, Weiss AH, Xiao L, Xie L, Xu W, Yifru A, Yang S, Zhou B, Sweeney ZK. Potent nonimmunosuppressive cyclophilin inhibitors with improved pharmaceutical properties and decreased transporter inhibition. J Med Chem 2014; 57:8503-16. [PMID: 25310383 DOI: 10.1021/jm500862r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nonimmunosuppressive cyclophilin inhibitors have demonstrated efficacy for the treatment of hepatitis C infection (HCV). However, alisporivir, cyclosporin A, and most other cyclosporins are potent inhibitors of OATP1B1, MRP2, MDR1, and other important drug transporters. Reduction of the side chain hydrophobicity of the P4 residue preserves cyclophilin binding and antiviral potency while decreasing transporter inhibition. Representative inhibitor 33 (NIM258) is a less potent transporter inhibitor relative to previously described cyclosporins, retains anti-HCV activity in cell culture, and has an acceptable pharmacokinetic profile in rats and dogs. An X-ray structure of 33 bound to rat cyclophilin D is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiping Fu
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , 4560 Horton Street, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
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Launay H, Parent B, Page A, Hanoulle X, Lippens G. Dissociation Kinetics of a Binary Complex in Solution by Protein Displacement. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201306253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Launay H, Parent B, Page A, Hanoulle X, Lippens G. Dissociation Kinetics of a Binary Complex in Solution by Protein Displacement. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:12587-91. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201306253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Imran M, Manzoor S, Khattak NM, Khalid M, Ahmed QL, Parvaiz F, Tariq M, Ashraf J, Ashraf W, Azam S, Ashraf M. Current and future therapies for hepatitis C virus infection: from viral proteins to host targets. Arch Virol 2013; 159:831-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1803-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Abstract
Recent advances in understanding of the molecular characteristics of the hepatitis C virus have led to the development of novel antiviral therapeutics. Direct-acting antivirals are designed to inhibit viral targets, whereas host-targeted antivirals block host factors that are used by the virus for its own life cycle. The rapid development of agents in multiple classes has led to the promise of shorter therapy duration, an improved side effect profile, and eventually interferon-sparing regimens. This article reviews novel hepatitis C virus therapeutics in development, including mechanism of action, efficacy, and adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Y Chen
- GI Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, GRJ724, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Gallay PA, Ptak RG, Bobardt MD, Dumont JM, Vuagniaux G, Rosenwirth B. Correlation of naturally occurring HIV-1 resistance to DEB025 with capsid amino acid polymorphisms. Viruses 2013; 5:981-97. [PMID: 23524389 PMCID: PMC3705307 DOI: 10.3390/v5030981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
DEB025 (alisporivir) is a synthetic cyclosporine with inhibitory activity against human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). It binds to cyclophilin A (CypA) and blocks essential functions of CypA in the viral replication cycles of both viruses. DEB025 inhibits clinical HIV-1 isolates in vitro and decreases HIV-1 virus load in the majority of patients. HIV-1 isolates being naturally resistant to DEB025 have been detected in vitro and in nonresponder patients. By sequence analysis of their capsid protein (CA) region, two amino acid polymorphisms that correlated with DEB025 resistance were identified: H87Q and I91N, both located in the CypA-binding loop of the CA protein of HIV-1. The H87Q change was by far more abundant than I91N. Additional polymorphisms in the CypA-binding loop (positions 86, 91 and 96), as well as in the N-terminal loop of CA were detected in resistant isolates and are assumed to contribute to the degree of resistance. These amino acid changes may modulate the conformation of the CypA-binding loop of CA in such a way that binding and/or isomerase function of CypA are no longer necessary for virus replication. The resistant HIV-1 isolates thus are CypA-independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe A. Gallay
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla 92037, California, USA; E-Mails: (P.A.G.); (M.D.B.)
| | - Roger G. Ptak
- Southern Research Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21701, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Michael D. Bobardt
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla 92037, California, USA; E-Mails: (P.A.G.); (M.D.B.)
| | - Jean-Maurice Dumont
- Debiopharm, 1002 Lausanne, Switzerland; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: E-Mail: ; Mailing address: Debiopharm SA, Forum “après-demain”, Chemin Messidor 5-7, Case postale 5911, CH-1002 Lausanne, Switzerland; Tel. +41 21 3210111; Fax: +41 21 3210169
| | | | - Brigitte Rosenwirth
- Klinisches Institut fuer Virologie, Medizinische Universitaet Wien, 1095 Vienna, Austria; E-Mail:
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Abstract
This article highlights a unique time in the history of hepatitis C therapy. In the last few years new families of direct-acting antivirals have emerged, that block different viral proteins to interrupt viral replication, such as protease, NS5A inhibitors, and NS5B inhibitors. There are few host-targeted agents in development; currently cyclophilin inhibitors are the only host-targeted agents in advanced development. One of these new agents has now progressed to phase 3 clinical trials; in this review article their potential role as a future therapy to cure hepatitis C is discussed.
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The race for interferon-free HCV therapies: a snapshot by the spring of 2012. Rev Med Virol 2012; 22:392-411. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Quarato G, Scrima R, Agriesti F, Moradpour D, Capitanio N, Piccoli C. Targeting mitochondria in the infection strategy of the hepatitis C virus. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 45:156-66. [PMID: 22710347 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection induces a state of oxidative stress more pronounced than that observed in many other inflammatory diseases. Here, we propose a temporal sequence of events in the HCV-infected cell whereby the primary alteration consists of a release of Ca(2+) from the endoplasmic reticulum, followed by uptake into mitochondria. This ensues successive mitochondrial dysfunction leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species and a progressive metabolic adaptive response. Evidence is provided for a positive feed-back mechanism between alterations of calcium and redox homeostasis. This likely involves deregulation of the mitochondrial permeability transition and induces progressive dysfunction of cellular bioenergetics. Pathogenetic implications of the model and new opportunities for therapeutic intervention are discussed. This article is part of a Directed Issue entitled: Bioenergetic dysfunction, adaptation and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Quarato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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Quarato G, D'Aprile A, Gavillet B, Vuagniaux G, Moradpour D, Capitanio N, Piccoli C. The cyclophilin inhibitor alisporivir prevents hepatitis C virus-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction. Hepatology 2012; 55:1333-43. [PMID: 22135208 DOI: 10.1002/hep.25514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Alisporivir (Debio-025) is an analogue of cyclosporine A and represents the prototype of a new class of non-immunosuppressive cyclophilin inhibitors. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that alisporivir inhibits hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication, and ongoing clinical trials are exploring its therapeutic potential in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Recent data suggest that the antiviral effect is mediated by inhibition of cyclophilin A, which is an essential host factor in the HCV life cycle. However, alisporivir also inhibits mitochondrial permeability transition by binding to cyclophilin D. Because HCV is known to affect mitochondrial function, we explored the effect of alisporivir on HCV protein-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction. Through the use of inducible cell lines, which allow to investigate the effects of HCV polyprotein expression independent from viral RNA replication and which recapitulate the major alterations of mitochondrial bioenergetics observed in infectious cell systems, we show that alisporivir prevents HCV protein-mediated decrease of cell respiration, collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential, overproduction of reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial calcium overload. Strikingly, some of the HCV-mediated mitochondrial dysfunctions could even be rescued by alisporivir. CONCLUSION These observations provide new insights into the pathogenesis of HCV-related liver disease and reveal an additional mechanism of action of alisporivir that is likely beneficial in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Quarato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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Flisiak R, Jaroszewicz J, Flisiak I, Łapiński T. Update on alisporivir in treatment of viral hepatitis C. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 21:375-82. [PMID: 22316207 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2012.658641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There are two classes of anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) agents currently in development: direct-acting antivirals (DAA) and host-targeting antivirals (HTA). Cyclophilin inhibitor alisporivir (ALV) , previously known as Debio-025 is the most advanced HTA in development. AREAS COVERED Experimental and clinical studies demonstrated that ALV has high genetic barrier and no cross-resistance to DAA. Pharmacokinetic studies showed a profile suitable for once-daily administration. Phase I and II studies confirmed strong HCV suppression and that addition of ALV to pegylated IFNα (PegIFNα) and ribavirin (RBV) can improve their efficacy significantly. ALV was well tolerated and prevalence of the most frequent clinical and laboratory adverse events was similar to PegIFNα/RBV. Hyperbilirubinemia was the only significant adverse event related to ALV, but it was transient, reversible and not associated with hepatotoxicity or cholestasis. EXPERT OPINION ALV is pangenotypic, with once-daily administration and safe, therefore medication can be easy and flexible. There is still a need of data in difficult-to-treat populations and genetic studies allowing selection of possible non-responders. Registration of ALV for IFN-based treatment is expected within 3 years, but ALV is also a good candidate for IFN-sparing combinations with DAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Flisiak
- Medical University of Białystok, ul. Żurawia 14, Białystok, Poland.
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Azzaroli F, Turco L, Lisotti A, Cecinato P, Calvanese C, Buonfiglioli F, Cevenini M, Montagnani M, Mazzella G. Alisporivir for the treatment of chronic HCV. Future Virol 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.11.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Alisporivir (DEB025), a cyclosporin A derivative, is a new antiviral drug which targets host cell factors (cyclophilins) inhibiting viral replication without immunosuppressive effects. This drug potently inhibits cyclophilin-dependent HCV replication with an additive antiviral effect to standard-of-care (SoC) therapy for HCV. The administration of alisporivir in addition to SoC enhances activity against all HCV genotypes, with a good safety profile. Currently, two trials are ongoing: a Phase III and a Phase II trial assessing the efficacy of alisporivir plus SoC in genotype-1 treatment-naive patients and nonresponders or relapsers. Another Phase II study is examining the potential use of alisporivir for IFN-free treatment in HCV genotype 2 and 3 patients naive to treatment. In this review, we describe the unique characteristics of this cyclophilin inhibitor and benefit afforded by this drug in combination therapy with current and future HCV treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Azzaroli
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Gastroenterology Unit, S Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Turco
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Gastroenterology Unit, S Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Lisotti
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Gastroenterology Unit, S Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Cecinato
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Gastroenterology Unit, S Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Calvanese
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Gastroenterology Unit, S Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Buonfiglioli
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Gastroenterology Unit, S Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Monica Cevenini
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Gastroenterology Unit, S Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Montagnani
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Gastroenterology Unit, S Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy
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Landrieu I, Hanoulle X, Fritzinger B, Horvath D, Wieruszeski JM, Lippens G. Ranking high affinity ligands of low solubility by NMR spectroscopy. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011; 2:485-7. [PMID: 24900335 DOI: 10.1021/ml200039u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclosporine A (CsA) and its chemical analogues EthVal4Cs, MeVal4Cs, and Me(d-Ala)3EthVal4Cs (Alisporivir) all interact with cyclophilin A (CypA). The latter Alisporivir is a nonimmunosuppressive CsA derivative that has potent anti-HCV properties in clinical trials. We show here that NMR spectroscopy can be used to rank this series of related pharmacological molecules despite their high affinity for the target protein and low solubility in water. The novel method is based on the possibility to detect distinct NMR signals from the different protein complexes in a mixture. The method has enabled us to distinguish subtle effects of discrete chemical modifications of the parent molecule on the affinity of the ligands for the target protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Landrieu
- CNRS-UMR 8576, UGSF-IFR 147, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Xavier Hanoulle
- CNRS-UMR 8576, UGSF-IFR 147, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Bernd Fritzinger
- CNRS-UMR 8576, UGSF-IFR 147, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Dragos Horvath
- ECNRS, UMR 7177, Laboratoire d'Infochimie, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Michel Wieruszeski
- CNRS-UMR 8576, UGSF-IFR 147, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Guy Lippens
- CNRS-UMR 8576, UGSF-IFR 147, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
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Verdegem D, Badillo A, Wieruszeski JM, Landrieu I, Leroy A, Bartenschlager R, Penin F, Lippens G, Hanoulle X. Domain 3 of NS5A protein from the hepatitis C virus has intrinsic alpha-helical propensity and is a substrate of cyclophilin A. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:20441-54. [PMID: 21489988 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.182436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) is essential for hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication and constitutes an attractive target for antiviral drug development. Although structural data for its in-plane membrane anchor and domain D1 are available, the structure of domains 2 (D2) and 3 (D3) remain poorly defined. We report here a comparative molecular characterization of the NS5A-D3 domains of the HCV JFH-1 (genotype 2a) and Con1 (genotype 1b) strains. Combining gel filtration, CD, and NMR spectroscopy analyses, we show that NS5A-D3 is natively unfolded. However, NS5A-D3 domains from both JFH-1 and Con1 strains exhibit a propensity to partially fold into an α-helix. NMR analysis identifies two putative α-helices, for which a molecular model could be obtained. The amphipathic nature of the first helix and its conservation in all genotypes suggest that it might correspond to a molecular recognition element and, as such, promote the interaction with relevant biological partner(s). Because mutations conferring resistance to cyclophilin inhibitors have been mapped into NS5A-D3, we also investigated the functional interaction between NS5A-D3 and cyclophilin A (CypA). CypA indeed interacts with NS5A-D3, and this interaction is completely abolished by cyclosporin A. NMR heteronuclear exchange experiments demonstrate that CypA has in vitro peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans-isomerase activity toward some, but not all, of the peptidyl-prolyl bonds in NS5A-D3. These studies lead to novel insights into the structural features of NS5A-D3 and its relationships with CypA.
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Kuglstatter A, Mueller F, Kusznir E, Gsell B, Stihle M, Thoma R, Benz J, Aspeslet L, Freitag D, Hennig M. Structural basis for the cyclophilin A binding affinity and immunosuppressive potency of E-ISA247 (voclosporin). ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D: BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2011; 67:119-23. [PMID: 21245533 PMCID: PMC3045272 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444910051905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
X-ray crystal structures of the cyclosporin A analogue E-ISA247 (voclosporin) and its stereoisomer Z-ISA247 bound to cyclophilin A suggest the molecular basis for the differences in their binding affinities and immunosuppressive efficacies. E-ISA247 (voclosporin) is a cyclosporin A analogue that is in late-stage clinical development for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and the prevention of organ graft rejection. The X-ray crystal structures of E-ISA247 and its stereoisomer Z-ISA247 bound to cyclophilin A have been determined and their binding affinities were measured to be 15 and 61 nM, respectively, by fluorescence spectroscopy. The higher affinity of E-ISA247 can be explained by superior van der Waals contacts between its unique side chain and cyclophilin A. Comparison with the known ternary structure including calcineurin suggests that the higher immunosuppressive efficacy of E-ISA247 relative to cyclosporin A could be a consequence of structural changes in calcineurin induced by the modified E-ISA247 side chain.
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DEB025 (Alisporivir) inhibits hepatitis C virus replication by preventing a cyclophilin A induced cis-trans isomerisation in domain II of NS5A. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13687. [PMID: 21060866 PMCID: PMC2965138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
DEB025/Debio 025 (Alisporivir) is a cyclophilin (Cyp)-binding molecule with potent anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) activity both in vitro and in vivo. It is currently being evaluated in phase II clinical trials. DEB025 binds to CypA, a peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase which is a crucial cofactor for HCV replication. Here we report that it was very difficult to select resistant replicons (genotype 1b) to DEB025, requiring an average of 20 weeks (four independent experiments), compared to the typically <2 weeks with protease or polymerase inhibitors. This indicates a high genetic barrier to resistance for DEB025. Mutation D320E in NS5A was the only mutation consistently selected in the replicon genome. This mutation alone conferred a low-level (3.9-fold) resistance. Replacing the NS5A gene (but not the NS5B gene) from the wild type (WT) genome with the corresponding sequence from the DEB025res replicon resulted in transfer of resistance. Cross-resistance with cyclosporine A (CsA) was observed, whereas NS3 protease and NS5B polymerase inhibitors retained WT-activity against DEB025res replicons. Unlike WT, DEB025res replicon replicated efficiently in CypA knock down cells. However, DEB025 disrupted the interaction between CypA and NS5A regardless of whether the NS5A protein was derived from WT or DEB025res replicon. NMR titration experiments with peptides derived from the WT or the DEB025res domain II of NS5A corroborated this observation in a quantitative manner. Interestingly, comparative NMR studies on two 20-mer NS5A peptides that contain D320 or E320 revealed a shift in population between the major and minor conformers. These data suggest that D320E conferred low-level resistance to DEB025 probably by reducing the need for CypA-dependent isomerisation of NS5A. Prolonged DEB025 treatment and multiple genotypic changes may be necessary to generate significant resistance to DEB025, underlying the high barrier to resistance.
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Tang H. Cyclophilin inhibitors as a novel HCV therapy. Viruses 2010; 2:1621-1634. [PMID: 21994697 PMCID: PMC3185723 DOI: 10.3390/v2081621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A critical role of Cyclophilins, mostly Cyclophilin A (CyPA), in the replication of HCV is supported by a growing body of in vitro and in vivo evidence. CyPA probably interacts directly with nonstructural protein 5A to exert its effect, through its peptidyl-prolyl isomerase activity, on maintaining the proper structure and function of the HCV replicase. The major proline substrates are located in domain II of NS5A, centered around a “DY” dipeptide motif that regulates CyPA dependence and CsA resistance. Importantly, Cyclosporine A derivatives that lack immunosuppressive function efficiently block the CyPA-NS5A interaction and inhibit HCV in cell culture, an animal model, and human trials. Given the high genetic barrier to development of resistance and the distinctness of their mechanism from that of either the current standard of care or any specifically targeted antiviral therapy for HCV (STAT-C), CyP inhibitors hold promise as a novel class of anti-HCV therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengli Tang
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4295, USA
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