1
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Cyriac R, Lee K. Glutaminase inhibition as potential cancer therapeutics: current status and future applications. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2024; 39:2290911. [PMID: 38078371 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2023.2290911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in normal metabolic processes are defining features of cancer. Glutamine, an abundant amino acid in the human blood, plays a critical role in regulating several biosynthetic and bioenergetic pathways that support tumour growth. Glutaminolysis is a metabolic pathway that converts glutamine into various metabolites involved in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and generates antioxidants that are vital for tumour cell survival. As glutaminase catalyses the initial step of this metabolic pathway, it is of great significance in cancer metabolism and tumour progression. Inhibition of glutaminase and targeting of glutaminolysis have emerged as promising strategies for cancer therapy. This review explores the role of glutaminases in cancer metabolism and discusses various glutaminase inhibitors developed as potential therapies for tumour regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajath Cyriac
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
- Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacology, Korea National University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Kwangho Lee
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
- Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacology, Korea National University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
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2
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Li M, Wang Y, Wei X, Cai WF, Wu J, Zhu M, Wang Y, Liu YH, Xiong J, Qu Q, Chen Y, Tian X, Yao L, Xie R, Li X, Chen S, Huang X, Zhang C, Xie C, Wu Y, Xu Z, Zhang B, Jiang B, Wang ZC, Li Q, Li G, Lin SY, Yu L, Piao HL, Deng X, Han J, Zhang CS, Lin SC. AMPK targets PDZD8 to trigger carbon source shift from glucose to glutamine. Cell Res 2024; 34:683-706. [PMID: 38898113 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-024-00985-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The shift of carbon utilization from primarily glucose to other nutrients is a fundamental metabolic adaptation to cope with decreased blood glucose levels and the consequent decline in glucose oxidation. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays crucial roles in this metabolic adaptation. However, the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. Here, we show that PDZ domain containing 8 (PDZD8), which we identify as a new substrate of AMPK activated in low glucose, is required for the low glucose-promoted glutaminolysis. AMPK phosphorylates PDZD8 at threonine 527 (T527) and promotes the interaction of PDZD8 with and activation of glutaminase 1 (GLS1), a rate-limiting enzyme of glutaminolysis. In vivo, the AMPK-PDZD8-GLS1 axis is required for the enhancement of glutaminolysis as tested in the skeletal muscle tissues, which occurs earlier than the increase in fatty acid utilization during fasting. The enhanced glutaminolysis is also observed in macrophages in low glucose or under acute lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment. Consistent with a requirement of heightened glutaminolysis, the PDZD8-T527A mutation dampens the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in macrophages in mice treated with LPS. Together, we have revealed an AMPK-PDZD8-GLS1 axis that promotes glutaminolysis ahead of increased fatty acid utilization under glucose shortage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Wei-Feng Cai
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Xiamen Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jianfeng Wu
- Laboratory Animal Research Centre, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Mingxia Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yongliang Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Yan-Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jinye Xiong
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Qi Qu
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xiao Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Luming Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Renxiang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Siwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xi Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Cixiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Changchuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yaying Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zheni Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Baoding Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zhi-Chao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qinxi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Gang Li
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Shu-Yong Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Li Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Long Piao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Xianming Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jiahuai Han
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Chen-Song Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Sheng-Cai Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
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3
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Zhang J, Chen M, Yang Y, Liu Z, Guo W, Xiang P, Zeng Z, Wang D, Xiong W. Amino acid metabolic reprogramming in the tumor microenvironment and its implication for cancer therapy. J Cell Physiol 2024. [PMID: 38946173 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Amino acids are essential building blocks for proteins, crucial energy sources for cell survival, and key signaling molecules supporting the resistant growth of tumor cells. In tumor cells, amino acid metabolic reprogramming is characterized by the enhanced uptake of amino acids as well as their aberrant synthesis, breakdown, and transport, leading to immune evasion and malignant progression of tumor cells. This article reviews the altered amino acid metabolism in tumor cells and its impact on tumor microenvironment, and also provides an overview of the current clinical applications of amino acid metabolism. Innovative drugs targeting amino acid metabolism hold great promise for precision and personalized cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mingjian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuxin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ziqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wanni Guo
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Pingjuan Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zeng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dan Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
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4
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Al-Faze R, Ahmed HA, El-Atawy MA, Zagloul H, Alshammari EM, Jaremko M, Emwas AH, Nabil GM, Hanna DH. Mitochondrial dysfunction route as a possible biomarker and therapy target for human cancer. Biomed J 2024:100714. [PMID: 38452973 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2024.100714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are vital organelles found within living cells and have signalling, biosynthetic, and bioenergetic functions. Mitochondria play a crucial role in metabolic reprogramming, which is a characteristic of cancer cells and allows them to assure a steady supply of proteins, nucleotides, and lipids to enable rapid proliferation and development. Their dysregulated activities have been associated with the growth and metastasis of different kinds of human cancer, particularly ovarian carcinoma. In this review, we briefly demonstrated the modified mitochondrial function in cancer, including mutations in mtDNA, reactive oxygen species production, dynamics, apoptosis of cells, autophagy, and calcium excess to maintain cancer genesis, progression, and metastasis. Furthermore, the mitochondrial dysfunction pathway for some genomic, proteomic, and metabolomics modifications in ovarian cancer has been studied. Additionally, ovarian cancer has been linked to targeted therapies and biomarkers found through various alteration processes underlying mitochondrial dysfunction, notably targeting reactive oxygen species, metabolites, rewind metabolic pathways, and chemo-resistant ovarian carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawan Al-Faze
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunawarah, 30002, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hoda A Ahmed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science at Yanbu, Taibah University, Yanbu, 46423, Saudi Arabia; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, 12613-Giza, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed A El-Atawy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science at Yanbu, Taibah University, Yanbu, 46423, Saudi Arabia; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Ibrahemia, P.O. Box 426, Alexandria, 21321, Egypt.
| | - Hayat Zagloul
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science at Yanbu, Taibah University, Yanbu, 46423, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Eida M Alshammari
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, 55473, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Biological and Environmental Sciences & Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdul-Hamid Emwas
- Core Labs., King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Gehan M Nabil
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Demiana H Hanna
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, 12613-Giza, Egypt.
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5
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Feng S, Aplin C, Nguyen TTT, Milano SK, Cerione RA. Filament formation drives catalysis by glutaminase enzymes important in cancer progression. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1971. [PMID: 38438397 PMCID: PMC10912226 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46351-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The glutaminase enzymes GAC and GLS2 catalyze the hydrolysis of glutamine to glutamate, satisfying the 'glutamine addiction' of cancer cells. They are the targets of anti-cancer drugs; however, their mechanisms of activation and catalytic activity have been unclear. Here we demonstrate that the ability of GAC and GLS2 to form filaments is directly coupled to their catalytic activity and present their cryo-EM structures which provide a view of the conformational states essential for catalysis. Filament formation guides an 'activation loop' to assume a specific conformation that works together with a 'lid' to close over the active site and position glutamine for nucleophilic attack by an essential serine. Our findings highlight how ankyrin repeats on GLS2 regulate enzymatic activity, while allosteric activators stabilize, and clinically relevant inhibitors block, filament formation that enables glutaminases to catalyze glutaminolysis and support cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Feng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Cody Aplin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Thuy-Tien T Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Shawn K Milano
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Richard A Cerione
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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6
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Sainero-Alcolado L, Garde-Lapido E, Snaebjörnsson MT, Schoch S, Stevens I, Ruiz-Pérez MV, Dyrager C, Pelechano V, Axelson H, Schulze A, Arsenian-Henriksson M. Targeting MYC induces lipid droplet accumulation by upregulation of HILPDA in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2310479121. [PMID: 38335255 PMCID: PMC10873620 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2310479121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is critical during clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) tumorigenesis, manifested by accumulation of lipid droplets (LDs), organelles that have emerged as new hallmarks of cancer. Yet, regulation of their biogenesis is still poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that MYC inhibition in ccRCC cells lacking the von Hippel Lindau (VHL) gene leads to increased triglyceride content potentiating LD formation in a glutamine-dependent manner. Importantly, the concurrent inhibition of MYC signaling and glutamine metabolism prevented LD accumulation and reduced tumor burden in vivo. Furthermore, we identified the hypoxia-inducible lipid droplet-associated protein (HILPDA) as the key driver for induction of MYC-driven LD accumulation and demonstrated that conversely, proliferation, LD formation, and tumor growth are impaired upon its downregulation. Finally, analysis of ccRCC tissue as well as healthy renal control samples postulated HILPDA as a specific ccRCC biomarker. Together, these results provide an attractive approach for development of alternative therapeutic interventions for the treatment of this type of renal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Sainero-Alcolado
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum B7, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm17165, Sweden
| | - Elisa Garde-Lapido
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum B7, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm17165, Sweden
| | | | - Sarah Schoch
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund22100, Sweden
| | - Irene Stevens
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm17165, Sweden
| | - María Victoria Ruiz-Pérez
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum B7, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm17165, Sweden
| | - Christine Dyrager
- Department of Chemistry-Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala75123, Sweden
| | - Vicent Pelechano
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm17165, Sweden
| | - Håkan Axelson
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund22100, Sweden
| | - Almut Schulze
- Division of Tumor Metabolism and Microenvironment, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg69120, Germany
| | - Marie Arsenian-Henriksson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum B7, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm17165, Sweden
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7
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Guo CJ, Wang ZX, Liu JL. Structural basis for activation and filamentation of glutaminase. Cell Res 2024; 34:76-79. [PMID: 37833360 PMCID: PMC10770349 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-023-00886-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Jun Guo
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zi-Xuan Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji-Long Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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8
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Sun H, Du T, Yang M, Liu X, Xue X, Chen K, Lang X, Chen X, Wang B, Wang X. Targeting the Subpocket Enables the Discovery of Thiadiazole-Pyridazine Derivatives as Glutaminase C Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:1455-1466. [PMID: 37849538 PMCID: PMC10577699 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
As glutaminase C (GAC) has become an attractive target for cancer treatment by regulating glutaminolysis, thus, interest in GAC inhibitors has risen in recent years. Herein, a potential binding subpocket comprising basic residues was identified, and through extensive structure-activity relationship studies, promising inhibitors 11 and 39 were identified with robust GAC inhibitory activity and A549 cell antiproliferative activity. X-ray crystallography of the 11-GAC and 27-GAC complexes revealed a novel binding mode against GAC. The potency of 11 and 27 against GACK320A further highlighted the importance of the binding. Notably, compounds 11 and 39 regulated the cellular metabolite, thereby increasing reactive oxygen species by blocking glutamine metabolism. Compound 11 also exhibited excellent antiproliferative activity in the A549 cell xenograft model. We further proved that 11 is a safe GAC allosteric inhibitor. A basic subpocket is proposed that might provide new strategies for the development of novel GAC inhibitors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Du
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Minjian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Xue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Xi Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Kai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Xuli Lang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoguang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Baolian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
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9
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Feng S, Aplin C, Nguyen TTT, Milano SK, Cerione RA. Filament formation drives catalysis by glutaminase enzymes important in cancer progression. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.16.528860. [PMID: 36824706 PMCID: PMC9949068 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.16.528860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The glutaminase enzymes GAC and GLS2 catalyze the hydrolysis of glutamine to glutamate, satisfying the 'glutamine addiction' of cancer cells. They are the targets of anti-cancer drugs; however, their mechanisms of activation and catalytic activity have been unclear. Here we demonstrate that the ability of GAC and GLS2 to form filaments is directly coupled to their catalytic activity and present their cryo-EM structures which provide an unprecedented view of the conformational states essential for catalysis. Filament formation guides an 'activation loop' to assume a specific conformation that works together with a 'lid' to close over the active site and position glutamine for nucleophilic attack by an essential serine. Our findings highlight how ankyrin repeats on GLS2 regulate enzymatic activity, while allosteric activators stabilize, and clinically relevant inhibitors block, filament formation that enables glutaminases to catalyze glutaminolysis and support cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Feng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University,
Ithaca, New York, 14853
| | - Cody Aplin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University,
Ithaca, New York, 14853
| | - Thuy-Tien T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University,
Ithaca, New York, 14853
| | - Shawn K. Milano
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University,
Ithaca, New York, 14853
| | - Richard A. Cerione
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University,
Ithaca, New York, 14853
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New
York, 14853
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10
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Wang M, Wang K, Liu X, Shi M, Zhang H, Zhang X, Wei R, Li N, Pan W, Tang B. Tumor-targeted nanoflowers regulate glutamine metabolism and amplify oxidative stress for synergistic therapy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:6375-6378. [PMID: 37144666 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00487b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We designed and synthesized tumor-targeted nanoflowers to inhibit glutamine metabolism and amplify oxidative stress, which could synergistically suppress tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhen Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
| | - Kaixian Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaohan Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
| | - Mingwan Shi
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
| | - Huiwen Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
| | - Xia Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
| | - Ruyue Wei
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
| | - Na Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Pan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
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11
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Chen Y, Tan L, Gao J, Lin C, Wu F, Li Y, Zhang J. Targeting glutaminase 1 (GLS1) by small molecules for anticancer therapeutics. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 252:115306. [PMID: 36996714 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Glutaminase-1 (GLS1) is a critical enzyme involved in several cellular processes, and its overexpression has been linked to the development and progression of cancer. Based on existing research, GLS1 plays a crucial role in the metabolic activities of cancer cells, promoting rapid proliferation, cell survival, and immune evasion. Therefore, targeting GLS1 has been proposed as a promising cancer therapy strategy, with several GLS1 inhibitors currently under development. To date, several GLS1 inhibitors have been identified, which can be broadly classified into two types: active site and allosteric inhibitors. Despite their pre-clinical effectiveness, only a few number of these inhibitors have advanced to initial clinical trials. Hence, the present medical research emphasizes the need for developing small molecule inhibitors of GLS1 possessing significantly high potency and selectivity. In this manuscript, we aim to summarize the regulatory role of GLS1 in physiological and pathophysiological processes. We also provide a comprehensive overview of the development of GLS1 inhibitors, focusing on multiple aspects such as target selectivity, in vitro and in vivo potency and structure-activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Chen
- Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Lun Tan
- Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Congcong Lin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Fengbo Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yang Li
- Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jifa Zhang
- Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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12
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Meanwell NA. The pyridazine heterocycle in molecular recognition and drug discovery. Med Chem Res 2023; 32:1-69. [PMID: 37362319 PMCID: PMC10015555 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-023-03035-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
The pyridazine ring is endowed with unique physicochemical properties, characterized by weak basicity, a high dipole moment that subtends π-π stacking interactions and robust, dual hydrogen-bonding capacity that can be of importance in drug-target interactions. These properties contribute to unique applications in molecular recognition while the inherent polarity, low cytochrome P450 inhibitory effects and potential to reduce interaction of a molecule with the cardiac hERG potassium channel add additional value in drug discovery and development. The recent approvals of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor antagonist relugolix (24) and the allosteric tyrosine kinase 2 inhibitor deucravacitinib (25) represent the first examples of FDA-approved drugs that incorporate a pyridazine ring. In this review, the properties of the pyridazine ring are summarized in comparison to the other azines and its potential in drug discovery is illustrated through vignettes that explore applications that take advantage of the inherent physicochemical properties as an approach to solving challenges associated with candidate optimization. Graphical Abstract
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13
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Cai X, Shi S, Chen G, Zhong M, Yang Y, Mai Z, Tian Y, Tan J, He L, Cui C, Yu Z, Wang X. Glutamine metabolism targeting liposomes for synergistic chemosensitization and starvation therapy in ovarian cancer. Acta Biomater 2023; 158:560-570. [PMID: 36596434 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Platinum-based chemotherapy is a first-line therapeutic regimen against ovarian cancer (OC); however, the therapeutic potential is always reduced by glutamine metabolism. Herein, a valid strategy of inhibiting glutamine metabolism was proposed to cause tumor starvation and chemosensitization. Specifically, reactive oxygen species-responsive liposomes were developed to co-deliver cisplatin (CDDP) and bis-2-(5-phenylacetamido-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl) ethyl sulfide (BPTES) [C@B LPs]. The C@B LPs induced effective tumor cell starvation and significantly sensitized OC cells to CDDP by reducing glutathione generation to prevent CDDP detoxification, suppressing ATP production to avoid CDDP efflux, hindering nucleotide synthesis to aggravate DNA damage induced by CDDP, and blocking mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling to promote cell apoptosis. More importantly, C@B LPs remarkably inhibited tumor growth in vivo and reduced the side effects. Taken together, this study provided a successful strategy of synergistic chemosensitization and starvation therapy escalating the rate of therapeutic success in OCs. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This work proposed a valid strategy of inhibiting glutamine metabolism to cause tumor starvation and chemosensitization. Specifically, ROS-responsive liposomes were developed to co-deliver cisplatin CDDP and BPTES [C@B LPs]. The C@B LPs induced effective tumor cell starvation and significantly sensitized OC cells to cisplatin by reducing glutathione generation to prevent cisplatin detoxification, suppressing ATP production to avoid cisplatin efflux, hindering nucleotide synthesis to aggravate DNA damage induced by cisplatin, and blocking mTOR signaling to promote cell apoptosis. More importantly, C@B LPs remarkably inhibited tumor growth in vivo and reduced the side effects. Taken together, this study provided a successful strategy of synergistic chemosensitization and starvation therapy escalating the rate of therapeutic success in OCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuzi Cai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children' s Medical Center, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Si Shi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Gui Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Min Zhong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan 523018, China
| | - Ziyi Mai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yang Tian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jinxiu Tan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lijuan He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chunhui Cui
- Department of General Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan 523018, China.
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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14
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Nguyen TTT, Katt WP, Cerione RA. Alone and together: current approaches to targeting glutaminase enzymes as part of anti-cancer therapies. FUTURE DRUG DISCOVERY 2023; 4:FDD79. [PMID: 37009252 PMCID: PMC10051075 DOI: 10.4155/fdd-2022-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is a major hallmark of malignant transformation in cancer, and part of the so-called Warburg effect, in which the upregulation of glutamine catabolism plays a major role. The glutaminase enzymes convert glutamine to glutamate, which initiates this pathway. Inhibition of different forms of glutaminase (KGA, GAC, or LGA) demonstrated potential as an emerging anti-cancer therapeutic strategy. The regulation of these enzymes, and the molecular basis for their inhibition, have been the focus of much recent research. This review will explore the recent progress in understanding the molecular basis for activation and inhibition of different forms of glutaminase, as well as the recent focus on combination therapies of glutaminase inhibitors with other anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy-Tien T Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - William P Katt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Richard A Cerione
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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15
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Costa RK, Brancaglion GA, Pinheiro MP, Meira DA, da Silva BN, de V. Negrao CZ, de A. Gonçalves K, Rodrigues CT, Ambrósio AL, Guido RV, Pastre JC, Dias SM. Discovery of aminothiazole derivatives as a chemical scaffold for glutaminase inhibition. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2023.100842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
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16
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Kao TW, Chuang YC, Lee HL, Kuo CC, Shen YA. Therapeutic Targeting of Glutaminolysis as a Novel Strategy to Combat Cancer Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315296. [PMID: 36499623 PMCID: PMC9737183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rare subpopulations of cancer stem cells (CSCs) have the ability to self-renew and are the primary driving force behind cancer metastatic dissemination and the preeminent hurdle to cancer treatment. As opposed to differentiated, non-malignant tumor offspring, CSCs have sophisticated metabolic patterns that, depending on the kind of cancer, rely mostly on the oxidation of major fuel substrates such as glucose, glutamine, and fatty acids for survival. Glutaminolysis is a series of metabolic reactions that convert glutamine to glutamate and, eventually, α-ketoglutarate, an intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle that provides biosynthetic building blocks. These building blocks are mostly utilized in the synthesis of macromolecules and antioxidants for redox homeostasis. A recent study revealed the cellular and molecular interconnections between glutamine and cancer stemness in the cell. Researchers have increasingly focused on glutamine catabolism in their attempt to discover an effective therapy for cancer stem cells. Targeting catalytic enzymes in glutaminolysis, such as glutaminase (GLS), is achievable with small molecule inhibitors, some of which are in early-phase clinical trials and have promising safety profiles. This review summarizes the current findings in glutaminolysis of CSCs and focuses on novel cancer therapies that target glutaminolysis in CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Wan Kao
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chen Chuang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Lun Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
- Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chun Kuo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
- School of Health Care Administration, College of Management, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yao-An Shen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
- International Master/Ph.D. Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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17
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Yang T, Tian Y, Yang Y, Tang M, Shi M, Chen Y, Yang Z, Chen L. Design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of 2-(1-(1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)piperidin-4-yl)ethan-1-ol analogs as novel glutaminase 1 inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 243:114686. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Goretzki A, Lin YJ, Zimmermann J, Rainer H, Junker AC, Wolfheimer S, Vieths S, Scheurer S, Schülke S. Role of Glycolysis and Fatty Acid Synthesis in the Activation and T Cell-Modulating Potential of Dendritic Cells Stimulated with a TLR5-Ligand Allergen Fusion Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012695. [PMID: 36293550 PMCID: PMC9604253 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trained immune responses, based on metabolic and epigenetic changes in innate immune cells, are de facto innate immune memory and, therefore, are of great interest in vaccine development. In previous studies, the recombinant fusion protein rFlaA:Betv1, combining the adjuvant and toll-like receptor (TLR)5-ligand flagellin (FlaA) and the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 into a single molecule, significantly suppressed allergic sensitization in vivo while also changing the metabolism of myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs). Within this study, the immune-metabolic effects of rFlaA:Betv1 during mDC activation were elucidated. In line with results for other well-characterized TLR-ligands, rFlaA:Betv1 increased glycolysis while suppressing oxidative phosphorylation to different extents, making rFlaA:Betv1 a suitable model to study the immune-metabolic effects of TLR-adjuvanted vaccines. In vitro pretreatment of mDCs with cerulenin (inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis) led to a decrease in both rFlaA:Betv1-induced anti-inflammatory cytokine Interleukin (IL) 10 and T helper cell type (TH) 1-related cytokine IL-12p70, while the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL 1β was unaffected. Interestingly, pretreatment with the glutaminase inhibitor BPTES resulted in an increase in IL-1β, but decreased IL-12p70 secretion while leaving IL-10 unchanged. Inhibition of the glycolytic enzyme hexokinase-2 by 2-deoxyglucose led to a decrease in all investigated cytokines (IL-10, IL-12p70, and IL-1β). Inhibitors of mitochondrial respiration had no effect on rFlaA:Betv1-induced IL-10 level, but either enhanced the secretion of IL-1β (oligomycin) or decreased IL-12p70 (antimycin A). In extracellular flux measurements, mDCs showed a strongly enhanced glycolysis after rFlaA:Betv1 stimulation, which was slightly increased after respiratory shutdown using antimycin A. rFlaA:Betv1-stimulated mDCs secreted directly antimicrobial substances in a mTOR- and fatty acid metabolism-dependent manner. In co-cultures of rFlaA:Betv1-stimulated mDCs with CD4+ T cells, the suppression of Bet v 1-specific TH2 responses was shown to depend on fatty acid synthesis. The effector function of rFlaA:Betv1-activated mDCs mainly relies on glycolysis, with fatty acid synthesis also significantly contributing to rFlaA:Betv1-mediated cytokine secretion, the production of antimicrobial molecules, and the modulation of T cell responses.
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Structure-based virtual screening discovers novel kidney-type glutaminase inhibitors. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 154:113585. [PMID: 36029536 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutaminase (GLS) serves a critical bioenergetic role for malignant tumor growth and has become a valuable therapeutic target for cancer treatment. Herein, we performed a structure-based virtual screening to discover novel GLS inhibitors and provide information for developing new GLS inhibitors. We identified critical pharmacological interactions in the GLS1 binding site by analyzing the known GLS1 inhibitors and selected potential inhibitors based on their docking score and pharmacological interactions. The inhibitory effects of compounds were further confirmed by enzymatic and cell viability assays. We treated colorectal cancer and triple-negative breast cancer cells with the selected candidates and measured the inhibitory efficacy of hit compounds on cell viability. In total, we identified three GLS1 inhibitors. The compounds identified from our structure-based virtual screening methodology exhibited great anticancer potential as a lead targeting glutamine metabolism.
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Sainero-Alcolado L, Liaño-Pons J, Ruiz-Pérez MV, Arsenian-Henriksson M. Targeting mitochondrial metabolism for precision medicine in cancer. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:1304-1317. [PMID: 35831624 PMCID: PMC9287557 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-01022-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During decades, the research field of cancer metabolism was based on the Warburg effect, described almost one century ago. Lately, the key role of mitochondria in cancer development has been demonstrated. Many mitochondrial pathways including oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid, glutamine, and one carbon metabolism are altered in tumors, due to mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, as well as in metabolic enzymes. This results in metabolic reprogramming that sustains rapid cell proliferation and can lead to an increase in reactive oxygen species used by cancer cells to maintain pro-tumorigenic signaling pathways while avoiding cellular death. The knowledge acquired on the importance of mitochondrial cancer metabolism is now being translated into clinical practice. Detailed genomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic analysis of tumors are necessary to develop more precise treatments. The successful use of drugs targeting metabolic mitochondrial enzymes has highlighted the potential for their use in precision medicine and many therapeutic candidates are in clinical trials. However, development of efficient personalized drugs has proved challenging and the combination with other strategies such as chemocytotoxic drugs, immunotherapy, and ketogenic or calorie restriction diets is likely necessary to boost their potential. In this review, we summarize the main mitochondrial features, metabolic pathways, and their alterations in different cancer types. We also present an overview of current inhibitors, highlight enzymes that are attractive targets, and discuss challenges with translation of these approaches into clinical practice. The role of mitochondria in cancer is indisputable and presents several attractive targets for both tailored and personalized cancer therapy. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Sainero-Alcolado
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Biomedicum B7, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 65, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Judit Liaño-Pons
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Biomedicum B7, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 65, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - María Victoria Ruiz-Pérez
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Biomedicum B7, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 65, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Arsenian-Henriksson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Biomedicum B7, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 65, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Yousaf R, Navid A, Azam SS. Discovery of novel Glutaminase allosteric inhibitors through drug repurposing and comparative MMGB/PBSA and molecular dynamics simulation. Comput Biol Med 2022; 146:105669. [PMID: 35654625 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
GLS1 enzymes (Glutaminase C (GAC) and kidney-type Glutaminase (KGA)) are gaining prominence as a target for tumor treatment including lung, breast, kidney, prostate, and colorectal. To date, several medicinal chemistry studies are being conducted to develop new and effective inhibitors against GLS1 enzymes. Telaglenastat, a drug that targets the allosteric site of GLS1, has undergone clinical trials for the first time for the therapy of solid tumors and hematological malignancies. A comprehensive computational investigation is performed to get insights into the inhibition mechanism of the Telaglenastat. Some novel inhibitors are also proposed against GLS1 enzymes using the drug repurposing approach using 2D-fingerprinting virtual screening method against 2.4 million compounds, application of pharmacokinetics, Molecular Docking, and Molecular Dynamic (MD) Simulations. A TIP3P water box of 10 Å was defined to solvate both enzymes to improve MD simulation reliability. The dynamics results were validated further by the MMGB/PBSA binding free energy method, RDF, and AFD analysis. Results of these computational analysis revealed a stable binding affinity of Telaglenastat, as well as an FDA approved drug Astemizole (IC50 ∼ 0.9 nM) and a novel para position oriented methoxy group containing Chembridge compound (Chem-64284604) that provides an effective inhibitory action against GAC and KGA.
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22
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Lešnik S, Bren U. Mechanistic Insights into Biological Activities of Polyphenolic Compounds from Rosemary Obtained by Inverse Molecular Docking. Foods 2021; 11:67. [PMID: 35010191 PMCID: PMC8750736 DOI: 10.3390/foods11010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) represents a medicinal plant known for its various health-promoting properties. Its extracts and essential oils exhibit antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, and antimicrobial activities. The main compounds responsible for these effects are the diterpenes carnosic acid, carnosol, and rosmanol, as well as the phenolic acid ester rosmarinic acid. However, surprisingly little is known about the molecular mechanisms responsible for the pharmacological activities of rosemary and its compounds. To discern these mechanisms, we performed a large-scale inverse molecular docking study to identify their potential protein targets. Listed compounds were separately docked into predicted binding sites of all non-redundant holo proteins from the Protein Data Bank and those with the top scores were further examined. We focused on proteins directly related to human health, including human and mammalian proteins as well as proteins from pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and parasites. The observed interactions of rosemary compounds indeed confirm the beforementioned activities, whereas we also identified their potential for anticoagulant and antiparasitic actions. The obtained results were carefully checked against the existing experimental findings from the scientific literature as well as further validated using both redocking procedures and retrospective metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samo Lešnik
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Thermodynamics, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
| | - Urban Bren
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Thermodynamics, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Glagoljaška 8, SI-6000 Koper, Slovenia
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23
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Milano SK, Huang Q, Nguyen TTT, Ramachandran S, Finke A, Kriksunov I, Schuller D, Szebenyi M, Arenholz E, McDermott LA, Sukumar N, Cerione RA, Katt WP. New insights into the molecular mechanisms of glutaminase C inhibitors in cancer cells using serial room temperature crystallography. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101535. [PMID: 34954143 PMCID: PMC8784640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells frequently exhibit uncoupling of the glycolytic pathway from the TCA cycle (i.e. the "Warburg effect"), and as a result, often become dependent on their ability to increase glutamine catabolism. The mitochondrial enzyme Glutaminase C (GAC) helps to satisfy this 'glutamine addiction' of cancer cells by catalyzing the hydrolysis of glutamine to glutamate, which is then converted to the TCA-cycle intermediate α-ketoglutarate. This makes GAC an intriguing drug target, and spurred the molecules derived from bis-2-(5-phenylacetamido-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)ethyl sulfide (the so-called BPTES-class of allosteric GAC inhibitors), including CB-839, which is currently in clinal trials. However, none of the drugs targeting GAC are yet approved for cancer treatment and their mechanism of action is not well understood. Here, we shed new light on the underlying basis for the differential potencies exhibited by members of the BPTES/CB-839 family of compounds, which could not previously be explained with standard cryo-cooled X-ray crystal structures of GAC bound to CB-839 or its analogs. Using an emerging technique known as serial room temperature crystallography, we were able to observe clear differences between the binding conformations of inhibitors with significantly different potencies. We also developed a computational model to further elucidate the molecular basis of differential inhibitor potency. We then corroborated the results from our modeling efforts using recently established fluorescence assays that directly read out inhibitor binding to GAC. Together, these findings should aid in future design of more potent GAC inhibitors with better clinical outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn K Milano
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Qingqiu Huang
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Thuy-Tien T Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Sekar Ramachandran
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Aaron Finke
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Irina Kriksunov
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - David Schuller
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Marian Szebenyi
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Elke Arenholz
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Lee A McDermott
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States; Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - N Sukumar
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Informatics, Shiv Nadar University, India
| | - Richard A Cerione
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.
| | - William P Katt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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24
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Cederkvist H, Kolan SS, Wik JA, Sener Z, Skålhegg BS. Identification and characterization of a novel glutaminase inhibitor. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 12:163-174. [PMID: 34698439 PMCID: PMC8727943 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, there are two forms of glutaminase (GLS), designated GLS1 and GLS2. These enzymes catalyse the conversion of glutamine to glutamate. GLS1 exists as two isozymes: kidney glutaminase (KGA) and glutaminase C (GAC). Several GLS inhibitors have been identified, of which DON (6‐diazo‐5‐oxonorleucine), BPTES (bis‐2‐(5‐phenylacetamido‐1, 3, 4‐thiadiazol‐2‐yl) ethyl sulphide), 968 (5‐(3‐Bromo‐4‐(dimethylamino)phenyl)‐2,2‐dimethyl‐2,3,5,6‐tetrahydrobenzo[a]phenanthridin‐4(1H)‐one) and CB839 (Telaglenastat) are the most widely used. However, these inhibitors have variable efficacy, specificity and bioavailability in research and clinical settings, implying the need for novel and improved GLS inhibitors. Based on this need, a diverse library of 28,000 compounds from Enamine was screened for inhibition of recombinant, purified GAC. From this library, one inhibitor designated compound 19 (C19) was identified with kinetic features revealing allosteric inhibition of GAC in the µm range. Moreover, C19 inhibits anti‐CD3/CD28‐induced CD4+ T‐cell proliferation and cytokine production with similar or greater potency as compared to BPTES. Taken together, our data suggest that C19 has the potential to modulate GLS1 activity and alter metabolic activity of T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Cederkvist
- Division of Molecular Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Shrikant S Kolan
- Division of Molecular Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonas Aakre Wik
- Division of Molecular Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Norway
| | - Zeynep Sener
- Division of Molecular Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn Steen Skålhegg
- Division of Molecular Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
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25
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Wilder CS, Chen Z, DiGiovanni J. Pharmacologic approaches to amino acid depletion for cancer therapy. Mol Carcinog 2021; 61:127-152. [PMID: 34534385 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells undergo metabolic reprogramming to support increased demands in bioenergetics and biosynthesis and to maintain reactive oxygen species at optimum levels. As metabolic alterations are broadly observed across many cancer types, metabolic reprogramming is considered a hallmark of cancer. A metabolic alteration commonly seen in cancer cells is an increased demand for certain amino acids. Amino acids are involved in a wide range of cellular functions, including proliferation, redox balance, bioenergetic and biosynthesis support, and homeostatic functions. Thus, targeting amino acid dependency in cancer is an attractive strategy for a number of cancers. In particular, pharmacologically mediated amino acid depletion has been evaluated as a cancer treatment option for several cancers. Amino acids that have been investigated for the feasibility of drug-induced depletion in preclinical and clinical studies for cancer treatment include arginine, asparagine, cysteine, glutamine, lysine, and methionine. In this review, we will summarize the status of current research on pharmacologically mediated amino acid depletion as a strategy for cancer treatment and potential chemotherapeutic combinations that synergize with amino acid depletion to further inhibit tumor growth and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly S Wilder
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Zhao Chen
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - John DiGiovanni
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.,Center for Molecular Carcinogenesis and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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26
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Shen YA, Chen CL, Huang YH, Evans EE, Cheng CC, Chuang YJ, Zhang C, Le A. Inhibition of glutaminolysis in combination with other therapies to improve cancer treatment. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2021; 62:64-81. [PMID: 33721588 PMCID: PMC8570367 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Targeting glutamine catabolism has been attracting more research attention on the development of successful cancer therapy. Catalytic enzymes such as glutaminase (GLS) in glutaminolysis, a series of biochemical reactions by which glutamine is converted to glutamate and then alpha-ketoglutarate, an intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, can be targeted by small molecule inhibitors, some of which are undergoing early phase clinical trials and exhibiting promising safety profiles. However, resistance to glutaminolysis targeting treatments has been observed, necessitating the development of treatments to combat this resistance. One option is to use synergy drug combinations, which improve tumor chemotherapy's effectiveness and diminish drug resistance and side effects. This review will focus on studies involving the glutaminolysis pathway and diverse combination therapies with therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-An Shen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; International Master/Ph.D. Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Long Chen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; International Master/Ph.D. Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; Department of Pathology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsuan Huang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Emily Elizabeth Evans
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chia Cheng
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Jie Chuang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Cissy Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Anne Le
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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27
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Xu X, Wang J, Wang M, Yuan X, Li L, Zhang C, Huang H, Jing T, Wang C, Tong C, Zhou L, Meng Y, Xu P, Kou J, Qiu Z, Li Z, Bian J. Structure-Enabled Discovery of Novel Macrocyclic Inhibitors Targeting Glutaminase 1 Allosteric Binding Site. J Med Chem 2021; 64:4588-4611. [PMID: 33792311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The inhibition of glutaminase 1 (GLS1) represents a potential treatment of malignant tumors. Structural analysis led to the design of a novel series of macrocyclic GLS1 allosteric inhibitors. Through extensive structure-activity relationship studies, a promising candidate molecule 13b (LL202) was identified with robust GLS1 inhibitory activity (IC50 = 6 nM) and high GLS1 binding affinity (SPR, Kd = 24 nM; ITC, Kd = 37 nM). The X-ray crystal structure of the 13b-GLS1 complex was resolved, revealing a unique binding mode and providing a novel structural scaffold for GLS1 allosteric inhibitors. Importantly, 13b clearly adjusted the cellular metabolites and induced an increase in the ROS level by blocking glutamine metabolism. Furthermore, 13b exhibited a similar in vivo antitumor activity as CB839. This study adds to the growing body of evidence that macrocyclization provides an alternative and complementary approach for the design of small-molecule inhibitors, with the potential to improve the binding affinity to the targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Jubo Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Yuan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Chao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, P. R. China
| | - Huidan Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, P. R. China
| | - Tian Jing
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Chenchen Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Chao Tong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Liwen Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Ying Meng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Junping Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Products, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Material Medical, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Zhixia Qiu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyu Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Jinlei Bian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
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28
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Ferreira IM, Quesñay JEN, Bastos AC, Rodrigues CT, Vollmar M, Krojer T, Strain-Damerell C, Burgess-Brown NA, von Delft F, Yue WW, Dias SM, Ambrosio AL. Structure and activation mechanism of the human liver-type glutaminase GLS2. Biochimie 2021; 185:96-104. [PMID: 33746066 PMCID: PMC8130709 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells exhibit an altered metabolic phenotype, consuming higher levels of the amino acid glutamine. This metabolic reprogramming depends on increased mitochondrial glutaminase activity to convert glutamine to glutamate, an essential precursor for bioenergetic and biosynthetic processes in cells. Mammals encode the kidney-type (GLS) and liver-type (GLS2) glutaminase isozymes. GLS is overexpressed in cancer and associated with enhanced malignancy. On the other hand, GLS2 is either a tumor suppressor or an oncogene, depending on the tumor type. The GLS structure and activation mechanism are well known, while the structural determinants for GLS2 activation remain elusive. Here, we describe the structure of the human glutaminase domain of GLS2, followed by the functional characterization of the residues critical for its activity. Increasing concentrations of GLS2 lead to tetramer stabilization, a process enhanced by phosphate. In GLS2, the so-called “lid loop” is in a rigid open conformation, which may be related to its higher affinity for phosphate and lower affinity for glutamine; hence, it has lower glutaminase activity than GLS. The lower affinity of GLS2 for glutamine is also related to its less electropositive catalytic site than GLS, as indicated by a Thr225Lys substitution within the catalytic site decreasing the GLS2 glutamine concentration corresponding to half-maximal velocity (K0.5). Finally, we show that the Lys253Ala substitution (corresponding to the Lys320Ala in the GLS “activation” loop, formerly known as the “gating” loop) renders a highly active protein in stable tetrameric form. We conclude that the “activation” loop, a known target for GLS inhibition, may also be a drug target for GLS2. A positive cooperative mechanism of activation is demonstrated for the liver-type glutaminase. The novel crystal structure for the glutaminase domain of human GLS2 is presented. Site-directed mutagenesis suggest the activation loop as a hotspot for inhibitor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor M Ferreira
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Zip Code, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - José Edwin N Quesñay
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Zip Code, 13083-970, Brazil; Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos, SP, Zip Code, 13563-120, Brazil
| | - Alliny Cs Bastos
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Zip Code, 13083-970, Brazil; Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila T Rodrigues
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos, SP, Zip Code, 13563-120, Brazil
| | - Melanie Vollmar
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Tobias Krojer
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Claire Strain-Damerell
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7DQ, UK; Diamond Light Source Ltd., The Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Nicola A Burgess-Brown
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Frank von Delft
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7DQ, UK; Diamond Light Source Ltd., The Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0FA, UK; Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa; Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Wyatt W Yue
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7DQ, UK.
| | - Sandra Mg Dias
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Zip Code, 13083-970, Brazil.
| | - Andre Lb Ambrosio
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Zip Code, 13083-970, Brazil; Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos, SP, Zip Code, 13563-120, Brazil.
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29
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Ding L, Xu X, Li C, Wang Y, Xia X, Zheng JC. Glutaminase in microglia: A novel regulator of neuroinflammation. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 92:139-156. [PMID: 33278560 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is the inflammatory responses that are involved in the pathogenesis of most neurological disorders. Glutaminase (GLS) is the enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of glutamine to produce glutamate. Besides its well-known role in cellular metabolism and excitatory neurotransmission, GLS has recently been increasingly noticed to be up-regulated in activated microglia under pathological conditions. Furthermore, GLS overexpression induces microglial activation, extracellular vesicle secretion, and neuroinflammatory microenvironment formation, which, are compromised by GLS inhibitors in vitro and in vivo. These results indicate that GLS has more complicated implications in brain disease etiology than what are previously known. In this review, we introduce GLS isoforms, expression patterns in the body and the brain, and expression/activities regulation. Next, we discuss the metabolic and neurotransmission functions of GLS. Afterwards, we summarize recent findings of GLS-mediated microglial activation and pro-inflammatory extracellular vesicle secretion, which, in turns, induces neuroinflammation. Lastly, we provide a comprehensive discussion for the involvement of microglial GLS in the pathogenesis of various neurological disorders, indicating microglial GLS as a promising target to treat these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Ding
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Xiaonan Xu
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Congcong Li
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200434, China.
| | - Xiaohuan Xia
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200434, China.
| | - Jialin C Zheng
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200434, China; Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5930, USA.
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30
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Oliveira GL, Coelho AR, Marques R, Oliveira PJ. Cancer cell metabolism: Rewiring the mitochondrial hub. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1867:166016. [PMID: 33246010 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.166016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To adapt to tumoral environment conditions or even to escape chemotherapy, cells rapidly reprogram their metabolism to handle adversities and survive. Given the rapid rise of studies uncovering novel insights and therapeutic opportunities based on the role of mitochondria in tumor metabolic programing and therapeutics, this review summarizes most significant developments in the field. Taking in mind the key role of mitochondria on carcinogenesis and tumor progression due to their involvement on tumor plasticity, metabolic remodeling, and signaling re-wiring, those organelles are also potential therapeutic targets. Among other topics, we address the recent data intersecting mitochondria as of prognostic value and staging in cancer, by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) determination, and current inhibitors developments targeting mtDNA, OXPHOS machinery and metabolic pathways. We contribute for a holistic view of the role of mitochondria metabolism and directed therapeutics to understand tumor metabolism, to circumvent therapy resistance, and to control tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela L Oliveira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UC-Biotech, University of Coimbra, Biocant Park, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Ana R Coelho
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UC-Biotech, University of Coimbra, Biocant Park, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Marques
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UC-Biotech, University of Coimbra, Biocant Park, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Paulo J Oliveira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UC-Biotech, University of Coimbra, Biocant Park, Cantanhede, Portugal.
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31
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Zhou WX, Chen C, Liu XQ, Li Y, Lin YL, Wu XT, Kong LY, Luo JG. Discovery and optimization of withangulatin A derivatives as novel glutaminase 1 inhibitors for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 210:112980. [PMID: 33176943 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
To develop novel GLS1 inhibitors as effective therapeutic agents for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), 25 derivatives were synthesized from the natural inhibitor withangulatin A (IC50 = 18.2 μM). Bioassay optimization identified a novel and selective GLS1 inhibitor 7 (IC50 = 1.08 μM). In MDA-MB-231 cells, 7 diminished cellular glutamate levels by blocking glutaminolysis pathway, further triggering the generation of reactive oxygen species to induce caspase-dependent apoptosis. Molecular docking indicated that 7 interacted with a new reacting site of allosteric binding pocket by forming various interactions in GLS1. The intraperitoneal administration of 7 at a dose of 50 mg/kg exhibited remarkable therapeutic effects and no apparent toxicity in the MDA-MB-231 xenograft model, indicating its potential as a novel GLS1 inhibitor for treatment of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Xi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Chen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Xiao-Qin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Yao-Lan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Xiu-Tao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Ling-Yi Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China.
| | - Jian-Guang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China.
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32
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Soth MJ, Le K, Di Francesco ME, Hamilton MM, Liu G, Burke JP, Carroll CL, Kovacs JJ, Bardenhagen JP, Bristow CA, Cardozo M, Czako B, de Stanchina E, Feng N, Garvey JR, Gay JP, Do MKG, Greer J, Han M, Harris A, Herrera Z, Huang S, Giuliani V, Jiang Y, Johnson SB, Johnson TA, Kang Z, Leonard PG, Liu Z, McAfoos T, Miller M, Morlacchi P, Mullinax RA, Palmer WS, Pang J, Rogers N, Rudin CM, Shepard HE, Spencer ND, Theroff J, Wu Q, Xu A, Yau JA, Draetta G, Toniatti C, Heffernan TP, Jones P. Discovery of IPN60090, a Clinical Stage Selective Glutaminase-1 (GLS-1) Inhibitor with Excellent Pharmacokinetic and Physicochemical Properties. J Med Chem 2020; 63:12957-12977. [PMID: 33118821 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of glutaminase-1 (GLS-1) hampers the proliferation of tumor cells reliant on glutamine. Known glutaminase inhibitors have potential limitations, and in vivo exposures are potentially limited due to poor physicochemical properties. We initiated a GLS-1 inhibitor discovery program focused on optimizing physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties, and have developed a new selective inhibitor, compound 27 (IPN60090), which is currently in phase 1 clinical trials. Compound 27 attains high oral exposures in preclinical species, with strong in vivo target engagement, and should robustly inhibit glutaminase in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Soth
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science (IACS), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Kang Le
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science (IACS), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Maria Emilia Di Francesco
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science (IACS), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Matthew M Hamilton
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science (IACS), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Gang Liu
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science (IACS), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Jason P Burke
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science (IACS), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Chris L Carroll
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science (IACS), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Jeffrey J Kovacs
- Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology (TRACTION), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Jennifer P Bardenhagen
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science (IACS), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Christopher A Bristow
- Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology (TRACTION), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Mario Cardozo
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science (IACS), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Barbara Czako
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science (IACS), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Elisa de Stanchina
- Antitumor Assessment Core Facility-Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Ningping Feng
- Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology (TRACTION), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Jill R Garvey
- Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology (TRACTION), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Jason P Gay
- Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology (TRACTION), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Mary K Geck Do
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science (IACS), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Jennifer Greer
- Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology (TRACTION), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Michelle Han
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science (IACS), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Angela Harris
- Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology (TRACTION), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Zachary Herrera
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science (IACS), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Sha Huang
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science (IACS), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Virginia Giuliani
- Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology (TRACTION), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Yongying Jiang
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science (IACS), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Sarah B Johnson
- Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology (TRACTION), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Troy A Johnson
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science (IACS), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Zhijun Kang
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science (IACS), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Paul G Leonard
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science (IACS), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Zhen Liu
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science (IACS), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Timothy McAfoos
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science (IACS), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Meredith Miller
- Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology (TRACTION), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Pietro Morlacchi
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science (IACS), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Robert A Mullinax
- Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology (TRACTION), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Wylie S Palmer
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science (IACS), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Jihai Pang
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science (IACS), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Norma Rogers
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science (IACS), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Charles M Rudin
- Drunkenmiller Center for Lung Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York New York 10065, United States
| | - Hannah E Shepard
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science (IACS), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Nakia D Spencer
- Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology (TRACTION), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Jay Theroff
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science (IACS), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Qi Wu
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science (IACS), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Alan Xu
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science (IACS), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Ju Anne Yau
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science (IACS), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Giulio Draetta
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science (IACS), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States.,Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology (TRACTION), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Carlo Toniatti
- Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology (TRACTION), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Timothy P Heffernan
- Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology (TRACTION), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Philip Jones
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science (IACS), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
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Duvall B, Zimmermann SC, Gao RD, Thomas AG, Kalčic F, Veeravalli V, Elgogary A, Rais R, Rojas C, Le A, Slusher BS, Tsukamoto T. Allosteric kidney-type glutaminase (GLS) inhibitors with a mercaptoethyl linker. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115698. [PMID: 33069080 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A series of allosteric kidney-type glutaminase (GLS) inhibitors possessing a mercaptoethyl (SCH2CH2) linker were synthesized in an effort to further expand the structural diversity of chemotypes derived from bis-2-(5-phenylacetamido-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)ethyl sulfide (BPTES), a prototype allosteric inhibitor of GLS. BPTES analog 3a with a mercaptoethyl linker between the two thiadiazole rings was found to potently inhibit GLS with an IC50 value of 50 nM. Interestingly, the corresponding derivative with an n-propyl (CH2CH2CH2) linker showed substantially lower inhibitory potency (IC50 = 2.3 μM) while the derivative with a dimethylsulfide (CH2SCH2) linker showed no inhibitory activity at concentrations up to 100 μM, underscoring the critical role played by the mercaptoethyl linker in the high affinity binding to the allosteric site of GLS. Additional mercaptoethyl-linked compounds were synthesized and tested as GLS inhibitors to further explore SAR within this scaffold including derivatives possessing a pyridazine as a replacement for one of the two thiadiazole moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Duvall
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sarah C Zimmermann
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Run-Duo Gao
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ajit G Thomas
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Filip Kalčic
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Vijayabhaskar Veeravalli
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Amira Elgogary
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Rana Rais
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Camilo Rojas
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Anne Le
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Barbara S Slusher
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Takashi Tsukamoto
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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34
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Fahrmann JF, Vykoukal JV, Ostrin EJ. Amino Acid Oncometabolism and Immunomodulation of the Tumor Microenvironment in Lung Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:276. [PMID: 32266129 PMCID: PMC7105613 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The observation that cancer acquires significant changes in its metabolism dates back nearly a century, to Otto Warburg noting that cancer cells preferentially utilize glycolysis even when there are no hypoxic conditions in the growth media. Altered energetics are thus considered a hallmark of cancer. However, it has become clear that altered metabolism is not limited to cellular energetic pathways. Alterations in amino acid synthesis and catabolism, lipid biogenesis, and other pathways such as polyamine processing are commonly seen in cancer. Additionally, alterations in metabolism do not only have profound effects for cancer cells but also affect their surrounding microenvironment. With new cancer therapeutics targeting the immune microenvironment, these effects may have implications on cancer growth and response to therapy. These interactions are profound in lung cancer, further demonstrating the manifold interactions between developing tumors and the inflammatory microenvironment. Here, we discuss how dysregulation of metabolism in cancer alters its microenvironment and how this newfound knowledge can be exploited for anticancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes F Fahrmann
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, University of Texas MD Anderson, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jody V Vykoukal
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, University of Texas MD Anderson, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Edwin J Ostrin
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson, Houston, TX, United States
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35
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Simon J, Nuñez-García M, Fernández-Tussy P, Barbier-Torres L, Fernández-Ramos D, Gómez-Santos B, Buqué X, Lopitz-Otsoa F, Goikoetxea-Usandizaga N, Serrano-Macia M, Rodriguez-Agudo R, Bizkarguenaga M, Zubiete-Franco I, Gutiérrez-de Juan V, Cabrera D, Alonso C, Iruzubieta P, Romero-Gomez M, van Liempd S, Castro A, Nogueiras R, Varela-Rey M, Falcón-Pérez JM, Villa E, Crespo J, Lu SC, Mato JM, Aspichueta P, Delgado TC, Martínez-Chantar ML. Targeting Hepatic Glutaminase 1 Ameliorates Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis by Restoring Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein Triglyceride Assembly. Cell Metab 2020; 31:605-622.e10. [PMID: 32084378 PMCID: PMC7259377 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is characterized by the accumulation of hepatic fat in an inflammatory/fibrotic background. Herein, we show that the hepatic high-activity glutaminase 1 isoform (GLS1) is overexpressed in NASH. Importantly, GLS1 inhibition reduces lipid content in choline and/or methionine deprivation-induced steatotic mouse primary hepatocytes, in human hepatocyte cell lines, and in NASH mouse livers. We suggest that under these circumstances, defective glutamine fueling of anaplerotic mitochondrial metabolism and concomitant reduction of oxidative stress promotes a reprogramming of serine metabolism, wherein serine is shifted from the generation of the antioxidant glutathione and channeled to provide one-carbon units to regenerate the methionine cycle. The restored methionine cycle can induce phosphatidylcholine synthesis from the phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase-mediated and CDP-choline pathways as well as by base-exchange reactions between phospholipids, thereby restoring hepatic phosphatidylcholine content and very-low-density lipoprotein export. Overall, we provide evidence that hepatic GLS1 targeting is a valuable therapeutic approach in NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Simon
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Liver Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Maitane Nuñez-García
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Pablo Fernández-Tussy
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Liver Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Lucía Barbier-Torres
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Liver Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - David Fernández-Ramos
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Liver Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Beatriz Gómez-Santos
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Xabier Buqué
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; Biocruces Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Fernando Lopitz-Otsoa
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Liver Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Naroa Goikoetxea-Usandizaga
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Liver Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Marina Serrano-Macia
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Liver Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Rubén Rodriguez-Agudo
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Liver Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Maider Bizkarguenaga
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Liver Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Imanol Zubiete-Franco
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Liver Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Virginia Gutiérrez-de Juan
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Liver Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Diana Cabrera
- Metabolomics Platform, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | | | - Paula Iruzubieta
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, 39008 Santander, Spain; Clinical and Traslational Digestive Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Manuel Romero-Gomez
- Unit for the Clinical Management of Digestive Diseases, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CIBERehd, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Sebastiaan van Liempd
- Metabolomics Platform, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | | | - Ruben Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Galician Agency of Innovation (GAIN), Xunta de Galicia, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Marta Varela-Rey
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Liver Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Falcón-Pérez
- Metabolomics Platform, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Erica Villa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria & University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Javier Crespo
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, 39008 Santander, Spain; Clinical and Traslational Digestive Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Shelly C Lu
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States
| | - Jose M Mato
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Liver Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Patricia Aspichueta
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; Biocruces Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Teresa C Delgado
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Liver Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - María Luz Martínez-Chantar
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Liver Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain.
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36
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Wang L, Zhu L, Wu K, Chen Y, Lee DY, Gucek M, Sack MN. Mitochondrial General Control of Amino Acid Synthesis 5 Like 1 Regulates Glutaminolysis, Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 Activity, and Murine Liver Regeneration. Hepatology 2020; 71:643-657. [PMID: 31344750 PMCID: PMC7465484 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The regenerative capacity of the liver plays a protective role against hepatotoxins and impaired regeneration exacerbates liver dysfunction in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Mitochondrial bioenergetic and -synthetic functions are important contributory factors in hepatic regeneration, and the control of mitochondrial protein acetylation is implicated in the mitochondrial susceptibility to liver stressors. Here, we evaluated the role of general control of amino acid synthesis 5 like 1 (GCN5L1), a mediator of mitochondrial metabolism and acetylation, in modulating murine liver regeneration (LR) in response to acute CCl4 -induced hepatotoxicity. APPROACH AND RESULTS Initial metabolomic screening found that liver GCN5L1 knockout (LKO) mice have augmented glutaminolysis. Absence of GCN5L1 modified enzyme activity of liver-enriched glutaminase enzyme (glutaminase 2; GLS2), and GCN5L1 levels modulated GLS2 oligomerization and acetylation. This metabolic remodeling resulted in the elevation of α-ketoglutarate levels, which are known to activate mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). This signaling pathway was induced with increased phosphorylation of S6 kinase in LKO hepatocytes, and inhibition of glutaminolysis reversed aberrant mTORC1 signaling. At the same time, glutaminolysis, activity of GLS2, and activation of mTORC1 signaling were reversed by the genetic reintroduction of the mitochondrial isoform of GCN5L1 into LKO primary hepatocytes. Finally, LKO mice had a more robust regenerative capacity in response to CCl4 hepatoxicity, and this response was blunted by both the mTORC1 inhibitor, rapamycin, and by pharmacological blunting of glutaminolysis. CONCLUSIONS These data point to a central role of glutaminolysis in modulating the regenerative capacity in the liver. Furthermore, inhibition of mitochondrial GCN5L1 to augment LR may be a useful strategy in disease states linked to hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingdi Wang
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,,Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lu Zhu
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kaiyuan Wu
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yong Chen
- Proteomics Core, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Duck-Yeon Lee
- Biochemistry Core, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marjan Gucek
- Proteomics Core, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael N. Sack
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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37
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Li Y, Ramachandran S, Nguyen TTT, Stalnecker CA, Cerione RA, Erickson JW. The activation loop and substrate-binding cleft of glutaminase C are allosterically coupled. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:1328-1337. [PMID: 31871054 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The glutaminase C (GAC) isoform of mitochondrial glutaminase is overexpressed in many cancer cells and therefore represents a potential therapeutic target. Understanding the regulation of GAC activity has been guided by the development of spectroscopic approaches that measure glutaminase activity in real time. Previously, we engineered a GAC protein (GAC(F327W)) in which a tryptophan residue is substituted for phenylalanine in an activation loop to explore the role of this loop in enzyme activity. We showed that the fluorescence emission of Trp-327 is enhanced in response to activator binding, but quenched by inhibitors of the BPTES class that bind to the GAC tetramer and contact the activation loop, thereby constraining it in an inactive conformation. In the present work, we took advantage of a tryptophan substitution at position 471, proximal to the GAC catalytic site, to examine the conformational coupling between the activation loop and the substrate-binding cleft, separated by ∼16 Å. Comparison of glutamine binding in the presence or absence of the BPTES analog CB-839 revealed a reciprocal relationship between the constraints imposed on the activation loop position and the affinity of GAC for substrate. Binding of the inhibitor weakened the affinity of GAC for glutamine, whereas activating anions such as Pi increased this affinity. These results indicate that the conformations of the activation loop and the substrate-binding cleft in GAC are allosterically coupled and that this coupling determines substrate affinity and enzymatic activity and explains the activities of CB-839, which is currently in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxing Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Sekar Ramachandran
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Thuy-Tien T Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Clint A Stalnecker
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Richard A Cerione
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 .,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Jon W Erickson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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38
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Lee P, Malik D, Perkons N, Huangyang P, Khare S, Rhoades S, Gong YY, Burrows M, Finan JM, Nissim I, Gade TPF, Weljie AM, Simon MC. Targeting glutamine metabolism slows soft tissue sarcoma growth. Nat Commun 2020; 11:498. [PMID: 31980651 PMCID: PMC6981153 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14374-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour cells frequently utilize glutamine to meet bioenergetic and biosynthetic demands of rapid cell growth. However, glutamine dependence can be highly variable between in vitro and in vivo settings, based on surrounding microenvironments and complex adaptive responses to glutamine deprivation. Soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) are mesenchymal tumours where cytotoxic chemotherapy remains the primary approach for metastatic or unresectable disease. Therefore, it is critical to identify alternate therapies to improve patient outcomes. Using autochthonous STS murine models and unbiased metabolomics, we demonstrate that glutamine metabolism supports sarcomagenesis. STS subtypes expressing elevated glutaminase (GLS) levels are highly sensitive to glutamine starvation. In contrast to previous studies, treatment of autochthonous tumour-bearing animals with Telaglenastat (CB-839), an orally bioavailable GLS inhibitor, successfully inhibits undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) tumour growth. We reveal glutamine metabolism as critical for sarcomagenesis, with CB-839 exhibiting potent therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pearl Lee
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Dania Malik
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Nicholas Perkons
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Peiwei Huangyang
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Sanika Khare
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Seth Rhoades
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yao-Yu Gong
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Michelle Burrows
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jennifer M Finan
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Itzhak Nissim
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Terence P F Gade
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Aalim M Weljie
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - M Celeste Simon
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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39
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The activation loop and substrate-binding cleft of glutaminase C are allosterically coupled. J Biol Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)49889-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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40
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Park CK, Horton NC. Structures, functions, and mechanisms of filament forming enzymes: a renaissance of enzyme filamentation. Biophys Rev 2019; 11:927-994. [PMID: 31734826 PMCID: PMC6874960 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-019-00602-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Filament formation by non-cytoskeletal enzymes has been known for decades, yet only relatively recently has its wide-spread role in enzyme regulation and biology come to be appreciated. This comprehensive review summarizes what is known for each enzyme confirmed to form filamentous structures in vitro, and for the many that are known only to form large self-assemblies within cells. For some enzymes, studies describing both the in vitro filamentous structures and cellular self-assembly formation are also known and described. Special attention is paid to the detailed structures of each type of enzyme filament, as well as the roles the structures play in enzyme regulation and in biology. Where it is known or hypothesized, the advantages conferred by enzyme filamentation are reviewed. Finally, the similarities, differences, and comparison to the SgrAI endonuclease system are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad K. Park
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Nancy C. Horton
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
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41
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Natarajan SK, Venneti S. Glutamine Metabolism in Brain Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1628. [PMID: 31652923 PMCID: PMC6893651 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered metabolism is a hallmark of cancer cells. Tumor cells rewire their metabolism to support their uncontrolled proliferation by taking up nutrients from the microenvironment. The amino acid glutamine is a key nutrient that fuels biosynthetic processes including ATP generation, redox homeostasis, nucleotide, protein, and lipid synthesis. Glutamine as a precursor for the neurotransmitter glutamate, and plays a critical role in the normal functioning of the brain. Brain tumors that grow in this glutamine/glutamate rich microenvironment can make synaptic connections with glutamatergic neurons and reprogram glutamine metabolism to enable their growth. In this review, we examine the functions of glutamate/glutamine in the brain and how brain tumor cells reprogram glutamine metabolism. Altered glutamine metabolism can be leveraged to develop non-invasive imaging strategies and we review these imaging modalities. Finally, we examine if targeting glutamine metabolism could serve as a therapeutic strategy in brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva Kumar Natarajan
- Laboratory of Brain Tumor Metabolism and Epigenetics, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Sriram Venneti
- Laboratory of Brain Tumor Metabolism and Epigenetics, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan 3520E MSRB 1, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 41804, USA.
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42
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Abstract
Warburg and coworkers' observation of altered glucose metabolism in tumours has been neglected for several decades, which, in part, was because of an initial misinterpretation of the basis of their finding. Following the realisation that genetic alterations are often linked to metabolism, and that the tumour micro-environment imposes different demands on cancer cells, has led to a reinvestigation of cancer metabolism in recent years. Increasing our understanding of the drivers and consequences of the Warburg effect in cancer and beyond will help to identify new therapeutic strategies as well as to identify new prognostic and therapeutic biomarkers. Here we discuss the initial findings of Warburg and coworkers regarding cancer cell glucose metabolism, how these studies came into focus again in recent years following the discovery of metabolic oncogenes, and the therapeutic potential that lies within targeting the altered metabolic phenotype in cancer. In addition, another essential nutrient in cancer metabolism, glutamine, will be discussed.
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43
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Soomro I, Sun Y, Li Z, Diggs L, Hatzivassiliou G, Thomas AG, Rais R, Parker SJ, Slusher BS, Kimmelman AC, Somlo S, Skolnik EY. Glutamine metabolism via glutaminase 1 in autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2019; 33:1343-1353. [PMID: 29420817 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfx349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metabolism of glutamine by glutaminase 1 (GLS1) plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation via the generation of ATP and intermediates required for macromolecular synthesis. We hypothesized that glutamine metabolism also plays a role in proliferation of autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) cells and that inhibiting GLS1 could slow cyst growth in animal models of ADPKD. Methods Primary normal human kidney and ADPKD human cyst-lining epithelial cells were cultured in the presence or absence of two pharmacologic inhibitors of GLS1, bis-2-(5-phenylacetamido-1,2,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)ethyl sulfide 3 (BPTES) and CB-839, and the effect on proliferation, cyst growth in collagen and activation of downstream signaling pathways were assessed. We then determined if inhibiting GLS1 in vivo with CB-839 in the Aqp2-Cre; Pkd1fl/fl and Pkhd1-Cre; Pkd1fl/fl mouse models of ADPKD slowed cyst growth. Results We found that an isoform of GLS1 (GLS1-GAC) is upregulated in cyst-lining epithelia in human ADPKD kidneys and in mouse models of ADPKD. Both BPTES and CB-839 blocked forskolin-induced cyst formation in vitro. Inhibiting GLS1 in vivo with CB-839 led to variable outcomes in two mouse models of ADPKD. CB-839 slowed cyst growth in Aqp2-Cre; Pkd1fl/fl mice, but not in Pkhd1-Cre; Pkd1fl/fl mice. While CB-839 inhibited mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and MEK activation in Aqp2-Cre; Pkd1fl/fl, it did not in Pkhd1-Cre; Pkd1fl/fl mice. Conclusion These findings provide support that alteration in glutamine metabolism may play a role in cyst growth. However, testing in other models of PKD and identification of the compensatory metabolic changes that bypass GLS1 inhibition will be critical to validate GLS1 as a drug target either alone or when combined with inhibitors of other metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfana Soomro
- Division of Nephrology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,The Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ying Sun
- Division of Nephrology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,The Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhai Li
- Division of Nephrology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,The Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lonnette Diggs
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Ajit G Thomas
- Department of Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rana Rais
- Department of Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Barbara S Slusher
- Department of Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Stefan Somlo
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Edward Y Skolnik
- Division of Nephrology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,The Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Molecular Pathogenesis, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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44
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McDermott L, Koes D, Mohammed S, Iyer P, Boby M, Balasubramanian V, Geedy M, Katt W, Cerione R. GAC inhibitors with a 4-hydroxypiperidine spacer: Requirements for potency. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:126632. [PMID: 31474484 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Allosteric inhibitors of glutaminase (GAC), such as BPTES, CB-839 and UPGL00019, have great promise as inhibitors of cancer cell growth, but potent inhibitors with drug-like qualities have been difficult to achieve. Here, a small library of GAC inhibitors based on the UPGL00019 core is described. This set of derivatives was designed to assess if one or both of the phenylacetyl groups flanking the UPGL00019 core can be replaced by smaller simple aliphatic acyl groups without loss in potency. We found that one of the phenylacetyl moieties can be replaced by a set of small aliphatic moieties without loss in potency. We also found that enzymatic potency co-varies with the VDW volume or the maximum projection area of the groups used as replacements of the phenylacetyl moiety and used literature X-ray data to provide an explanation for this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee McDermott
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; University of Pittsburgh, Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15269, USA.
| | - David Koes
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Computational and Systems Biology, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Shabber Mohammed
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Prema Iyer
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Melissa Boby
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Venkatakrishnan Balasubramanian
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; SASTRA Deemed University, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tamil Nadu, Tirumalaisamudram, 613401, India
| | - Mackenzie Geedy
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - William Katt
- Cornell University, Department of Molecular Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Richard Cerione
- Cornell University, Department of Molecular Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Cornell University, Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS), Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Cornell University, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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45
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Borne AL, Huang T, McCloud RL, Pachaiyappan B, Bullock TNJ, Hsu KL. Deciphering T Cell Immunometabolism with Activity-Based Protein Profiling. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 420:175-210. [PMID: 30128827 PMCID: PMC7134364 DOI: 10.1007/82_2018_124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
As a major sentinel of adaptive immunity, T cells seek and destroy diseased cells using antigen recognition to achieve molecular specificity. Strategies to block checkpoint inhibition of T cell activity and thus reawaken the patient's antitumor immune responses are rapidly becoming standard of care for treatment of diverse cancers. Adoptive transfer of patient T cells genetically engineered with tumor-targeting capabilities is redefining the field of personalized medicines. The diverse opportunities for exploiting T cell biology in the clinic have prompted new efforts to expand the scope of targets amenable to immuno-oncology. Given the complex spatiotemporal regulation of T cell function and fate, new technologies capable of global molecular profiling in vivo are needed to guide selection of appropriate T cell targets and subsets. In this chapter, we describe the use of activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) to illuminate different aspects of T cell metabolism and signaling as fertile starting points for investigation. We highlight the merits of ABPP methods to enable target, inhibitor, and biochemical pathway discovery of T cells in the burgeoning field of immuno-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L Borne
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Rebecca L McCloud
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Boobalan Pachaiyappan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Timothy N J Bullock
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Ku-Lung Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
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46
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Griffin JWD, Bradshaw PC. Effects of a high protein diet and liver disease in an in silico model of human ammonia metabolism. Theor Biol Med Model 2019; 16:11. [PMID: 31366360 PMCID: PMC6670211 DOI: 10.1186/s12976-019-0109-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After proteolysis, the majority of released amino acids from dietary protein are transported to the liver for gluconeogenesis or to peripheral tissues where they are used for protein synthesis and eventually catabolized, producing ammonia as a byproduct. High ammonia levels in the brain are a major contributor to the decreased neural function that occurs in several pathological conditions such as hepatic encephalopathy when liver urea cycle function is compromised. Therefore, it is important to gain a deeper understanding of human ammonia metabolism. The objective of this study was to predict changes in blood ammonia levels resulting from alterations in dietary protein intake, from liver disease, or from partial loss of urea cycle function. METHODS A simple mathematical model was created using MATLAB SimBiology and data from published studies. Simulations were performed and results analyzed to determine steady state changes in ammonia levels resulting from varying dietary protein intake and varying liver enzyme activity levels to simulate liver disease. As a toxicity reference, viability was measured in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells following differentiation and ammonium chloride treatment. RESULTS Results from control simulations yielded steady state blood ammonia levels within normal physiological limits. Increasing dietary protein intake by 72% resulted in a 59% increase in blood ammonia levels. Simulations of liver cirrhosis increased blood ammonia levels by 41 to 130% depending upon the level of dietary protein intake. Simulations of heterozygous individuals carrying a loss of function allele of the urea cycle carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I (CPS1) gene resulted in more than a tripling of blood ammonia levels (from roughly 18 to 60 μM depending on dietary protein intake). The viability of differentiated SH-SY5Y cells was decreased by 14% by the addition of a slightly higher amount of ammonium chloride (90 μM). CONCLUSIONS Data from the model suggest decreasing protein consumption may be one simple strategy to decrease blood ammonia levels and minimize the risk of developing hepatic encephalopathy for many liver disease patients. In addition, the model suggests subjects who are known carriers of disease-causing CPS1 alleles may benefit from monitoring blood ammonia levels and limiting the level of protein intake if ammonia levels are high.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick C. Bradshaw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN USA
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47
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Hou W, Fang J, Su L, Ye H, Ruan BH. Design and synthesis of biotinylated Hexylselen as a probe to identify KGA allosteric inhibitors by a convenient biomolecular interaction assay. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:2498-2502. [PMID: 31324513 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hexylselen is a novel submicromolar dual KGA/GDH inhibitor, which demonstrates potent inhibition of cancer cells with minimal toxicity. To further investigation its mechanism of action, we designed and synthesized its biotinylated derivative 2 as a novel probe. From commercially available starting material, 2 was obtained in 6 steps with 13.4% overall yield. It is notable that this practical synthetic route give a template for the preparation of unsymmetrical di-benzo[d][1,2]selenazol-3(2H)-ones. Based on probe 2, we developed a novel biomolecular interaction assay for convenient and reliable test of KGA allosteric inhibitors and confirmed that hexylselen as an allosteric inhibitor of KGA sharing the same binding pocket with BPTES but not with Ebselen via competitive experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hou
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology (IDD & CB), Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtza River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Jinzhang Fang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology (IDD & CB), Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtza River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Lin Su
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology (IDD & CB), Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtza River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Hengyu Ye
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology (IDD & CB), Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtza River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Benfang Helen Ruan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology (IDD & CB), Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtza River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China.
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48
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Hou W, Zhou Y, Rui J, Bai R, Bhasin AK, Ruan BH. Design and synthesis of novel tellurodibenzoic acid compounds as kidney-type glutaminase (KGA) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:1673-1676. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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49
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Raczka AM, Reynolds PA. Glutaminase inhibition in renal cell carcinoma therapy. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2019; 2:356-364. [PMID: 35582719 PMCID: PMC8992627 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2018.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been a standard first-line therapy for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) for over a decade. Although they stabilize the disease, they are unable to remove all tumor cells, leading to relapse. Moreover, both intrinsic and acquired resistance to therapy are a significant health burden. In order to overcome resistance, several combination therapies have been recently approved by the FDA. Another approach takes advantage of altered metabolism in tumor cells, which switch to alternative metabolic pathways to sustain their rapid growth and proliferation. CB-839 is a small molecule inhibitor of kidney type glutaminase (GLS). GLS is often upregulated in glutamine addicted cancers, enhancing glutamine metabolism for the production of energy and the biosynthesis of various cellular building blocks. CB-839 is currently in clinical trials for several tumors, including clear cell (cc)RCC, both as monotherapy and in combination with the approved therapeutic agents everolimus, cabozantinib and nivolumab. Early results of Phase 1/2 clinical trials look promising, especially for CB-839 plus cabozantinib, and all combinations seem to be well tolerated. However, cancer cells can activate compensatory pathways to overcome glutaminolysis inhibition. Therefore, genetic and metabolomic studies are crucial for the successful implementation of CB-839 alone or in combination in subgroups of ccRCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra M. Raczka
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, UK
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Paul A. Reynolds
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, UK
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
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50
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Finlay MRV, Anderton M, Bailey A, Boyd S, Brookfield J, Cairnduff C, Charles M, Cheasty A, Critchlow SE, Culshaw J, Ekwuru T, Hollingsworth I, Jones N, Leroux F, Littleson M, McCarron H, McKelvie J, Mooney L, Nissink JWM, Perkins D, Powell S, Quesada MJ, Raubo P, Sabin V, Smith J, Smith PD, Stark A, Ting A, Wang P, Wilson Z, Winter-Holt JJ, Wood JM, Wrigley GL, Yu G, Zhang P. Discovery of a Thiadiazole–Pyridazine-Based Allosteric Glutaminase 1 Inhibitor Series That Demonstrates Oral Bioavailability and Activity in Tumor Xenograft Models. J Med Chem 2019; 62:6540-6560. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Raymond V. Finlay
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0FZ, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Anderton
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0FZ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Bailey
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0FZ, United Kingdom
| | - Scott Boyd
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0FZ, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Brookfield
- Cancer Research UK, Therapeutic Discovery Laboratories, Jonas Webb Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Ceri Cairnduff
- Cancer Research UK, Therapeutic Discovery Laboratories, Jonas Webb Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Charles
- Cancer Research UK, Therapeutic Discovery Laboratories, Jonas Webb Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Cheasty
- Cancer Research UK, Therapeutic Discovery Laboratories, Jonas Webb Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Susan E. Critchlow
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0FZ, United Kingdom
| | - Janet Culshaw
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0FZ, United Kingdom
| | - Tennyson Ekwuru
- Cancer Research UK, Therapeutic Discovery Laboratories, Jonas Webb Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Hollingsworth
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0FZ, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Jones
- Cancer Research UK, Therapeutic Discovery Laboratories, Jonas Webb Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Fred Leroux
- Cancer Research UK, Therapeutic Discovery Laboratories, Jonas Webb Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Mairi Littleson
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0FZ, United Kingdom
| | - Hollie McCarron
- Cancer Research UK, Therapeutic Discovery Laboratories, Jonas Webb Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer McKelvie
- Cancer Research UK, Therapeutic Discovery Laboratories, Jonas Webb Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Lorraine Mooney
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0FZ, United Kingdom
| | - J. Willem M. Nissink
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0FZ, United Kingdom
| | - David Perkins
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0FZ, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Powell
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0FZ, United Kingdom
| | - Mar Jimenez Quesada
- Cancer Research UK, Therapeutic Discovery Laboratories, Jonas Webb Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Piotr Raubo
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0FZ, United Kingdom
| | - Verity Sabin
- Cancer Research UK, Therapeutic Discovery Laboratories, Jonas Webb Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - James Smith
- Cancer Research UK, Therapeutic Discovery Laboratories, Jonas Webb Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Peter D. Smith
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0FZ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Stark
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0FZ, United Kingdom
| | - Attilla Ting
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0FZ, United Kingdom
| | - Peng Wang
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, P. R. China
| | - Zena Wilson
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0FZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jon J. Winter-Holt
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0FZ, United Kingdom
| | - J. Matthew Wood
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0FZ, United Kingdom
| | - Gail L. Wrigley
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0FZ, United Kingdom
| | - Guoqing Yu
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, P. R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, P. R. China
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