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Nourisanami F, Sobol M, Li Z, Horvath M, Kowalska K, Kumar A, Vlasak J, Koupilova N, Luginbuhl DJ, Luo L, Rozbesky D. Molecular mechanisms of proteoglycan-mediated semaphorin signaling in axon guidance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2402755121. [PMID: 39042673 PMCID: PMC11295036 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2402755121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The precise assembly of a functional nervous system relies on axon guidance cues. Beyond engaging their cognate receptors and initiating signaling cascades that modulate cytoskeletal dynamics, guidance cues also bind components of the extracellular matrix, notably proteoglycans, yet the role and mechanisms of these interactions remain poorly understood. We found that Drosophila secreted semaphorins bind specifically to glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains of proteoglycans, showing a preference based on the degree of sulfation. Structural analysis of Sema2b unveiled multiple GAG-binding sites positioned outside canonical plexin-binding site, with the highest affinity binding site located at the C-terminal tail, characterized by a lysine-rich helical arrangement that appears to be conserved across secreted semaphorins. In vivo studies revealed a crucial role of the Sema2b C-terminal tail in specifying the trajectory of olfactory receptor neurons. We propose that secreted semaphorins tether to the cell surface through interactions with GAG chains of proteoglycans, facilitating their presentation to cognate receptors on passing axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farahdokht Nourisanami
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 128 43, Czechia
- Laboratory of Structural Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague142 20, Czechia
| | - Margarita Sobol
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 128 43, Czechia
- Laboratory of Structural Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague142 20, Czechia
| | - Zhuoran Li
- HHMI, Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Matej Horvath
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 128 43, Czechia
- Laboratory of Structural Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague142 20, Czechia
| | - Karolina Kowalska
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 128 43, Czechia
- Laboratory of Structural Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague142 20, Czechia
| | - Atul Kumar
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 128 43, Czechia
- Laboratory of Structural Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague142 20, Czechia
| | - Jonas Vlasak
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 128 43, Czechia
- Laboratory of Structural Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague142 20, Czechia
| | - Nicola Koupilova
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 128 43, Czechia
- Laboratory of Structural Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague142 20, Czechia
| | | | - Liqun Luo
- HHMI, Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Daniel Rozbesky
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 128 43, Czechia
- Laboratory of Structural Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague142 20, Czechia
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Fu D, Shi X, Yi X, Wu D, He H, Zhou W, Cheng W. m6A reader IGF2BP2 promotes M2 macrophage polarization and malignant biological behavior of bladder cancer by stabilizing NRP1 mRNA expression. BMC Urol 2024; 24:147. [PMID: 39014364 PMCID: PMC11251312 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-024-01534-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 2 (IGF2BP2) has been confirmed to play oncogenic role in many cancers. However, the role and mechanism of IGF2BP2 in bladder cancer (BCa) still deserves to be further revealed. METHODS The mRNA and protein levels of IGF2BP2 and neuronilin-1 (NRP1) were detected by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and western blot. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion were determined using colony formation assay, EdU assay, CCK8 assay, flow cytometry and transwell assay. Xenograft tumor model was conducted to evaluate the role of IGF2BP2 in vivo. THP-1-M0 macrophages were co-cultured with the condition medium (CM) of BCa cells to induce polarization. M2 macrophage polarization was assessed by detecting the mRNA levels of M2 macrophage markers using RT-qPCR and measuring the proportion of M2 macrophage markers using flow cytometry. Moreover, MeRIP and RIP assay were performed to assess m6A level and the interaction between IGF2BP2 and NRP1. RESULTS IGF2BP2 and NRP1 were upregulated in BCa tissues and cells. IGF2BP2 knockdown suppressed BCa cell growth and metastasis, as well as inhibited BCa tumor growth. After THP-1-M0 macrophages were co-cultured with the CM of BCa cells, the levels of M2 macrophage markers were markedly enhanced, while this effect was abolished by IGF2BP2 knockdown. IGF2BP2 level was positively correlated with NRP1 level, and it could increase NRP1 mRNA stability. NRP1 overexpression reversed the suppressive effect of IGF2BP2 knockdown on M2 macrophage polarization and BCa cell progression. CONCLUSION m6A-reader IGF2BP2 enhanced M2 macrophage polarization and BCa cell progression by promoting NRP1 mRNA stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Fu
- Department of Urology, Jinling College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, No.305, Zhongshandong Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210002, China
| | - Xiuquan Shi
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, No.305, Zhongshandong Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210002, China
| | - Xiaoming Yi
- Department of Urology, Jinling College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, No.305, Zhongshandong Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210002, China
| | - Ding Wu
- Department of Urology, Jinling College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, No.305, Zhongshandong Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210002, China
| | - Haowei He
- Department of Urology, Jinling College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, No.305, Zhongshandong Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210002, China
| | - Wenquan Zhou
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, No.305, Zhongshandong Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210002, China.
| | - Wen Cheng
- Department of Urology, Jinling College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, No.305, Zhongshandong Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210002, China.
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Nguyen H, Nguyen HL, Lan PD, Thai NQ, Sikora M, Li MS. Interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with host cells and antibodies: experiment and simulation. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:6497-6553. [PMID: 37650302 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs01170g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the devastating global COVID-19 pandemic announced by WHO in March 2020. Through unprecedented scientific effort, several vaccines, drugs and antibodies have been developed, saving millions of lives, but the fight against COVID-19 continues as immune escape variants of concern such as Delta and Omicron emerge. To develop more effective treatments and to elucidate the side effects caused by vaccines and therapeutic agents, a deeper understanding of the molecular interactions of SARS-CoV-2 with them and human cells is required. With special interest in computational approaches, we will focus on the structure of SARS-CoV-2 and the interaction of its spike protein with human angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) as a prime entry point of the virus into host cells. In addition, other possible viral receptors will be considered. The fusion of viral and human membranes and the interaction of the spike protein with antibodies and nanobodies will be discussed, as well as the effect of SARS-CoV-2 on protein synthesis in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Nguyen
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, al. Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Hoang Linh Nguyen
- Institute of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Duy Tan University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Faculty of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
| | - Pham Dang Lan
- Life Science Lab, Institute for Computational Science and Technology, Quang Trung Software City, Tan Chanh Hiep Ward, District 12, 729110 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Physics and Engineering Physics, VNUHCM-University of Science, 227, Nguyen Van Cu Street, District 5, 749000 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Quoc Thai
- Dong Thap University, 783 Pham Huu Lau Street, Ward 6, Cao Lanh City, Dong Thap, Vietnam
| | - Mateusz Sikora
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mai Suan Li
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, al. Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland.
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Halabi R, Cechmanek PB, Hehr CL, McFarlane S. Semaphorin3f as a cardiomyocyte derived regulator of heart chamber development. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:126. [PMID: 35986301 PMCID: PMC9389736 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00874-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background During development a pool of precursors form a heart with atrial and ventricular chambers that exhibit distinct transcriptional and electrophysiological properties. Normal development of these chambers is essential for full term survival of the fetus, and deviations result in congenital heart defects. The large number of genes that may cause congenital heart defects when mutated, and the genetic variability and penetrance of the ensuing phenotypes, reveals a need to understand the molecular mechanisms that allow for the formation of chamber-specific cardiomyocyte differentiation. Methods We used in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and functional analyses to identify the consequences of the loss of the secreted semaphorin, Sema3fb, in the development of the zebrafish heart by using two sema3fb CRISPR mutant alleles. Results We find that in the developing zebrafish heart sema3fb mRNA is expressed by all cardiomyocytes, whereas mRNA for a known receptor Plexina3 (Plxna3) is expressed preferentially by ventricular cardiomyocytes. In sema3fb CRISPR zebrafish mutants, heart chamber development is impaired; the atria and ventricles of mutants are smaller in size than their wild type siblings, apparently because of differences in cell size and not cell numbers. Analysis of chamber differentiation indicates defects in chamber specific gene expression at the border between the ventricular and atrial chambers, with spillage of ventricular chamber genes into the atrium, and vice versa, and a failure to restrict specialized cardiomyocyte markers to the atrioventricular canal (AVC). The hypoplastic heart chambers are associated with decreased cardiac output and heart edema. Conclusions Based on our data we propose a model whereby cardiomyocytes secrete a Sema cue that, because of spatially restricted expression of the receptor, signals in a ventricular chamber-specific manner to establish a distinct border between atrial and ventricular chambers that is important to produce a fully functional heart. Video abstract
Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12964-022-00874-8.
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Jobe A, Vijayan R. Characterization of peptide binding to the SARS-CoV-2 host factor neuropilin. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08251. [PMID: 34722943 PMCID: PMC8540010 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a global health concern. It is now well established that the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 interacts with its primary host receptor, the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Additionally, the interaction of S with the neuropilin (NRP) receptor has been reported to facilitate viral entry. SARS-CoV-2 S protein binds to neuropilin-1 (NRP1) by virtue of a CendR motif which terminates with either an arginine or lysine. Furthermore, a number of different peptide sequences have been reported to bind to the same site in NRP1 including vascular endothelial growth factor A and other viral proteins. To gain a deeper understanding of additional factors besides the C-terminal arginine that may favour high NRP1 binding, several modelled peptides were investigated using triplicate 1 μs molecular dynamics simulations. A C-end histidine failed to exhibit strong NRP1 affinity. Some previously reported factors that increase binding affinity and secure NRP1 receptor activation was observed in the NRP1-peptide complexes studied and such complexes had higher molecular mechanics-generalized Born surface area based free energy of binding. Additionally, the results also highlight the relevance of an exposed arginine at its canonical location as capping it blocked arginine from engaging key residues at the NRP1 receptor site that are indispensable for functional binding; and that the presence of proline reinforces the C-terminal arginine. Given that stable NRP1 binding is crucial for viral uptake, stable interactions should be accounted for in the design of potential drugs and treatment routes to target or disrupt this interface, considering the S1-NRP1 interaction as well as its endogenous VEGF-A ligand that is associated with nociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amie Jobe
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ranjit Vijayan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.,The Big Data Analytics Center, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Pérez Y, Bonet R, Corredor M, Domingo C, Moure A, Messeguer À, Bujons J, Alfonso I. Semaphorin 3A-Glycosaminoglycans Interaction as Therapeutic Target for Axonal Regeneration. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14090906. [PMID: 34577606 PMCID: PMC8465649 DOI: 10.3390/ph14090906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) is a cell-secreted protein that participates in the axonal guidance pathways. Sema3A acts as a canonical repulsive axon guidance molecule, inhibiting CNS regenerative axonal growth and propagation. Therefore, interfering with Sema3A signaling is proposed as a therapeutic target for achieving functional recovery after CNS injuries. It has been shown that Sema3A adheres to the proteoglycan component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and selectively binds to heparin and chondroitin sulfate-E (CS-E) glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). We hypothesize that the biologically relevant interaction between Sema3A and GAGs takes place at Sema3A C-terminal polybasic region (SCT). The aims of this study were to characterize the interaction of the whole Sema3A C-terminal polybasic region (Sema3A 725–771) with GAGs and to investigate the disruption of this interaction by small molecules. Recombinant Sema3A basic domain was produced and we used a combination of biophysical techniques (NMR, SPR, and heparin affinity chromatography) to gain insight into the interaction of the Sema3A C-terminal domain with GAGs. The results demonstrate that SCT is an intrinsically disordered region, which confirms that SCT binds to GAGs and helps to identify the specific residues involved in the interaction. NMR studies, supported by molecular dynamics simulations, show that a new peptoid molecule (CSIC02) may disrupt the interaction between SCT and heparin. Our structural study paves the way toward the design of new molecules targeting these protein–GAG interactions with potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Pérez
- NMR Facility, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (Y.P.); (I.A.)
| | - Roman Bonet
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (R.B.); (M.C.); (C.D.); (A.M.); (À.M.); (J.B.)
| | - Miriam Corredor
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (R.B.); (M.C.); (C.D.); (A.M.); (À.M.); (J.B.)
| | - Cecilia Domingo
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (R.B.); (M.C.); (C.D.); (A.M.); (À.M.); (J.B.)
| | - Alejandra Moure
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (R.B.); (M.C.); (C.D.); (A.M.); (À.M.); (J.B.)
| | - Àngel Messeguer
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (R.B.); (M.C.); (C.D.); (A.M.); (À.M.); (J.B.)
| | - Jordi Bujons
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (R.B.); (M.C.); (C.D.); (A.M.); (À.M.); (J.B.)
| | - Ignacio Alfonso
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (R.B.); (M.C.); (C.D.); (A.M.); (À.M.); (J.B.)
- Correspondence: (Y.P.); (I.A.)
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Watterston C, Halabi R, McFarlane S, Childs SJ. Endothelial Semaphorin 3fb regulates Vegf pathway-mediated angiogenic sprouting. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009769. [PMID: 34424892 PMCID: PMC8412281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vessel growth integrates diverse extrinsic signals with intrinsic signaling cascades to coordinate cell migration and sprouting morphogenesis. The pro-angiogenic effects of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) are carefully controlled during sprouting to generate an efficiently patterned vascular network. We identify crosstalk between VEGF signaling and that of the secreted ligand Semaphorin 3fb (Sema3fb), one of two zebrafish paralogs of mammalian Sema3F. The sema3fb gene is expressed by endothelial cells in actively sprouting vessels. Loss of sema3fb results in abnormally wide and stunted intersegmental vessel artery sprouts. Although the sprouts initiate at the correct developmental time, they have a reduced migration speed. These sprouts have persistent filopodia and abnormally spaced nuclei suggesting dysregulated control of actin assembly. sema3fb mutants show simultaneously higher expression of pro-angiogenic (VEGF receptor 2 (vegfr2) and delta-like 4 (dll4)) and anti-angiogenic (soluble VEGF receptor 1 (svegfr1)/ soluble Fms Related Receptor Tyrosine Kinase 1 (sflt1)) pathway components. We show increased phospho-ERK staining in migrating angioblasts, consistent with enhanced Vegf activity. Reducing Vegfr2 kinase activity in sema3fb mutants rescues angiogenic sprouting. Our data suggest that Sema3fb plays a critical role in promoting endothelial sprouting through modulating the VEGF signaling pathway, acting as an autocrine cue that modulates intrinsic growth factor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene Watterston
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Rami Halabi
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Sarah McFarlane
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Sarah J. Childs
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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Lu D, Shang G, He X, Bai XC, Zhang X. Architecture of the Sema3A/PlexinA4/Neuropilin tripartite complex. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3172. [PMID: 34039996 PMCID: PMC8155012 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23541-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Secreted class 3 semaphorins (Sema3s) form tripartite complexes with the plexin receptor and neuropilin coreceptor, which are both transmembrane proteins that together mediate semaphorin signal for neuronal axon guidance and other processes. Despite extensive investigations, the overall architecture of and the molecular interactions in the Sema3/plexin/neuropilin complex are incompletely understood. Here we present the cryo-EM structure of a near intact extracellular region complex of Sema3A, PlexinA4 and Neuropilin 1 (Nrp1) at 3.7 Å resolution. The structure shows a large symmetric 2:2:2 assembly in which each subunit makes multiple interactions with others. The two PlexinA4 molecules in the complex do not interact directly, but their membrane proximal regions are close to each other and poised to promote the formation of the intracellular active dimer for signaling. The structure reveals a previously unknown interface between the a2b1b2 module in Nrp1 and the Sema domain of Sema3A. This interaction places the a2b1b2 module at the top of the complex, far away from the plasma membrane where the transmembrane regions of Nrp1 and PlexinA4 embed. As a result, the region following the a2b1b2 module in Nrp1 must span a large distance to allow the connection to the transmembrane region, suggesting an essential role for the long non-conserved linkers and the MAM domain in neuropilin in the semaphorin/plexin/neuropilin complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Defen Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Guijun Shang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Xiaojing He
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Chen Bai
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Xuewu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Jiao B, Liu S, Tan X, Lu P, Wang D, Xu H. Class-3 semaphorins: Potent multifunctional modulators for angiogenesis-associated diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137:111329. [PMID: 33545660 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Semaphorins, the neuronal guidance cues, were shown to have broad influences on pathophysiological processes such as bone remodeling, immune responses, and angiogenesis. In particular, Class-3 Semaphorins (SEMA3) is considered a vital regulator involved in angiogenesis. Scientific evidence has pointed to the role of angiogenesis in many diseases, and numerous efforts have been made to explore the possibilities of curing those diseases by targeting angiogenesis. Nevertheless, the efficacies are limited owing to the complex mechanisms of angiogenesis. Hence, investigating the mechanisms of SEMA3 in angiogenesis may contribute to novel therapeutics for diseases. Previous reviews mainly focused on the various functions of semaphorins in one particular disease, and the specific angiogenesis mechanism of SEMA3 in diverse diseases has not been well elucidated. Additionally, the role of SEMA3 in angiogenesis remains elusive, as contradicting results have been found in different disease types. Some evidence from recent studies implies that, while most SEMA3 molecules inhibit pathological angiogenesis in different diseases, occasionally SEMA3 may also promote angiogenesis. This review summarizes the specific role of SEMA3 in a variety of angiogenesis-associated diseases, and documents SEMA3 may be a promising therapeutic target for treating angiogenesis-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Shiyang Liu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xi Tan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Pei Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Danning Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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Harman JL, Sayers J, Chapman C, Pellet-Many C. Emerging Roles for Neuropilin-2 in Cardiovascular Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5154. [PMID: 32708258 PMCID: PMC7404143 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death worldwide, is predominantly associated with atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterised by the narrowing of large to medium-sized arteries due to a build-up of plaque. Atherosclerotic plaque is comprised of lipids, extracellular matrix, and several cell types, including endothelial, immune, and vascular smooth muscle cells. Such narrowing of the blood vessels can itself restrict blood flow to vital organs but most severe clinical complications, including heart attacks and strokes, occur when lesions rupture, triggering the blood to clot and obstructing blood flow further down the vascular tree. To circumvent such obstructions, percutaneous coronary intervention or bypass grafts are often required; however, re-occlusion of the treated artery frequently occurs. Neuropilins (NRPs), a multifunctional family of cell surface co-receptors, are expressed by endothelial, immune, and vascular smooth muscle cells and are regulators of numerous signalling pathways within the vasculature. Here, we review recent studies implicating NRP2 in the development of occlusive vascular diseases and discuss how NRP2 could be targeted for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Harman
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Jacob Sayers
- University College London, Division of Medicine, Rayne Building, University Street, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Chey Chapman
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Caroline Pellet-Many
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
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11
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The role of semaphorins in small vessels of the eye and brain. Pharmacol Res 2020; 160:105044. [PMID: 32590102 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Small vessel diseases, such as ischemic retinopathy and cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD), are increasingly recognized in patients with diabetes, dementia and cerebrovascular disease. The mechanisms of small vessel diseases are poorly understood, but the latest studies suggest a role for semaphorins. Initially identified as axon guidance cues, semaphorins are mainly studied in neuronal morphogenesis, neural circuit assembly, and synapse assembly and refinement. In recent years, semaphorins have been found to play important roles in regulating vascular growth and development and in many pathophysiological processes, including atherosclerosis, angiogenesis after stroke and retinopathy. Growing evidence indicates that semaphorins affect the occurrence, perfusion and regression of both the macrovasculature and microvasculature by regulating the proliferation, apoptosis, migration, barrier function and inflammatory response of endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and pericytes. In this review, we concentrate on the regulatory effects of semaphorins on the cell components of the vessel wall and their potential roles in microvascular diseases, especially in the retina and cerebral small vessel. Finally, we discuss potential molecular approaches in targeting semaphorins as therapies for microvascular disorders in the eye and brain.
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Immune semaphorins: Crucial regulatory signals and novel therapeutic targets in asthma and allergic diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 881:173209. [PMID: 32454117 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Asthma and allergic diseases are a group of chronic inflammatory disorders that arise as a result of excessive responses of the immune system against intrinsically harmless environmental substances. It is well known that substantial joint characteristics exist between the immune and nervous systems. The semaphorins (Semas) were initially characterized as axon-guidance molecules that play a crucial role during the development of the nervous system. However, increasing evidence indicates that a subset of Semas, termed "immune Semas", acting through their cognate receptors, namely, plexins (Plxns), and neuropilins (Nrps), also contributes to both physiological and pathological responses of the immune system. Notably, immune Semas exert critical roles in regulating a broad spectrum of biological processes, including immune cell-cell interactions, activation, differentiation, cell migration and mobility, angiogenesis, tumor progression, as well as inflammatory responses. Accumulating evidence indicates that the modification in the signaling of immune Semas could lead to various immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, ranging from cancer to autoimmunity and allergies. This review summarizes the recent evidence regarding the role of immune Semas in the pathogenesis of asthma and allergic diseases and discusses their therapeutic potential for treating these diseases.
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Said AM, Parker MW, Vander Kooi CW. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of a novel benzamidine-based inhibitor of VEGF-C binding to Neuropilin-2. Bioorg Chem 2020; 100:103856. [PMID: 32344185 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Neuropilin (Nrp) family of cell surface receptors have key physiological and pathological functions. Nrp2 is of particular interest due to its involvement in tumor metastasis. Currently, peptide and small molecule inhibitors that target Nrp utilize arginine-based molecules which have limitations due to high inherent flexibility and issues related to stability. Further, there are no known small molecule inhibitors specific for Nrp2. Recent molecular insights identify a key ligand binding region in the b1 domain of Nrp2 responsible for binding the C-terminus of its cognate ligand VEGF-C. Based on this, we report the discovery of a novel benzamidine-based inhibitor that functions through competitive inhibition of VEGF-C binding to Nrp2. Further, we have explored inhibitor functionality and selectivity by defining its structure-activity relationship (SAR) providing valuable insights on this benzamidine-based family of Nrp2 inhibitors. This study provides the basis for further development of a potent and specific small molecule inhibitor that competitively targets pathological Nrp2 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Said
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, United States; Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ein-Helwan, Helwan, Cairo 11795, Egypt.
| | - Matthew W Parker
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Craig W Vander Kooi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
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14
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Kieszkowski P, Dąbruś D, Grabarek BO, Boroń D. Differences in the Expression Pattern of mRNA Protein SEMA3F in Endometrial Cancer in vitro under Cisplatin Treatment. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 21:1119-1128. [PMID: 32297576 PMCID: PMC7536788 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666200416102540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Semaphorin 3F (SEMA3F) plays a substantial role in carcinogenesis, because of its role in inducing angiogenesis, and creating a microenvironment for the developing tumor. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this work was to assess the impact of cisplatin, depending on the concentration and exposure time on the expression pattern of SEMA3F in an endometrial cancer cell line. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cultures of the Ishikawa endometrial cancer cells were incubated with cisplatin with the following concentrations: 2.5μM; 5μM; and 10μM and for the following periods of time: 12; 24; and 48 hours. Cells not incubated with the drug constituted the control in the experiment. To determine the effect of cisplatin on the expression of SEMA3F, the real-time quantitative reverse transcription reaction (RtqPCR; mRNA) was used, as well as the ELISA assay (protein). The statistical analysis was done with the admission of p<0.05. RESULTS The silencing of SEMA3F expression on the transcriptome and proteome levels in a culture unexposed to the effects of cisplatin in comparison to endometrial cancer cells under the influence of cisplatin (p<0.05) were noted. Along with an increase in the concentration of the drug used, the number of copies of the gene transcript, during the shortest incubation period had a gradual increase. Only for the highest concentration of the drug, substantial statistical differences in the expression of the SEMA3F protein between 24 and 48 hour incubation periods (p<0.05) were determined. CONCLUSION Using cisplatin in an endometrial cancer cell culture results in an increased expression of SEMA3F, which advantageously affects the normalization of the neoplastic angiogenic process and lowers the proliferation of the cells making up the mass of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Kieszkowski
- Address correspondence to this author at the Voivodeship Specialist Hospital in Wloclawek, Wloclawek. Poland; E-mail:
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Sodhi A, Ma T, Menon D, Deshpande M, Jee K, Dinabandhu A, Vancel J, Lu D, Montaner S. Angiopoietin-like 4 binds neuropilins and cooperates with VEGF to induce diabetic macular edema. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:4593-4608. [PMID: 31545295 PMCID: PMC6819094 DOI: 10.1172/jci120879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of patients with diabetic macular edema (DME), the most common cause of vision loss in working-age Americans, do not respond adequately to current therapies targeting VEGFA. Here, we show that expression of angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4), a HIF-1-regulated gene product, is increased in the eyes of diabetic mice and patients with DME. We observed that ANGPTL4 and VEGF act synergistically to destabilize the retinal vascular barrier. Interestingly, while ANGPTL4 modestly enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of VEGF receptor 2, promotion of vascular permeability by ANGPTL4 was independent of this receptor. Instead, we found that ANGPTL4 binds directly to neuropilin 1 (NRP1) and NRP2 on endothelial cells (ECs), leading to rapid activation of the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway and breakdown of EC-EC junctions. Treatment with a soluble fragment of NRP1 (sNRP1) prevented ANGPTL4 from binding to NRP1 and blocked ANGPTL4-induced activation of RhoA as well as EC permeability in vitro and retinal vascular leakage in diabetic animals in vivo. In addition, sNRP1 reduced the stimulation of EC permeability by aqueous fluid from patients with DME. Collectively, these data identify the ANGPTL4/NRP/RhoA pathway as a therapeutic target for the treatment of DME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akrit Sodhi
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tao Ma
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, and
| | - Deepak Menon
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, and
| | - Monika Deshpande
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathleen Jee
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Jordan Vancel
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daoyuan Lu
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, and
| | - Silvia Montaner
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, and,Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore (UMB), Maryland, USA
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16
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Reuer T, Schneider AC, Cakir B, Bühler AD, Walz JM, Lapp T, Lange C, Agostini H, Schlunck G, Cursiefen C, Reinhard T, Bock F, Stahl A. Semaphorin 3F Modulates Corneal Lymphangiogenesis and Promotes Corneal Graft Survival. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:5277-5284. [PMID: 30383199 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Corneal vascularization significantly increases the risk for graft rejection after keratoplasty. Semaphorin 3F (Sema3F) is a known modulator of physiologic avascularity in the outer retina. The aim of this study was to investigate whether Sema3F is involved in maintaining corneal avascularity and can reduce the risk for corneal graft rejection. Methods Corneal Sema3F expression was investigated using immunohistochemistry and qPCR in human and murine tissue. Pathologic invasion of blood and lymph vessels into corneal tissue was analyzed in the murine corneal suture and high-risk keratoplasty model. The anti-lymphangiogenic effects of Sema3F were further investigated using an in vitro spheroidal sprouting model with supernatant from isolated primary human corneal epithelial cells (hCECs). Results Sema3F is constitutively expressed in human and murine corneal epithelium. In the corneal suture model, lymphangiogenesis was significantly suppressed by topical Sema3F treatment (P = 0.0003). In the murine high-risk keratoplasty model, pretreatment by topical Sema3F in the inflammation phase significantly promoted subsequent graft survival (P = 0.0006). In this model, both lymph- and blood angiogenesis were reduced (P < 0.05). In vitro, hCEC supernatant had a direct anti-lymphangiogenic effect on human lymphatic endothelial cells (P < 0.01). This effect was completely abolished by addition of anti-Sema3F antibodies. Conclusions Sema3F is a novel mediator of corneal avascularity with potent anti-lymphangiogenic properties. Topical treatment with Sema3F eye drops may help to limit corneal vascularization and improve outcomes in high-risk keratoplasty patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Reuer
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Bertan Cakir
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anima D Bühler
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johanna M Walz
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thabo Lapp
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Clemens Lange
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hansjürgen Agostini
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Günther Schlunck
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Claus Cursiefen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Reinhard
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Felix Bock
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Stahl
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Class-3 Semaphorins and Their Receptors: Potent Multifunctional Modulators of Tumor Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030556. [PMID: 30696103 PMCID: PMC6387194 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Semaphorins are the products of a large gene family containing 28 genes of which 21 are found in vertebrates. Class-3 semaphorins constitute a subfamily of seven vertebrate semaphorins which differ from the other vertebrate semaphorins in that they are the only secreted semaphorins and are distinguished from other semaphorins by the presence of a basic domain at their C termini. Class-3 semaphorins were initially characterized as axon guidance factors, but have subsequently been found to regulate immune responses, angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and a variety of additional physiological and developmental functions. Most class-3 semaphorins transduce their signals by binding to receptors belonging to the neuropilin family which subsequently associate with receptors of the plexin family to form functional class-3 semaphorin receptors. Recent evidence suggests that class-3 semaphorins also fulfill important regulatory roles in multiple forms of cancer. Several class-3 semaphorins function as endogenous inhibitors of tumor angiogenesis. Others were found to inhibit tumor metastasis by inhibition of tumor lymphangiogenesis, by direct effects on the behavior of tumor cells, or by modulation of immune responses. Notably, some semaphorins such as sema3C and sema3E have also been found to potentiate tumor progression using various mechanisms. This review focuses on the roles of the different class-3 semaphorins in tumor progression.
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18
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Ye Q, Zhang Y, Cao Y, Wang X, Guo Y, Chen J, Horn J, Ponomareva LV, Chaiswing L, Shaaban KA, Wei Q, Anderson BD, St Clair DK, Zhu H, Leggas M, Thorson JS, She QB. Frenolicin B Targets Peroxiredoxin 1 and Glutaredoxin 3 to Trigger ROS/4E-BP1-Mediated Antitumor Effects. Cell Chem Biol 2019; 26:366-377.e12. [PMID: 30661989 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin 1 (Prx1) and glutaredoxin 3 (Grx3) are two major antioxidant proteins that play a critical role in maintaining redox homeostasis for tumor progression. Here, we identify the prototypical pyranonaphthoquinone natural product frenolicin B (FB) as a selective inhibitor of Prx1 and Grx3 through covalent modification of active-site cysteines. FB-targeted inhibition of Prx1 and Grx3 results in a decrease in cellular glutathione levels, an increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and concomitant inhibition of cancer cell growth, largely by activating the peroxisome-bound tuberous sclerosis complex to inhibit mTORC1/4E-BP1 signaling axis. FB structure-activity relationship studies reveal a positive correlation between inhibition of 4E-BP1 phosphorylation, ROS-mediated cancer cell cytotoxicity, and suppression of tumor growth in vivo. These findings establish FB as the most potent Prx1/Grx3 inhibitor reported to date and also notably highlight 4E-BP1 phosphorylation status as a potential predictive marker in response to ROS-based therapies in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ye
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Yinan Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substances of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210047, China
| | - Yanan Cao
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Xiachang Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substances of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210047, China
| | - Yubin Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jamie Horn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Larissa V Ponomareva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Luksana Chaiswing
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Khaled A Shaaban
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Qiou Wei
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Bradley D Anderson
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Daret K St Clair
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Haining Zhu
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Markos Leggas
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jon S Thorson
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | - Qing-Bai She
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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Valiulyte I, Preitakaite V, Tamasauskas A, Kazlauskas A. Importance of the putative furin recognition site 742RNRR745 for antiangiogenic Sema3C activity in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 51:e7786. [PMID: 30304095 PMCID: PMC6180350 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20187786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is one of the key processes in the growth and development of tumors. Class-3 semaphorins (Sema3) are characterized as axon guidance factors involved in tumor angiogenesis by interacting with the vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway. Sema3 proteins convey their regulatory signals by binding to neuropilins and plexins receptors, which are located on the effector cell. These processes are regulated by furin endoproteinases that cleave RXRR motifs within the Sema, plexin-semaphorins-integrin, and C-terminal basic domains of Sema3 protein. Several studies have shown that the furin-mediated processing of the basic domain of Sema3F and Sema3A is critical for association with receptors. It is unclear, however, if this mechanism can also be applied to other Sema3 proteins, including the main subject of this study, Sema3C. To address this question, we generated a variant of the full-length human Sema3C carrying point mutation R745A at the basic domain at the hypothetical furin recognition site 742RNRR745, which would disable the processing of Sema3C at this specific location. The effects produced by this mutation were tested in an in vitro angiogenesis assay together with the wild-type Sema3C, Sema3A, and Sema3F proteins. Our results showed that the inhibitory effect of Sema3C on microcapillary formation by human umbilical vein endothelial cells could be abrogated upon mutation at the Sema3C basic domain within putative furin cleavage site 742RNRR745, indicating that this site was essential for the Sema3 biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Valiulyte
- Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - V Preitakaite
- Faculty of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - A Tamasauskas
- Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - A Kazlauskas
- Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Zhang H, Vreeken D, Bruikman CS, van Zonneveld AJ, van Gils JM. Understanding netrins and semaphorins in mature endothelial cell biology. Pharmacol Res 2018; 137:1-10. [PMID: 30240825 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Netrins and semaphorins are known as neuronal guidance molecules that are important to the facilitate patterning of the nervous system in embryonic development. In recent years, their function has been broadened to guide development in other systems, including the vascular system, where netrins and semaphorins critically contribute to the development of the vascular system. Evidence is accumulating that these guidance cues are also of critical importance in the biology of the mature endothelium by regulating the maintenance of endothelial quiescence. Here we review our current insights into the roles of netrins and semaphorins in endothelial cell survival, self-renewing, barrier function, response to wall shear stress, and control of the vascular tone. We also provide suggestions for future research into the functions of netrins and semaphorins in mature endothelial cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayu Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Dianne Vreeken
- Department of Internal Medicine, Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Caroline S Bruikman
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anton Jan van Zonneveld
- Department of Internal Medicine, Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Janine M van Gils
- Department of Internal Medicine, Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Baek DS, Kim JH, Kim YJ, Kim YS. Immunoglobulin Fc-Fused Peptide without C-Terminal Arg or Lys Residue Augments Neuropilin-1-Dependent Tumor Vascular Permeability. Mol Pharm 2017; 15:394-402. [PMID: 29232521 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuropilin-1 (NRP1), which functions as a coreceptor for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and is implicated in vascular permeability and tumorigenesis, has been targeted by peptides that specifically bind to the VEGF-binding region on NRP1. Like natural VEGF ligands, all known peptides with NRP1-binding activity bind only through a carboxy (C)-terminal R/K-x-x-R/K sequence motif (x stands for any amino acids); this strict requirement is called the C-end rule (CendR). Here, we report immunoglobulin Fc-fused NRP1-specific peptides deviating from CendR. We screened a yeast surface-displayed Fc-fused non-CendR peptide library against NRP1 and isolated Fc-V12, wherein V12 peptide comprising 12 amino acids has a PPRV sequence at its C-terminal end. Although Fc-V12 lacked the CendR motif, it showed selective binding to the VEGF-binding region of NRP1 and triggered cellular internalization of NRP1, which resulted in enhanced extravasation into tumor tissues and tumor tissue penetration of the Fc-fused peptide along with the coinjected chemical drug in tumor-bearing mice. Through a saturation mutagenesis study, we identified that the Val residue at the C-terminus of Fc-V12 is crucial for NRP1 binding. We further improved NRP1 affinity of Fc-V12 (KD = ∼761 nM) through directed evolution of the upstream sequence of PPRV to obtain Fc-V12-33 (KD = ∼17.4 nM), which exhibited enhanced NRP1-mediated vascular permeability as compared with Fc-V12. Our results provide functional Fc-fused non-CendR peptides, which bind to the VEGF-binding region of NRP1 and enhance vascular permeability, expanding the sequence space of NRP1-targeting peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du-San Baek
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University , Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Ho Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University , Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Jin Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University , Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Sung Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University , Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
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Munro DAD, Hohenstein P, Coate TM, Davies JA. Refuting the hypothesis that semaphorin-3f/neuropilin-2 exclude blood vessels from the cap mesenchyme in the developing kidney. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:1047-1056. [PMID: 28929539 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During murine kidney development, new cortical blood vessels form and pattern in cycles that coincide with cycles of collecting duct branching and the accompanying splitting of the cap mesenchyme (nephron progenitor cell populations that "cap" collecting duct ends). At no point in the patterning cycle do blood vessels enter the cap mesenchyme. We hypothesized that the exclusion of blood vessels from the cap mesenchyme may be controlled, at least in part, by an anti-angiogenic signal expressed by the cap mesenchyme cells. RESULTS We show that semaphorin-3f (Sema3f), a known anti-angiogenic factor, is expressed in cap mesenchymal cells and its receptor, neuropilin-2 (Nrp2), is expressed by newly forming blood vessels in the cortex of the developing kidney. We hypothesized that Sema3f/Nrp2 signaling excludes vessels from the cap mesenchyme. Genetic ablation of Sema3f and of Nrp2, however, failed to result in vessels invading the cap mesenchyme. CONCLUSIONS Despite complementary expression patterns, our data suggest that Sema3f and Nrp2 are dispensable for the exclusion of vessels from the cap mesenchyme during kidney development. These results should provoke additional experiments to ascertain the biological significance of Sema3f/Nrp2 expression in the developing kidney. Developmental Dynamics 246:1047-1056, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A D Munro
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Hohenstein
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas M Coate
- Georgetown University, Department of Biology, Washington, DC
| | - Jamie A Davies
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Lu YW, Lowery AM, Sun LY, Singer HA, Dai G, Adam AP, Vincent PA, Schwarz JJ. Endothelial Myocyte Enhancer Factor 2c Inhibits Migration of Smooth Muscle Cells Through Fenestrations in the Internal Elastic Lamina. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:1380-1390. [PMID: 28473437 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Laminar flow activates myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) transcription factors in vitro to induce expression of atheroprotective genes in the endothelium. Here we sought to establish the role of Mef2c in the vascular endothelium in vivo. APPROACH AND RESULTS To study endothelial Mef2c, we generated endothelial-specific deletion of Mef2c using Tie2-Cre or Cdh5-Cre-ERT2 and examined aortas and carotid arteries by en face immunofluorescence. We observed enhanced actin stress fiber formation in the Mef2c-deleted thoracic aortic endothelium (laminar flow region), similar to those observed in normal aortic inner curvature (disturbed flow region). Furthermore, Mef2c deletion resulted in the de novo formation of subendothelial intimal cells expressing markers of differentiated smooth muscle in the thoracic aortas and carotids. Lineage tracing showed that these cells were not of endothelial origin. To define early events in intimal development, we induced endothelial deletion of Mef2c and examined aortas at 4 and 12 weeks postinduction. The number of intimal cell clusters increased from 4 to 12 weeks, but the number of cells within a cluster peaked at 2 cells in both cases, suggesting ongoing migration but minimal proliferation. Moreover, we identified cells extending from the media through fenestrations in the internal elastic lamina into the intima, indicating transfenestral smooth muscle migration. Similar transfenestral migration was observed in wild-type carotid arteries ligated to induce neointimal formation. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that endothelial Mef2c regulates the endothelial actin cytoskeleton and inhibits smooth muscle cell migration into the intima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wei Lu
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (Y.W.L., A.M.L., L.-Y.S., H.A.S., A.P.A., P.A.V., J.J.S.), and Department of Ophthalmology (A.P.A.), Albany Medical College, NY; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY (G.D.); and Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA (G.D.)
| | - Anthony M Lowery
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (Y.W.L., A.M.L., L.-Y.S., H.A.S., A.P.A., P.A.V., J.J.S.), and Department of Ophthalmology (A.P.A.), Albany Medical College, NY; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY (G.D.); and Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA (G.D.)
| | - Li-Yan Sun
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (Y.W.L., A.M.L., L.-Y.S., H.A.S., A.P.A., P.A.V., J.J.S.), and Department of Ophthalmology (A.P.A.), Albany Medical College, NY; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY (G.D.); and Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA (G.D.)
| | - Harold A Singer
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (Y.W.L., A.M.L., L.-Y.S., H.A.S., A.P.A., P.A.V., J.J.S.), and Department of Ophthalmology (A.P.A.), Albany Medical College, NY; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY (G.D.); and Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA (G.D.)
| | - Guohao Dai
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (Y.W.L., A.M.L., L.-Y.S., H.A.S., A.P.A., P.A.V., J.J.S.), and Department of Ophthalmology (A.P.A.), Albany Medical College, NY; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY (G.D.); and Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA (G.D.)
| | - Alejandro P Adam
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (Y.W.L., A.M.L., L.-Y.S., H.A.S., A.P.A., P.A.V., J.J.S.), and Department of Ophthalmology (A.P.A.), Albany Medical College, NY; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY (G.D.); and Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA (G.D.)
| | - Peter A Vincent
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (Y.W.L., A.M.L., L.-Y.S., H.A.S., A.P.A., P.A.V., J.J.S.), and Department of Ophthalmology (A.P.A.), Albany Medical College, NY; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY (G.D.); and Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA (G.D.)
| | - John J Schwarz
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (Y.W.L., A.M.L., L.-Y.S., H.A.S., A.P.A., P.A.V., J.J.S.), and Department of Ophthalmology (A.P.A.), Albany Medical College, NY; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY (G.D.); and Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA (G.D.).
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Guo HF, Cho EJ, Devkota AK, Chen Y, Russell W, Phillips GN, Yamauchi M, Dalby KN, Kurie JM. A scalable lysyl hydroxylase 2 expression system and luciferase-based enzymatic activity assay. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 618:45-51. [PMID: 28216326 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxylysine aldehyde-derived collagen cross-links (HLCCs) accumulate in fibrotic tissues and certain types of cancer and are thought to drive the progression of these diseases. HLCC formation is initiated by lysyl hydroxylase 2 (LH2), an Fe(II) and α-ketoglutarate (αKG)-dependent oxygenase that hydroxylates telopeptidyl lysine residues on collagen. Development of LH2 antagonists for the treatment of these diseases will require a reliable source of recombinant LH2 protein and a non-radioactive LH2 enzymatic activity assay that is amenable to high throughput screens of small molecule libraries. However, LH2 protein generated using E coli- or insect-based expression systems is either insoluble or enzymatically unstable, and the LH2 enzymatic activity assays that are currently available measure radioactive CO2 released from 14C-labeled αKG during its conversion to succinate. To address these deficiencies, we have developed a scalable process to purify human LH2 protein from Chinese hamster ovary cell-derived conditioned media samples and a luciferase-based assay that quantifies LH2-dependent conversion of αKG to succinate. These methodologies may be applicable to other Fe(II) and αKG-dependent oxygenase systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hou-Fu Guo
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Eun Jeong Cho
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Targeted Therapeutic Drug Discovery and Development Program, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Ashwini K Devkota
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Targeted Therapeutic Drug Discovery and Development Program, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Yulong Chen
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - William Russell
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - George N Phillips
- Department of Biosciences and Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mitsuo Yamauchi
- Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Kevin N Dalby
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Targeted Therapeutic Drug Discovery and Development Program, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States; Division of Chemical Biology & Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States.
| | - Jonathan M Kurie
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.
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25
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Abstract
The semaphorins are an essential family of axon guidance molecules that can be either secreted or are transmembrane proteins. Class 3 semaphorin (Sema3) family members are secreted and provide long-range guidance cues through two receptor families: neuropilins (Nrp) and plexins. Nrp is uniquely required for high-affinity Sema3 binding and signaling. Therefore, characterizing the molecular details of the Sema3/Nrp interaction is important for understanding the broader physiological and pathological role of the Sema3 family of proteins. Here we describe an in vitro plate-based binding assay for characterization of the Sema3/Nrp interaction. This assay utilizes Nrp-affinity plates and an alkaline phosphatase (AP)-Sema3 fusion to rapidly measure direct Sema3/Nrp binding. This assay can be used to measure receptor-ligand binding, the contribution of different domains, and exogenous factors, and to characterize competitive ligand binding.
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26
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Neufeld G, Mumblat Y, Smolkin T, Toledano S, Nir-Zvi I, Ziv K, Kessler O. The role of the semaphorins in cancer. Cell Adh Migr 2016; 10:652-674. [PMID: 27533782 PMCID: PMC5160032 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2016.1197478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The semaphorins were initially characterized as axon guidance factors, but have subsequently been implicated also in the regulation of immune responses, angiogenesis, organ formation, and a variety of additional physiological and developmental functions. The semaphorin family contains more then 20 genes divided into 7 subfamilies, all of which contain the signature sema domain. The semaphorins transduce signals by binding to receptors belonging to the neuropilin or plexin families. Additional receptors which form complexes with these primary semaphorin receptors are also frequently involved in semaphorin signaling. Recent evidence suggests that semaphorins also fulfill important roles in the etiology of multiple forms of cancer. Some semaphorins have been found to function as bona-fide tumor suppressors and to inhibit tumor progression by various mechanisms while other semaphorins function as inducers and promoters of tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gera Neufeld
- Cancer Research and Vascular Biology Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yelena Mumblat
- Cancer Research and Vascular Biology Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tatyana Smolkin
- Cancer Research and Vascular Biology Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shira Toledano
- Cancer Research and Vascular Biology Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Inbal Nir-Zvi
- Cancer Research and Vascular Biology Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Keren Ziv
- Cancer Research and Vascular Biology Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ofra Kessler
- Cancer Research and Vascular Biology Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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27
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Meyer LAT, Fritz J, Pierdant-Mancera M, Bagnard D. Current drug design to target the Semaphorin/Neuropilin/Plexin complexes. Cell Adh Migr 2016; 10:700-708. [PMID: 27906605 PMCID: PMC5160035 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2016.1261785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Semaphorin/Neuropilin/Plexin (SNP) complexes control a wide range of biological processes. Consistently, activity deregulation of these complexes is associated with many diseases. The increasing knowledge on SNP had in turn validated these molecular complexes as novel therapeutic targets. Targeting SNP activities by small molecules, antibodies and peptides or by soluble semaphorins have been proposed as new therapeutic approach. This review is focusing on the latest demonstration of this potential and discusses some of the key questions that need to be addressed before translating SNP targeting into clinically relevant approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel A. T. Meyer
- INSERM U1109 – MN3T Lab, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Labex Medalis, University of Strasbourg, France
| | - Justine Fritz
- INSERM U1109 – MN3T Lab, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Labex Medalis, University of Strasbourg, France
| | - Marie Pierdant-Mancera
- INSERM U1109 – MN3T Lab, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Labex Medalis, University of Strasbourg, France
| | - Dominique Bagnard
- INSERM U1109 – MN3T Lab, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Labex Medalis, University of Strasbourg, France
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28
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Neufeld G, Mumblat Y, Smolkin T, Toledano S, Nir-Zvi I, Ziv K, Kessler O. The semaphorins and their receptors as modulators of tumor progression. Drug Resist Updat 2016; 29:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Abstract
Axon guidance relies on a combinatorial code of receptor and ligand interactions that direct adhesive/attractive and repulsive cellular responses. Recent structural data have revealed many of the molecular mechanisms that govern these interactions and enabled the design of sophisticated mutant tools to dissect their biological functions. Here, we discuss the structure/function relationships of four major classes of guidance cues (ephrins, semaphorins, slits, netrins) and examples of morphogens (Wnt, Shh) and of cell adhesion molecules (FLRT). These cell signaling systems rely on specific modes of receptor-ligand binding that are determined by selective binding sites; however, defined structure-encoded receptor promiscuity also enables cross talk between different receptor/ligand families and can also involve extracellular matrix components. A picture emerges in which a multitude of highly context-dependent structural assemblies determines the finely tuned cellular behavior required for nervous system development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Seiradake
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom;
| | - E Yvonne Jones
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom;
| | - Rüdiger Klein
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, 82152 Munich-Martinsried, Germany;
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377 Munich, Germany
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30
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Abstract
Secreted class 3 semaphorins (Sema3), which signal through holoreceptor complexes that are formed by different subunits, such as neuropilins (Nrps), proteoglycans, and plexins, were initially characterized as fundamental regulators of axon guidance during embryogenesis. Subsequently, Sema3A, Sema3C, Sema3D, and Sema3E were discovered to play crucial roles in cardiovascular development, mainly acting through Nrp1 and Plexin D1, which funnels the signal of multiple Sema3 in vascular endothelial cells. Mechanistically, Sema3 proteins control cardiovascular patterning through the enzymatic GTPase-activating-protein activity of the cytodomain of Plexin D1, which negatively regulates the function of Rap1, a small GTPase that is well-known for its ability to drive vascular morphogenesis and to elicit the conformational activation of integrin adhesion receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Valdembri
- a Department of Oncology , University of Torino School of Medicine , Candiolo, Torino , Italy.,b Laboratory of Cell Adhesion Dynamics, Candiolo Cancer Institute - Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO) Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) , Candiolo, Torino , Italy
| | - Donatella Regano
- c Laboratory of Transgenic Mouse Models, Candiolo Cancer Institute - Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO) Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) , Candiolo, Torino , Italy.,d Department of Science and Drug Technology , University of Torino , Candiolo, Torino , Italy
| | - Federica Maione
- c Laboratory of Transgenic Mouse Models, Candiolo Cancer Institute - Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO) Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) , Candiolo, Torino , Italy.,d Department of Science and Drug Technology , University of Torino , Candiolo, Torino , Italy
| | - Enrico Giraudo
- c Laboratory of Transgenic Mouse Models, Candiolo Cancer Institute - Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO) Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) , Candiolo, Torino , Italy.,d Department of Science and Drug Technology , University of Torino , Candiolo, Torino , Italy
| | - Guido Serini
- a Department of Oncology , University of Torino School of Medicine , Candiolo, Torino , Italy.,b Laboratory of Cell Adhesion Dynamics, Candiolo Cancer Institute - Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO) Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) , Candiolo, Torino , Italy
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31
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Li X, Parker MW, Vander Kooi CW. Control of cellular motility by neuropilin-mediated physical interactions. Biomol Concepts 2015; 5:157-66. [PMID: 25018786 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2013-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuropilin (Nrp) family consists of multifunctional cell surface receptors with critical roles in a number of different cell and tissue types. A core aspect of Nrp function is in ligand-dependent cellular migration, where it controls the multistep process of cellular motility through integration of ligand binding and receptor signaling. At a molecular level, the role of Nrp in migration is intimately connected to the control of adhesive interactions and cytoskeletal reorganization. Here, we review the physiological role of Nrp in cellular adhesion and motility in the cardiovascular and nervous systems. We also discuss the emerging pathological role of Nrp in tumor cell migration and metastasis, providing motivation for continued efforts toward developing Nrp inhibitors.
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32
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Guo HF, Vander Kooi CW. Neuropilin Functions as an Essential Cell Surface Receptor. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:29120-6. [PMID: 26451046 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r115.687327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The Neuropilins (Nrps) are a family of essential cell surface receptors involved in multiple fundamental cellular signaling cascades. Nrp family members have key functions in VEGF-dependent angiogenesis and semaphorin-dependent axon guidance, controlling signaling and cross-talk between these fundamental physiological processes. More recently, Nrp function has been found in diverse signaling and adhesive functions, emphasizing their role as pleiotropic co-receptors. Pathological Nrp function has been shown to be important in aberrant activation of both canonical and alternative pathways. Here we review key recent insights into Nrp function in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hou-Fu Guo
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Craig W Vander Kooi
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
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Vaitkienė P, Skiriutė D, Steponaitis G, Skauminas K, Tamašauskas A, Kazlauskas A. High level of Sema3C is associated with glioma malignancy. Diagn Pathol 2015; 10:58. [PMID: 26032848 PMCID: PMC4450827 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-015-0298-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malignant gliomas are characterized by the tendency of cancerous glial cells to infiltrate into normal brain tissue, thereby complicating targeted treatment of this type of cancer. Recent studies suggested involvement of Sema3C (semaphorin 3C) protein in tumorigenesis and metastasis in a number of cancers. The role of Sema3C in gliomagenesis is currently unclear. In this study, we investigated how expression levels of Sema3C in post-operative glioma tumors are associated with the malignancy grade and the survival of the patient. Findings Western blot analysis was used for detection of Sema3C protein levels in 84 different grade glioma samples: 12 grade I astrocytomas, 30 grade II astrocytomas, 17 grade III astrocytomas, and 25 grade IV astrocytomas (glioblastomas). Sema3C mRNA levels in gliomas were analysed by real-time PCR. Several statistical methods have been used to investigate associations between Sema3C protein and mRNA levels and clinical variables and survival outcome. The results demonstrated that protein levels of Sema3C were markedly increased in glioblastomas compared to grade I-III astrocytoma tissues and were significantly associated with the shorter overall survival of patients. High accumulation of Sema3C positively associated with the age of patients and pathological grade, but did not correlate with patient’s gender. Sema3C mRNA levels showed no association with either grade of glioma or patient survival. Conclusions The data presented in this work suggest that the increased levels of Sema3C protein may be associated with the progression of glioma tumor and has a potential as a prognostic marker for outcome of glioma patients. Virtual slides The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1564066714158642 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13000-015-0298-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Vaitkienė
- Laboratory of Neurooncology and Genetics, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu str. 4, Kaunas, LT 50009, Lithuania.
| | - Daina Skiriutė
- Laboratory of Neurooncology and Genetics, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu str. 4, Kaunas, LT 50009, Lithuania.
| | - Giedrius Steponaitis
- Laboratory of Neurooncology and Genetics, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu str. 4, Kaunas, LT 50009, Lithuania.
| | - Kęstutis Skauminas
- Laboratory of Neurooncology and Genetics, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu str. 4, Kaunas, LT 50009, Lithuania.
| | - Arimantas Tamašauskas
- Laboratory of Neurooncology and Genetics, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu str. 4, Kaunas, LT 50009, Lithuania.
| | - Arunas Kazlauskas
- Laboratory of Neurooncology and Genetics, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu str. 4, Kaunas, LT 50009, Lithuania.
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Doçi CL, Mikelis CM, Lionakis MS, Molinolo AA, Gutkind JS. Genetic Identification of SEMA3F as an Antilymphangiogenic Metastasis Suppressor Gene in Head and Neck Squamous Carcinoma. Cancer Res 2015; 75:2937-48. [PMID: 25952650 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-3121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) often metastasize to locoregional lymph nodes, and lymph node involvement represents one of the most important prognostic factors of poor clinical outcome. HNSCCs are remarkably lymphangiogenic and represent a clear example of a cancer that utilizes the lymphatic vasculature for malignant dissemination; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying lymphangiogenesis in HNSCC is still poorly understood. Of interest, we found that an axon guidance molecule, Semaphorin 3F (SEMA3F), is among the top 1% underexpressed genes in HNSCC, and that genomic loss of SEMA3F correlates with increased metastasis and decreased survival. SEMA3F acts on its coreceptors, plexins and neuropilins, among which neuropilin-2 (NRP2) is highly expressed in lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC) but not in oral epithelium and most HNSCCs. We show that recombinant SEMA3F promotes LEC collapse and potently inhibits lymphangiogenesis in vivo. By reconstituting all possible plexin and neuropilin combinations, we found that SEMA3F acts through multiple receptors, but predominantly requires NRP2 to signal in LECs. Using orthotopic HNSCC metastasis mouse models, we provide direct evidence that SEMA3F re-expression diminishes lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis. Furthermore, analysis of a large tissue collection revealed that SEMA3F is progressively lost during HNSCC progression, concomitant with increased tumor lymphangiogenesis. SEMA3F is localized to 3p21, an early and frequently deleted locus in HNSCC and many other prevalent human malignancies. Thus, SEMA3F may represent an antilymphangiogenic metastasis suppressor gene widely lost during cancer progression, hence serving as a prognostic biomarker and an attractive target for therapeutic intervention to halt metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen L Doçi
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Constantinos M Mikelis
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Michail S Lionakis
- Fungal Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alfredo A Molinolo
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
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Abstract
Semaphorins were originally identified as neuronal guidance molecules mediating their attractive or repulsive signals by forming complexes with plexin and neuropilin receptors. Subsequent research has identified functions for semaphorin signaling in many organs and tissues outside of the nervous system. Vital roles for semaphorin signaling in vascular patterning and cardiac morphogenesis have been demonstrated, and impaired semaphorin signaling has been associated with various human cardiovascular disorders, including persistent truncus arteriosus, sinus bradycardia and anomalous pulmonary venous connections. Here, we review the functions of semaphorins and their receptors in cardiovascular development and disease and highlight important recent discoveries in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Epstein
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Cardiovascular Institute and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
| | - Haig Aghajanian
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Cardiovascular Institute and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Manvendra K Singh
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, and the National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore.
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36
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Mecollari V, Nieuwenhuis B, Verhaagen J. A perspective on the role of class III semaphorin signaling in central nervous system trauma. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:328. [PMID: 25386118 PMCID: PMC4209881 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic injury of the central nervous system (CNS) has severe impact on the patients’ quality of life and initiates many molecular and cellular changes at the site of insult. Traumatic CNS injury results in direct damage of the axons of CNS neurons, loss of myelin sheaths, destruction of the surrounding vascular architecture and initiation of an immune response. Class III semaphorins (SEMA3s) are present in the neural scar and influence a wide range of molecules and cell types in and surrounding the injured tissue. SEMA3s and their receptors, neuropilins (NRPs) and plexins (PLXNs) were initially studied because of their involvement in repulsive axon guidance. To date, SEMA3 signaling is recognized to be of crucial importance for re-vascularization, the immune response and remyelination. The purpose of this review is to summarize and discuss how SEMA3s modulate these processes that are all crucial components of the tissue response to injury. Most of the functions for SEMA3s are achieved through their binding partners NRPs, which are also co-receptors for a variety of other molecules implicated in the above processes. The most notable ligands are members of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family and the transforming growth factor family. Therefore, a second aim is to highlight the overlapping or competing signaling pathways that are mediated through NRPs in the same processes. In conclusion, we show that the role of SEMA3s goes beyond inhibiting axonal regeneration, since they are also critical modulators of re-vascularization, the immune response and re-myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasil Mecollari
- Laboratory for Regeneration of Sensorimotor Systems, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bart Nieuwenhuis
- Laboratory for Regeneration of Sensorimotor Systems, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joost Verhaagen
- Laboratory for Regeneration of Sensorimotor Systems, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Talarico JA, Carter RL, Grisanti LA, Yu JE, Repas AA, Tilley DG. β-adrenergic receptor-dependent alterations in murine cardiac transcript expression are differentially regulated by gefitinib in vivo. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99195. [PMID: 24901703 PMCID: PMC4047088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
β-adrenergic receptor (βAR)-mediated transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been shown to promote cardioprotection in a mouse model of heart failure and we recently showed that this mechanism leads to enhanced cell survival in part via regulation of apoptotic transcript expression in isolated primary rat neonatal cardiomyocytes. Thus, we hypothesized that this process could regulate cardiac transcript expression in vivo. To comprehensively assess cardiac transcript alterations in response to acute βAR-dependent EGFR transactivation, we performed whole transcriptome analysis of hearts from C57BL/6 mice given i.p. injections of the βAR agonist isoproterenol in the presence or absence of the EGFR antagonist gefitinib for 1 hour. Total cardiac RNA from each treatment group underwent transcriptome analysis, revealing a substantial number of transcripts regulated by each treatment. Gefitinib alone significantly altered the expression of 405 transcripts, while isoproterenol either alone or in conjunction with gefitinib significantly altered 493 and 698 distinct transcripts, respectively. Further statistical analysis was performed, confirming 473 transcripts whose regulation by isoproterenol were significantly altered by gefitinib (isoproterenol-induced up/downregulation antagonized/promoted by gefinitib), including several known to be involved in the regulation of numerous processes including cell death and survival. Thus, βAR-dependent regulation of cardiac transcript expression in vivo can be modulated by the EGFR antagonist gefitinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Talarico
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Rhonda L. Carter
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Laurel A. Grisanti
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Justine E. Yu
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ashley A. Repas
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Douglas G. Tilley
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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38
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Retinoic acid receptor-related receptor alpha (RORalpha) is a prognostic marker for hepatocellular carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:7603-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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39
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Parker MW, Vander Kooi CW. Microplate-based screening for small molecule inhibitors of neuropilin-2/vascular endothelial growth factor-C interactions. Anal Biochem 2014; 453:4-6. [PMID: 24583243 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) is a secreted growth factor essential for lymphangiogenesis. VEGF-C functions in both physiological and pathological lymphangiogenesis, particularly in tumor metastasis, making it an attractive therapeutic target. Members of two families of cell surface receptors transduce VEGF-C signals: neuropilin-2 (Nrp2) and VEGF-receptor (VEGFR)-2/3. Nrp2 is a promising target for inhibition because it is highly expressed in lymphatic vessels. Here we describe a microplate-based assay for discovery of VEGF-C/Nrp2 inhibitors. We optimize this assay for use in screening an inhibitor library and identify three novel Nrp2/VEGF-C binding inhibitors from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Collection small molecule library.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Parker
- Center for Structural Biology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Craig W Vander Kooi
- Center for Structural Biology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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