1
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Cereijo AE, Ferretti MV, Iglesias AA, Álvarez HM, Asencion Diez MD. Study of two glycosyltransferases related to polysaccharide biosynthesis in Rhodococcus jostii RHA1. Biol Chem 2024; 405:325-340. [PMID: 38487862 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2023-0339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
The bacterial genus Rhodococcus comprises organisms performing oleaginous behaviors under certain growth conditions and ratios of carbon and nitrogen availability. Rhodococci are outstanding producers of biofuel precursors, where lipid and glycogen metabolisms are closely related. Thus, a better understanding of rhodococcal carbon partitioning requires identifying catalytic steps redirecting sugar moieties to storage molecules. Here, we analyzed two GT4 glycosyl-transferases from Rhodococcus jostii (RjoGlgAb and RjoGlgAc) annotated as α-glucan-α-1,4-glucosyl transferases, putatively involved in glycogen synthesis. Both enzymes were produced in Escherichia coli cells, purified to homogeneity, and kinetically characterized. RjoGlgAb and RjoGlgAc presented the "canonical" glycogen synthase activity and were actives as maltose-1P synthases, although to a different extent. Then, RjoGlgAc is a homologous enzyme to the mycobacterial GlgM, with similar kinetic behavior and glucosyl-donor preference. RjoGlgAc was two orders of magnitude more efficient to glucosylate glucose-1P than glycogen, also using glucosamine-1P as a catalytically efficient aglycon. Instead, RjoGlgAb exhibited both activities with similar kinetic efficiency and preference for short-branched α-1,4-glucans. Curiously, RjoGlgAb presented a super-oligomeric conformation (higher than 15 subunits), representing a novel enzyme with a unique structure-to-function relationship. Kinetic results presented herein constitute a hint to infer on polysaccharides biosynthesis in rhodococci from an enzymological point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonela Estefania Cereijo
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, 603337 Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (UNL-CONICET) & Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas , Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Ferretti
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, 603337 Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (UNL-CONICET) & Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas , Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Alberto Alvaro Iglesias
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, 603337 Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (UNL-CONICET) & Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas , Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Héctor Manuel Álvarez
- Instituto de Biociencias de la Patagonia (INBIOP), 28226 Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco y CONICET , Km 4-Ciudad Universitaria 9000, Comodoro Rivadavia, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Matías Damian Asencion Diez
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, 603337 Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (UNL-CONICET) & Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas , Santa Fe, Argentina
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2
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Yan H, Zhang W, Wang Y, Jin J, Xu H, Fu Y, Shan Z, Wang X, Teng X, Li X, Wang Y, Hu X, Zhang W, Zhu C, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Wang R, Zhang J, Cai Y, You X, Chen J, Ge X, Wang L, Xu J, Jiang L, Liu S, Lei C, Zhang X, Wang H, Ren Y, Wan J. Rice LIKE EARLY STARVATION1 cooperates with FLOURY ENDOSPERM6 to modulate starch biosynthesis and endosperm development. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1892-1912. [PMID: 38262703 PMCID: PMC11062441 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
In cereal grains, starch is synthesized by the concerted actions of multiple enzymes on the surface of starch granules within the amyloplast. However, little is known about how starch-synthesizing enzymes access starch granules, especially for amylopectin biosynthesis. Here, we show that the rice (Oryza sativa) floury endosperm9 (flo9) mutant is defective in amylopectin biosynthesis, leading to grains exhibiting a floury endosperm with a hollow core. Molecular cloning revealed that FLO9 encodes a plant-specific protein homologous to Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) LIKE EARLY STARVATION1 (LESV). Unlike Arabidopsis LESV, which is involved in starch metabolism in leaves, OsLESV is required for starch granule initiation in the endosperm. OsLESV can directly bind to starch by its C-terminal tryptophan (Trp)-rich region. Cellular and biochemical evidence suggests that OsLESV interacts with the starch-binding protein FLO6, and loss-of-function mutations of either gene impair ISOAMYLASE1 (ISA1) targeting to starch granules. Genetically, OsLESV acts synergistically with FLO6 to regulate starch biosynthesis and endosperm development. Together, our results identify OsLESV-FLO6 as a non-enzymatic molecular module responsible for ISA1 localization on starch granules, and present a target gene for use in biotechnology to control starch content and composition in rice endosperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haigang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wenwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jie Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hancong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yushuang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xuan Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yongxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wenxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Changyuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Rongqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yue Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaoman You
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xinyuan Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiahuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shijia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Cailin Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yulong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jianmin Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing 210095, China
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3
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Vuillemin M, Moreno Prieto ES, Pilgaard B, Siebenhaar S, Holck J, Henrissat B, Bahieldin A, Hakeem KR, Alghamdi KM. Biochemical exploration of family GH119 reveals a single α-amylase specificity and confirms shared catalytic machinery with GH57 enzymes. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:129783. [PMID: 38280706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
While hundreds of starch- and glycogen-degrading enzymes have been characterized experimentally in historical families such as GH13, GH14, GH15, GH57 and GH126 of the CAZy database (www.cazy.org), the α-amylase from Bacillus circulans is the only enzyme that has been characterized in family GH119. Since glycosidase families have been shown to often group enzymes with different substrates or products, a single characterized enzyme in a family is insufficient to extrapolate enzyme function based solely on sequence similarity. Here we report the rational exploration of family GH119 through the biochemical characterization of five GH119 members. All enzymes shared single α-amylase specificity but display distinct product profile. We also report the first kinetic constants in family GH119 and the first experimental validation of previously predicted catalytic residues in family GH119, confirming that families GH119 and GH57 can be grouped in the novel clan GH-T of the CAZy database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Vuillemin
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark.
| | - Eduardo S Moreno Prieto
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark.
| | - Bo Pilgaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark.
| | - Suzana Siebenhaar
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark.
| | - Jesper Holck
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark.
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmed Bahieldin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Rehman Hakeem
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Princess Dr. Najla Bint Saud Al-Saud Center for Excellence Research in Biotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh; Centre of Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India.
| | - Khalid M Alghamdi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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4
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Prabhakar PK, Pereira JH, Taujale R, Shao W, Bharadwaj VS, Chapla D, Yang JY, Bomble YJ, Moremen KW, Kannan N, Hammel M, Adams PD, Scheller HV, Urbanowicz BR. Structural and biochemical insight into a modular β-1,4-galactan synthase in plants. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:486-500. [PMID: 36849618 PMCID: PMC10115243 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01358-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Rhamnogalacturonan I (RGI) is a structurally complex pectic polysaccharide with a backbone of alternating rhamnose and galacturonic acid residues substituted with arabinan and galactan side chains. Galactan synthase 1 (GalS1) transfers galactose and arabinose to either extend or cap the β-1,4-galactan side chains of RGI, respectively. Here we report the structure of GalS1 from Populus trichocarpa, showing a modular protein consisting of an N-terminal domain that represents the founding member of a new family of carbohydrate-binding module, CBM95, and a C-terminal glycosyltransferase family 92 (GT92) catalytic domain that adopts a GT-A fold. GalS1 exists as a dimer in vitro, with stem domains interacting across the chains in a 'handshake' orientation that is essential for maintaining stability and activity. In addition to understanding the enzymatic mechanism of GalS1, we gained insight into the donor and acceptor substrate binding sites using deep evolutionary analysis, molecular simulations and biochemical studies. Combining all the results, a mechanism for GalS1 catalysis and a new model for pectic galactan side-chain addition are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar Prabhakar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oakridge, TN, USA
| | - Jose Henrique Pereira
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Rahil Taujale
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Wanchen Shao
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Vivek S Bharadwaj
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Digantkumar Chapla
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jeong-Yeh Yang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Yannick J Bomble
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Kelley W Moremen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Natarajan Kannan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Michal Hammel
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Paul D Adams
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Henrik V Scheller
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Breeanna R Urbanowicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oakridge, TN, USA.
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5
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Feng X, Rahman MM, Hu Q, Wang B, Karim H, Guzmán C, Harwood W, Xu Q, Zhang Y, Tang H, Jiang Y, Qi P, Deng M, Ma J, Lan J, Wang J, Chen G, Lan X, Wei Y, Zheng Y, Jiang Q. HvGBSSI mutation at the splicing receptor site affected RNA splicing and decreased amylose content in barley. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1003333. [PMID: 36212333 PMCID: PMC9538149 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1003333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Granule-bound starch synthase I (HvGBSSI) is encoded by the barley waxy (Wx-1) gene and is the sole enzyme in the synthesis of amylose. Here, a Wx-1 mutant was identified from an ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS)-mutagenized barley population. There were two single-base mutations G1086A and A2424G in Wx-1 in the mutant (M2-1105). The G1086A mutation is located at the 3' splicing receptor (AG) site of the fourth intron, resulting in an abnormal RNA splicing. The A2424G mutation was a synonymous mutation in the ninth intron. The pre-mRNA of Wx-1 was incorrectly spliced and transcribed into two abnormal transcripts. The type I transcript had a 6 bp deletion in the 5' of fifth exon, leading to a translated HvGBSSI protein lacking two amino acids with a decreased starch-binding capacity. In the type II transcript, the fourth intron was incorrectly cleaved and retained, resulting in the premature termination of the barley Wx-1 gene. The mutations in the Wx-1 decreased the enzymatic activity of the HvGBSSI enzyme and resulted in a decreased level in amylose content. This work sheds light on a new Wx-1 gene inaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, SichuanChina
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Md. Mostafijur Rahman
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, SichuanChina
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, SichuanChina
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, SichuanChina
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hassan Karim
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, SichuanChina
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Carlos Guzmán
- Departamento de Genética, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y de Montes, Universidad de Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Wendy Harwood
- John Innes Center, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, SichuanChina
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yazhou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, SichuanChina
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Huaping Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, SichuanChina
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yunfeng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, SichuanChina
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Pengfei Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, SichuanChina
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, SichuanChina
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, SichuanChina
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jingyu Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, SichuanChina
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jirui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, SichuanChina
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Guoyue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, SichuanChina
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiujin Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, SichuanChina
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuming Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, SichuanChina
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Youliang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, SichuanChina
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiantao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, SichuanChina
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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6
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Li Y, Karim H, Wang B, Guzmán C, Harwood W, Xu Q, Zhang Y, Tang H, Jiang Y, Qi P, Deng M, Ma J, Lan J, Wang J, Chen G, Lan X, Wei Y, Zheng Y, Jiang Q. Regulation of Amylose Content by Single Mutations at an Active Site in the Wx-B1 Gene in a Tetraploid Wheat Mutant. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158432. [PMID: 35955567 PMCID: PMC9368913 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI) encoded by the waxy gene is responsible for amylose synthesis in the endosperm of wheat grains. In the present study, a novel Wx-B1 null mutant line, M3-415, was identified from an ethyl methanesulfonate-mutagenized population of Chinese tetraploid wheat landrace Jianyangailanmai (LM47). The gene sequence indicated that the mutated Wx-B1 encoded a complete protein; this protein was incompatible with the protein profile obtained using sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, which showed the lack of Wx-B1 protein in the mutant line. The prediction of the protein structure showed an amino acid substitution (G470D) at the edge of the ADPG binding pocket, which might affect the binding of Wx-B1 to starch granules. Site-directed mutagenesis was further performed to artificially change the amino acid at the sequence position 469 from alanine (A) to threonine (T) (A469T) downstream of the mutated site in M3-415. Our results indicated that a single amino acid mutation in Wx-B1 reduces its activity by impairing its starch-binding capacity. The present study is the first to report the novel mechanism underlying Wx-1 deletion in wheat; moreover, it provided new insights into the inactivation of the waxy gene and revealed that fine regulation of wheat amylose content is possible by modifying the GBSSI activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.L.); (H.K.); (B.W.); (Q.X.); (Y.Z.); (H.T.); (Y.J.); (P.Q.); (M.D.); (J.M.); (J.L.); (J.W.); (G.C.); (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.)
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hassan Karim
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.L.); (H.K.); (B.W.); (Q.X.); (Y.Z.); (H.T.); (Y.J.); (P.Q.); (M.D.); (J.M.); (J.L.); (J.W.); (G.C.); (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.)
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Bang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.L.); (H.K.); (B.W.); (Q.X.); (Y.Z.); (H.T.); (Y.J.); (P.Q.); (M.D.); (J.M.); (J.L.); (J.W.); (G.C.); (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.)
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Carlos Guzmán
- Departamento de Genética, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y de Montes, Edificio Gregor Mendel, Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain;
| | - Wendy Harwood
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK;
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.L.); (H.K.); (B.W.); (Q.X.); (Y.Z.); (H.T.); (Y.J.); (P.Q.); (M.D.); (J.M.); (J.L.); (J.W.); (G.C.); (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.)
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yazhou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.L.); (H.K.); (B.W.); (Q.X.); (Y.Z.); (H.T.); (Y.J.); (P.Q.); (M.D.); (J.M.); (J.L.); (J.W.); (G.C.); (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.)
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Huaping Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.L.); (H.K.); (B.W.); (Q.X.); (Y.Z.); (H.T.); (Y.J.); (P.Q.); (M.D.); (J.M.); (J.L.); (J.W.); (G.C.); (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.)
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yunfeng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.L.); (H.K.); (B.W.); (Q.X.); (Y.Z.); (H.T.); (Y.J.); (P.Q.); (M.D.); (J.M.); (J.L.); (J.W.); (G.C.); (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.)
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Pengfei Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.L.); (H.K.); (B.W.); (Q.X.); (Y.Z.); (H.T.); (Y.J.); (P.Q.); (M.D.); (J.M.); (J.L.); (J.W.); (G.C.); (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.)
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Mei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.L.); (H.K.); (B.W.); (Q.X.); (Y.Z.); (H.T.); (Y.J.); (P.Q.); (M.D.); (J.M.); (J.L.); (J.W.); (G.C.); (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.)
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.L.); (H.K.); (B.W.); (Q.X.); (Y.Z.); (H.T.); (Y.J.); (P.Q.); (M.D.); (J.M.); (J.L.); (J.W.); (G.C.); (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.)
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jingyu Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.L.); (H.K.); (B.W.); (Q.X.); (Y.Z.); (H.T.); (Y.J.); (P.Q.); (M.D.); (J.M.); (J.L.); (J.W.); (G.C.); (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.)
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jirui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.L.); (H.K.); (B.W.); (Q.X.); (Y.Z.); (H.T.); (Y.J.); (P.Q.); (M.D.); (J.M.); (J.L.); (J.W.); (G.C.); (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.)
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Guoyue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.L.); (H.K.); (B.W.); (Q.X.); (Y.Z.); (H.T.); (Y.J.); (P.Q.); (M.D.); (J.M.); (J.L.); (J.W.); (G.C.); (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.)
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiujin Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.L.); (H.K.); (B.W.); (Q.X.); (Y.Z.); (H.T.); (Y.J.); (P.Q.); (M.D.); (J.M.); (J.L.); (J.W.); (G.C.); (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.)
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuming Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.L.); (H.K.); (B.W.); (Q.X.); (Y.Z.); (H.T.); (Y.J.); (P.Q.); (M.D.); (J.M.); (J.L.); (J.W.); (G.C.); (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.)
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Youliang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.L.); (H.K.); (B.W.); (Q.X.); (Y.Z.); (H.T.); (Y.J.); (P.Q.); (M.D.); (J.M.); (J.L.); (J.W.); (G.C.); (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.)
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Qiantao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.L.); (H.K.); (B.W.); (Q.X.); (Y.Z.); (H.T.); (Y.J.); (P.Q.); (M.D.); (J.M.); (J.L.); (J.W.); (G.C.); (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.)
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-28-8629-0958; Fax: +86-28-8265-0350
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7
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Hedin N, Velazquez MB, Barchiesi J, Gomez-Casati DF, Busi MV. CBM20CP, a novel functional protein of starch metabolism in green algae. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 108:363-378. [PMID: 34546521 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01190-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Ostreococcus tauri is a picoalga that contains a small and compact genome, which resembles that of higher plants in the multiplicity of enzymes involved in starch synthesis (ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, ADPGlc PPase; granule bound starch synthase, GBSS; starch synthases, SSI, SSII, SSIII; and starch branching enzyme, SBE, between others), except starch synthase IV (SSIV). Although its genome is fully sequenced, there are still many genes and proteins to which no function was assigned. Here, we identify the OT_ostta06g01880 gene that encodes CBM20CP, a plastidial protein which contains a central carbohydrate binding domain of the CBM20 family, and a coiled coil domain at the C-terminus that lacks catalytic activity. We demonstrate that CBM20CP has the ability to bind starch, amylose and amylopectin with different affinities. Furthermore, this protein interacts with OsttaSSIII-B, increasing its binding to starch granules, its catalytic efficiency and promoting granule growth. The results allow us to postulate a functional role for CBM20CP in starch metabolism in green algae. KEY MESSAGE: CBM20CP, a plastidial protein that has a modular structure but lacks catalytic activity, regulates the synthesis of starch in Ostreococcus tauri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Hedin
- CEFOBI - CONICET. Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas Y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Maria B Velazquez
- CEFOBI - CONICET. Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas Y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Julieta Barchiesi
- CEFOBI - CONICET. Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas Y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Diego F Gomez-Casati
- CEFOBI - CONICET. Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas Y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Maria V Busi
- CEFOBI - CONICET. Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas Y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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8
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Expression analyses of soluble starch synthase and starch branching enzyme isoforms in stem and leaf tissues under different photoperiods in lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.). Biologia (Bratisl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-00976-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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9
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Yu B, Xiang D, Mahfuz H, Patterson N, Bing D. Understanding Starch Metabolism in Pea Seeds towards Tailoring Functionality for Value-Added Utilization. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8972. [PMID: 34445676 PMCID: PMC8396644 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Starch is the most abundant storage carbohydrate and a major component in pea seeds, accounting for about 50% of dry seed weight. As a by-product of pea protein processing, current uses for pea starch are limited to low-value, commodity markets. The globally growing demand for pea protein poses a great challenge for the pea fractionation industry to develop new markets for starch valorization. However, there exist gaps in our understanding of the genetic mechanism underlying starch metabolism, and its relationship with physicochemical and functional properties, which is a prerequisite for targeted tailoring functionality and innovative applications of starch. This review outlines the understanding of starch metabolism with a particular focus on peas and highlights the knowledge of pea starch granule structure and its relationship with functional properties, and industrial applications. Using the currently available pea genetics and genomics knowledge and breakthroughs in omics technologies, we discuss the perspectives and possible avenues to advance our understanding of starch metabolism in peas at an unprecedented level, to ultimately enable the molecular design of multi-functional native pea starch and to create value-added utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianyun Yu
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada; (D.X.); (H.M.); (N.P.)
| | - Daoquan Xiang
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada; (D.X.); (H.M.); (N.P.)
| | - Humaira Mahfuz
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada; (D.X.); (H.M.); (N.P.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Nii Patterson
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada; (D.X.); (H.M.); (N.P.)
| | - Dengjin Bing
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 6000 C and E Trail, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada;
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10
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A comprehensive study on core enzymes involved in starch metabolism in the model nutricereal, foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.). J Cereal Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2020.103153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Gámez-Arjona FM, Mérida Á. Interplay Between the N-Terminal Domains of Arabidopsis Starch Synthase 3 Determines the Interaction of the Enzyme With the Starch Granule. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:704161. [PMID: 34630454 PMCID: PMC8494965 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.704161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The elongation of the linear chains of starch is undertaken by starch synthases. class 3 of starch synthase (SS3) has a specific feature: a long N-terminal region containing starch binding domains (SBDs). In this work, we analyze in vivo the contribution of these domains to the localization pattern of the enzyme. For this purpose, we divided the N-terminal region of Arabidopsis SS3 in three domains: D1, D2, and D3 (each of which contains an SBD and a coiled-coil site). Our analyses indicate that the N-terminal region is sufficient to determine the same localization pattern observed with the full-length protein. D2 binds tightly the polypeptide to the polymer and it is necessary the contribution of D1 and D3 to avoid the polypeptide to be trapped in the growing polymer. The localization pattern of Arabidopsis SS3 appears to be the result of the counterbalanced action of the different domains present in its N-terminal region.
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12
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Pfister B, Zeeman SC, Rugen MD, Field RA, Ebenhöh O, Raguin A. Theoretical and experimental approaches to understand the biosynthesis of starch granules in a physiological context. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2020; 145:55-70. [PMID: 31955343 PMCID: PMC7308250 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-019-00704-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Starch, a plant-derived insoluble carbohydrate composed of glucose polymers, is the principal carbohydrate in our diet and a valuable raw material for industry. The properties of starch depend on the arrangement of glucose units within the constituent polymers. However, key aspects of starch structure and the underlying biosynthetic processes are not well understood, limiting progress towards targeted improvement of our starch crops. In particular, the major component of starch, amylopectin, has a complex three-dimensional, branched architecture. This architecture stems from the combined actions of a multitude of enzymes, each having broad specificities that are difficult to capture experimentally. In this review, we reflect on experimental approaches and limitations to decipher the enzymes' specificities and explore possibilities for in silico simulations of these activities. We believe that the synergy between experimentation and simulation is needed for the correct interpretation of experimental data and holds the potential to greatly advance our understanding of the overall starch biosynthetic process. We furthermore propose that the formation of glucan secondary structures, concomitant with its synthesis, is a previously overlooked factor that directly affects amylopectin architecture through its impact on enzyme function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Pfister
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel C Zeeman
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael D Rugen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Robert A Field
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Oliver Ebenhöh
- Department of Biology, Institute of Quantitative and Theoretical Biology, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Biology, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Institute of Quantitative and Theoretical Biology, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Adélaïde Raguin
- Department of Biology, Institute of Quantitative and Theoretical Biology, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Carrillo JB, Torresi F, Morales LL, Ricordi M, Gomez-Casati DF, Busi MV, Martín M. Identification and characterization of ChlreSEX4, a novel glucan phosphatase from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii green alga. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 680:108235. [PMID: 31877265 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.108235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is the best known unicellular green alga model which has long been used to investigate all kinds of cellular processes, including starch metabolism. Here we identified and characterized a novel enzyme, ChlreSEX4, orthologous to glucan phosphatase SEX4 from Arabidopsis thaliana, that is capable of binding and dephosphorylating amylopectin in vitro. We also reported that cysteine 224 and tryptophan 305 residues are critical for enzyme catalysis and substrate binding. Furthermore, we verified that ChlreSEX4 gene is expressed in vivo and that glucan phosphatase activity is measurable in Chlamydomonas protein extracts. In view of the results presented, we suggest ChlreSEX4 as a functional phosphoglucan phosphatase from C. reinhardtii. Our data obtained so far contribute to understanding the phosphoglucan phosphatases evolutionary process in the green lineage and their role in starch reversible phosphorylation. In addition, this allows to position Chlamydomonas as a potential tool to obtain starches with different degrees of phosphorylation for industrial or biotechnological purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta B Carrillo
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, 2000, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Florencia Torresi
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, 2000, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Luisina L Morales
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, 2000, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Micaela Ricordi
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, 2000, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Diego F Gomez-Casati
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, 2000, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Maria V Busi
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, 2000, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Mariana Martín
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, 2000, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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14
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Molecular cloning and characterization of a gene encoding soluble starch synthase III (SSSIII) in Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera). Biologia (Bratisl) 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-019-00341-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Janeček Š, Mareček F, MacGregor EA, Svensson B. Starch-binding domains as CBM families-history, occurrence, structure, function and evolution. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107451. [PMID: 31536775 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The term "starch-binding domain" (SBD) has been applied to a domain within an amylolytic enzyme that gave the enzyme the ability to bind onto raw, i.e. thermally untreated, granular starch. An SBD is a special case of a carbohydrate-binding domain, which in general, is a structurally and functionally independent protein module exhibiting no enzymatic activity but possessing potential to target the catalytic domain to the carbohydrate substrate to accommodate it and process it at the active site. As so-called families, SBDs together with other carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) have become an integral part of the CAZy database (http://www.cazy.org/). The first two well-described SBDs, i.e. the C-terminal Aspergillus-type and the N-terminal Rhizopus-type have been assigned the families CBM20 and CBM21, respectively. Currently, among the 85 established CBM families in CAZy, fifteen can be considered as families having SBD functional characteristics: CBM20, 21, 25, 26, 34, 41, 45, 48, 53, 58, 68, 69, 74, 82 and 83. All known SBDs, with the exception of the extra long CBM74, were recognized as a module consisting of approximately 100 residues, adopting a β-sandwich fold and possessing at least one carbohydrate-binding site. The present review aims to deliver and describe: (i) the SBD identification in different amylolytic and related enzymes (e.g., CAZy GH families) as well as in other relevant enzymes and proteins (e.g., laforin, the β-subunit of AMPK, and others); (ii) information on the position in the polypeptide chain and the number of SBD copies and their CBM family affiliation (if appropriate); (iii) structure/function studies of SBDs with a special focus on solved tertiary structures, in particular, as complexes with α-glucan ligands; and (iv) the evolutionary relationships of SBDs in a tree common to all SBD CBM families (except for the extra long CBM74). Finally, some special cases and novel potential SBDs are also introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Štefan Janeček
- Laboratory of Protein Evolution, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, SK-84551 Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of SS. Cyril and Methodius, Nám. J. Herdu 2, SK-91701 Trnava, Slovakia.
| | - Filip Mareček
- Laboratory of Protein Evolution, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, SK-84551 Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of SS. Cyril and Methodius, Nám. J. Herdu 2, SK-91701 Trnava, Slovakia
| | - E Ann MacGregor
- 2 Nicklaus Green, Livingston EH54 8RX, West Lothian, United Kingdom
| | - Birte Svensson
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 224, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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16
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Kumar V, Hainaut M, Delhomme N, Mannapperuma C, Immerzeel P, Street NR, Henrissat B, Mellerowicz EJ. Poplar carbohydrate-active enzymes: whole-genome annotation and functional analyses based on RNA expression data. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 99:589-609. [PMID: 31111606 PMCID: PMC6852159 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) catalyze the formation and modification of glycoproteins, glycolipids, starch, secondary metabolites and cell wall biopolymers. They are key enzymes for the biosynthesis of food and renewable biomass. Woody biomass is particularly important for long-term carbon storage and as an abundant renewable natural resource for many industrial applications. This study presents a re-annotation of CAZyme genes in the current Populus trichocarpa genome assembly and in silico functional characterization, based on high-resolution RNA-Seq data sets. Altogether, 1914 CAZyme and expansin genes were annotated in 101 families. About 1797 of these genes were found expressed in at least one Populus organ. We identified genes involved in the biosynthesis of different cell wall polymers and their paralogs. Whereas similar families exist in poplar and Arabidopsis thaliana (with the exception of CBM13 found only in poplar), a few families had significantly different copy numbers between the two species. To identify the transcriptional coordination and functional relatedness within the CAZymes and other proteins, we performed co-expression network analysis of CAZymes in wood-forming tissues using the AspWood database (http://aspwood.popgenie.org/aspwood-v3.0/) for Populus tremula. This provided an overview of the transcriptional changes in CAZymes during the transition from primary to secondary wall formation, and the clustering of transcripts into potential regulons. Candidate enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of polysaccharides were identified along with many tissue-specific uncharacterized genes and transcription factors. These collections offer a rich source of targets for the modification of secondary cell wall biosynthesis and other developmental processes in woody plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Kumar
- Umeå Plant Science CenterDepartment of Forest Genetics and Plant PhysiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeaSweden
| | - Matthieu Hainaut
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules BiologiquesCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Aix‐Marseille UniversityMarseilleFrance
- INRAUSC 1408 AFMBMarseilleFrance
| | - Nicolas Delhomme
- Umeå Plant Science CenterDepartment of Forest Genetics and Plant PhysiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeaSweden
| | | | - Peter Immerzeel
- Umeå Plant Science CenterDepartment of Forest Genetics and Plant PhysiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeaSweden
- Chemical EngineeringKarlstad UniversityKarlstad65188Sweden
| | - Nathaniel R. Street
- Umeå Plant Science CenterPlant Physiology DepartmentUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules BiologiquesCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Aix‐Marseille UniversityMarseilleFrance
- INRAUSC 1408 AFMBMarseilleFrance
| | - Ewa J. Mellerowicz
- Umeå Plant Science CenterDepartment of Forest Genetics and Plant PhysiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeaSweden
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17
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Wilkens C, Svensson B, Møller MS. Functional Roles of Starch Binding Domains and Surface Binding Sites in Enzymes Involved in Starch Biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1652. [PMID: 30483298 PMCID: PMC6243121 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Biosynthesis of starch is catalyzed by a cascade of enzymes. The activity of a large number of these enzymes depends on interaction with polymeric substrates via carbohydrate binding sites, which are situated outside of the catalytic site and its immediate surroundings including the substrate-binding crevice. Such secondary binding sites can belong to distinct starch binding domains (SBDs), classified as carbohydrate binding modules (CBMs), or be surface binding sites (SBSs) exposed on the surface of catalytic domains. Currently in the Carbohydrate-Active enZYmes (CAZy) database SBDs are found in 13 CBM families. Four of these families; CBM20, CBM45, CBM48, and CBM53 are represented in enzymes involved in starch biosynthesis, namely starch synthases, branching enzymes, isoamylases, glucan, water dikinases, and α-glucan phosphatases. A critical role of the SBD in activity has not been demonstrated for any of these enzymes. Among the well-characterized SBDs important for starch biosynthesis are three CBM53s of Arabidopsis thaliana starch synthase III, which have modest affinity. SBSs, which are overall less widespread than SBDs, have been reported in some branching enzymes, isoamylases, synthases, phosphatases, and phosphorylases active in starch biosynthesis. SBSs appear to exert roles similar to CBMs. SBSs, however, have also been shown to modulate specificity for example by discriminating the length of chains transferred by branching enzymes. Notably, the difference in rate of occurrence between SBDs and SBSs may be due to lack of awareness of SBSs. Thus, SBSs as opposed to CBMs are not recognized at the protein sequence level, which hampers their identification. Moreover, only a few SBSs in enzymes involved in starch biosynthesis have been functionally characterized, typically by structure-guided site-directed mutagenesis. The glucan phosphatase Like SEX4 2 from A. thaliana has two SBSs with weak affinity for β-cyclodextrin, amylose and amylopectin, which were indicated by mutational analysis to be more important than the active site for initial substrate recognition. The present review provides an update on occurrence of functional SBDs and SBSs in enzymes involved in starch biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper Wilkens
- Enzyme Technology, Department of Bioengineering and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Birte Svensson
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Bioengineering and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Marie Sofie Møller
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Bioengineering and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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Goren A, Ashlock D, Tetlow IJ. Starch formation inside plastids of higher plants. PROTOPLASMA 2018; 255:1855-1876. [PMID: 29774409 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1259-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Starch is a water-insoluble polyglucan synthesized inside the plastid stroma within plant cells, serving a crucial role in the carbon budget of the whole plant by acting as a short-term and long-term store of energy. The highly complex, hierarchical structure of the starch granule arises from the actions of a large suite of enzyme activities, in addition to physicochemical self-assembly mechanisms. This review outlines current knowledge of the starch biosynthetic pathway operating in plant cells in relation to the micro- and macro-structures of the starch granule. We highlight the gaps in our knowledge, in particular, the relationship between enzyme function and operation at the molecular level and the formation of the final, macroscopic architecture of the granule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asena Goren
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Daniel Ashlock
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Ian J Tetlow
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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19
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Qu J, Xu S, Zhang Z, Chen G, Zhong Y, Liu L, Zhang R, Xue J, Guo D. Evolutionary, structural and expression analysis of core genes involved in starch synthesis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12736. [PMID: 30143668 PMCID: PMC6109180 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30411-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Starch is the main storage carbohydrate in plants and an important natural resource for food, feed and industrial raw materials. However, the details regarding the pathway for starch biosynthesis and the diversity of biosynthetic enzymes involved in this process are poorly understood. This study uses a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of 74 sequenced plant genomes to revisit the evolutionary history of the genes encoding ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), starch synthase (SS), starch branching enzyme (SBE) and starch de-branching enzyme (DBE). Additionally, the protein structures and expression patterns of these four core genes in starch biosynthesis were studied to determine their functional differences. The results showed that AGPase, SS, SBE and DBE have undergone complicated evolutionary processes in plants and that gene/genome duplications are responsible for the observed differences in isoform numbers. A structure analysis of these proteins suggested that the deletion/mutation of amino acids in some active sites resulted in not only structural variation but also sub-functionalization or neo-functionalization. Expression profiling indicated that AGPase-, SS-, SBE- and DBE-encoding genes exhibit spatio-temporally divergent expression patterns related to the composition of functional complexes in starch biosynthesis. This study provides a comprehensive atlas of the starch biosynthetic pathway, and these data should support future studies aimed at increasing understanding of starch biosynthesis and the functional evolutionary divergence of AGPase, SS, SBE, and DBE in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhou Qu
- The key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Maize Engineering Technology Research Centre of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shutu Xu
- The key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Maize Engineering Technology Research Centre of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhengquan Zhang
- The key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Maize Engineering Technology Research Centre of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guangzhou Chen
- The key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Maize Engineering Technology Research Centre of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuyue Zhong
- The key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Maize Engineering Technology Research Centre of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Linsan Liu
- The key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Maize Engineering Technology Research Centre of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Renhe Zhang
- The key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Maize Engineering Technology Research Centre of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiquan Xue
- The key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
- Maize Engineering Technology Research Centre of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Dongwei Guo
- The key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
- Maize Engineering Technology Research Centre of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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20
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Barchiesi J, Velazquez MB, Palopoli N, Iglesias AA, Gomez-Casati DF, Ballicora MA, Busi MV. Starch Synthesis in Ostreococcus tauri: The Starch-Binding Domains of Starch Synthase III-B Are Essential for Catalytic Activity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1541. [PMID: 30410499 PMCID: PMC6210743 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Starch is the major energy storage carbohydrate in photosynthetic eukaryotes. Several enzymes are involved in building highly organized semi-crystalline starch granules, including starch-synthase III (SSIII), which is widely conserved in photosynthetic organisms. This enzyme catalyzes the extension of the α-1,4 glucan chain and plays a regulatory role in the synthesis of starch. Interestingly, unlike most plants, the unicellular green alga Ostreococcus tauri has three SSIII isoforms. In the present study, we describe the structure and function of OsttaSSIII-B, which has a similar modular organization to SSIII in higher plants, comprising three putative starch-binding domains (SBDs) at the N-terminal region and a C-terminal catalytic domain (CD). Purified recombinant OsttaSSIII-B displayed a high affinity toward branched polysaccharides such as glycogen and amylopectin, and to ADP-glucose. Lower catalytic activity was detected for the CD lacking the associated SBDs, suggesting that they are necessary for enzyme function. Moreover, analysis of enzyme kinetic and polysaccharide-binding parameters of site-directed mutants with modified conserved aromatic amino acid residues W122, Y124, F138, Y147, W279, and W304, belonging to the SBDs, revealed their importance for polysaccharide binding and SS activity. Our results suggest that OT_ostta13g01200 encodes a functional SSIII comprising three SBD domains that are critical for enzyme function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta Barchiesi
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Maria Belen Velazquez
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Nicolas Palopoli
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes and CONICET, Bernal, Argentina
| | - Alberto A. Iglesias
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET- Universidad Nacional del Litoral) and Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Diego F. Gomez-Casati
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Miguel Angel Ballicora
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Maria Victoria Busi
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Maria Victoria Busi,
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Abstract
The starch-rich endosperms of the Poaceae, which includes wild grasses and their domesticated descendents the cereals, have provided humankind and their livestock with the bulk of their daily calories since the dawn of civilization up to the present day. There are currently unprecedented pressures on global food supplies, largely resulting from population growth, loss of agricultural land that is linked to increased urbanization, and climate change. Since cereal yields essentially underpin world food and feed supply, it is critical that we understand the biological factors contributing to crop yields. In particular, it is important to understand the biochemical pathway that is involved in starch biosynthesis, since this pathway is the major yield determinant in the seeds of six out of the top seven crops grown worldwide. This review outlines the critical stages of growth and development of the endosperm tissue in the Poaceae, including discussion of carbon provision to the growing sink tissue. The main body of the review presents a current view of our understanding of storage starch biosynthesis, which occurs inside the amyloplasts of developing endosperms.
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22
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Janeček Š, Majzlová K, Svensson B, MacGregor EA. The starch-binding domain family CBM41-Anin silicoanalysis of evolutionary relationships. Proteins 2017; 85:1480-1492. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.25309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Štefan Janeček
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences; Bratislava Slovakia
- Department of Biology; Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of SS. Cyril and Methodius; Trnava Slovakia
| | - Katarína Majzlová
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Birte Svensson
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine; Technical University of Denmark; Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
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23
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Miao H, Sun P, Liu Q, Jia C, Liu J, Hu W, Jin Z, Xu B. Soluble Starch Synthase III-1 in Amylopectin Metabolism of Banana Fruit: Characterization, Expression, Enzyme Activity, and Functional Analyses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:454. [PMID: 28424724 PMCID: PMC5371607 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Soluble starch synthase (SS) is one of the key enzymes involved in amylopectin biosynthesis in plants. However, no information is currently available about this gene family in the important fruit crop banana. Herein, we characterized the function of MaSSIII-1 in amylopectin metabolism of banana fruit and described the putative role of the other MaSS family members. Firstly, starch granules, starch and amylopectin content were found to increase during banana fruit development, but decline during storage. The SS activity started to increase later than amylopectin and starch content. Secondly, four putative SS genes were cloned and characterized from banana fruit. Among them, MaSSIII-1 showed the highest expression in banana pulp during fruit development at transcriptional levels. Further Western blot analysis suggested that the protein was gradually increased during banana fruit development, but drastically reduced during storage. This expression pattern was highly consistent with changes in starch granules, amylopectin content, and SS activity at the late phase of banana fruit development. Lastly, overexpression of MaSSIII-1 in tomato plants distinctly changed the morphology of starch granules and significantly increased the total starch accumulation, amylopectin content, and SS activity at mature-green stage in comparison to wild-type. The findings demonstrated that MaSSIII-1 is a key gene expressed in banana fruit and responsible for the active amylopectin biosynthesis, this is the first report in a fresh fruit species. Such a finding may enable the development of molecular markers for banana breeding and genetic improvement of nutritional value and functional properties of banana fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Miao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesHaikou, China
| | - Peiguang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Bananas, Hainan Province, Haikou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesHaikou, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Agriculture and FoodCanberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Caihong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesHaikou, China
| | - Juhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesHaikou, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesHaikou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesHaikou, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Bananas, Hainan Province, Haikou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesHaikou, China
| | - Biyu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesHaikou, China
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24
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Hedin N, Barchiesi J, Gomez-Casati DF, Iglesias AA, Ballicora MA, Busi MV. Identification and characterization of a novel starch branching enzyme from the picoalgae Ostreococcus tauri. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 618:52-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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25
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Nazarian-Firouzabadi F, Visser RGF. Potato starch synthases: Functions and relationships. Biochem Biophys Rep 2017; 10:7-16. [PMID: 29114568 PMCID: PMC5637242 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Starch, a very compact form of glucose units, is the most abundant form of storage polyglucan in nature. The starch synthesis pathway is among the central biochemical pathways, however, our understanding of this important pathway regarding genetic elements controlling this pathway, is still insufficient. Starch biosynthesis requires the action of several enzymes. Soluble starch synthases (SSs) are a group of key players in starch biosynthesis which have proven their impact on different aspects of the starch biosynthesis and functionalities. These enzymes have been studied in different plant species and organs in detail, however, there seem to be key differences among species regarding their contributions to the starch synthesis. In this review, we consider an update on various SSs with an emphasis on potato SSs as a model for storage organs. The genetics and regulatory mechanisms of potato starch synthases will be highlighted. Different aspects of various isoforms of SSs are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Nazarian-Firouzabadi
- Agronomy and Plant Breeding Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, P.O.Box 465, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Richard G F Visser
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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26
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Grisolia MJ, Peralta DA, Valdez HA, Barchiesi J, Gomez-Casati DF, Busi MV. The targeting of starch binding domains from starch synthase III to the cell wall alters cell wall composition and properties. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 93:121-135. [PMID: 27770231 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0551-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Starch binding domains of starch synthase III from Arabidopsis thaliana (SBD123) binds preferentially to cell wall polysaccharides rather than to starch in vitro. Transgenic plants overexpressing SBD123 in the cell wall are larger than wild type. Cell wall components are altered in transgenic plants. Transgenic plants are more susceptible to digestion than wild type and present higher released glucose content. Our results suggest that the transgenic plants have an advantage for the production of bioethanol in terms of saccharification of essential substrates. The plant cell wall, which represents a major source of biomass for biofuel production, is composed of cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectins and lignin. A potential biotechnological target for improving the production of biofuels is the modification of plant cell walls. This modification is achieved via several strategies, including, among others, altering biosynthetic pathways and modifying the associations and structures of various cell wall components. In this study, we modified the cell wall of A. thaliana by targeting the starch-binding domains of A. thaliana starch synthase III to this structure. The resulting transgenic plants (E8-SDB123) showed an increased biomass, higher levels of both fermentable sugars and hydrolyzed cellulose and altered cell wall properties such as higher laxity and degradability, which are valuable characteristics for the second-generation biofuels industry. The increased biomass and degradability phenotype of E8-SBD123 plants could be explained by the putative cell-wall loosening effect of the in tandem starch binding domains. Based on these results, our approach represents a promising biotechnological tool for reducing of biomass recalcitrance and therefore, the need for pretreatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio J Grisolia
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CEFOBI - CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Diego A Peralta
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CEFOBI - CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Hugo A Valdez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas - Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martin, Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales (CINDEFI), 50 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julieta Barchiesi
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CEFOBI - CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Diego F Gomez-Casati
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CEFOBI - CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas - Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martin, Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María V Busi
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CEFOBI - CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina.
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas - Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martin, Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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27
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Barchiesi J, Hedin N, Iglesias AA, Gomez-Casati DF, Ballicora MA, Busi MV. Identification of a novel starch synthase III from the picoalgae Ostreococcus tauri. Biochimie 2016; 133:37-44. [PMID: 28003125 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydrosoluble glycogen is the major energy storage compound in bacteria, archaea, fungi, and animal cells. In contrast, photosynthetic eukaryotes have evolved to build a highly organized semicrystalline granule of starch. Several enzymes are involved in polysaccharide synthesis, among which glycogen or starch synthase catalyze the elongation of the α-1,4-glucan chain. Ostreococcus tauri, accumulates a single starch granule and contains three starch synthase III (SSIII) isoforms, known as OsttaSSIII-A, OsttaSSIII-B and OsttaSSIII-C. After amino acids sequence analysis we found that OsttaSSIII-C lacks starch-binding domains, being 49% identical to the catalytic region of the SSIII from Arabidopsis thaliana and 32% identical to the entire Escherichia coli glycogen synthase. The recombinant, highly purified OsttaSSIII-C exhibited preference to use as a primer branched glycans (such as rabbit muscle glycogen and amylopectin), rather than amylose. Also, the enzyme displayed a high affinity toward ADP-glucose. We found a marked conservation of the amino acids located in the catalytic site, and specifically determined the role of residues R270, K275 and E352 by site-directed mutagenesis. Results show that these residues are important for OsttaSSIII-C activity, suggesting a strong similarity between the active site of the O. tauri SSIII-C isoform and other bacterial glycogen synthases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta Barchiesi
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario, 2000, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Hedin
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario, 2000, Argentina
| | - Alberto A Iglesias
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (UNL-CONICET) & FBCB, Santa Fe, 3000, Argentina
| | - Diego F Gomez-Casati
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario, 2000, Argentina
| | - Miguel A Ballicora
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, 405 Flanner Hall, 1068 W Sheridan Road, Chicago, IL 60660, USA
| | - María V Busi
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario, 2000, Argentina.
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28
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Larson ME, Falconer DJ, Myers AM, Barb AW. Direct Characterization of the Maize Starch Synthase IIa Product Shows Maltodextrin Elongation Occurs at the Non-reducing End. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:24951-24960. [PMID: 27733678 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.754705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive description of starch biosynthesis and granule assembly remains undefined despite the central nature of starch as an energy storage molecule in plants and as a fundamental calorie source for many animals. Multiple theories regarding the starch synthase (SS)-catalyzed assembly of (α1-4)-linked d-glucose molecules into maltodextrins generally agree that elongation occurs at the non-reducing terminus based on the degradation of radiolabeled maltodextrins, although recent reports challenge this hypothesis. Surprisingly, a direct analysis of the SS catalytic product has not been reported, to our knowledge. We expressed and characterized recombinant Zea mays SSIIa and prepared pure ADP-[13CU]glucose in a one-pot enzymatic synthesis to address the polarity of maltodextrin chain elongation. We synthesized maltoheptaose (degree of polymerization 7) using ADP-[13CU]glucose, maltohexaose (degree of polymerization 6), and SSIIa. Product analysis by ESI-MS revealed that the [13CU]glucose unit was added to the non-reducing end of the growing chain, and SSIIa demonstrated a >7,850-fold preference for addition to the non-reducing end versus the reducing end. Independent analysis of [13CU]glucose added to maltohexaose by SSIIa using solution NMR spectroscopy confirmed the polarity of maltodextrin chain elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Larson
- From the Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Daniel J Falconer
- From the Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Alan M Myers
- From the Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Adam W Barb
- From the Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
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Abstract
Starch-rich crops form the basis of our nutrition, but plants have still to yield all their secrets as to how they make this vital substance. Great progress has been made by studying both crop and model systems, and we approach the point of knowing the enzymatic machinery responsible for creating the massive, insoluble starch granules found in plant tissues. Here, we summarize our current understanding of these biosynthetic enzymes, highlighting recent progress in elucidating their specific functions. Yet, in many ways we have only scratched the surface: much uncertainty remains about how these components function together and are controlled. We flag-up recent observations suggesting a significant degree of flexibility during the synthesis of starch and that previously unsuspected non-enzymatic proteins may have a role. We conclude that starch research is not yet a mature subject and that novel experimental and theoretical approaches will be important to advance the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Pfister
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel C Zeeman
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Huang B, Keeling PL, Hennen-Bierwagen TA, Myers AM. Comparative in vitro analyses of recombinant maize starch synthases SSI, SSIIa, and SSIII reveal direct regulatory interactions and thermosensitivity. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 596:63-72. [PMID: 26940263 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Starch synthases SSI, SSII, and SSIII function in assembling the amylopectin component of starch, but their specific roles and means of coordination are not fully understood. Genetic analyses indicate regulatory interactions among SS classes, and physical interactions among them are known. The N terminal extension of cereal SSIII, comprising up to 1200 residues beyond the catalytic domain, is responsible at least in part for these interactions. Recombinant maize SSI, SSIIa, and full-length or truncated SSIII, were tested for functional interactions regarding enzymatic activity. Amino-terminal truncated SSIII exhibited reduced activity compared to full-length enzyme, and addition of the N terminus to the truncated protein stimulated catalytic activity. SSIII and SSI displayed a negative interaction that reduced total activity in a reconstituted system. These data demonstrate that SSIII is both a catalytic and regulatory factor. SSIII activity was reduced by approximately 50% after brief incubation at 45 °C, suggesting a role in reduced starch accumulation during growth in high temperatures. Buffer effects were tested to address a current debate regarding the SS mechanism. Glucan stimulated the SSIIa and SSIII reaction rate regardless of the buffer system, supporting the accepted mechanism in which glucosyl units are added to exogenous primer substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binquan Huang
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Peter L Keeling
- Center for Biorenewable Chemicals, 1140K Biorenewables Research Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Tracie A Hennen-Bierwagen
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Alan M Myers
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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31
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Cuesta-Seijo JA, Nielsen MM, Ruzanski C, Krucewicz K, Beeren SR, Rydhal MG, Yoshimura Y, Striebeck A, Motawia MS, Willats WGT, Palcic MM. In vitro Biochemical Characterization of All Barley Endosperm Starch Synthases. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 6:1265. [PMID: 26858729 PMCID: PMC4730117 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Starch is the main storage polysaccharide in cereals and the major source of calories in the human diet. It is synthesized by a panel of enzymes including five classes of starch synthases (SSs). While the overall starch synthase (SS) reaction is known, the functional differences between the five SS classes are poorly understood. Much of our knowledge comes from analyzing mutant plants with altered SS activities, but the resulting data are often difficult to interpret as a result of pleitropic effects, competition between enzymes, overlaps in enzyme activity and disruption of multi-enzyme complexes. Here we provide a detailed biochemical study of the activity of all five classes of SSs in barley endosperm. Each enzyme was produced recombinantly in E. coli and the properties and modes of action in vitro were studied in isolation from other SSs and other substrate modifying activities. Our results define the mode of action of each SS class in unprecedented detail; we analyze their substrate selection, temperature dependence and stability, substrate affinity and temporal abundance during barley development. Our results are at variance with some generally accepted ideas about starch biosynthesis and might lead to the reinterpretation of results obtained in planta. In particular, they indicate that granule bound SS is capable of processive action even in the absence of a starch matrix, that SSI has no elongation limit, and that SSIV, believed to be critical for the initiation of starch granules, has maltoligosaccharides and not polysaccharides as its preferred substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Maja G. Rydhal
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Mohammed S. Motawia
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - William G. T. Willats
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Barchiesi J, Hedin N, Gomez-Casati DF, Ballicora MA, Busi MV. Functional demonstrations of starch binding domains present in Ostreococcus tauri starch synthases isoforms. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:613. [PMID: 26510916 PMCID: PMC4625611 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1598-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Starch-binding domains are key modules present in several enzymes involved in polysaccharide metabolism. These non-catalytic modules have already been described as essential for starch-binding and the catalytic activity of starch synthase III from the higher plant Arabidopsis thaliana. In Ostreococcus tauri, a unicellular green alga of the Prasinophyceae family, there are three SSIII isoforms, known as Ostta SSIII-A, SSIII-B and SSIII-C. RESULTS In this work, using in silico and in vitro characterization techniques, we have demonstrated that Ostta SSIII-A, SSIII-B and SSIII-C contain two, three and no starch-binding domains, respectively. Additionally, our phylogenetic analysis has indicated that OsttaSSIII-B, presenting three N-terminal SBDs, is the isoform more closely related to higher plant SSIII. Furthermore, the sequence alignment and homology modeling data gathered showed that both the main 3-D structures of all the modeled domains obtained and the main amino acid residues implicated in starch binding are well conserved in O. tauri SSIII starch-binding domains. In addition, adsorption assays showed that OsttaSSIII-A D2 and SSIII-B D2 domains are the two that make the greatest contribution to amylose and amylopectin binding, while OsttaSSIII-B D1 is also important for starch binding. CONCLUSIONS The results presented here suggest that differences between OsttaSSIII-A and SSIII-B SBDs in the number of and binding of amino acid residues may produce differential affinities for each isoform to polysaccharides. Increasing the knowledge about SBDs may lead to their employment in biomedical and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta Barchiesi
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Nicolás Hedin
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Diego F Gomez-Casati
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Miguel A Ballicora
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, 405 Flanner Hall, 1068 W Sheridan Road, Chicago, IL, 60660, USA.
| | - María V Busi
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina.
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Liu D, Wang W, Cai X. Modulation of amylose content by structure-based modification of OsGBSS1 activity in rice (Oryza sativa L.). PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2014; 12:1297-307. [PMID: 25052102 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The rice Waxy (Wx) gene encodes granule-bound starch synthase 1 (EC 2.4.1.242), OsGBSS1, which is responsible for amylose synthesis in rice seed endosperm. In this study, we determined the functional contribution of eight amino acids on the activity of OsGBSS1 by introducing site-directed mutated Wx gene constructs into the wx mutant glutinous rice. The eight amino acid residues are suspected to play roles in OsGBSS1 structure maintenance or function based on homologous enzyme sequence alignment and homology modelling. Both OsGBSS1 activity and amylose content were analysed in homozygous transgenic lines carrying the mutated OsGBSS1 (Wx) genes. Our results indicate that mutations at diverse sites in OsGBSS1 reduces its activity by affecting its starch-binding capacity, its ADP-glucose-binding capability or its protein stability. Our results shed new light on the structural basis of OsGBSS1 activity and the mechanisms of OsGBSS1 activity on amylose synthesis in vivo. This study also demonstrates that it is feasible to finely modulate amylose content in rice grains by modifying the OsGBSS1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derui Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Tanackovic V, Svensson JT, Jensen SL, Buléon A, Blennow A. The deposition and characterization of starch in Brachypodium distachyon. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:5179-92. [PMID: 25056772 PMCID: PMC4157704 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Brachypodium distachyon is a non-domesticated cereal. Nonetheless, Brachypodium was recently introduced as a model plant for temperate cereals. This study compares grain starch metabolism in Brachypodium and barley (Hordeum vulgare). In Brachypodium, we identified and annotated 28 genes involved in starch metabolism and identified important motifs including transit peptides and putative carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) of the families CBM20, CBM45, CBM48, and CBM53. Starch content was markedly lower in Brachypodium grains (12%) compared to barley grains (47%). Brachypodium starch granules were doughnut shaped and bimodally distributed into distinct small B-type (2.5-10 µm) and very small C-type (0.5-2.5 µm) granules. Large A-type granules, typical of cereals, were absent. Starch-bound phosphate, important for starch degradation, was 2-fold lower in Brachypodium compared with barley indicating different requirements for starch mobilization. The amylopectin branch profiles were similar and the amylose content was only slightly higher compared with barley cv. Golden Promise. The crystallinity of Brachypodium starch granules was low (10%) compared to barley (20%) as determined by wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) and molecular disorder was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The expression profiles in grain for most genes were distinctly different for Brachypodium compared to barley, typically showing earlier decline during the course of development, which can explain the low starch content and differences in starch molecular structure and granule characteristics. High transitory starch levels were observed in leaves of Brachypodium (2.8% after 14h of light) compared to barley (1.9% after 14h of light). The data suggest important pre-domesticated features of cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanja Tanackovic
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-1871, Denmark
| | - Jan T Svensson
- Nordic Genetic Resource Centre, P.O. Box 41, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Susanne L Jensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-1871, Denmark
| | - Alain Buléon
- UR1268 Biopolymeres Interactions Assemblages, INRA, F-44300 Nantes, France
| | - Andreas Blennow
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-1871, Denmark
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Nakamura Y, Aihara S, Crofts N, Sawada T, Fujita N. In vitro studies of enzymatic properties of starch synthases and interactions between starch synthase I and starch branching enzymes from rice. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 224:1-8. [PMID: 24908500 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to characterize the functions of the major starch synthase (SS) isozymes SSI, SSIIa, and SSIIIa in rice endosperm and their functional interaction with starch branching enzyme (BE), by using their purified recombinant proteins. All the SS isozymes had similarly significant activities toward branched glucans such as amylopecin and glycogen whereas they scarcely showed activities toward maltohexaose. In vitro studies indicate that SSI mainly attacked A and B chains with degree of polymerization (DP) of 6 and 7 in their external segments and elongated them to DP8. It is likely that SSIIa and SSIIIa produced wider ranges of intermediate chains and long chains, respectively. This study also revealed that without addition of exogenous primer, the glucan synthesis of SSI in the presence of ≧0.3 M citrate was accelerated by the addition of any of the rice BE isozymes- BEI, BEIIa, or BEIIb, whereas no such interaction occurred between SSIIa or SSIIIa with any of the BEs. The SSI-BE unprimed glucan synthesis absolutely required citrate. The interaction between SSI and BE was established by stimulation of SSI activity with BE and by activation of the BE activity by SSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Nakamura
- Faculty of Bioresource Science, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita-City 010-0195, Japan.
| | - Satomi Aihara
- Faculty of Bioresource Science, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita-City 010-0195, Japan
| | - Naoko Crofts
- Faculty of Bioresource Science, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita-City 010-0195, Japan
| | - Takayuki Sawada
- Faculty of Bioresource Science, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita-City 010-0195, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Faculty of Bioresource Science, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita-City 010-0195, Japan
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Nougué O, Corbi J, Ball SG, Manicacci D, Tenaillon MI. Molecular evolution accompanying functional divergence of duplicated genes along the plant starch biosynthesis pathway. BMC Evol Biol 2014; 14:103. [PMID: 24884572 PMCID: PMC4041918 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-14-103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Starch is the main source of carbon storage in the Archaeplastida. The starch biosynthesis pathway (sbp) emerged from cytosolic glycogen metabolism shortly after plastid endosymbiosis and was redirected to the plastid stroma during the green lineage divergence. The SBP is a complex network of genes, most of which are members of large multigene families. While some gene duplications occurred in the Archaeplastida ancestor, most were generated during the sbp redirection process, and the remaining few paralogs were generated through compartmentalization or tissue specialization during the evolution of the land plants. In the present study, we tested models of duplicated gene evolution in order to understand the evolutionary forces that have led to the development of SBP in angiosperms. We combined phylogenetic analyses and tests on the rates of evolution along branches emerging from major duplication events in six gene families encoding sbp enzymes. Results We found evidence of positive selection along branches following cytosolic or plastidial specialization in two starch phosphorylases and identified numerous residues that exhibited changes in volume, polarity or charge. Starch synthases, branching and debranching enzymes functional specializations were also accompanied by accelerated evolution. However, none of the sites targeted by selection corresponded to known functional domains, catalytic or regulatory. Interestingly, among the 13 duplications tested, 7 exhibited evidence of positive selection in both branches emerging from the duplication, 2 in only one branch, and 4 in none of the branches. Conclusions The majority of duplications were followed by accelerated evolution targeting specific residues along both branches. This pattern was consistent with the optimization of the two sub-functions originally fulfilled by the ancestral gene before duplication. Our results thereby provide strong support to the so-called “Escape from Adaptive Conflict” (EAC) model. Because none of the residues targeted by selection occurred in characterized functional domains, we propose that enzyme specialization has occurred through subtle changes in affinity, activity or interaction with other enzymes in complex formation, while the basic function defined by the catalytic domain has been maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Domenica Manicacci
- University Paris-Sud, UMR 0320/UMR 8120 Génétique Végétale, Ferme du Moulon, F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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Busi MV, Gomez-Casati DF, Martín M, Barchiesi J, Grisolía MJ, Hedín N, Carrillo JB. Starch Metabolism in Green Plants. POLYSACCHARIDES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-03751-6_78-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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39
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Martín M, Wayllace NZ, Valdez HA, Gomez-Casati DF, Busi MV. Improving the glycosyltransferase activity of Agrobacterium tumefaciens glycogen synthase by fusion of N-terminal starch binding domains (SBDs). Biochimie 2013; 95:1865-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- María V. Busi
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET); Universidad Nacional de Rosario; Suipacha Rosario Argentina
- IIB - Universidad Nacional de General San Martín (UNSAM); San Martín Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Julieta Barchiesi
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET); Universidad Nacional de Rosario; Suipacha Rosario Argentina
| | - Mariana Martín
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET); Universidad Nacional de Rosario; Suipacha Rosario Argentina
| | - Diego F. Gomez-Casati
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET); Universidad Nacional de Rosario; Suipacha Rosario Argentina
- IIB - Universidad Nacional de General San Martín (UNSAM); San Martín Buenos Aires Argentina
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41
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Jiang TY, Ci YP, Chou WI, Lee YC, Sun YJ, Chou WY, Li KM, Chang MDT. Two unique ligand-binding clamps of Rhizopus oryzae starch binding domain for helical structure disruption of amylose. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41131. [PMID: 22815939 PMCID: PMC3398936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The N-terminal starch binding domain of Rhizopus oryzae glucoamylase (RoSBD) has a high binding affinity for raw starch. RoSBD has two ligand-binding sites, each containing a ligand-binding clamp: a polyN clamp residing near binding site I is unique in that it is expressed in only three members of carbohydrate binding module family 21 (CBM21) members, and a Y32/F58 clamp located at binding site II is conserved in several CBMs. Here we characterized different roles of these sites in the binding of insoluble and soluble starches using an amylose-iodine complex assay, atomic force microscopy, isothermal titration calorimetry, site-directed mutagenesis, and structural bioinformatics. RoSBD induced the release of iodine from the amylose helical cavity and disrupted the helical structure of amylose type III, thereby significantly diminishing the thickness and length of the amylose type III fibrils. A point mutation in the critical ligand-binding residues of sites I and II, however, reduced both the binding affinity and amylose helix disruption. This is the first molecular model for structure disruption of the amylose helix by a non-hydrolytic CBM21 member. RoSBD apparently twists the helical amylose strands apart to expose more ligand surface for further SBD binding. Repeating the process triggers the relaxation and unwinding of amylose helices to generate thinner and shorter amylose fibrils, which are more susceptible to hydrolysis by glucoamylase. This model aids in understanding the natural roles of CBMs in protein-glycan interactions and contributes to potential molecular engineering of CBMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ying Jiang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Pei Ci
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wei-I Chou
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Simpson Biotech Company, Ltd., Taoyuan County, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Chuan Lee
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yuh-Ju Sun
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology and Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wei-Yao Chou
- Department of Computer Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Kun-Mou Li
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology and Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Margaret Dah-Tsyr Chang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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An enzyme-coupled continuous spectrophotometric assay for glycogen synthases. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:585-91. [PMID: 21584701 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-0774-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic pathways leading to the synthesis of bacterial glycogen involve the action of several enzymes, among which glycogen synthase (GS) catalyzes the elongation of the α-1,4-glucan. GS from Agrobacterium tumefaciens uses preferentially ADPGlc, although UDPGlc can also be used as glycosyl donor with less efficiency. We present here a continuous spectrophotometric assay for the determination of GS activity using ADP- or UDPGlc. When ADPGlc was used as the substrate, the production of ADP is coupled to NADH oxidation via pyruvate kinase (PK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). With UDPGlc as substrate, UDP was converted to ADP via adenylate kinase and subsequent coupling to PK and LDH reactions. Using this assay, we determined the kinetic parameters of GS and compared them with those obtained with the classical radiochemical method. For this purpose, we improved the expression procedure of A. tumefaciens GS using Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)-RIL cells. This assay allows the continuous monitoring of glycosyltransferase activity using ADPGlc or UDPGlc as sugar-nucleotide donors.
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Valdez HA, Peralta DA, Wayllace NZ, Grisolía MJ, Gomez-Casati DF, Busi MV. Preferential binding of SBD from Arabidopsis thaliana SSIII to polysaccharides: Study of amino acid residues involved. STARCH-STARKE 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201000111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L. Keeling
- NSF Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals and Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011;
| | - Alan M. Myers
- NSF Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals and Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011;
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Chou WY, Chou WI, Pai TW, Lin SC, Jiang TY, Tang CY, Chang MDT. Feature-incorporated alignment based ligand-binding residue prediction for carbohydrate-binding modules. Bioinformatics 2010; 26:1022-8. [DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btq084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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46
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Wayllace NZ, Valdez HA, Ugalde RA, Busi MV, Gomez-Casati DF. The starch-binding capacity of the noncatalytic SBD2 region and the interaction between the N- and C-terminal domains are involved in the modulation of the activity of starch synthase III from Arabidopsis thaliana. FEBS J 2009; 277:428-40. [PMID: 19968859 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07495.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Starch synthase III from Arabidopsis thaliana contains an N-terminal region, including three in-tandem starch-binding domains, followed by a C-terminal catalytic domain. We have reported previously that starch-binding domains may be involved in the regulation of starch synthase III function. In this work, we analyzed the existence of protein interactions between both domains using pull-down assays, far western blotting and co-expression of the full and truncated starch-binding domains with the catalytic domain. Pull-down assays and co-purification analysis showed that the D(316-344) and D(495-535) regions in the D2 and D3 domains, respectively, but not the individual starch-binding domains, are involved in the interaction with the catalytic domain. We also determined that the residues W366 and Y394 in the D2 domain are important in starch binding. Moreover, the co-purified catalytic domain plus site-directed mutants of the D123 protein lacking these aromatic residues showed that W366 was key to the apparent affinity for the polysaccharide substrate of starch synthase III, whereas either of these amino acid residues altered ADP-glucose kinetics. In addition, the analysis of full-length and truncated proteins showed an almost complete restoration of the apparent affinity for the substrates and V(max) of starch synthase III. The results presented here suggest that the interaction of the N-terminal starch-binding domains, particularly the D(316-344) and D(495-535) regions, with the catalytic domains, as well as the full integrity of the starch-binding capacity of the D2 domain, are involved in the modulation of starch synthase III activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahuel Z Wayllace
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Argentina
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Blennow A, Svensson B. Dynamics of starch granule biogenesis – the role of redox-regulated enzymes and low-affinity carbohydrate-binding modules. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10242420903408211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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48
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Carbohydrate-binding domains: multiplicity of biological roles. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 85:1241-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2331-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2009] [Revised: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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49
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Christiansen C, Abou Hachem M, Janecek S, Viksø-Nielsen A, Blennow A, Svensson B. The carbohydrate-binding module family 20--diversity, structure, and function. FEBS J 2009; 276:5006-29. [PMID: 19682075 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07221.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Starch-active enzymes often possess starch-binding domains (SBDs) mediating attachment to starch granules and other high molecular weight substrates. SBDs are divided into nine carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) families, and CBM20 is the earliest-assigned and best characterized family. High diversity characterizes CBM20s, which occur in starch-active glycoside hydrolase families 13, 14, 15, and 77, and enzymes involved in starch or glycogen metabolism, exemplified by the starch-phosphorylating enzyme glucan, water dikinase 3 from Arabidopsis thaliana and the mammalian glycogen phosphatases, laforins. The clear evolutionary relatedness of CBM20s to CBM21s, CBM48s and CBM53s suggests a common clan hosting most of the known SBDs. This review surveys the diversity within the CBM20 family, and makes an evolutionary comparison with CBM21s, CBM48s and CBM53s, discussing intrafamily and interfamily relationships. Data on binding to and enzymatic activity towards soluble ligands and starch granules are summarized for wild-type, mutant and chimeric fusion proteins involving CBM20s. Noticeably, whereas CBM20s in amylolytic enzymes confer moderate binding affinities, with dissociation constants in the low micromolar range for the starch mimic beta-cyclodextrin, recent findings indicate that CBM20s in regulatory enzymes have weaker, low millimolar affinities, presumably facilitating dynamic regulation. Structures of CBM20s, including the first example of a full-length glucoamylase featuring both the catalytic domain and the SBD, are summarized, and distinct architectural and functional features of the two SBDs and roles of pivotal amino acids in binding are described. Finally, some applications of SBDs as affinity or immobilization tags and, recently, in biofuel and in planta bioengineering are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Christiansen
- VKR Research Centre Pro-Active Plants, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Szydlowski N, Ragel P, Raynaud S, Lucas MM, Roldán I, Montero M, Muñoz FJ, Ovecka M, Bahaji A, Planchot V, Pozueta-Romero J, D'Hulst C, Mérida A. Starch granule initiation in Arabidopsis requires the presence of either class IV or class III starch synthases. THE PLANT CELL 2009; 21:2443-57. [PMID: 19666739 PMCID: PMC2751949 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.109.066522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Revised: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying starch granule initiation remain unknown. We have recently reported that mutation of soluble starch synthase IV (SSIV) in Arabidopsis thaliana results in restriction of the number of starch granules to a single, large, particle per plastid, thereby defining an important component of the starch priming machinery. In this work, we provide further evidence for the function of SSIV in the priming process of starch granule formation and show that SSIV is necessary and sufficient to establish the correct number of starch granules observed in wild-type chloroplasts. The role of SSIV in granule seeding can be replaced, in part, by the phylogenetically related SSIII. Indeed, the simultaneous elimination of both proteins prevents Arabidopsis from synthesizing starch, thus demonstrating that other starch synthases cannot support starch synthesis despite remaining enzymatically active. Herein, we describe the substrate specificity and kinetic properties of SSIV and its subchloroplastic localization in specific regions associated with the edges of starch granules. The data presented in this work point to a complex mechanism for starch granule formation and to the different abilities of SSIV and SSIII to support this process in Arabidopsis leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Szydlowski
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionelle, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8576, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
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