1
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Phạm TTT, Murza A, Marsault É, Frampton JP, Rainey JK. Localized apelin-17 analogue-bicelle interactions as a facilitator of membrane-catalyzed receptor recognition and binding. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2024; 1866:184289. [PMID: 38278504 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2024.184289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
The apelinergic system encompasses two peptide ligand families, apelin and apela, along with the apelin receptor (AR or APJ), a class A G-protein-coupled receptor. This system has diverse physiological effects, including modulating heart contraction, vasodilation/constriction, glucose regulation, and vascular development, with involvement in a variety of pathological conditions. Apelin peptides have been previously shown to interact with and become structured upon binding to anionic micelles, consistent with a membrane-catalyzed mechanism of ligand-receptor binding. To overcome the challenges of observing nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy signals of a dilute peptide in biological environments, 19F NMR spectroscopy, including diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) and saturation transfer difference (STD) experiments, was used herein to explore the membrane-interactive behaviour of apelin. NMR-optimized apelin-17 analogues with 4-trifluoromethyl-phenylalanine at various positions were designed and tested for bioactivity through ERK activation in stably-AR transfected HEK 293 T cells. Far-UV circular dichroism (CD) spectropolarimetry and 19F NMR spectroscopy were used to compare the membrane interactions of these analogues with unlabelled apelin-17 in both zwitterionic/neutral and net-negative bicelle conditions. Each analogue binds to bicelles with relatively weak affinity (i.e., in fast exchange on the NMR timescale), with preferential interactions observed at the cationic residue-rich N-terminal and mid-length regions of the peptide leaving the C-terminal end unencumbered for receptor recognition, enabling a membrane-anchored fly-casting mechanism of peptide search for the receptor. In all, this study provides further insight into the membrane-interactive behaviour of an important bioactive peptide, demonstrating interactions and biophysical behaviour that cannot be neglected in therapeutic design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trần Thanh Tâm Phạm
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Alexandre Murza
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Éric Marsault
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - John P Frampton
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Jan K Rainey
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
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2
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Pisarenko OI, Studneva IM. Apelin C-Terminal Fragments: Biological Properties and Therapeutic Potential. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:1874-1889. [PMID: 38105205 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923110160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Creation of bioactive molecules for treatment of cardiovascular diseases based on natural peptides is the focus of intensive experimental research. In the recent years, it has been established that C-terminal fragments of apelin, an endogenous ligand of the APJ receptor, reduce metabolic and functional disorders in experimental heart damage. The review presents literature data and generalized results of our own experiments on the effect of apelin-13, [Pyr]apelin-13, apelin-12, and their chemically modified analogues on the heart under normal and pathophysiological conditions in vitro and in vivo. It has been shown that the spectrum of action of apelin peptides on the damaged myocardium includes decrease in the death of cardiomyocytes from necrosis, reduction of damage to cardiomyocyte membranes, improvement in myocardial metabolic state, and decrease in formation of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation products. The mechanisms of protective action of these peptides associated with activation of the APJ receptor and manifestation of antioxidant properties are discussed. The data presented in the review show promise of the molecular design of APJ receptor peptide agonists, which can serve as the basis for the development of cardioprotectors that affect the processes of free radical oxidation and metabolic adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg I Pisarenko
- Chazov National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, 121552, Russia.
| | - Irina M Studneva
- Chazov National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, 121552, Russia
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3
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Pang B, Jiang YR, Xu JY, Shao DX, Hao LY. Apelin/ELABELA-APJ system in cardiac hypertrophy: Regulatory mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 949:175727. [PMID: 37062502 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure is one of the most significant public health problems faced by millions of medical researchers worldwide. And pathological cardiac hypertrophy is considered one of the possible factors of increasing the risk of heart failure. Here, we introduce apelin/ELABELA-APJ system as a novel therapeutic target for cardiac hypertrophy, bringing about new directions in clinical treatment. Apelin has been proven to regulate cardiac hypertrophy through various pathways. And an increasing number of studies on ELABELA, the newly discovered endogenous ligand, suggest it can alleviate cardiac hypertrophy through mechanisms similar or different to apelin. In this review, we elaborate on the role that apelin/ELABELA-APJ system plays in cardiac hypertrophy and the intricate mechanisms that apelin/ELABELA-APJ affect cardiac hypertrophy. We also illuminate and make comparisons of the newly designed peptides and small molecules as agonists and antagonists for APJ, updating the breakthroughs in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Pang
- China Medical University-The Queen's University of Belfast Joint College, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Northern Ireland, BT9 7BL, United Kingdom.
| | - Yin-Ru Jiang
- China Medical University-The Queen's University of Belfast Joint College, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Northern Ireland, BT9 7BL, United Kingdom.
| | - Jia-Yao Xu
- China Medical University-The Queen's University of Belfast Joint College, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Northern Ireland, BT9 7BL, United Kingdom.
| | - Dong-Xue Shao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China.
| | - Li-Ying Hao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China.
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4
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Théroux L, Van Den Hauwe R, Trân K, Fournier J, Desgagné M, Meneboo N, Lavallée A, Fröhlich U, Côté J, Hollanders C, Longpré JM, Murza A, Marsault E, Sarret P, Boudreault PL, Ballet S. Signaling Modulation via Minimal C-Terminal Modifications of Apelin-13. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2023; 6:290-305. [PMID: 36798478 PMCID: PMC9926529 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Apelin is an endogenous peptide that is involved in many diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and cancer, which has made it an attractive target for drug discovery. Herein, we explore the penultimate and final sequence positions of [Pyr1]-apelin-13 (Ape13) via C-terminal N α-alkylated amide bonds and the introduction of positive charges, potentially targeting the allosteric sodium pocket, by assessing the binding affinity and signaling profiles at the apelin receptor (APJ). Synthetic analogues modified within this segment of Ape13 showed high affinity (K i 0.12-0.17 nM vs Ape13 K i 0.7 nM), potent Gαi1 activation (EC50 Gαi1 0.4-0.9 nM vs Ape13 EC50 1.1 nM), partial agonist behavior disfavoring β-arrestin 2 recruitment for positively charged ligands (e.g., 49 (SBL-AP-058), EC50 β-arr2 275 nM, E max 54%) and high plasma stability for N-alkyl ligands (t 1/2 > 7 h vs Ape13 t 1/2 0.5 h). Combining the benefits of the N α-alkylated amide bond with the guanidino substitution in a constrained ligand led to 63 (SBL-AP-049), which displayed increased plasma stability (t 1/2 5.3 h) and strong reduction of β-arrestin 2 signaling with partial maximal efficacy (EC50 β-arr 864 nM, E max 48%), significantly reducing the hypotensive effect in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Théroux
- Département
de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et
des Sciences de la Santé, Université
de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
- Institut
de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Robin Van Den Hauwe
- Research
Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bioengineering
Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kien Trân
- Département
de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et
des Sciences de la Santé, Université
de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
- Institut
de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Justin Fournier
- Département
de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et
des Sciences de la Santé, Université
de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
- Institut
de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Michael Desgagné
- Département
de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et
des Sciences de la Santé, Université
de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
- Institut
de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Nathan Meneboo
- Département
de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et
des Sciences de la Santé, Université
de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
- Institut
de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Alexis Lavallée
- Département
de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et
des Sciences de la Santé, Université
de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
- Institut
de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Ulrike Fröhlich
- Département
de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et
des Sciences de la Santé, Université
de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
- Institut
de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Jérôme Côté
- Département
de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et
des Sciences de la Santé, Université
de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
- Institut
de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Charlie Hollanders
- Research
Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bioengineering
Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Michel Longpré
- Département
de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et
des Sciences de la Santé, Université
de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
- Institut
de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Alexandre Murza
- Département
de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et
des Sciences de la Santé, Université
de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
- Institut
de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Eric Marsault
- Département
de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et
des Sciences de la Santé, Université
de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
- Institut
de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Philippe Sarret
- Département
de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et
des Sciences de la Santé, Université
de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
- Institut
de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Pierre-Luc Boudreault
- Département
de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et
des Sciences de la Santé, Université
de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
- Institut
de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Steven Ballet
- Research
Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bioengineering
Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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5
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Murali S, Aradhyam GK. Structure-function relationship and physiological role of apelin and its G protein coupled receptor. Biophys Rev 2023; 15:127-143. [PMID: 36919024 PMCID: PMC9995629 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-023-01044-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Apelin receptor (APJR) is a class A peptide (apelin) binding G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that plays a significant role in regulating blood pressure, cardiac output, and maintenance of fluid homeostasis. It is activated by a wide range of endogenous peptide isoforms of apelin and elabela. The apelin peptide isoforms contain distinct structural features that aid in ligand recognition and activation of the receptor. Site-directed mutagenesis and structure-based studies have revealed the involvement of extracellular and transmembrane regions of the receptor in binding to the peptide isoforms. The structural features of APJR activation of the receptor as well as mediating G-protein and β-arrestin-mediated signaling are delineated by multiple mutagenesis studies. There is increasing evidence that the structural requirements of APJR to activate G-proteins and β-arrestins are different, leading to biased signaling. APJR also responds to mechanical stimuli in a ligand-independent manner. A multitude of studies has focused on developing both peptide and non-peptide agonists and antagonists specific to APJR. Apelin/elabela-activated APJR orchestrates major signaling pathways such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERKs), protein kinase B (PKB/Akt), and p70S. This review focuses on the structural and functional characteristics of apelin, elabela, APJR, and their interactions involved in the binding and activation of the downstream signaling cascade. We also focus on the diverse signaling profile of APJR and its ligands and their involvement in various physiological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhashree Murali
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Gopala Krishna Aradhyam
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
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6
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The apelin/APJ signaling system and cytoprotection: Role of its cross-talk with kappa opioid receptor. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 936:175353. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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7
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Vu O, Bender BJ, Pankewitz L, Huster D, Beck-Sickinger AG, Meiler J. The Structural Basis of Peptide Binding at Class A G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Molecules 2021; 27:molecules27010210. [PMID: 35011444 PMCID: PMC8746363 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent the largest membrane protein family and a significant target class for therapeutics. Receptors from GPCRs’ largest class, class A, influence virtually every aspect of human physiology. About 45% of the members of this family endogenously bind flexible peptides or peptides segments within larger protein ligands. While many of these peptides have been structurally characterized in their solution state, the few studies of peptides in their receptor-bound state suggest that these peptides interact with a shared set of residues and undergo significant conformational changes. For the purpose of understanding binding dynamics and the development of peptidomimetic drug compounds, further studies should investigate the peptide ligands that are complexed to their cognate receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oanh Vu
- Deparment of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA;
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (B.J.B.); (L.P.)
| | - Brian Joseph Bender
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (B.J.B.); (L.P.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lisa Pankewitz
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (B.J.B.); (L.P.)
| | - Daniel Huster
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Department, Leipzig University, Härtelstr. 16–18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Annette G. Beck-Sickinger
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Jens Meiler
- Deparment of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA;
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (B.J.B.); (L.P.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Leipzig University Medical Center, Institute for Drug Discovery, Departments of Chemistry and Computer Science, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Chapman FA, Nyimanu D, Maguire JJ, Davenport AP, Newby DE, Dhaun N. The therapeutic potential of apelin in kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2021; 17:840-853. [PMID: 34389827 PMCID: PMC8361827 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-021-00461-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality and is independently associated with cardiovascular disease. The mainstay of treatment for CKD is blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which reduces blood pressure and proteinuria and slows kidney function decline. Despite this treatment, many patients progress to kidney failure, which requires dialysis or kidney transplantation, and/or die as a result of cardiovascular disease. The apelin system is an endogenous physiological regulator that is emerging as a potential therapeutic target for many diseases. This system comprises the apelin receptor and its two families of endogenous ligands, apelin and elabela/toddler. Preclinical and clinical studies show that apelin receptor ligands are endothelium-dependent vasodilators and potent inotropes, and the apelin system has a reciprocal relationship with the RAAS. In preclinical studies, apelin regulates glomerular haemodynamics and acts on the tubule to promote aquaresis. In addition, apelin is protective in several kidney injury models. Although the apelin system has not yet been studied in patients with CKD, the available data suggest that apelin is a promising potential therapeutic target for kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona A Chapman
- BHF/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Duuamene Nyimanu
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Janet J Maguire
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anthony P Davenport
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David E Newby
- BHF/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Neeraj Dhaun
- BHF/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK.
- Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Nyimanu D, Kay RG, Kuc RE, Brown AJH, Gribble FM, Maguire JJ, Davenport AP. In vitro metabolism of synthetic Elabela/Toddler (ELA-32) peptide in human plasma and kidney homogenates analyzed with mass spectrometry and validation of endogenous peptide quantification in tissues by ELISA. Peptides 2021; 145:170642. [PMID: 34455010 PMCID: PMC8484864 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elabela/Toddler (ELA) is a novel endogenous ligand of the apelin receptor, whose signalling has emerged as a therapeutic target, for example, in cardiovascular disease and cancer. Shorter forms of ELA-32 have been predicted, including ELA-21 and ELA-11, but metabolism and stability of ELA-32 in humans is poorly understood. We, therefore, developed an LC-MS/MS assay to identify ELA-32 metabolites in human plasma and tissues. METHOD Human kidney homogenates or plasma were incubated at 37 °C with ELA-32 and aliquots withdrawn over 2-4 h into guanidine hydrochloride. Proteins were precipitated and supernatant solid-phase extracted. Peptides were extracted from coronary artery, brain and kidney by immunoprecipitation or solid-phase extraction following acidification. All samples were reduced and alkylated before analysis on an Orbitrap mass spectrometer in high and nano flow mode. RESULTS The half-life of ELA-32 in plasma and kidney were 47.2 ± 5.7 min and 44.2 ± 3 s, respectively. Using PEAKS Studio and manual data analysis, the most important fragments of ELA-32 with potential biological activity identified were ELA-11, ELA-16, ELA-19 and ELA-20. The corresponding fragments resulting from the loss of C-terminal amino acids were also identified. Endogenous levels of these peptides could not be measured, as ELA peptides are prone to oxidation and poor chromatographic peaks. CONCLUSIONS The relatively long ELA plasma half-life observed and identification of a potentially more stable fragment, ELA-16, may suggest that ELA could be a better tool compound and novel template for the development of new drugs acting at the apelin receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duuamene Nyimanu
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Richard G Kay
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Sosei Heptares, Granta Park, Cambridge, UK; Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Sciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Rhoda E Kuc
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Fiona M Gribble
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Sciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Janet J Maguire
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Anthony P Davenport
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
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10
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Doyen C, Larquet E, Coureux PD, Frances O, Herman F, Sablé S, Burnouf JP, Sizun C, Lescop E. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Multifaceted Toolbox to Probe Structure, Dynamics, Interactions, and Real-Time In Situ Release Kinetics in Peptide-Liposome Formulations. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:2521-2539. [PMID: 34151567 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Liposomal formulations represent attractive biocompatible and tunable drug delivery systems for peptide drugs. Among the tools to analyze their physicochemical properties, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, despite being an obligatory technique to characterize molecular structure and dynamics in chemistry as well as in structural biology, yet appears to be rather sparsely used to study drug-liposome formulations. In this work, we exploited several facets of liquid-state NMR spectroscopy to characterize liposomal delivery systems for the apelin-derived K14P peptide and K14P modified by Nα-fatty acylation. Various liposome compositions and preparation modes were analyzed. Using NMR, in combination with cryo-electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering, we determined structural, dynamic, and self-association properties of these peptides in solution and probed their interactions with liposomes. Using 31P and 1H NMR, we characterized membrane fluidity and thermotropic phase transitions in empty and loaded liposomes. Based on diffusion and 1H NMR experiments, we localized and quantified peptides with respect to the interior/exterior of liposomes and changes over time and upon thermal treatments. Finally, we assessed the release kinetics of several solutes and compared various formulations. Taken together, this work shows that NMR has the potential to assist the design of peptide/liposome systems and more generally drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Doyen
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, LabEx LERMIT, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,Sanofi, 13 Quai Jules Guesde, 94403 Vitry sur Seine, France
| | - Eric Larquet
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée (LPMC), Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Pierre-Damien Coureux
- Laboratoire de Biologie Structurale de la Cellule (BIOC), CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Oriane Frances
- Sanofi, 13 Quai Jules Guesde, 94403 Vitry sur Seine, France
| | | | - Serge Sablé
- Sanofi, 13 Quai Jules Guesde, 94403 Vitry sur Seine, France
| | | | - Christina Sizun
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, LabEx LERMIT, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Ewen Lescop
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, LabEx LERMIT, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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11
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Zhou JX, Shuai NN, Wang B, Jin X, Kuang X, Tian SW. Neuroprotective gain of Apelin/APJ system. Neuropeptides 2021; 87:102131. [PMID: 33640616 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2021.102131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Apelin is an endogenous ligand of G protein-coupled receptor APJ. In recent years, many studies have shown that the apelin/APJ system has neuroprotective properties, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress, anti-apoptosis, and regulating autophagy, blocking excitatory toxicity. Apelin/APJ system has been proven to play a role in various neurological diseases and may be a promising therapeutic target for nervous system diseases. In this paper, the neuroprotective properties of the apelin/APJ system and its role in neurologic disorders are reviewed. Further understanding of the pathophysiological effect and mechanism of the apelin/APJ system in the nervous system will help develop new therapeutic interventions for various neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xiu Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Longhua People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518109, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, PR China
| | - Nian-Nian Shuai
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanhua Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Xin Kuang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Longhua People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518109, PR China.
| | - Shao-Wen Tian
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, PR China.
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12
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Damjanovic J, Miao J, Huang H, Lin YS. Elucidating Solution Structures of Cyclic Peptides Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Chem Rev 2021; 121:2292-2324. [PMID: 33426882 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions are vital to biological processes, but the shape and size of their interfaces make them hard to target using small molecules. Cyclic peptides have shown promise as protein-protein interaction modulators, as they can bind protein surfaces with high affinity and specificity. Dozens of cyclic peptides are already FDA approved, and many more are in various stages of development as immunosuppressants, antibiotics, antivirals, or anticancer drugs. However, most cyclic peptide drugs so far have been natural products or derivatives thereof, with de novo design having proven challenging. A key obstacle is structural characterization: cyclic peptides frequently adopt multiple conformations in solution, which are difficult to resolve using techniques like NMR spectroscopy. The lack of solution structural information prevents a thorough understanding of cyclic peptides' sequence-structure-function relationship. Here we review recent development and application of molecular dynamics simulations with enhanced sampling to studying the solution structures of cyclic peptides. We describe novel computational methods capable of sampling cyclic peptides' conformational space and provide examples of computational studies that relate peptides' sequence and structure to biological activity. We demonstrate that molecular dynamics simulations have grown from an explanatory technique to a full-fledged tool for systematic studies at the forefront of cyclic peptide therapeutic design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovan Damjanovic
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Jiayuan Miao
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - He Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Yu-Shan Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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13
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Wang Y, Xue Y, Liu C, Chen L. Apelin-13 regulates electrical activity in the globus pallidus and induces postural changes in rats. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:2264-2268. [PMID: 33818511 PMCID: PMC8354122 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.310694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The globus pallidus is the relay nucleus of the basal ganglia, and changes in its electrical activity can cause motor impairment. Apelin-13 is widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It has been demonstrated that apelin-13 plays important roles in the regulation of blood pressure and other non-motor functions. However, its role in motor function has rarely been reported. In the present study, apelin-13 (10 μM/100 μM) was injected into the globus pallidus of rats. The results showed that apelin-13 increased the spontaneous discharges in the majority of pallidal neurons. However, an apelin-13-induced inhibitory effect on the firing rate was also observed in a few pallidal neurons. In postural tests, after the systemic administration of haloperidol, unilateral pallidal injection of apelin-13 caused a contralateral deflection. Together, these findings suggest that apelin-13 regulates the electrical activity of pallidal neurons and thus participates in central motor control in rats. The study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Qingdao University (approval No. 20200615Wistar0451003020) on June 15, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yan Xue
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Cui Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
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14
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Assan D, Huang Y, Mustapha UF, Addah MN, Li G, Chen H. Fish Feed Intake, Feeding Behavior, and the Physiological Response of Apelin to Fasting and Refeeding. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:798903. [PMID: 34975769 PMCID: PMC8715717 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.798903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Feed is one of the most important external signals in fish that stimulates its feeding behavior and growth. The intake of feed is the main factor determining efficiency and cost, maximizing production efficiency in a fish farming firm. The physiological mechanism regulating food intake lies between an intricate connection linking central and peripheral signals that are unified in the hypothalamus consequently responding to the release of appetite-regulating genes that eventually induce or hinder appetite, such as apelin; a recently discovered peptide produced by several tissues with diverse physiological actions mediated by its receptor, such as feed regulation. Extrinsic factors have a great influence on food intake and feeding behavior in fish. Under these factors, feeding in fish is decontrolled and the appetite indicators in the brain do not function appropriately thus, in controlling conditions which result in the fluctuations in the expression of these appetite-relating genes, which in turn decrease food consumption. Here, we examine the research advancements in fish feeding behavior regarding dietary selection and preference and identify some key external influences on feed intake and feeding behavior. Also, we present summaries of the results of research findings on apelin as an appetite-regulating hormone in fish. We also identified gaps in knowledge and directions for future research to fully ascertain the functional importance of apelin in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Assan
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Mariculture Organism Breeding, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yanlin Huang
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Mariculture Organism Breeding, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Umar Farouk Mustapha
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Mariculture Organism Breeding, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Mercy Nabila Addah
- Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management, Faculty of Bioscience, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Guangli Li
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Mariculture Organism Breeding, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Huapu Chen
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Mariculture Organism Breeding, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhanjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Huapu Chen,
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15
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Wang C, Xiong M, Yang C, Yang D, Zheng J, Fan Y, Wang S, Gai Y, Lan X, Chen H, Zheng L, Huang K. PEGylated and Acylated Elabela Analogues Show Enhanced Receptor Binding, Prolonged Stability, and Remedy of Acute Kidney Injury. J Med Chem 2020; 63:16028-16042. [PMID: 33290073 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI), mostly caused by renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury and nephrotoxins, is characterized by rapid deterioration in renal-functions without effective drug treatment available. Through activation of a G protein-coupled receptor APJ, a furin-cleaved fragment of Elabela (ELA[22-32], E11), an endogenous APJ ligand, protects against renal I/R injury. However, the poor plasma stability and relatively weak APJ-binding ability of E11 limit its application. To address these issues, we rationally designed and synthesized a set of E11 analogues modified by palmitic acid (Pal) or polyethylene glycol; improved plasma stability and APJ-binding capacity of these analogues were achieved. In cultured renal tubular cells, these analogues protected against hypoxia-reperfusion or cisplatin-caused injury. For renal I/R-injured mice, these analogues showed improved reno-protective effects than E11; notably, Pal-E11 showed therapeutic effects at 24 h post I/R injury. These results present ELA analogues as potential therapeutic options in managing AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Mingrui Xiong
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Chen Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Dong Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jiaojiao Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yu Fan
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shun Wang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Wuhan Hospital of Traditional and Western Medicine, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yongkang Gai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiaoli Lan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Hong Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ling Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Kun Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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16
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Li Y, Li Y, Li Y, Yang Z, Geng H, Liu C, Hao W, Yang R, Jin S, Wu Y, Wang X, Teng X. Inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress mediates the ameliorative effect of apelin on vascular calcification. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 152:17-28. [PMID: 33279504 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Apelin is the endogenous ligand of G protein-coupled receptor APJ and play an important role in the regulation of cardiovascular homeostasis. We aimed to investigate whether apelin ameliorates vascular calcification (VC) by inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). METHODS AND RESULTS VC model in rats was induced by nicotine plus vitamin D, while calcification of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) was induced by beta-glycerophosphate. Alizarin Red S staining showed dramatic calcium deposition in the aorta of rats with VC, while calcium contents and ALP activity also increased in calcified aorta. Protein levels of apelin and APJ were decreased in the calcified aorta. In rats with VC, apelin treatment significantly ameliorated aortic calcification, compliance and stimulation of ERS. The ameliorative effect of apelin on VC and ERS was also observed in calcified VSMCs. ERS stimulator (tunicamycin or DTT) blocked the beneficial effect of apelin. Apelin treatment activated the PI3K/Akt signaling, blockage of which by wortmannin or inhibitor IV prevented the ameliorative effect of apelin, while ERS inhibitor 4-PBA rescued the blockade effect of wortmannin. Akt-induced GSK inhibition prevented the phosphorylation of PERK and IRE1, and the activation of these two major ERS branches. F13A blocked the ameliorative effect of apelin on VC and ERS, which was reversed by treatment with 4-PBA or Akt activator SC79 CONCLUSIONS: Apelin ameliorated VC by binding to APJ and then prevented ERS activation by stimulating Akt signaling. These results might provide new target for therapy and prevention of VC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Li
- Hebei Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Hebei University of Chines Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050011, China
| | - Yuqing Li
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Ziyuan Yang
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Haigang Geng
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Chenxi Liu
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Wei Hao
- Hebei Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Hebei University of Chines Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050011, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Sheng Jin
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Yuming Wu
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Xiaoning Wang
- The Second Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China.
| | - Xu Teng
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science, Shijiazhuang 050017, China.
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17
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Jourdain de Muizon C, Ramanoudjame SM, Esteoulle L, Ling C, Brou G, Anton N, Vandamme T, Delsuc MA, Bonnet D, Kieffer B. Self-organization Properties of a GPCR-Binding Peptide with a Fluorinated Tail Studied by Fluorine NMR Spectroscopy. Chembiochem 2020; 22:657-661. [PMID: 32986915 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Conjugation of the bioactive apelin-17 peptide with a fluorocarbon chain results in self-organization of the peptide into micelles. Fluorine NMR spectroscopy studies show that the fluoropeptide's micelles are monodisperse, while proton NMR indicates that the peptide moiety remains largely disordered despite micellization. A very fast exchange rate is measured between the free and micellar states of the peptide which enables the number of molecules present in the micelle to be estimated as 200, in agreement with values found by dynamic light scattering measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sridévi M Ramanoudjame
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, LabEx MEDALIS, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR, 7200 Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Lucie Esteoulle
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, LabEx MEDALIS, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR, 7200 Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Claude Ling
- Departement of Integrative Structural Biology, IGBMC, Université de Strasbourg, INSERM U596, CNRS UMR, 7104 1, rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch, France
| | - Germain Brou
- Conception et Applications de Molécules Bioactives, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7199, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Nicolas Anton
- Conception et Applications de Molécules Bioactives, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7199, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Thierry Vandamme
- Conception et Applications de Molécules Bioactives, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7199, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Marc-André Delsuc
- Departement of Integrative Structural Biology, IGBMC, Université de Strasbourg, INSERM U596, CNRS UMR, 7104 1, rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch, France.,CASC4DE Le Lodge 20, Avenue du Neuhof, 67100, Strasbourg, France
| | - Dominique Bonnet
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, LabEx MEDALIS, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR, 7200 Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Bruno Kieffer
- Departement of Integrative Structural Biology, IGBMC, Université de Strasbourg, INSERM U596, CNRS UMR, 7104 1, rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch, France
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18
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Strohbach A, Böhm A, Mahajan-Thakur S, Wirtz C, Wetzel H, Busch MC, Felix SB, Rauch BH, Busch R. Platelet apelin receptor expression is reduced in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Vascul Pharmacol 2020; 136:106808. [PMID: 33130016 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2020.106808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The G-protein-coupled apelin receptor and its apelin ligand are an emerging regulatory system of the vascular homeostasis. To date, the implications of the apelin/apelin receptor system in athero-thrombosis are not completely clarified yet. This study determines the expression of the apelin receptor on human platelets, the effect of different apelin isoforms on platelet aggregation and the potential role of the apelin/apelin receptor system in acute myocardial infarction. METHODS We applied immunofluorescence staining, Western Blot analysis, aggregometry, and flow cytometry to elucidate the role of the apelin receptor in activated platelets. Furthermore, in an observational pilot study, we assessed platelet apelin recpetor expression and apelin-17 plasma levels in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI, n = 27). RESULTS Immunofluorescence staining indicates that the apelin receptor is located at the cell membrane in resting platelets and diminishes upon activation with a selective thrombin receptor-activating peptide (AP1, 3 to 100 μM). Western Blot analyses of AP1-activated platelets and their supernatants suggest that the apelin receptor is not predominantly internalized but is released from activated platelets. The isoform apelin-17 attenuated AP-1-induced platelet activation in-vitro, presumably via a NO-dependent mechanism. Furthermore, platelet apelin receptor expression was significantly reduced in patients with AMI (n = 27) compared to age-matched controls (n = 14; p < 0.05) and inversely correlated with troponin I plasma levels (r = -0.46; p = 0.03). Besides that, circulating apelin-17 was significantly reduced in MI patients compared to the control group. CONCLUSION Taken together, our data support a crucial role of the platelet apelinergic system assuming an antithrombotic effect and therefore holding a potential diagnostic and therapeutic impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Strohbach
- Department of Internal Medicine B (Cardiology), University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Strasse, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner site, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Andreas Böhm
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner site, Greifswald, Germany; Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 3, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Shailaja Mahajan-Thakur
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 3, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christopher Wirtz
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 3, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Hanno Wetzel
- Department of Internal Medicine B (Cardiology), University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Strasse, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mathias C Busch
- Department of Internal Medicine B (Cardiology), University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Strasse, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner site, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stephan B Felix
- Department of Internal Medicine B (Cardiology), University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Strasse, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner site, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Bernhard H Rauch
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner site, Greifswald, Germany; Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 3, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Raila Busch
- Department of Internal Medicine B (Cardiology), University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Strasse, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner site, Greifswald, Germany.
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19
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Sidorova M, Studneva I, Bushuev V, Pal'keeva M, Molokoedov A, Veselova O, Ovchinnikov M, Pisarenko O. [MeArg 1, NLe 10]-apelin-12: Optimization of solid-phase synthesis and evaluation of biological properties in vitro and in vivo. Peptides 2020; 129:170320. [PMID: 32380198 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chemically modified peptide apelin-12 ([MeArg1, NLe10]-apelin12, peptide M) is able to reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, cell death, and metabolic and ionic homeostasis disorders in experimental myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. These beneficial effects indicate the therapeutic potential of this compound in cardiovascular diseases. The goals of this work were to optimize the synthesis of peptide M, and to study its proteolytic stability and effect on the heart function of rabbits with doxorubicin (Dox) cardiomyopathy. We have developed a rational method of solid-phase synthesis of peptide M using the Fmoc methodology in combination with the temporary protection of the guanidine function of arginine residues by protonation (salt formation) during the formation of the amide bond. It avoids the formation of by-products, and simplifies the post-synthetic procedures, providing an increase in the yield of the final product of higher purity. Comparative evaluation of the proteolytic stability of peptide M and apelin-12 in human blood plasma was carried out using 1H NMR spectroscopy. It was shown that the half-life of peptide M in plasma is approximately three times longer than that of apelin-12. Intravenous infusion of increasing doses of peptide M caused a gradual increase in left ventricular (LV) fractional shortening and ejection fraction in rabbits after 8 weeks of Dox administration (2 mg/kg weekly). The effect of the modified peptide on LV systolic dysfunction was significantly more pronounced than the effect of apelin-12, which suggests the promise of using this pharmacological agonist of the APJ receptor in patients with heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sidorova
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, 3rd Cherepkovskaya Str., 15A, 121552 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Irina Studneva
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, 3rd Cherepkovskaya Str., 15A, 121552 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Valery Bushuev
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, 3rd Cherepkovskaya Str., 15A, 121552 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Marina Pal'keeva
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, 3rd Cherepkovskaya Str., 15A, 121552 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Alexander Molokoedov
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, 3rd Cherepkovskaya Str., 15A, 121552 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Oksana Veselova
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, 3rd Cherepkovskaya Str., 15A, 121552 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Michael Ovchinnikov
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, 3rd Cherepkovskaya Str., 15A, 121552 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Oleg Pisarenko
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, 3rd Cherepkovskaya Str., 15A, 121552 Moscow, Russian Federation.
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20
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Nyimanu D, Kay RG, Sulentic P, Kuc RE, Ambery P, Jermutus L, Reimann F, Gribble FM, Cheriyan J, Maguire JJ, Davenport AP. Development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for detection and quantification of in vivo derived metabolites of [Pyr 1]apelin-13 in humans. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19934. [PMID: 31882594 PMCID: PMC6934825 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56157-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
[Pyr1]apelin-13 is the predominant apelin peptide isoform in the human cardiovascular system and plasma. To date, few studies have investigated [Pyr1]apelin-13 metabolism in vivo in rats with no studies examining its stability in humans. We therefore aimed to develop an LC-MS/MS method for detection and quantification of intact [Pyr1]apelin-13 and have used this method to identify the metabolites generated in vivo in humans. [Pyr1]apelin-13 (135 nmol/min) was infused into six healthy human volunteers for 120 minutes and blood collected at time 0 and 120 minutes after infusion. Plasma was extracted in the presence of guanidine hydrochloride and analysed by LC-MS/MS. Here we report a highly sensitive, robust and reproducible method for quantification of intact [Pyr1]apelin-13 and its metabolites in human plasma. Using this method, we showed that the circulating concentration of intact peptide was 58.3 ± 10.5 ng/ml after 120 minutes infusion. We demonstrated for the first time that in humans, [Pyr1]apelin-13 was cleaved from both termini but the C-terminal was more susceptible to cleavage. Consequently, of the metabolites identified, [Pyr1]apelin-13(1-12), [Pyr1]apelin-13(1-10) and [Pyr1]apelin-13(1-6) were the most abundant. These data suggest that apelin peptides designed for use as cardiovascular therapeutics, should include modifications that minimise C-terminal cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duuamene Nyimanu
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Box 110, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Richard G Kay
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Sciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Petra Sulentic
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Box 110, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Rhoda E Kuc
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Box 110, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Philip Ambery
- Late-stage Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lutz Jermutus
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Frank Reimann
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Sciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Sciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Joseph Cheriyan
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Box 110, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Janet J Maguire
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Box 110, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Anthony P Davenport
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Box 110, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
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21
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Narayanan S, Vasukuttan V, Rajagopal S, Maitra R, Runyon SP. Identification of potent pyrazole based APELIN receptor (APJ) agonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 28:115237. [PMID: 31948845 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.115237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The apelinergic system comprises the apelin receptor and its cognate apelin and elabela peptide ligands of various lengths. This system has become an increasingly attractive target for pulmonary and cardiometabolic diseases. Small molecule regulators of this receptor with good drug-like properties are needed. Recently, we discovered a novel pyrazole based small molecule agonist 8 of the apelin receptor (EC50 = 21.5 µM, Ki = 5.2 µM) through focused screening which was further optimized to initial lead 9 (EC50 = 0.800 µM, Ki = 1.3 µM). In our efforts to synthesize more potent agonists and to explore the structural features important for apelin receptor agonism, we carried out structural modifications at N1 of the pyrazole core as well as the amino acid side-chain of 9. Systematic modifications at these two positions provided potent small molecule agonists exhibiting EC50 values of <100 nM. Recruitment of β-arrestin as a measure of desensitization potential of select compounds was also investigated. Functional selectivity was a feature of several compounds with a bias towards calcium mobilization over β-arrestin recruitment. These compounds may be suitable as tools for in vivo studies of apelin receptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanju Narayanan
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Vineetha Vasukuttan
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Sudarshan Rajagopal
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Rangan Maitra
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Scott P Runyon
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States.
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22
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Simmons JR, Murza A, Lumsden MD, Kenward C, Marsault É, Rainey JK. Simultaneous Ligand and Receptor Tracking through NMR Spectroscopy Enabled by Distinct 19F Labels. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153658. [PMID: 31357423 PMCID: PMC6696318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To probe ligand-receptor binding at the atomic-level, a frequent approach involves multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy experiments relying on 13C- and/or 15N-enrichment alongside 1H. Alternatively, the lack of fluorine in biomolecules may be exploited through specific incorporation of 19F nuclei into a sample. The 19F nucleus is highly sensitive to environmental changes and allows for one-dimensional NMR spectroscopic study, with perturbation to chemical shift and spin dynamics diagnostic of structural change, ligand binding, and modified conformational sampling. This was applied to the apelinergic system, which comprises a rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptor (the apelin receptor (AR)/APJ) and two families of cognate ligands, the apelin and apela (ELABELA/toddler) peptides. Specifically, AR fragments consisting of either the N-terminal tail and first transmembrane (TM) α-helix (AR55) or the first three transmembrane α-helices (TM1-3) were prepared with biosynthetic fluorotryptophan incorporation. Interactions of each AR fragment with a high-affinity, 2,4,5-trifluorophenylalanine labeled apelin analogue were compared by 19F NMR. Distinct ranges of 19F chemical shifts for ligand and receptor provide unambiguous tracking of both species, with distinct binding behaviour observed for each AR fragment implying that AR55 is not sufficient to recapitulate the physiological binding event. Site-specific perturbation was also apparent for the apelin analogue as a function of substitution site, indicating an orientational binding preference. As a whole, this strategy of distinctive 19F labelling for ligand and receptor provides a relatively fast (i.e., employing 1D NMR experiments) and highly sensitive method to simultaneously and definitively track binding in both species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Simmons
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Alexandre Murza
- Institut de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Michael D Lumsden
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Calem Kenward
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Éric Marsault
- Institut de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Jan K Rainey
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
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23
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Luo H, Han L, Xu J. Apelin/APJ system: A novel promising target for neurodegenerative diseases. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:638-657. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huaiqing Luo
- Department of Physiology Changsha Medical University Changsha Hunan China
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science Central South University Changsha Hunan China
| | - Li Han
- Department of Physiology Changsha Medical University Changsha Hunan China
| | - Jin Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Changsha Medical University Changsha Hunan China
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24
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Kuba K, Sato T, Imai Y, Yamaguchi T. Apelin and Elabela/Toddler; double ligands for APJ/Apelin receptor in heart development, physiology, and pathology. Peptides 2019; 111:62-70. [PMID: 29684595 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Apelin is an endogenous peptide ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor APJ/AGTRL1/APLNR and is widely expressed throughout human body. In adult hearts Apelin-APJ/Apelin receptor axis is potently inotropic, vasodilatory, and pro-angiogenic and thereby contributes to maintaining homeostasis in normal and pathological hearts. Apelin-APJ/Apelin receptor is also involved in heart development including endoderm differentiation, heart morphogenesis, and coronary vascular formation. APJ/Apelin receptor had been originally identified as an orphan receptor for its sequence similarity to Angiotensin II type 1 receptor, and it was later deorphanized by identification of Apelin in 1998. Both Apelin and Angiotensin II are substrates for Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which degrades the peptides and thus negatively regulates their agonistic activities. Elabela/Toddler, which shares little sequence homology with Apelin, has been recently identified as a second endogenous APJ ligand. Elabela plays crucial roles in heart development and disease conditions presumably at time points or at areas of the heart different from Apelin. Apelin and Elabela seem to constitute a spatiotemporal double ligand system to control APJ/Apelin receptor signaling in the heart. These expanding knowledges of Apelin systems would further encourage therapeutic applications of Apelin, Elabela, or their synthetic derivatives for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Kuba
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolic Science, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan.
| | - Teruki Sato
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolic Science, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan; Department of Cardiology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Yumiko Imai
- Laboratory of Regulation of Intractable Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Yamaguchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolic Science, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan
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25
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Onorato JM, Xu C, Chen XQ, Rose AV, Generaux C, Lentz K, Shipkova P, Arthur S, Hennan JK, Haskell R, Myers MC, Lawrence RM, Finlay HJ, Basso M, Bostwick J, Fernando G, Garcia R, Hellings S, Hsu MY, Zhang R, Zhao L, Gargalovic P. Linking (Pyr) 1apelin-13 pharmacokinetics to efficacy: Stabilization and measurement of a high clearance peptide in rodents. Anal Biochem 2018; 568:41-50. [PMID: 30605634 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Apelin, the endogenous ligand for the APJ receptor, has generated interest due to its beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system. Synthesized as a 77 amino acid preproprotein, apelin is post-translationally cleaved to a series of shorter peptides. Though (Pyr)1apelin-13 represents the major circulating form in plasma, it is highly susceptible to proteolytic degradation and has an extremely short half-life, making it challenging to quantify. Literature reports of apelin levels in rodents have historically been determined with commercial ELISA kits which suffer from a lack of selectivity, recognizing a range of active and inactive isoforms of apelin peptide. (Pyr)1apelin-13 has demonstrated beneficial hemodynamic effects in humans, and we wished to evaluate if similar effects could be measured in pre-clinical models. Despite development of a highly selective LC/MS/MS method, in rodent studies where (Pyr)1apelin-13 was administered exogenously the peptide was not detectable until a detailed stabilization protocol was implemented during blood collection. Further, the inherent high clearance of (Pyr)1apelin-13 required an extended release delivery system to enable chronic dosing. The ability to deliver sustained doses and stabilize (Pyr)1apelin-13 in plasma allowed us to demonstrate for the first time the link between systemic concentration of apelin and its pharmacological effects in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelle M Onorato
- Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, 08543-5400, USA.
| | - Carrie Xu
- Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, 08543-5400, USA
| | - Xue-Qing Chen
- Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, 08543-5400, USA
| | - Anne V Rose
- Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, 08543-5400, USA
| | - Claudia Generaux
- Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, 08543-5400, USA
| | - Kimberley Lentz
- Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, 08543-5400, USA
| | - Petia Shipkova
- Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, 08543-5400, USA
| | - Susan Arthur
- Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, 08543-5400, USA
| | - James K Hennan
- Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, 08543-5400, USA
| | - Roy Haskell
- Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, 08543-5400, USA
| | - Michael C Myers
- Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, 08543-5400, USA
| | - R Michael Lawrence
- Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, 08543-5400, USA
| | - Heather J Finlay
- Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, 08543-5400, USA
| | - Michael Basso
- Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, 08543-5400, USA
| | - Jeffrey Bostwick
- Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, 08543-5400, USA
| | - Gayani Fernando
- Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, 08543-5400, USA
| | - Ricardo Garcia
- Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, 08543-5400, USA
| | - Samuel Hellings
- Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, 08543-5400, USA
| | - Mei-Yin Hsu
- Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, 08543-5400, USA
| | - Rongan Zhang
- Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, 08543-5400, USA
| | - Lei Zhao
- Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, 08543-5400, USA
| | - Peter Gargalovic
- Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, 08543-5400, USA
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26
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Lou Y, Luo M, Lu Y, Li Z, Wang Y, Miao L. Elabela, a newly discovered APJ ligand: Similarities and differences with Apelin. Peptides 2018; 109:23-32. [PMID: 30267732 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Apelin/APJ system is involved in a wide range of biological functions. For a long time, Apelin was thought to be the only ligand for APJ. Recently, a new peptide that acts via APJ and has similar functions, called Elabela, was identified. Elabela has beneficial effects on body fluid homeostasis, cardiovascular health, and renal insufficiency, as well as potential benefits for metabolism and diabetes. In this review, the properties and biological functions of this new peptide are discussed in comparison with those of Apelin. Important areas for future study are also discussed, with the consideration that research on Apelin could guide future research on Elabela.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixian Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China; Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, 40202, USA
| | - Yonggang Wang
- Cardiovascular Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yan Lou
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Manyu Luo
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Yue Lu
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Yangwei Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China.
| | - Lining Miao
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China.
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27
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Sarker M, Speckert M, Rainey JK. Bicelle composition-dependent modulation of phospholipid dynamics by apelin peptides 1. Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 97:325-332. [PMID: 30092142 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2018-0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Apelin peptides are cognate ligands for the apelin receptor, a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). The apelinergic system plays critical roles in wide-ranging physiological activities including function and development of the central nervous and cardiovascular systems. Apelin is found in 13-55 residue isoforms in vivo, all of which share the C-terminal portion of the preproapelin precursor. Characterization of high-resolution structures and detergent micelle interactions of apelin-17 led to a two-step membrane-catalyzed binding and GPCR activation mechanism hypothesis recapitulated in longer isoforms. Here, we examine interactions of the apelin-13 and -17 isoforms with isotropic zwitterionic and mixed zwitterionic-anionic lipid bicelles to test for hallmarks of membrane catalysis in a more physiological membrane-mimetic environment than a micelle. Specifically, 1H and 31P relaxation and diffusion solution-state NMR techniques demonstrate that both apelin isoforms interact with both types of isotropic bicelles. Bicelle hydrodynamics were observed to be differentially modulated by apelin peptides, although these effects were minimal. Phospholipid headgroup 31P spin relaxation behaviour was, conversely, clearly perturbed. Perturbation of this nature was also observed in magnetically aligned bicelles by 31P solid-state NMR spectroscopy and spin relaxation experiments. This behaviour is consistent with an apelin-bicelle binding process allowing significant peptide mobility, facilitating membrane-catalyzed GPCR encounter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzaddid Sarker
- a Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Matt Speckert
- a Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Jan K Rainey
- a Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.,b Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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28
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Yan Z, Jiao H, Ding X, Ma Q, Li X, Pan Q, Wang T, Hou Y, Jiang Y, Liu Y, Chen J. Xiaoyaosan Improves Depressive-Like Behaviors in Mice through Regulating Apelin-APJ System in Hypothalamus. Molecules 2018; 23:E1073. [PMID: 29751542 PMCID: PMC6102542 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The apelin-APJ system has been considered to play a crucial role in HPA axis function, and how the traditional Chinese compound prescription Xiaoyaosan regulates the apelin-APJ system as a supplement to treat depressive disorders. Objective: To investigate the depression-like behaviors and expression of apelin and APJ in hypothalamus of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) mice and study whether these changes related to the regulation of Xiaoyaosan. Methods: 60 adult C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into four groups, including control group, CUMS group, Xiaoyaosan treatment group and fluoxetine treatment group. Mice in the control group and CUMS group received 0.5 mL physiological saline once a day by intragastric administration. Mice in two treatment groups received Xiaoyaosan (0.25 g/kg/d) and fluoxetine (2.6 mg/kg/d), respectively. After 21 days of modeling with CUMS, the expression of apelin and APJ in hypothalamus were measured by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR, western blot and immunohistochemical staining. The physical condition, body weight, food intake and behavior tests such as open field test, sucrose preference test and force swimming test were measured to evaluate depressive-like behaviors. Results: In this study, significant behavioral changes were found in CUMS-induced mice, meanwhile the expressions of apelin and APJ in the hypothalamus were changed after modeling. The body weight, food-intake and depressive-like behaviors in CUMS-induced mice could be improved by Xiaoyaosan treatment which is similar with the efficacy of fluoxetine, while the expressions of apelin and APJ in hypothalamus were modified by Xiaoyaosan. Conclusions: The data suggest that apelin-APJ system changes in the hypothalamus may be a target of depressive disorders, and the beneficial effects of Chinese compound prescription Xiaoyaosan on depressive-like behaviors may be mediated by the apelin-APJ system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Yan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Haiyan Jiao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Xiufang Ding
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Qingyu Ma
- Formula-pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Qiuxia Pan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Tingye Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yajing Hou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Youming Jiang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yueyun Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Jiaxu Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
- Formula-pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China.
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29
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Pouresmaeili-Babaki E, Esmaeili-Mahani S, Abbasnejad M, Ravan H. Protective Effect of Neuropeptide Apelin-13 on 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y Dopaminergic Cells: Involvement of Its Antioxidant and Antiapoptotic Properties. Rejuvenation Res 2018; 21:162-167. [DOI: 10.1089/rej.2017.1951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elham Pouresmaeili-Babaki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Kerman Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Saeed Esmaeili-Mahani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Kerman Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehdi Abbasnejad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hadi Ravan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
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30
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Murza A, Trân K, Bruneau-Cossette L, Lesur O, Auger-Messier M, Lavigne P, Sarret P, Marsault É. Apelins, ELABELA, and their derivatives: Peptidic regulators of the cardiovascular system and beyond. Pept Sci (Hoboken) 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pep2.24064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Murza
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
| | - Kien Trân
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
| | - Laurent Bruneau-Cossette
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
| | - Olivier Lesur
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
| | - Mannix Auger-Messier
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
| | - Pierre Lavigne
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
- Département de Biochimie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
| | - Philippe Sarret
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
| | - Éric Marsault
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
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Trân K, Murza A, Sainsily X, Coquerel D, Côté J, Belleville K, Haroune L, Longpré JM, Dumaine R, Salvail D, Lesur O, Auger-Messier M, Sarret P, Marsault É. A Systematic Exploration of Macrocyclization in Apelin-13: Impact on Binding, Signaling, Stability, and Cardiovascular Effects. J Med Chem 2018; 61:2266-2277. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kien Trân
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec Canada
| | - Alexandre Murza
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec Canada
| | - Xavier Sainsily
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec Canada
| | - David Coquerel
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec Canada
| | - Jérôme Côté
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec Canada
| | - Karine Belleville
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec Canada
| | - Lounès Haroune
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec Canada
| | - Jean-Michel Longpré
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec Canada
| | - Robert Dumaine
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec Canada
| | - Dany Salvail
- IPS Thérapeutique Inc., Sherbrooke J1G 5J6, Québec, Canada
| | - Olivier Lesur
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec Canada
| | - Mannix Auger-Messier
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
| | - Philippe Sarret
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec Canada
| | - Éric Marsault
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec Canada
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Abstract
Apelin and apela (ELABELA/ELA/Toddler) are two peptide ligands for a class A G-protein-coupled receptor named the apelin receptor (AR/APJ/APLNR). Ligand-AR interactions have been implicated in regulation of the adipoinsular axis, cardiovascular system, and central nervous system alongside pathological processes. Each ligand may be processed into a variety of bioactive isoforms endogenously, with apelin ranging from 13 to 55 amino acids and apela from 11 to 32, typically being cleaved C-terminal to dibasic proprotein convertase cleavage sites. The C-terminal region of the respective precursor protein is retained and is responsible for receptor binding and subsequent activation. Interestingly, both apelin and apela exhibit isoform-dependent variability in potency and efficacy under various physiological and pathological conditions, but most studies focus on a single isoform. Biophysical behavior and structural properties of apelin and apela isoforms show strong correlations with functional studies, with key motifs now well determined for apelin. Unlike its ligands, the AR has been relatively difficult to characterize by biophysical techniques, with most characterization to date being focused on effects of mutagenesis. This situation may improve following a recently reported AR crystal structure, but there are still barriers to overcome in terms of comprehensive biophysical study. In this review, we summarize the three components of the apelinergic system in terms of structure-function correlation, with a particular focus on isoform-dependent properties, underlining the potential for regulation of the system through multiple endogenous ligands and isoforms, isoform-dependent pharmacological properties, and biological membrane-mediated receptor interaction. © 2018 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:407-450, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungsoo Shin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Calem Kenward
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jan K Rainey
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Lack of association between the APLNR variant rs9943582 with ischemic stroke in the Chinese Han GeneID population. Oncotarget 2017; 8:107678-107684. [PMID: 29296197 PMCID: PMC5746099 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the most common causes of death worldwide. Genetic risk factors have been found to play important roles in the pathology of ischemic stroke. In a previous genome-wide association study, a functional variant (rs9943582, –154G/A) in the 5’ flanking region of the apelin receptor gene (APLNR) was shown to be significantly associated with stroke in the Japanese population. However, the association required validation in other ethnicities. To validate the genetic relationship between APLNR and ischemic stroke in the Chinese Han population, we genotyped rs9943582 in a case–control population containing 1,158 ischemic stroke patients and 1,265 common controls enrolled from the GeneID database, and performed a genetic association study. We detected no allelic or genotypic associations between rs9943582 and ischemic stroke in the Chinese Han GeneID population, although the study population provided sufficient statistical power. This finding indicates that the association between the APLNR variant and ischemic stroke or atherosclerosis may need further validation.
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Apelin conformational and binding equilibria upon micelle interaction primarily depend on membrane-mimetic headgroup. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15433. [PMID: 29133807 PMCID: PMC5684411 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14784-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Apelin is one of two peptide hormones that activate the apelin receptor (AR or APJ) to regulate the cardiovascular system, central nervous system, and adipoinsular axis. Here, we apply circular dichroism (CD) spectropolarimetry and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to characterize the potential membrane binding by the two longest bioactive apelin isoforms, apelin-55 and -36, using membrane-mimetic dodecylphosphocholine (DPC), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and 1-palmitoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-[phospho-rac-(1-glycerol)] (LPPG) micelles. Pulsed field gradient diffusion NMR experiments demonstrated preferential interaction of both apelin-55 and -36 with anionic SDS and LPPG micelles over zwitterionic DPC micelles. Chemical shift perturbations and changes in ps-ns scale dynamics of apelin-55 in all micelles were similarly localized along the polypeptide backbone, demonstrating clear dependence upon detergent headgroup, while comparison of chemical shifts between apelin-55 and apelin-36 showed negligible differences indicative of highly similar modes of micelle interaction. Notably, the observed behaviour was consistent with an ensemble averaged pair of free and bound states in fast exchange on the NMR timescale proportional to the fraction of micelle-bound protein, implying a similar conformational equilibrium regardless of headgroup and tailgroup. Membrane catalysis of apelin-AR binding would thus give rise to analogous behaviour in the essential C-terminal region common to all apelin isoforms.
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35
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Targeting the apelin pathway as a novel therapeutic approach for cardiovascular diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:1942-1950. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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36
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McKinnie SMK, Wang W, Fischer C, McDonald T, Kalin KR, Iturrioz X, Llorens-Cortes C, Oudit GY, Vederas JC. Synthetic Modification within the “RPRL” Region of Apelin Peptides: Impact on Cardiovascular Activity and Stability to Neprilysin and Plasma Degradation. J Med Chem 2017; 60:6408-6427. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaun M. K. McKinnie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Wang Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 8440-112 Street NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2B7, Canada
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, 8440-112 Street NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Conrad Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Tyler McDonald
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Kevin R. Kalin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Xavier Iturrioz
- Laboratory of Central Neuropeptides in the Regulation of Body Fluid Homeostasis and Cardiovascular Functions, INSERM, U1050, Paris, F-75005, France
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, Paris, F-75005, France
- CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Catherine Llorens-Cortes
- Laboratory of Central Neuropeptides in the Regulation of Body Fluid Homeostasis and Cardiovascular Functions, INSERM, U1050, Paris, F-75005, France
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, Paris, F-75005, France
- CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Gavin Y. Oudit
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 8440-112 Street NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2B7, Canada
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, 8440-112 Street NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - John C. Vederas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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Identification of a conformational heparin-recognition motif on the peptide hormone secretin: key role for cell surface binding. Biochem J 2017; 474:2249-2260. [PMID: 28536157 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Secretin is a peptide hormone that exerts pleiotropic physiological functions by specifically binding to its cognate membrane-bound receptor. The membrane catalysis model of peptide-receptor interactions states that soluble peptidic ligands initially interact with the plasma membrane. This interaction increases the local concentration and structures the peptide, enhancing the rate of receptor binding. However, this model does not consider the dense network of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) at the surface of eukaryotic cells. These sulfated polysaccharide chains are known to sequester numerous proteic signaling molecules. In the present study, we evaluated the interaction between the peptide hormone secretin and sulfated GAGs and its contribution to cell surface binding. Using GAG-deficient cells and competition experiments with soluble GAGs, we observed by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry that GAGs mediate the sequestration of secretin at the cell surface. Isothermal titration calorimetry and surface plasmon resonance revealed that secretin binds to heparin with dissociation constants ranging between 0.9 and 4 μM. By designing secretin derivatives with a restricted conformational ensemble, we observed that this interaction is mediated by the presence of a specific conformational GAG-recognition motif that decorates the surface of the peptide upon helical folding. The present study identifies secretin as a novel GAG-binding polypeptide and opens new research direction on the functional role of GAGs in the biology of secretin.
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Bioactivity of the putative apelin proprotein expands the repertoire of apelin receptor ligands. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:1901-1912. [PMID: 28546009 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apelin is a peptide ligand for a class A G-protein coupled receptor called the apelin receptor (AR or APJ) that regulates angiogenesis, the adipoinsular axis, and cardiovascular functions. Apelin has been shown to be bioactive as 13, 17, and 36 amino acid isoforms, C-terminal fragments of the putatively inactive 55-residue proprotein (proapelin or apelin-55). Although intracellular proprotein processing has been proposed, isolation of apelin-55 from colostrum and milk demonstrates potential for secretion prior to processing and the possibility of proapelin-AR interaction. METHODS Apelin isoform activity and potency were compared by an In-Cell Western™ assay for ERK phosphorylation using a stably AR-transfected HEK293A cell line. Conformational comparison of apelin isoforms was carried out by circular dichroism and heteronuclear solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. RESULTS Apelin-55 is shown to activate the AR, with similar maximum ERK phophorylation response and potency to the shorter isoforms except for apelin-13, which exhibited a greater potency. Correlating to this shared activity, highly similar conformations are exhibited in all apelin isoforms for the shared C-terminal region responsible for receptor binding and activation. CONCLUSIONS AR activation by all apelin isoforms likely hinges upon shared conformation and dynamics in the C-terminus, with apelin-55 providing an alternative bioactive isoform despite the addition of 19N-terminal residues relative to apelin-36. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Beyond providing novel insight into the physiology of this system, re-annotation of proapelin to the bioactive apelin-55 isoform adds to the molecular toolkit for dissection of apelin-AR interactions and expands the repertoire of therapeutic targets for the apelinergic system.
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Structural Basis for Apelin Control of the Human Apelin Receptor. Structure 2017; 25:858-866.e4. [PMID: 28528775 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Apelin receptor (APJR) is a key regulator of human cardiovascular function and is activated by two different endogenous peptide ligands, apelin and Elabela, each with different isoforms diversified by length and amino acid sequence. Here we report the 2.6-Å resolution crystal structure of human APJR in complex with a designed 17-amino-acid apelin mimetic peptide agonist. The structure reveals that the peptide agonist adopts a lactam constrained curved two-site ligand binding mode. Combined with mutation analysis and molecular dynamics simulations with apelin-13 binding to the wild-type APJR, this structure provides a mechanistic understanding of apelin recognition and binding specificity. Comparison of this structure with that of other peptide receptors suggests that endogenous peptide ligands with a high degree of conformational flexibility may bind and modulate the receptors via a similar two-site binding mechanism.
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40
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Applications of NMR to membrane proteins. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 628:92-101. [PMID: 28529197 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Membrane proteins present a challenge for structural biology. In this article, we review some of the recent developments that advance the application of NMR to membrane proteins, with emphasis on structural studies in detergent-free, lipid bilayer samples that resemble the native environment. NMR spectroscopy is not only ideally suited for structure determination of membrane proteins in hydrated lipid bilayer membranes, but also highly complementary to the other principal techniques based on X-ray and electron diffraction. Recent advances in NMR instrumentation, spectroscopic methods, computational methods, and sample preparations are driving exciting new efforts in membrane protein structural biology.
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Patterson RE, Weatherbee-Martin N, Rainey JK. Pyrene-Apelin Conjugation Modulates Fluorophore- and Peptide-Micelle Interactions. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:4768-4777. [PMID: 28414462 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b02376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive apelin peptide forms ranging in length from 12 to 55 amino acids bind to and activate the apelin receptor (AR or APJ), a class A G-protein coupled receptor. Apelin-12, -17, and -36 isoforms, named according to length, with an additional N-terminal cysteine residue allowed for regiospecific and efficient conjugation of pyrene maleimide. Through steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy, the emission properties of pyrene in aqueous buffer were compared to those of the pyrene-apelin conjugates both without and with zwitterionic or anionic micelles. Pyrene photophysics are consistent with an expected partitioning into the hydrophobic micellar cores, while pyrene-apelin conjugation prevented this partitioning. Apelin, conversely, is expected to preferentially interact with anionic micelles; pyrene-apelin conjugates appear to lose preferential interaction. Finally, Förster resonance energy transfer between pyrene and tryptophan residues in the N-terminal tail and first transmembrane segment (the AR55 construct, comprising residues 1-55 of the AR) was consistent with efficient nonspecific pyrene-apelin conjugate binding to micelles rather than direct, specific apelin-AR55 binding. This approach provides a versatile fluorophore conjugation strategy for apelin, particularly valuable given that even a highly hydrophobic fluorophore is not deleterious to peptide behavior in membrane-mimetic micellar systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin E Patterson
- Departments of †Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and ‡Chemistry, Dalhousie University , Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Nathan Weatherbee-Martin
- Departments of †Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and ‡Chemistry, Dalhousie University , Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Jan K Rainey
- Departments of †Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and ‡Chemistry, Dalhousie University , Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
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42
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Yang P, Kuc RE, Brame AL, Dyson A, Singer M, Glen RC, Cheriyan J, Wilkinson IB, Davenport AP, Maguire JJ. [Pyr 1]Apelin-13 (1-12) Is a Biologically Active ACE2 Metabolite of the Endogenous Cardiovascular Peptide [Pyr 1]Apelin-13. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:92. [PMID: 28293165 PMCID: PMC5329011 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: Apelin is a predicted substrate for ACE2, a novel therapeutic target. Our aim was to demonstrate the endogenous presence of the putative ACE2 product [Pyr1]apelin-13(1–12) in human cardiovascular tissues and to confirm it retains significant biological activity for the apelin receptor in vitro and in vivo. The minimum active apelin fragment was also investigated. Methods and Results: [Pyr1]apelin-13 incubated with recombinant human ACE2 resulted in de novo generation of [Pyr1]apelin-13(1–12) identified by mass spectrometry. Endogenous [Pyr1]apelin-13(1–12) was detected by immunostaining in human heart and lung localized to the endothelium. Expression was undetectable in lung from patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. In human heart [Pyr1]apelin-13(1–12) (pKi = 8.04 ± 0.06) and apelin-13(F13A) (pKi = 8.07 ± 0.24) competed with [125I]apelin-13 binding with nanomolar affinity, 4-fold lower than for [Pyr1]apelin-13 (pKi = 8.83 ± 0.06) whereas apelin-17 exhibited highest affinity (pKi = 9.63 ± 0.17). The rank order of potency of peptides to inhibit forskolin-stimulated cAMP was apelin-17 (pD2 = 10.31 ± 0.28) > [Pyr1]apelin-13 (pD2 = 9.67 ± 0.04) ≥ apelin-13(F13A) (pD2 = 9.54 ± 0.05) > [Pyr1]apelin-13(1–12) (pD2 = 9.30 ± 0.06). The truncated peptide apelin-13(R10M) retained nanomolar potency (pD2 = 8.70 ± 0.04) but shorter fragments exhibited low micromolar potency. In a β-arrestin recruitment assay the rank order of potency was apelin-17 (pD2 = 10.26 ± 0.09) >> [Pyr1]apelin-13 (pD2 = 8.43 ± 0.08) > apelin-13(R10M) (pD2 = 8.26 ± 0.17) > apelin-13(F13A) (pD2 = 7.98 ± 0.04) ≥ [Pyr1]apelin-13(1–12) (pD2 = 7.84 ± 0.06) >> shorter fragments (pD2 < 6). [Pyr1]apelin-13(1–12) and apelin-13(F13A) contracted human saphenous vein with similar sub-nanomolar potencies and [Pyr1]apelin-13(1–12) was a potent inotrope in paced mouse right ventricle and human atria. [Pyr1]apelin-13(1–12) elicited a dose-dependent decrease in blood pressure in anesthetized rat and dose-dependent increase in forearm blood flow in human volunteers. Conclusions: We provide evidence that ACE2 cleaves [Pyr1]apelin-13 to [Pyr1]apelin-13(1–12) and this cleavage product is expressed in human cardiovascular tissues. We have demonstrated biological activity of [Pyr1]apelin-13(1–12) at the human and rodent apelin receptor in vitro and in vivo. Our data show that reported enhanced ACE2 activity in cardiovascular disease should not significantly compromise the beneficial effects of apelin based therapies for example in PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiran Yang
- Department of Medicine, Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - Rhoda E Kuc
- Department of Medicine, Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - Aimée L Brame
- Department of Medicine, Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - Alex Dyson
- Division of Medicine, Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University College London London, UK
| | - Mervyn Singer
- Division of Medicine, Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University College London London, UK
| | - Robert C Glen
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Molecular Informatics, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK; Department of Surgery and Cancer, Biomolecular Medicine, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Joseph Cheriyan
- Department of Medicine, Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - Ian B Wilkinson
- Department of Medicine, Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - Anthony P Davenport
- Department of Medicine, Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - Janet J Maguire
- Department of Medicine, Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
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43
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Huang SK, Shin K, Sarker M, Rainey JK. Apela exhibits isoform- and headgroup-dependent modulation of micelle binding, peptide conformation and dynamics. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:767-778. [PMID: 28132903 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Apela (also referred to as ELABELA and toddler) is a peptide hormone that activates the apelin receptor (AR or APJ) to regulate cardiovascular system development and function. Here, we report the first biophysical characterization of three apela isoforms, apela-54, -32, and -11, alongside a monomeric C1S-apela-11 mutant, using circular dichroism (CD) spectropolarimetry and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The behaviour of apela-54 is consistent with a preprotein containing a hydrophobic, N-terminal signal peptide. The potential for apela-membrane binding, leading to membrane catalyzed interactions with AR, was tested comprehensively for apela-32 and -11 in the presence of membrane-mimetic dodecylphosphocholine (DPC), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and 1-palmitoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-[phospho-rac-(1-glycerol)] (LPPG) micelles. According to pulsed-field gradient diffusion NMR experiments, apela-32 interacts with all three micelles. Chemical shift perturbations indicate widespread interactions along apela, with DPC and LPPG micelles inducing short segments with α-helical character at distinct regions. Consistent with these data, ps-ns dynamics along the peptide backbone appear decreased in the presence of micelles. Apela-11 and C1S-apela-11, alternatively, interact preferentially with SDS and LPPG micelles, promoting β-turn character observable by CD. Distinct differences in membrane-interaction propensity are therefore apparent both as a function of apela isoform and of detergent headgroup. These results imply the potential for cell membrane involvement in apela-AR recognition and binding, with the implication that membrane catalysis has distinct functional and regulatory roles throughout the apelinergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuya K Huang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Kyungsoo Shin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Muzaddid Sarker
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Jan K Rainey
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.
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44
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Flahault A, Couvineau P, Alvear-Perez R, Iturrioz X, Llorens-Cortes C. Role of the Vasopressin/Apelin Balance and Potential Use of Metabolically Stable Apelin Analogs in Water Metabolism Disorders. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:120. [PMID: 28620355 PMCID: PMC5450005 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Apelin, a (neuro)vasoactive peptide, plays a prominent role in controlling body fluid homeostasis and cardiovascular functions. In animal models, experimental data demonstrate that intracerebroventricular injection of apelin into lactating rats inhibits the phasic electrical activity of arginine vasopressin (AVP) neurons, reduces plasma AVP levels, and increases aqueous diuresis. In the kidney, apelin increases diuresis by increasing the renal microcirculation and by counteracting the antidiuretic effect of AVP at the tubular level. Moreover, after water deprivation or salt loading, in humans and in rodents, AVP and apelin are conversely regulated to facilitate systemic AVP release and to avoid additional water loss from the kidney. Furthermore, apelin and vasopressin secretion are significantly altered in various water metabolism disorders including hyponatremia and polyuria-polydipsia syndrome. Since the in vivo half-life of apelin is in the minute range, metabolically stable apelin analogs were developed. The efficacy of these lead compounds for decreasing AVP release and increasing both renal blood flow and diuresis, make them promising candidates for the treatment of water retention and/or hyponatremic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Flahault
- Laboratory of Central Neuropeptides in the Regulation of Body Fluid Homeostasis and Cardiovascular Functions, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), INSERM, U1050/CNRS, UMR 7241, College de France, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Couvineau
- Laboratory of Central Neuropeptides in the Regulation of Body Fluid Homeostasis and Cardiovascular Functions, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), INSERM, U1050/CNRS, UMR 7241, College de France, Paris, France
| | - Rodrigo Alvear-Perez
- Laboratory of Central Neuropeptides in the Regulation of Body Fluid Homeostasis and Cardiovascular Functions, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), INSERM, U1050/CNRS, UMR 7241, College de France, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Iturrioz
- Laboratory of Central Neuropeptides in the Regulation of Body Fluid Homeostasis and Cardiovascular Functions, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), INSERM, U1050/CNRS, UMR 7241, College de France, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Llorens-Cortes
- Laboratory of Central Neuropeptides in the Regulation of Body Fluid Homeostasis and Cardiovascular Functions, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), INSERM, U1050/CNRS, UMR 7241, College de France, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Catherine Llorens-Cortes,
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45
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Murza A, Sainsily X, Côté J, Bruneau-Cossette L, Besserer-Offroy É, Longpré JM, Leduc R, Dumaine R, Lesur O, Auger-Messier M, Sarret P, Marsault É. Structure–activity relationship of novel macrocyclic biased apelin receptor agonists. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:449-458. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02247b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Apelin is the endogenous ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor APJ and exerts a key role in regulating cardiovascular functions.
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46
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Juhl C, Els-Heindl S, Schönauer R, Redlich G, Haaf E, Wunder F, Riedl B, Burkhardt N, Beck-Sickinger AG, Bierer D. Development of Potent and Metabolically Stable APJ Ligands with High Therapeutic Potential. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:2378-2384. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cathleen Juhl
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Bayer Pharma AG; Aprather Weg 18 A 42096 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Sylvia Els-Heindl
- Institute of Biochemistry; Leipzig University; Brüderstraße 34 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Ria Schönauer
- Institute of Biochemistry; Leipzig University; Brüderstraße 34 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Gorden Redlich
- Global External Innovation & Alliances; Bayer Pharma AG; Aprather Weg 18 A 42096 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Erik Haaf
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism; Bayer Pharma AG; Aprather Weg 18 A 42096 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Frank Wunder
- Lead Discovery Wuppertal; Bayer Pharma AG; Aprather Weg 18 A 42096 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Bernd Riedl
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Bayer Pharma AG; Aprather Weg 18 A 42096 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Nils Burkhardt
- Lead Discovery Wuppertal; Bayer Pharma AG; Aprather Weg 18 A 42096 Wuppertal Germany
| | | | - Donald Bierer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Bayer Pharma AG; Aprather Weg 18 A 42096 Wuppertal Germany
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47
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McKinnie SMK, Fischer C, Tran KMH, Wang W, Mosquera F, Oudit GY, Vederas JC. The Metalloprotease Neprilysin Degrades and Inactivates Apelin Peptides. Chembiochem 2016; 17:1495-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaun M. K. McKinnie
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Conrad Fischer
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Kelvin M. H. Tran
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Wang Wang
- Department of Medicine; Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta; 8440-112 St. NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2B7 Canada
| | - Fabricio Mosquera
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Gavin Y. Oudit
- Department of Medicine; Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta; 8440-112 St. NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2B7 Canada
| | - John C. Vederas
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
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48
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Narayanan S, Maitra R, Deschamps JR, Bortoff K, Thomas JB, Zhang Y, Warner K, Vasukuttan V, Decker A, Runyon SP. Discovery of a novel small molecule agonist scaffold for the APJ receptor. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:3758-70. [PMID: 27369451 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The apelinergic system includes a series of endogenous peptides apelin, ELABELA/TODDLER and their 7-transmembrane G-protein coupled apelin receptor (APJ, AGTRL-1, APLNR). The APJ receptor is an attractive therapeutic target because of its involvement in cardiovascular diseases and potentially other disorders including liver fibrosis, obesity, diabetes, and neuroprotection. To date, pharmacological characterization of the APJ receptor has been limited due to the lack of small molecule functional agonists or antagonists. Through focused screening we identified a drug-like small molecule agonist hit 1 with a functional EC50 value of 21.5±5μM and binding affinity (Ki) of 5.2±0.5μM. Initial structure-activity studies afforded compound 22 having a 27-fold enhancement in potency and the first sub-micromolar full agonist with an EC50 value of 800±0.1nM and Ki of 1.3±0.3μM. Preliminary SAR, synthetic methodology, and in vitro pharmacological characterization indicate this scaffold will serve as a favorable starting point for further refinement of APJ potency and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanju Narayanan
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Rangan Maitra
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Jeffery R Deschamps
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Code 6930, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Katherine Bortoff
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - James B Thomas
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Keith Warner
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Vineetha Vasukuttan
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Ann Decker
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Scott P Runyon
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States.
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49
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Murza A, Belleville K, Longpré JM, Sarret P, Marsault É. Stability and degradation patterns of chemically modified analogs of apelin-13 in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. Biopolymers 2016; 102:297-303. [PMID: 24728860 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Apelin is the endogenous ligand of APJ, which belongs to the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors. In recent years, the apelin/APJ system has been detected in many tissues and emerges as a promising target for the treatment of various pathophysiological conditions. Pyr1-apelin-13 is the major isoform of apelin in human plasma; however its stability and proteolytic degradation pattern remain poorly understood. The aim of the present study was first to identify the cleavage sites of Pyr1-apelin-13 in mouse, rat and human plasma and rat cerebrospinal fluid, then to determine its stability to proteolytic degradation following intravenous administration in rats. Secondly, key residues were substituted by natural and unnatural amino acids in order to examine the impact on in vitro stability and degradation pattern. The kinetics of degradation revealed that the Leu5-Ser6 peptide bond of Pyr1-apelin-13 is the first cleavage observed in plasma, independently of the species. Replacement of Phe13 by unnatural amino acids showed a 10-fold increase in plasma stability although the hydrolysis of Pro12-Phe13 bond, previously described as a site of cleavage by ACE-2, was not observed. In vivo, this Pro12-Phe13 bond was cleaved yet appears as a minor product compared to hydrolysis of the Pro10-Met11 bond. This study pinpoints the most critical amino acids targeted by proteases and will be instrumental for the design of Pyr1-apelin-13 analogs possessing increased stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Murza
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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50
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Murza A, Sainsily X, Coquerel D, Côté J, Marx P, Besserer-Offroy É, Longpré JM, Lainé J, Reversade B, Salvail D, Leduc R, Dumaine R, Lesur O, Auger-Messier M, Sarret P, Marsault É. Discovery and Structure-Activity Relationship of a Bioactive Fragment of ELABELA that Modulates Vascular and Cardiac Functions. J Med Chem 2016; 59:2962-72. [PMID: 26986036 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
ELABELA (ELA) was recently discovered as a novel endogenous ligand of the apelin receptor (APJ), a G protein-coupled receptor. ELA signaling was demonstrated to be crucial for normal heart and vasculature development during embryogenesis. We delineate here ELA's structure-activity relationships and report the identification of analogue 3 (ELA(19-32)), a fragment of ELA that binds to APJ, activates the Gαi1 and β-arrestin-2 signaling pathways, and induces receptor internalization similarly to its parent endogenous peptide. An alanine scan performed on 3 revealed that the C-terminal residues are critical for binding to APJ and signaling. Finally, using isolated-perfused hearts and in vivo hemodynamic and echocardiographic measurements, we demonstrate that ELA and 3 both reduce arterial pressure and exert positive inotropic effects on the heart. Altogether, these results present ELA and 3 as potential therapeutic options in managing cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Murza
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Québec, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Québec, Canada
| | - Xavier Sainsily
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Québec, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Québec, Canada
| | - David Coquerel
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Québec, Canada
| | - Jérôme Côté
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Québec, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Québec, Canada
| | - Patricia Marx
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Québec, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Québec, Canada
| | - Élie Besserer-Offroy
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Québec, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Michel Longpré
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Québec, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Québec, Canada
| | - Jean Lainé
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Québec, Canada
| | - Bruno Reversade
- Laboratory of Human Embryology & Genetics, Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR , 8A Biomedical Grove, 138648 Singapore
| | - Dany Salvail
- IPS Thérapeutique Inc. , Sherbrooke, J1G 5J6 Québec, Canada
| | - Richard Leduc
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Québec, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Québec, Canada
| | - Robert Dumaine
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Québec, Canada
| | - Olivier Lesur
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Québec, Canada
| | - Mannix Auger-Messier
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Québec, Canada
| | - Philippe Sarret
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Québec, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Québec, Canada
| | - Éric Marsault
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Québec, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Québec, Canada
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