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Cen X, Chen Q, Wang B, Xu H, Wang X, Ling Y, Zhang X, Qin D. UBE2O ubiquitinates PTRF/CAVIN1 and inhibits the secretion of exosome-related PTRF/CAVIN1. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:191. [PMID: 36443833 PMCID: PMC9703712 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00996-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exosomes are small vesicles released by cells, which have crucial functions in intercellular communication. Exosomes originated from cell membrane invagination and are released followed by multivesicular bodies (MVBs) fused with the cell membrane. It is known that Polymerase I and Transcript Release Factor (PTRF, also known as Caveolin-associated Protein-1, CAVIN1) plays an important role in caveolae formation and exosome secretion. And PTRF in exosomes has been identified as a potential biomarker in multiple malignancies such as glioma and renal cell carcinoma. However, the mechanisms of how to regulate the secretion of exosome-related PTRF remain unknown. METHODS We performed exogenous and endogenous immunoprecipitation assays to investigate the interaction between ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2O (UBE2O) and PTRF. We identified UBE2O ubiquitinated PTRF using ubiquitination assays. Then, exosomes were isolated by ultracentrifugation and identified by transmission electronic microscopy, western blot and nanoparticle tracking analysis. The effect of UBE2O on the secretion of exosome-related PTRF was analyzed by western blot, and the effect of UBE2O on exosome secretion was evaluated by exosome markers and the total protein content of exosomes. RESULTS Here, we showed that UBE2O interacts with PTRF directly and ubiquitinates PTRF. Functionally, we found that UBE2O inhibited the effects of PTRF on exosome secretion via decreasing caveolae formation. Importantly, UBE2O decreased exosome secretion, resulting in downregulating PTRF secretion via exosomes. Our study also identified Serum Deprivation Protein Response (SDPR, also known as Caveolin-associated Protein-2, CAVIN2) interacted with both UBE2O and PTRF. Furthermore, we found that SDPR promotes PTRF expression in exosomes. Interestingly, even in the presence of SDPR, UBE2O still inhibited the secretion of exosome-related PTRF. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that UBE2O downregulated exosome release and controlled the secretion of exosome-related PTRF through ubiquitinating PTRF. Since exosomes play an important role in malignant tumor growth and PTRF included in exosomes is a biomarker for several malignant tumors, increasing UBE2O expression in cells has the potential to be developed as a novel approach for cancer treatment. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Cen
- grid.410737.60000 0000 8653 1072Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis, Therapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510799 China ,grid.508040.90000 0004 9415 435XBasic Research Center, BioLand Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530 China
| | - Qing Chen
- grid.410737.60000 0000 8653 1072Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis, Therapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510799 China ,grid.508040.90000 0004 9415 435XBasic Research Center, BioLand Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530 China
| | - Bin Wang
- grid.410737.60000 0000 8653 1072Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis, Therapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510799 China ,grid.508040.90000 0004 9415 435XBasic Research Center, BioLand Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530 China
| | - Hongjie Xu
- grid.410737.60000 0000 8653 1072Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis, Therapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510799 China ,grid.508040.90000 0004 9415 435XBasic Research Center, BioLand Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530 China
| | - Xu Wang
- grid.508040.90000 0004 9415 435XBasic Research Center, BioLand Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530 China
| | - Yixia Ling
- grid.410737.60000 0000 8653 1072Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis, Therapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510799 China ,grid.508040.90000 0004 9415 435XBasic Research Center, BioLand Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530 China
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- grid.410737.60000 0000 8653 1072Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis, Therapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510799 China ,grid.428926.30000 0004 1798 2725CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Cell Lineage and Development, GIBH-HKU Guangdong-Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530 China
| | - Dajiang Qin
- grid.410737.60000 0000 8653 1072Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis, Therapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510799 China ,grid.508040.90000 0004 9415 435XBasic Research Center, BioLand Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530 China ,grid.9227.e0000000119573309Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong SAR, China
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2
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Hsu CC, Peng D, Cai Z, Lin HK. AMPK signaling and its targeting in cancer progression and treatment. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 85:52-68. [PMID: 33862221 PMCID: PMC9768867 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The intrinsic mechanisms sensing the imbalance of energy in cells are pivotal for cell survival under various environmental insults. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) serves as a central guardian maintaining energy homeostasis by orchestrating diverse cellular processes, such as lipogenesis, glycolysis, TCA cycle, cell cycle progression and mitochondrial dynamics. Given that AMPK plays an essential role in the maintenance of energy balance and metabolism, managing AMPK activation is considered as a promising strategy for the treatment of metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes and obesity. Since AMPK has been attributed to aberrant activation of metabolic pathways, mitochondrial dynamics and functions, and epigenetic regulation, which are hallmarks of cancer, targeting AMPK may open up a new avenue for cancer therapies. Although AMPK is previously thought to be involved in tumor suppression, several recent studies have unraveled its tumor promoting activity. The double-edged sword characteristics for AMPK as a tumor suppressor or an oncogene are determined by distinct cellular contexts. In this review, we will summarize recent progress in dissecting the upstream regulators and downstream effectors for AMPK, discuss the distinct roles of AMPK in cancer regulation and finally offer potential strategies with AMPK targeting in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Chia Hsu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA
| | - Danni Peng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA
| | - Zhen Cai
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA.
| | - Hui-Kuan Lin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA.
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3
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Yip MC, Sedor SF, Shao S. Mechanism of client selection by the protein quality-control factor UBE2O. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2022; 29:774-780. [PMID: 35915257 PMCID: PMC9526450 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-022-00807-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The E2/E3 enzyme UBE2O ubiquitylates diverse clients to mediate important processes, including targeting unassembled 'orphan' proteins for quality control and clearing ribosomes during erythropoiesis. How quality-control factors, such as UBE2O, select clients on the basis of heterogeneous features is largely unknown. Here, we show that UBE2O client selection is regulated by ubiquitin binding and a cofactor, NAP1L1. Attaching a single ubiquitin onto a client enhances UBE2O binding and multi-mono-ubiquitylation. UBE2O also repurposes the histone chaperone NAP1L1 as an adapter to recruit a subset of clients. Cryo-EM structures of human UBE2O in complex with NAP1L1 reveal a malleable client recruitment interface that is autoinhibited by the intrinsically reactive UBC domain. Adding a ubiquitylated client identifies a distinct ubiquitin-binding SH3-like domain required for client selection. Our findings reveal how multivalency and a feed-forward mechanism drive the selection of protein quality-control clients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C.J. Yip
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115
| | - Samantha F. Sedor
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115
| | - Sichen Shao
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115,Correspondence:
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4
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Yang TJ, Li TN, Huang RS, Pan MYC, Lin SY, Lin S, Wu KP, Wang LHC, Hsu STD. Tumor suppressor BAP1 nuclear import is governed by transportin-1. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213174. [PMID: 35446349 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202201094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Subcellular localization of the deubiquitinating enzyme BAP1 is deterministic for its tumor suppressor activity. While the monoubiquitination of BAP1 by an atypical E2/E3-conjugated enzyme UBE2O and BAP1 auto-deubiquitination are known to regulate its nuclear localization, the molecular mechanism by which BAP1 is imported into the nucleus has remained elusive. Here, we demonstrated that transportin-1 (TNPO1, also known as Karyopherin β2 or Kapβ2) targets an atypical C-terminal proline-tyrosine nuclear localization signal (PY-NLS) motif of BAP1 and serves as the primary nuclear transporter of BAP1 to achieve its nuclear import. TNPO1 binding dissociates dimeric BAP1 and sequesters the monoubiquitination sites flanking the PY-NLS of BAP1 to counteract the function of UBE2O that retains BAP1 in the cytosol. Our findings shed light on how TNPO1 regulates the nuclear import, self-association, and monoubiquitination of BAP1 pertinent to oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Jing Yang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tian-Neng Li
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Rih-Sheng Huang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Max Yu-Chen Pan
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yu Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Academia Sinica Common Mass Spectrometry Facilities for Proteomics and Protein Modification Analysis, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Steven Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuen-Phon Wu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lily Hui-Ching Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Te Danny Hsu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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5
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E3 ligases: a potential multi-drug target for different types of cancers and neurological disorders. Future Med Chem 2022; 14:187-201. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2021-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitylation is a posttranslational modification of proteins that is necessary for a variety of cellular processes. E1 ubiquitin activating enzyme, E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme, and E3 ubiquitin ligase are all involved in transferring ubiquitin to the target substrate to regulate cellular function. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of different aspects of E3 ubiquitin ligases that can lead to major biological system failure in several deadly diseases. The first part of this review covers the important characteristics of E3 ubiquitin ligases and their classification based on structural domains. Further, the authors provide some online resources that help researchers explore the data relevant to the enzyme. The following section delves into the involvement of E3 ubiquitin ligases in various diseases and biological processes, including different types of cancer and neurological disorders.
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6
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Liu X, Qiao K, Zhu K, Li X, Zhao C, Li J, Feng D, Fang Y, Wang P, Qian C, Qiao W. Long Noncoding RNA HCG18 Promotes Malignant Phenotypes of Breast Cancer Cells via the HCG18/miR-103a-3p/UBE2O/mTORC1/HIF-1α-Positive Feedback Loop. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:675082. [PMID: 34976998 PMCID: PMC8715259 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.675082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, an increasing number of studies have reported that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play crucial roles in breast cancer (BC) progression and metastasis. Another study group of our research center reported that lncRNA HCG18 was one of the 30 upregulated lncRNAs in BC tissues compared with normal tissues in The Cancer Genome Atlas database. However, the exact biological roles of HCG18 in BC remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that HCG18 is significantly upregulated in BC tissues and cells and that BC patients with high HCG18 expression tend to have poor prognosis. In vitro assays indicated that HCG18 promotes BC cell proliferation and invasion and endows BC cells with cancer stemness properties. In vivo assays revealed that reducing HCG18 expression in the BC cell line MDA-MB-231 markedly decreased tumor growth and lung metastasis in xenograft mouse models. In terms of mechanism, we found that HCG18 positively regulated the expression of BC-related ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2O (UBE2O) by sponging miR-103a-3p, and our previous research verified that UBE2O could promote the malignant phenotypes of BC cells through the UBE2O/AMPKα2/mTORC1 axis. Furthermore, as a downstream target of the HCG18/miR-103a-3p/UBE2O/mTORC1 axis, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α transcriptionally promoted HCG18 expression and then formed a positive feedback loop in BC. Taken together, these results confirm that HCG18 plays an oncogenic role in BC and might serve as a prognostic biomarker and a potential therapeutic target for BC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- Department of Abdominal Radiotherapy, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Kun Qiao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Kaiyuan Zhu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xianglan Li
- Department of Abdominal Radiotherapy, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chunbo Zhao
- Department of Abdominal Radiotherapy, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- Department of Abdominal Radiotherapy, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Dawei Feng
- Department of Radiotherapy Technology Center, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yu Fang
- Department of Oncology Phase I Clinical Research, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Abdominal Radiotherapy, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Cheng Qian
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenbo Qiao
- Department of Abdominal Radiotherapy, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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7
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Chang SC, Zhang BX, Ding JL. E2-E3 ubiquitin enzyme pairing - partnership in provoking or mitigating cancers. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188679. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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8
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Cao C, Xue C. More Than Just Cleaning: Ubiquitin-Mediated Proteolysis in Fungal Pathogenesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:774613. [PMID: 34858882 PMCID: PMC8631298 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.774613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin-proteasome mediated protein turnover is an important regulatory mechanism of cellular function in eukaryotes. Extensive studies have linked the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) to human diseases, and an array of proteasome inhibitors have been successfully developed for cancer therapy. Although still an emerging field, research on UPS regulation of fungal development and virulence has been rapidly advancing and has generated considerable excitement in its potential as a target for novel drugs. In this review, we summarize UPS composition and regulatory function in pathogenic fungi, especially in stress responses, host adaption, and fungal pathogenesis. Emphasis will be given to UPS regulation of pathogenic factors that are important for fungal pathogenesis. We also discuss future potential therapeutic strategies for fungal infections based on targeting UPS pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjun Cao
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Chaoyang Xue
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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9
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UBE2O promotes the proliferation, EMT and stemness properties of breast cancer cells through the UBE2O/AMPKα2/mTORC1-MYC positive feedback loop. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:10. [PMID: 31907353 PMCID: PMC6944706 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2194-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2O (UBE2O) is a large E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme that possesses both E2 and E3 ligase activities. Ectopic UBE2O overexpression is associated with a variety of human diseases, especially cancers. However, the expression profile and functional biology of UBE2O in human breast cancer (BC) remain unclear. In this study, we found that UBE2O was significantly overexpressed in human BC tissues and cells. Patients with high UBE2O expression tended to have a high risk of metastasis and poor prognosis. In vitro assays revealed that UBE2O promoted BC cell proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) and endowed BC cells with cancer stemness properties (CSPs). UBE2O knockdown in MDA-MB-231 cells suppressed tumour growth and lung metastasis in MDA-MB-231 xenograft mouse models. Mechanistically, UBE2O functioned as a ubiquitin enzyme of AMPKα2, promoting its ubiquitination and degradation and thus activating the mTORC1 signal pathway and contributing to BC oncogenesis and metastasis. Furthermore, as a downstream factor of the UBE2O/AMPKα2/mTORC1 axis, the oncoprotein MYC transcriptionally promoted UBE2O and formed a positive feedback loop in human BC. Collectively, our study demonstrated that UBE2O/AMPKα2/mTORC1-MYC forms a positive feedback loop in human BC cells that regulates BC cell proliferation and EMT and endows BC cells with CSPs.
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10
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Vila IK, Park MK, Setijono SR, Yao Y, Kim H, Badin PM, Choi S, Narkar V, Choi SW, Chung J, Moro C, Song SJ, Song MS. A muscle-specific UBE2O/AMPKα2 axis promotes insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome in obesity. JCI Insight 2019; 4:128269. [PMID: 31292296 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.128269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2O (UBE2O) is expressed preferentially in metabolic tissues, but its role in regulating energy homeostasis has yet to be defined. Here we find that UBE2O is markedly upregulated in obese subjects with type 2 diabetes and show that whole-body disruption of Ube2o in mouse models in vivo results in improved metabolic profiles and resistance to high-fat diet-induced (HFD-induced) obesity and metabolic syndrome. With no difference in nutrient intake, Ube2o-/- mice were leaner and expended more energy than WT mice. In addition, hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp studies revealed that Ube2o-/- mice were profoundly insulin sensitive. Through phenotype analysis of HFD mice with muscle-, fat-, or liver-specific knockout of Ube2o, we further identified UBE2O as an essential regulator of glucose and lipid metabolism programs in skeletal muscle, but not in adipose or liver tissue. Mechanistically, UBE2O acted as a ubiquitin ligase and targeted AMPKα2 for ubiquitin-dependent degradation in skeletal muscle; further, muscle-specific heterozygous knockout of Prkaa2 ablated UBE2O-controlled metabolic processes. These results identify the UBE2O/AMPKα2 axis as both a potent regulator of metabolic homeostasis in skeletal muscle and a therapeutic target in the treatment of diabetes and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle K Vila
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mi Kyung Park
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Yixin Yao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hyejin Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Pierre-Marie Badin
- Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sekyu Choi
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Vihang Narkar
- Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sung-Woo Choi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jongkyeong Chung
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Cedric Moro
- Obesity Research Laboratory, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, UMR 1048, Inserm, Toulouse, France
| | - Su Jung Song
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si, South Korea
| | - Min Sup Song
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Ullah K, Zubia E, Narayan M, Yang J, Xu G. Diverse roles of the E2/E3 hybrid enzyme
UBE
2O in the regulation of protein ubiquitination, cellular functions, and disease onset. FEBS J 2018; 286:2018-2034. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kifayat Ullah
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Emmanuel Zubia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry The University of Texas at El Paso TX USA
| | - Mahesh Narayan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry The University of Texas at El Paso TX USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Guoqiang Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu China
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12
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De Cesare V, Johnson C, Barlow V, Hastie J, Knebel A, Trost M. The MALDI-TOF E2/E3 Ligase Assay as Universal Tool for Drug Discovery in the Ubiquitin Pathway. Cell Chem Biol 2018; 25:1117-1127.e4. [PMID: 30017913 PMCID: PMC6162346 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Due to their role in many diseases, enzymes of the ubiquitin system have recently become interesting drug targets. Despite efforts, primary screenings of compound libraries targeting E2 enzymes and E3 ligases have been strongly limited by the lack of robust and fast high-throughput assays. Here we report a label-free high-throughput screening assay for ubiquitin E2 conjugating enzymes and E3 ligases based on MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The MALDI-TOF E2/E3 assay allows testing E2 enzymes and E3 ligases for their ubiquitin transfer activity, identifying E2/E3 active pairs, inhibitor potency and specificity and screening compound libraries in vitro without chemical or fluorescent probes. We demonstrate that the MALDI-TOF E2/E3 assay is a universal tool for drug discovery screening in the ubiquitin pathway as it is suitable for working with all E3 ligase families and requires a reduced amount of reagents, compared with standard biochemical assays. We have developed a high-throughput MALDI-TOF assay for E2/E3 enzymes It allows screening compound libraries without chemical or fluorescent probes We tested the screen on three disease-relevant E3 ligases: MDM2, ITCH, and HOIP We performed a proof-of-concept high-throughput screen against 1,430 compounds
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia De Cesare
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dow St, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK.
| | - Clare Johnson
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit Reagents and Services, University of Dundee, Dow St, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
| | - Victoria Barlow
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit Reagents and Services, University of Dundee, Dow St, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
| | - James Hastie
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit Reagents and Services, University of Dundee, Dow St, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
| | - Axel Knebel
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dow St, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
| | - Matthias Trost
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dow St, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK; Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 1HH, UK.
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Chen S, Yang J, Zhang Y, Duan C, Liu Q, Huang Z, Xu Y, Zhou L, Xu G. Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UBE2O regulates cellular clock function by promoting the degradation of the transcription factor BMAL1. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:11296-11309. [PMID: 29871923 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the circadian rhythm is associated with many diseases, including diabetes, obesity, and cancer. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like protein 1 (Arntl or Bmal1) is the only clock gene whose loss disrupts circadian locomotor behavior in constant darkness. BMAL1 levels are affected by proteasomal inhibition and by several enzymes in the ubiquitin-proteasome system, but the exact molecular mechanism remains unclear. Here, using immunoprecipitation and MS analyses, we discovered an interaction between BMAL1 and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 O (UBE2O), an E3-independent E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (i.e. hybrid E2/E3 enzyme). Biochemical experiments with cell lines and animal tissues validated this specific interaction and uncovered that UBE2O expression reduces BMAL1 levels by promoting its ubiquitination and degradation. Moreover, UBE2O expression/knockdown diminished/increased, respectively, BMAL1-mediated transcriptional activity but did not affect BMAL1 gene expression. Bioluminescence experiments disclosed that UBE2O knockdown elevates the amplitude of the circadian clock in human osteosarcoma U2OS cells. Furthermore, mapping of the BMAL1-interacting domain in UBE2O and analyses of BMAL1 stability and ubiquitination revealed that the conserved region 2 (CR2) in UBE2O significantly enhances BMAL1 ubiquitination and decreases BMAL1 protein levels. A Cys-to-Ser substitution experiment identified the critical Cys residue in the CR2 domain responsible for BMAL1 ubiquitination. This work identifies UBE2O as a critical regulator in the ubiquitin-proteasome system, which modulates BMAL1 transcriptional activity and circadian function by promoting BMAL1 ubiquitination and degradation under normal physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suping Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Chunyan Duan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Zhengyun Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda Genomic Resource Center, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda Genomic Resource Center, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Guoqiang Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
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14
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Hormaechea-Agulla D, Kim Y, Song MS, Song SJ. New Insights into the Role of E2s in the Pathogenesis of Diseases: Lessons Learned from UBE2O. Mol Cells 2018; 41:168-178. [PMID: 29562734 PMCID: PMC5881090 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2018.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular communication via ubiquitin (Ub) signaling impacts all aspects of cell biology and regulates pathways critical to human development and viability; therefore aberrations or defects in Ub signaling can contribute to the pathogenesis of human diseases. Ubiquitination consists of the addition of Ub to a substrate protein via coordinated action of E1-activating, E2-conjugating and E3-ligating enzymes. Approximately 40 E2s have been identified in humans, and most are thought to be involved in Ub transfer; although little information is available regarding the majority of them, emerging evidence has highlighted their importance to human health and disease. In this review, we focus on recent insights into the pathogenetic roles of E2s (particularly the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2O [UBE2O]) in debilitating diseases and cancer, and discuss the tantalizing prospect that E2s may someday serve as potential therapeutic targets for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hormaechea-Agulla
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030,
USA
| | - Youngjo Kim
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151,
Korea
| | - Min Sup Song
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030,
USA
- Cancer Biology Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030,
USA
| | - Su Jung Song
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151,
Korea
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15
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Nguyen AT, Prado MA, Schmidt PJ, Sendamarai AK, Wilson-Grady JT, Min M, Campagna DR, Tian G, Shi Y, Dederer V, Kawan M, Kuehnle N, Paulo JA, Yao Y, Weiss MJ, Justice MJ, Gygi SP, Fleming MD, Finley D. UBE2O remodels the proteome during terminal erythroid differentiation. Science 2017; 357:eaan0218. [PMID: 28774900 PMCID: PMC5812729 DOI: 10.1126/science.aan0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During terminal differentiation, the global protein complement is remodeled, as epitomized by erythrocytes, whose cytosol is ~98% globin. The erythroid proteome undergoes a rapid transition at the reticulocyte stage; however, the mechanisms driving programmed elimination of preexisting cytosolic proteins are unclear. We found that a mutation in the murine Ube2o gene, which encodes a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme induced during erythropoiesis, results in anemia. Proteomic analysis suggested that UBE2O is a broad-spectrum ubiquitinating enzyme that remodels the erythroid proteome. In particular, ribosome elimination, a hallmark of reticulocyte differentiation, was defective in Ube2o-/- mutants. UBE2O recognized ribosomal proteins and other substrates directly, targeting them to proteasomes for degradation. Thus, in reticulocytes, the induction of ubiquitinating factors may drive the transition from a complex to a simple proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony T Nguyen
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Miguel A Prado
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Paul J Schmidt
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anoop K Sendamarai
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Mingwei Min
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dean R Campagna
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Geng Tian
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yuan Shi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Verena Dederer
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mona Kawan
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nathalie Kuehnle
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joao A Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yu Yao
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Mitchell J Weiss
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Monica J Justice
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mark D Fleming
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Daniel Finley
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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16
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Xu Y, Zhang Z, Li J, Tong J, Cao B, Taylor P, Tang X, Wu D, Moran MF, Zeng Y, Mao X. The ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UBE2O modulates c-Maf stability and induces myeloma cell apoptosis. J Hematol Oncol 2017; 10:132. [PMID: 28673317 PMCID: PMC5496436 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-017-0499-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background UBE2O is proposed as a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, but its function was largely unknown. Methods Mass spectrometry was applied to identify c-Maf ubiquitination-associated proteins. Immunoprecipitation was applied for c-Maf and UBE2O interaction. Immunoblotting was used for Maf protein stability. Luciferase assay was used for c-Maf transcriptional activity. Lentiviral infections were applied for UBE2O function in multiple myeloma (MM) cells. Flow cytometry and nude mice xenografts were applied for MM cell apoptosis and tumor growth assay, respectively. Results UBE2O was found to interact with c-Maf, a critical transcription factor in MM, by the affinity purification/tandem mass spectrometry assay and co-immunoprecipitation assays. Subsequent studies showed that UBE2O mediated c-Maf polyubiquitination and degradation. Moreover, UBE2O downregulated the transcriptional activity of c-Maf and the expression of cyclin D2, a typical gene modulated by c-Maf. DNA microarray revealed that UBE2O was expressed in normal bone marrow cells but downregulated in MGUS, smoldering MM and MM cells, which was confirmed by RT-PCR in primary MM cells, suggesting its potential role in myeloma pathophysiology. When UBE2O was restored, c-Maf protein in MM cells was significantly decreased and MM cells underwent apoptosis. Furthermore, the human MM xenograft in nude mice showed that re-expression of UBE2O delayed the growth of myeloma xenografts in nude mice in association with c-Maf downregulation and activation of the apoptotic pathway. Conclusions UBE2O mediates c-Maf polyubiquitination and degradation, induces MM cell apoptosis, and suppresses myeloma tumor growth, which provides a novel insight in understanding myelomagenesis and UBE2O biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Translational Research and Therapeutics of Neuro-Psycho- Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Ren Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zubin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Translational Research and Therapeutics of Neuro-Psycho- Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Ren Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Translational Research and Therapeutics of Neuro-Psycho- Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Ren Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiefei Tong
- Program in Molecular Structure and Function, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Biyin Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Translational Research and Therapeutics of Neuro-Psycho- Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Ren Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Paul Taylor
- Program in Molecular Structure and Function, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Xiaowen Tang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Depei Wu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Michael F Moran
- Program in Molecular Structure and Function, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Yuanying Zeng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Translational Research and Therapeutics of Neuro-Psycho- Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Ren Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Oncology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital East Campus, Suzhou, 215100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xinliang Mao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Translational Research and Therapeutics of Neuro-Psycho- Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Ren Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
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17
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Vila IK, Song SJ, Song MS. A new duet in cancer biology: AMPK the typical and UBE2O the atypical. Mol Cell Oncol 2017; 4:e1304846. [PMID: 28616582 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2017.1304846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2O (UBE2O) is upregulated in human cancers. We have demonstrated that genetic deletion or pharmacological blockade of UBE2O reduces tumorigenesis through inhibiting the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1-hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α pathway. Critically, UBE2O targets adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase-α 2 (AMPKα2) for ubiquitination and degradation. We thus suggest the UBE2O-AMPKα2 axis as a potential therapeutic target for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle K Vila
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Su Jung Song
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sup Song
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Cancer Biology Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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18
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Vila IK, Yao Y, Kim G, Xia W, Kim H, Kim SJ, Park MK, Hwang JP, González-Billalabeitia E, Hung MC, Song SJ, Song MS. A UBE2O-AMPKα2 Axis that Promotes Tumor Initiation and Progression Offers Opportunities for Therapy. Cancer Cell 2017; 31:208-224. [PMID: 28162974 PMCID: PMC5463996 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
UBE2O is localized in the 17q25 locus, which is known to be amplified in human cancers, but its role in tumorigenesis remains undefined. Here we show that Ube2o deletion in MMTV-PyVT or TRAMP mice profoundly impairs tumor initiation, growth, and metastasis, while switching off the metabolic reprogramming of tumor cells. Mechanistically, UBE2O specifically targets AMPKα2 for ubiquitination and degradation, and thereby promotes activation of the mTOR-HIF1α pathway. Notably, inactivation of AMPKα2, but not AMPKα1, abrogates the tumor attenuation caused by UBE2O loss, while treatment with rapamycin or inhibition of HIF1α ablates UBE2O-dependent tumor biology. Finally, pharmacological blockade of UBE2O inhibits tumorigenesis through the restoration of AMPKα2, suggesting the UBE2O-AMPKα2 axis as a potential cancer therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle K Vila
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yixin Yao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Goeun Kim
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Weiya Xia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hyejin Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sun-Joong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mi-Kyung Park
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - James P Hwang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Cancer Biology Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Molecular Medicine and Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Su Jung Song
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 31151, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min Sup Song
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Cancer Biology Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s) are the central players in the trio of enzymes responsible for the attachment of ubiquitin (Ub) to cellular proteins. Humans have ∼40 E2s that are involved in the transfer of Ub or Ub-like (Ubl) proteins (e.g., SUMO and NEDD8). Although the majority of E2s are only twice the size of Ub, this remarkable family of enzymes performs a variety of functional roles. In this review, we summarize common functional and structural features that define unifying themes among E2s and highlight emerging concepts in the mechanism and regulation of E2s.
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20
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McDowell G, Philpott A. New Insights Into the Role of Ubiquitylation of Proteins. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 325:35-88. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Abstract
In this minireview, we cover the discovery of the human erythrocyte α spectrin E2/E3 ubiquitin conjugating/ligating enzymatic activity and the specific cysteines involved. We then discuss the consequences when this activity is partially inhibited in sickle cell disease and the possibility that the same attenuation is occurring in multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. We finish by discussing the reasons for believing that nonerythroid α spectrin isoforms (I and II) also have this activity and the importance of testing this hypothesis. If correct, this would suggest that the nonerythroid spectrin isoforms play a major role in protein ubiquitination in all cell types. This would open new fields in experimental biology focused on uncovering the impact that this enzymatic activity has upon protein-protein interactions, protein turnover, cellular signaling, and many other functions impacted by spectrin, including DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Goodman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Rachel Petrofes Chapa
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Warren E Zimmer
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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22
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Polge C, Attaix D, Taillandier D. Role of E2-Ub-conjugating enzymes during skeletal muscle atrophy. Front Physiol 2015; 6:59. [PMID: 25805999 PMCID: PMC4354305 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ubiquitin Proteasome System (UPS) is a major actor of muscle wasting during various physio-pathological situations. In the past 15 years, increasing amounts of data have depicted a picture, although incomplete, of the mechanisms implicated in myofibrillar protein degradation, from the discovery of muscle-specific E3 ligases to the identification of the signaling pathways involved. The targeting specificity of the UPS relies on the capacity of the system to first recognize and then label the proteins to be degraded with a poly-ubiquitin (Ub) chain. It is fairly assumed that the recognition of the substrate is accomplished by the numerous E3 ligases present in mammalian cells. However, most E3s do not possess any catalytic activity and E2 enzymes may be more than simple Ub-providers for E3s since they are probably important actors in the ubiquitination machinery. Surprisingly, most authors have tried to characterize E3 substrates, but the exact role of E2s in muscle protein degradation is largely unknown. A very limited number of the 35 E2s described in humans have been studied in muscle protein breakdown experiments and the vast majority of studies were only descriptive. We review here the role of E2 enzymes in skeletal muscle and the difficulties linked to their study and provide future directions for the identification of muscle E2s responsible for the ubiquitination of contractile proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecile Polge
- UMR 1019 Nutrition Humaine, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Saint Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Didier Attaix
- UMR 1019 Nutrition Humaine, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Saint Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Daniel Taillandier
- UMR 1019 Nutrition Humaine, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Saint Genès Champanelle, France
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23
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Mashtalir N, Daou S, Barbour H, Sen N, Gagnon J, Hammond-Martel I, Dar H, Therrien M, Affar E. Autodeubiquitination Protects the Tumor Suppressor BAP1 from Cytoplasmic Sequestration Mediated by the Atypical Ubiquitin Ligase UBE2O. Mol Cell 2014; 54:392-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Platta HW, Hagen S, Erdmann R. The exportomer: the peroxisomal receptor export machinery. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:1393-411. [PMID: 22983384 PMCID: PMC11113987 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1136-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes constitute a dynamic compartment of almost all eukaryotic cells. Depending on environmental changes and cellular demands peroxisomes can acquire diverse metabolic roles. The compartmentalization of peroxisomal matrix enzymes is a prerequisite to carry out their physiologic function. The matrix proteins are synthesized on free ribosomes in the cytosol and are ferried to the peroxisomal membrane by specific soluble receptors. Subsequent to cargo release into the peroxisomal matrix, the receptors are exported back to the cytosol to facilitate further rounds of matrix protein import. This dislocation step is accomplished by a remarkable machinery, which comprises enzymes required for the ubiquitination as well as the ATP-dependent extraction of the receptor from the membrane. Interestingly, receptor ubiquitination and dislocation are the only known energy-dependent steps in the peroxisomal matrix protein import process. The current view is that the export machinery of the receptors might function as molecular motor not only in the dislocation of the receptors but also in the import step of peroxisomal matrix protein by coupling ATP-dependent removal of the peroxisomal import receptor with cargo translocation into the organelle. In this review we will focus on the architecture and function of the peroxisomal receptor export machinery, the peroxisomal exportomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald W. Platta
- Abteilung für Systembiochemie, Medizinische Fakultät der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Stefanie Hagen
- Abteilung für Systembiochemie, Medizinische Fakultät der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ralf Erdmann
- Abteilung für Systembiochemie, Medizinische Fakultät der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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25
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Fine-tuning BMP7 signalling in adipogenesis by UBE2O/E2-230K-mediated monoubiquitination of SMAD6. EMBO J 2013; 32:996-1007. [PMID: 23455153 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2013.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
SMAD6 is a crucial feedback inhibitory regulator of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)/SMAD signalling. Although little is known regarding the post-transcriptional modification of inhibitory SMADs and the mechanism by which their function is regulated. In this study, using a whole proteomic interaction screen for SMAD6, we identified a large putative E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UBE2O (E2-230K) as a novel interacting protein of SMAD6. We showed that UBE2O functions as an E2-E3 hybrid to monoubiquitinate SMAD6 at lysine 174 and that the cysteine 885 residue of human UBE2O is necessary for SMAD6 monoubiquitination. Inactivation of the SMAD6 monoubiquitination site specially potentiates the inhibitory ability of SMAD6 against BMP7-induced SMAD1 phosphorylation and transcriptional responses. We also found that UBE2O potentiated BMP7 signalling in a SMAD6-dependent manner. Addressing the molecular mechanism by which UBE2O and monoubiquitinated SMAD6 potentiate BMP7 signalling, we demonstrated that monoubiquitinated SMAD6 impairs the binding affinity of non-modified SMAD6 to the BMP type I receptor. Moreover, UBE2O and SMAD6 cooperated in the regulation of BMP7-induced adipogenesis.
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26
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Fanzani A, Conraads VM, Penna F, Martinet W. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of skeletal muscle atrophy: an update. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2012; 3:163-79. [PMID: 22673968 PMCID: PMC3424188 DOI: 10.1007/s13539-012-0074-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy is defined as a decrease in muscle mass and it occurs when protein degradation exceeds protein synthesis. Potential triggers of muscle wasting are long-term immobilization, malnutrition, severe burns, aging as well as various serious and often chronic diseases, such as chronic heart failure, obstructive lung disease, renal failure, AIDS, sepsis, immune disorders, cancer, and dystrophies. Interestingly, a cooperation between several pathophysiological factors, including inappropriately adapted anabolic (e.g., growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor 1) and catabolic proteins (e.g., tumor necrosis factor alpha, myostatin), may tip the balance towards muscle-specific protein degradation through activation of the proteasomal and autophagic systems or the apoptotic pathway. Based on the current literature, we present an overview of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that contribute to muscle wasting. We also focus on the multifacetted therapeutic approach that is currently employed to prevent the development of muscle wasting and to counteract its progression. This approach includes adequate nutritional support, implementation of exercise training, and possible pharmacological compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Fanzani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies and Interuniversitary Institute of Myology (IIM), University of Brescia, viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy,
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Anandharaj A, Yu JR, Park WY. Phosphorylation of threonine 190 is essential for nuclear localization and endocytosis of the FTS (Fused Toes Homolog) protein. Int J Biol Macromol 2011; 49:721-8. [PMID: 21777610 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Fused Toes Homolog (FTS) is a member of a group of proteins termed as E2 variants and this group of proteins lacks an active cysteine residue that is required for ubiquitin transfer. We have identified the expression of this protein in early neoplastic stages of cervical cancer and its translocation into nucleus from cytoplasm upon irradiation. Here we have reported that a threonine residue at position 190 is essential for its nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and function. Upon LMB treatment we found that FTS was located in the nucleus and it suggests that direct role of nuclear export signal (NES) is required for the binding to CRM1 and facilitates nuclear export. The threonine residue was phosphorylated and promoted the phosphorylation of EGFR, p38 and JNK facilitating vesicular trafficking of early to late endosomes. Mutational change of the threonine into alanine resulted in the cytoplasmic localization of FTS and failed to phosphorylate EGFR and its downstream effector proteins. In addition the mutation also reduced the number of early endosomes formed and also resulted in the clustering of late endosomes around the perinuclear region. These data suggest that threonine residue of FTS at position 190 is not only essential for its function but also for the formation, maturation and trafficking of early endosomes to late endosome/lysosome, as well as we speculate that FTS may function at a connection point in the vesicle tethering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunkumar Anandharaj
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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28
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van Wijk SJL, Timmers HTM. The family of ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s): deciding between life and death of proteins. FASEB J 2009; 24:981-93. [PMID: 19940261 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-136259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The family of ubiquitin-conjugating (E2) enzymes is characterized by the presence of a highly conserved ubiquitin-conjugating (UBC) domain. These domains accommodate the ATP-activated ubiquitin (Ub) or ubiquitin-like (UBL) protein via a covalently linked thioester onto its active-site residue. E2 enzymes act via selective protein-protein interactions with the E1 and E3 enzymes and connect activation to covalent modification. By doing so, E2s differentiate effects on downstream substrates, either with a single Ub/UBL molecule or as a chain. While E3s are involved in substrate selection, E2s are the main determinants for selection of the lysine to construct ubiquitin chains, which thereby directly control the cellular fate of the substrate. In humans, 35 active E2 enzymes have been identified so far, while other eukaryotic genomes harbor 16 to 35 E2 family members. Some E2s possess N- and/or C-terminal extensions that mediate E2-specific processes. During the past two decades, strong support has led to the control of E2 enzymes in decisions concerning the life or death of a protein. Here, we summarize current knowledge and recent developments on E2 enzymes with respect to structural characteristics and functions. From this we propose a shell-like model to rationalize the selectivity of these key enzymes in directing Ub/UBL-conjugation pathways.-Van Wijk, S. J. L., Timmers, H. T. M. The family of ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s): deciding between life and death of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd J L van Wijk
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Division of Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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29
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A comprehensive framework of E2-RING E3 interactions of the human ubiquitin-proteasome system. Mol Syst Biol 2009; 5:295. [PMID: 19690564 PMCID: PMC2736652 DOI: 10.1038/msb.2009.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Covalent attachment of ubiquitin to substrates is crucial to protein degradation, transcription regulation and cell signalling. Highly specific interactions between ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2) and ubiquitin protein E3 ligases fulfil essential roles in this process. We performed a global yeast-two hybrid screen to study the specificity of interactions between catalytic domains of the 35 human E2s with 250 RING-type E3s. Our analysis showed over 300 high-quality interactions, uncovering a large fraction of new E2–E3 pairs. Both within the E2 and the E3 cohorts, several members were identified that are more versatile in their interaction behaviour than others. We also found that the physical interactions of our screen compare well with reported functional E2–E3 pairs in in vitro ubiquitination experiments. For validation we confirmed the interaction of several versatile E2s with E3s in in vitro protein interaction assays and we used mutagenesis to alter the E3 interactions of the E2 specific for K63 linkages, UBE2N(Ubc13), towards the K48-specific UBE2D2(UbcH5B). Our data provide a detailed, genome-wide overview of binary E2–E3 interactions of the human ubiquitination system.
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30
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Burroughs AM, Jaffee M, Iyer LM, Aravind L. Anatomy of the E2 ligase fold: implications for enzymology and evolution of ubiquitin/Ub-like protein conjugation. J Struct Biol 2008; 162:205-18. [PMID: 18276160 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2007.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2007] [Revised: 12/12/2007] [Accepted: 12/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The configuration of the active site of E2 ligases, central enzymes in the ubiquitin/ubiquitin-like protein (Ub/Ubl) conjugation systems, has long puzzled researchers. Taking advantage of the wealth of newly available structures and sequences of E2s from diverse organisms, we performed a large-scale comparative analysis of these proteins. As a result we identified a previously under-appreciated diversity in the active site of these enzymes, in particular, the spatial location of the catalytic cysteine and a constellation of associated conserved residues that potentially contributes to catalysis. We observed structural innovations of differing magnitudes occurring in various families across the E2 fold that might correlate in part with differences in target interaction. A key finding was the independent emergence on multiple occasions of a polar residue, often a histidine, in the vicinity of the catalytic cysteine in different E2 families. We propose that these convergently emerging polar residues have a common function, such as in the stabilization of oxyanion holes during Ub/Ubl transfer and spatial localization of the Ub/Ubl tails in the active site. Thus, the E2 ligases represent a rare example in enzyme evolution of high structural diversity of the active site and position of the catalytic residue despite all characterized members catalyzing a similar reaction. Our studies also indicated certain evolutionarily conserved features in all active members of the E2 superfamily that stabilize the unusual flap-like structure in the fold. These features are likely to form a critical mechanical element of the fold required for catalysis. The results presented here could aid in new experiments to understand E2 catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Maxwell Burroughs
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
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31
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Shackelford D, Kenific C, Blusztajn A, Waxman S, Ren R. Targeted degradation of the AML1/MDS1/EVI1 oncoprotein by arsenic trioxide. Cancer Res 2007; 66:11360-9. [PMID: 17145882 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-1774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (ATO) has been found to be an effective treatment for acute promyelocytic leukemia patients and is being tested for treating other hematologic malignancies. We have previously shown that AML1/MDS1/EVI1 (AME), a fusion gene generated by a t(3;21)(q26;q22) translocation found in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia during blast phase, myelodysplastic syndrome, or acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), impairs hematopoiesis and eventually induces an AML in mice. Both fusion partners of AME, AML1 and MDS1/EVI1, encode transcription factors and are also targets of a variety of genetic abnormalities in human hematologic malignancies. In addition, aberrant expression of ectopic viral integration site 1 (EVI1) has also been found in solid tumors, such as ovarian and colon cancers. In this study, we examined whether ATO could target AME and related oncoproteins. We found that ATO used at therapeutic levels degrades AME. The ATO treatment induces differentiation and apoptosis in AME leukemic cells in vitro as well as reduces tumor load and increases the survival of mice transplanted with these cells. We further found that ATO targets AME via both myelodysplastic syndrome 1 (MDS1) and EVI1 moieties and degrades EVI1 via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and MDS1 in a proteasome-independent manner. Our results suggest that ATO could be used as a part of targeted therapy for AME-, AML1/MDS1-, MDS1/EVI1-, and EVI1-positive human cancers.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Arsenic Trioxide
- Arsenicals/pharmacology
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit/genetics
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Growth Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Humans
- Leukemia, Experimental/genetics
- Leukemia, Experimental/pathology
- Leukemia, Experimental/prevention & control
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- NIH 3T3 Cells
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/metabolism
- Oxides/pharmacology
- Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/metabolism
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Survival Analysis
- Transfection
- Ubiquitin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- David Shackelford
- Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110, USA
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32
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Downs C, Downs A. Preliminary examination of short-term cellular toxicological responses of the coral Madracis mirabilis to acute Irgarol 1051 exposure. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2007; 52:47-57. [PMID: 17136316 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-005-0213-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2005] [Accepted: 04/04/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Irgarol 1051 is an s-triazine herbicide formulated with Cu2O in antifouling paints. Recent studies have shown that Irgarol 1051 inhibits coral photosynthesis at environmentally relevant concentrations, consistent with its mode of action as a photosystem II inhibitor. Related toxicologic effects of this herbicide on coral cellular physiology have not yet been investigated. We used cellular diagnostics to measure changes in 18 toxicologic cellular parameters in endosymbiotic algal (dinoflagellate) and cnidarian (host) fractions of the common branching coral Madracis mirabilis associated with in vivo 8- and 24-hour exposures to a nominal initial Irgarol 1051 concentration of 10 microg L(-1). Responses measured were (1) xenobiotic response, which includes total and dinoflagellate multixenobiotic resistance (MXR), cnidarian cytochrome (CYP) P450-3 and P450-6 classes, cnidarian, and dinoflagellate glutathione-s-transferase (GST); (2) oxidative damage and response, which includes cnidarian and dinoflagellate Cu/Zn and Mn superoxide dismutase (SOD), cnidarian and dinoflagellate glutathione peroxidase (GPx), cnidarian catalase, and total protein carbonyl); (3) metabolic homeostasis, which includes chloroplast and invertebrate small heat-shock proteins (sHsp), cnidarian protoporphyrinogen oxidase IX (PPO), cnidarian ferrochelatase, and cnidarian heme oxygenase; and (4) protein metabolic condition, which includes cnidarian and dinoflagellate heat shock proteins (hsp70 and hsp60), total ubiquitin, and cnidarian ubiquitin ligase. Acute responses to Irgarol 1051 exposure included significant increases in total and dinoflagellate MXR, dinoflagellate Cu/Zn SOD, dinoflagellate chloroplast sHsp, and cnidarian PPO. Irgarol 1051 exposure resulted in decreases in cnidarian GPx, cnidarian ferrochelatase, cnidarian catalase, and cnidarian CYP 450-3 and -6 classes. Related implications of Irgarol 1051 exposure to coral cellular condition are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Downs
- Haereticus Environmental Laboratory, P.O. Box 93, Clifford, VA 24533, USA.
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33
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Wing SS. Control of ubiquitination in skeletal muscle wasting. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2004; 37:2075-87. [PMID: 16125111 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2004.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2004] [Revised: 11/15/2004] [Accepted: 11/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin proteasome system is now well recognized to play a role in mediating skeletal muscle protein wasting. Ubiquitin exerts its effects by covalent attachment to other proteins. Increased ubiquitination of muscle proteins has been observed in a number of conditions of atrophy suggesting that flux through the pathway may be regulated by controlling availability of ubiquitinated substrates for the proteasome. Therefore the enzymes that control ubiquitination of proteins likely play critical roles in regulating flux through the pathway, are sites of activation by catabolic stimuli and potentially good drug targets in the search for therapies for wasting disorders. In this article, the enzymes that can modulate ubiquitination are briefly reviewed and the current data regarding regulation of these enzymes in skeletal muscle are described. Physiological regulators of muscle size appear to modulate many of these enzymes and several of these regulators appear to do so via signaling pathways that involve Akt or NFkappaB. Further work needs to be done to identify all the enzymes that are involved in controlling ubiquitination in muscle, to characterize their regulation by non-transcriptional mechanisms also, and most importantly to identify their target substrates and to determine how these various pathways of ubiquitination work together to mediate the catabolic stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon S Wing
- Polypeptide Laboratory, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Strathcona Anatomy and Dentistry Bldg, Room W315, 3640 University St., Montreal, Que., Canada H3A 2B2.
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34
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Hwang DR, Tsai YC, Lee JC, Huang KK, Lin RK, Ho CH, Chiou JM, Lin YT, Hsu JTA, Yeh CT. Inhibition of hepatitis C virus replication by arsenic trioxide. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:2876-82. [PMID: 15273095 PMCID: PMC478516 DOI: 10.1128/aac.48.8.2876-2882.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a serious global problem, and present therapeutics are inadequate to cure HCV infection. In the present study, various antiviral assays show that As2O3 at submicromolar concentrations is capable of inhibiting HCV replication. The 50% effective concentration (EC50) of As2O3 required to inhibit HCV replication was 0.35 microM when it was determined by a reporter-based HCV replication assay, and the EC50 was below 0.2 microM when it was determined by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR analysis. As2O3 did not cause cellular toxicity at this concentration, as revealed by an MTS [3-(4,5-dimethylthiozol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, inner salt] assay. A combination of As2O3 and alpha interferon exerted synergistic effects against HCV, as revealed by a multiple linear logistic model and isobologram analysis. Furthermore, in an alternative HCV antiviral system that may recapitulate additional steps involved in HCV infection and replication, As2O3 at 0.3 microM totally abolished the HCV signal, whereas alpha interferon at a high dose (5,000 IU/ml) only partially suppressed the HCV signal. The study highlights the indications for use of a novel class of anti-HCV agent. Further elucidation of the exact antiviral mechanism of As2O3 may lead to the development of agents with potent activities against HCV or related viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Der-Ren Hwang
- Division of Biotechnology & Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Taipei, Taiwan
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35
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Ulrich HD. Natural substrates of the proteasome and their recognition by the ubiquitin system. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2002; 268:137-74. [PMID: 12083004 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-59414-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The multitude of natural substrates of the 26S proteasome demonstrates convincingly the diversity and flexibility of the ubiquitin/proteasome system: at the same time, the number of pathways in which ubiquitin-dependent degradation is involved highlights the importance of regulated proteolysis for cellular metabolism. This review has addressed recent advances in our understanding of the principles that govern the recognition and targeting of potential substrates. While the mechanism of ubiquitin activation and conjugation is largely understood, the determination of substrate specificity by ubiquitin protein ligases remains a field of active research. Several conserved degradation signals within substrate proteins have been identified, and it is becoming increasingly clear that these serve as docking sites for specific sets of E3s, which in turn adhere to a number of well-defined strategies for the recognition of these motifs. In particular, RING finger proteins are now emerging as a new and apparently widespread class of ubiquitin ligases. The discovery of more and more E3s will undoubtedly reveal even better the common principles in architecture and mechanisms of this class of enzymes. In contrast to substrate recognition by the ubiquitin conjugation system, the way in which a ubiquitylated protein is delivered to the 26S proteasome is poorly understood. There is no doubt that multiubiquitin chains serve as the principal determinant for recognition by the proteasome, and a number of receptors and candidate targeting factors are known, some of which are associated with the proteasome itself; however, unresolved issues are the significance of the different geometries that alternatively linked multiubiquitin chains can adopt, the role of transport between subcellular compartments, as well as the participation of chaperones in the delivery step. Finally, the analysis of ubiquitin-independent, substrate-specific targeting mechanisms, such as the AZ-dependent degradation of ODC, may provide unexpected answers to questions about protein recognition by the 26S proteasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- H D Ulrich
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Department of Organismic Interactions, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse, 35043 Marburg/Lahn, Germany
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36
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Glickman MH, Ciechanover A. The ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic pathway: destruction for the sake of construction. Physiol Rev 2002; 82:373-428. [PMID: 11917093 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00027.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3050] [Impact Index Per Article: 138.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Between the 1960s and 1980s, most life scientists focused their attention on studies of nucleic acids and the translation of the coded information. Protein degradation was a neglected area, considered to be a nonspecific, dead-end process. Although it was known that proteins do turn over, the large extent and high specificity of the process, whereby distinct proteins have half-lives that range from a few minutes to several days, was not appreciated. The discovery of the lysosome by Christian de Duve did not significantly change this view, because it became clear that this organelle is involved mostly in the degradation of extracellular proteins, and their proteases cannot be substrate specific. The discovery of the complex cascade of the ubiquitin pathway revolutionized the field. It is clear now that degradation of cellular proteins is a highly complex, temporally controlled, and tightly regulated process that plays major roles in a variety of basic pathways during cell life and death as well as in health and disease. With the multitude of substrates targeted and the myriad processes involved, it is not surprising that aberrations in the pathway are implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases, certain malignancies, and neurodegeneration among them. Degradation of a protein via the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway involves two successive steps: 1) conjugation of multiple ubiquitin moieties to the substrate and 2) degradation of the tagged protein by the downstream 26S proteasome complex. Despite intensive research, the unknown still exceeds what we currently know on intracellular protein degradation, and major key questions have remained unsolved. Among these are the modes of specific and timed recognition for the degradation of the many substrates and the mechanisms that underlie aberrations in the system that lead to pathogenesis of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Glickman
- Faculty of Biology and the Institute for Catalysis Science and Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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37
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Mastrandrea LD, You J, Niles EG, Pickart CM. E2/E3-mediated assembly of lysine 29-linked polyubiquitin chains. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:27299-306. [PMID: 10480950 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.38.27299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyubiquitin (Ub) chains linked through Lys-48-Gly-76 isopeptide bonds represent the principal signal by which substrates of the Ub-dependent protein degradation pathway are targeted to the 26 S proteasome, but the mechanism(s) whereby these chains are assembled on substrate proteins is poorly understood. Nor have assembly mechanisms or definitive functions been assigned to polyubiquitin chains linked through several other lysine residues of ubiquitin. We show that rabbit reticulocyte lysate harbors enzymatic components that catalyze the assembly of unanchored Lys-29-linked polyubiquitin chains. This reaction can be reconstituted using the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2) known as UbcH5A, a 120-kDa protein(s) that behaves as a ubiquitin-protein ligase (E3), and ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1). The same partially purified E3 preparation also catalyzes the assembly of unanchored chains linked through Lys-48. Kinetic studies revealed a K(m) of approximately 9 microM for the acceptor ubiquitin in the synthesis of diubiquitin; this value is similar to the concentration of free ubiquitin in most cells. Similar kinetic behavior was observed for conjugation to Lys-48 versus Lys-29 and for conjugation to tetraubiquitin versus monoubiquitin. The properties of these enzymes suggest that there may be distinct pathways for ubiquitin-ubiquitin ligation versus substrate-ubiquitin ligation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Mastrandrea
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA
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38
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Vile GF, Rothwell LA, Kettle AJ. Hypochlorous acid activates the tumor suppressor protein p53 in cultured human skin fibroblasts. Arch Biochem Biophys 1998; 359:51-6. [PMID: 9799559 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1998.0881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The carcinogenicity associated with chronic inflammation has been attributed to neutrophils and the oxidants they produce. Neutrophils accumulate at sites of chronic inflammation, where they are stimulated to produce hydrogen peroxide which is converted to hypochlorous acid by coreleased myeloperoxidase. We report here that levels of the tumor suppressor protein p53 were increased in cultured human skin fibroblasts that had been incubated with stimulated neutrophils. The increase in p53 required the myeloperoxidase-dependent generation of hypochlorous acid and could be mimicked by exposing cells to a flux of hypochlorous acid produced by purified myeloperoxidase and a hydrogen peroxide-generating system. Levels of p53 were very sensitive to hypochlorous acid, with fluxes as low as 0.2 microM per min being effective. Levels of the p53-dependent protein WAF1/CIP1 were also elevated when fibroblasts were treated with hypochlorous acid. This result indicates that the p53 in the cells treated with hypochlorous acid was transcriptionally active. Hydrogen peroxide alone also elevated p53 and WAF1/CIP1, but the fluxes required were nearly 10-fold higher than those that were effective for hypochlorous acid. Our results implicate hypochlorous acid in the neutrophil-dependent initiation of a signal transduction pathway which could minimize the carcinogenicity of chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Vile
- Department of Pathology, Christchurch School of Medicine, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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39
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Abstract
A growing number of cellular regulatory mechanisms are being linked to protein modification by the polypeptide ubiquitin. These include key transitions in the cell cycle, class I antigen processing, signal transduction pathways, and receptor-mediated endocytosis. In most, but not all, of these examples, ubiquitination of a protein leads to its degradation by the 26S proteasome. Following attachment of ubiquitin to a substrate and binding of the ubiquitinated protein to the proteasome, the bound substrate must be unfolded (and eventually deubiquitinated) and translocated through a narrow set of channels that leads to the proteasome interior, where the polypeptide is cleaved into short peptides. Protein ubiquitination and deubiquitination are both mediated by large enzyme families, and the proteasome itself comprises a family of related but functionally distinct particles. This diversity underlies both the high substrate specificity of the ubiquitin system and the variety of regulatory mechanisms that it serves.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hochstrasser
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
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