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Tong KY, Liu WW, Sun LW, Liu DY, Xiang YZ, Li C, Chai LW, Chen K, Huang GN, Li JY. Novel PLCZ1 mutation caused polyspermy during in vitro fertilization. Asian J Androl 2024; 26:389-395. [PMID: 38445955 PMCID: PMC11280200 DOI: 10.4103/aja202376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Failure of oocyte activation, including polyspermy and defects in pronuclear (PN) formation, triggers early embryonic developmental arrest. Many studies have shown that phospholipase C zeta 1 ( PLCZ1 ) mutations cause failure of PN formation following intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI); however, whether PLCZ1 mutation is associated with polyspermy during in vitro fertilization (IVF) remains unknown. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed to identify candidate mutations in couples with primary infertility. Sanger sequencing was used to validate the mutations. Multiple PLCZ1 -mutated sperm were injected into human and mouse oocytes to explore whether PN formation was induced. Assisted oocyte activation (AOA) after ICSI was performed to overcome the failure of oocyte activation. We identified three PLCZ1 mutations in three patients who experienced polyspermy during IVF cycles, including a novel missense mutation c.1154C>T, p.R385Q. PN formation failure was observed during the ICSI cycle. However, injection of multiple PLCZ1- mutated sperm induced PN formation, suggesting that the Ca 2+ oscillations induced by the sperm exceeded the necessary threshold for PN formation. AOA after ICSI enabled normal fertilization, and all patients achieved successful pregnancies. These findings expand the mutational spectrum of PLCZ1 and suggest an important role for PLCZ1 in terms of blocking polyspermy. Furthermore, this study may benefit genetic diagnoses in cases of abnormal fertilization and provide potential appropriate therapeutic measures for these patients with sperm-derived polyspermy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Ya Tong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Human Embryo Engineering, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Women and Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400012, China
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Medicine, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing 400012, China
| | - Wei-Wei Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Human Embryo Engineering, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Women and Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400012, China
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Medicine, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing 400012, China
| | - Li-Wei Sun
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Human Embryo Engineering, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Women and Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400012, China
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Medicine, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing 400012, China
| | - Dong-Yun Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Human Embryo Engineering, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Women and Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400012, China
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Medicine, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing 400012, China
| | - Ye-Zhou Xiang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Human Embryo Engineering, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Women and Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400012, China
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Medicine, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing 400012, China
| | - Chong Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Human Embryo Engineering, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Women and Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400012, China
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Medicine, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing 400012, China
| | - Lu-Wei Chai
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Human Embryo Engineering, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Women and Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400012, China
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Medicine, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing 400012, China
| | - Ke Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Human Embryo Engineering, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Women and Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400012, China
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Medicine, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing 400012, China
| | - Guo-Ning Huang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Human Embryo Engineering, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Women and Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400012, China
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Medicine, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing 400012, China
| | - Jing-Yu Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Human Embryo Engineering, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Women and Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400012, China
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Medicine, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing 400012, China
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van Hooren M, van Wijk R, Vaseva II, Van Der Straeten D, Haring M, Munnik T. Ectopic Expression of Distinct PLC Genes Identifies 'Compactness' as a Possible Architectural Shoot Strategy to Cope with Drought Stress. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 65:885-903. [PMID: 37846160 PMCID: PMC11209554 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase C (PLC) has been implicated in several stress responses, including drought. Overexpression (OE) of PLC has been shown to improve drought tolerance in various plant species. Arabidopsis contains nine PLC genes, which are subdivided into four clades. Earlier, OE of PLC3, PLC5 or PLC7 was found to increase Arabidopsis' drought tolerance. Here, we confirm this for three other PLCs: PLC2, the only constitutively expressed AtPLC; PLC4, reported to have reduced salt tolerance and PLC9, of which the encoded enzyme was presumed to be catalytically inactive. To compare each PLC and to discover any other potential phenotype, two independent OE lines of six AtPLC genes, representing all four clades, were simultaneously monitored with the GROWSCREEN-FLUORO phenotyping platform, under both control- and mild-drought conditions. To investigate which tissues were most relevant to achieving drought survival, we additionally expressed AtPLC5 using 13 different cell- or tissue-specific promoters. While no significant differences in plant size, biomass or photosynthesis were found between PLC lines and wild-type (WT) plants, all PLC-OE lines, as well as those tissue-specific lines that promoted drought survival, exhibited a stronger decrease in 'convex hull perimeter' (= increase in 'compactness') under water deprivation compared to WT. Increased compactness has not been associated with drought or decreased water loss before although a hyponastic decrease in compactness in response to increased temperatures has been associated with water loss. We propose that the increased compactness could lead to decreased water loss and potentially provide a new breeding trait to select for drought tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max van Hooren
- Plant Cell Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 1210, Amsterdam 1000BE, The Netherlands
| | - Ringo van Wijk
- Plant Cell Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 1210, Amsterdam 1000BE, The Netherlands
| | - Irina I Vaseva
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Dominique Van Der Straeten
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Michel Haring
- Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 1210, Amsterdam 1000BE, The Netherlands
| | - Teun Munnik
- Plant Cell Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 1210, Amsterdam 1000BE, The Netherlands
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Amokrane L, Pokotylo I, Acket S, Ducloy A, Troncoso-Ponce A, Cacas JL, Ruelland E. Phospholipid Signaling in Crop Plants: A Field to Explore. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1532. [PMID: 38891340 PMCID: PMC11174929 DOI: 10.3390/plants13111532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
In plant models such as Arabidopsis thaliana, phosphatidic acid (PA), a key molecule of lipid signaling, was shown not only to be involved in stress responses, but also in plant development and nutrition. In this article, we highlight lipid signaling existing in crop species. Based on open access databases, we update the list of sequences encoding phospholipases D, phosphoinositide-dependent phospholipases C, and diacylglycerol-kinases, enzymes that lead to the production of PA. We show that structural features of these enzymes from model plants are conserved in equivalent proteins from selected crop species. We then present an in-depth discussion of the structural characteristics of these proteins before focusing on PA binding proteins. For the purpose of this article, we consider RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOGUEs (RBOHs), the most documented PA target proteins. Finally, we present pioneering experiments that show, by different approaches such as monitoring of gene expression, use of pharmacological agents, ectopic over-expression of genes, and the creation of silenced mutants, that lipid signaling plays major roles in crop species. Finally, we present major open questions that require attention since we have only a perception of the peak of the iceberg when it comes to the exciting field of phospholipid signaling in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Amokrane
- Unité Génie Enzymatique & Cellulaire, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, UMR CNRS 7025, 60200 Compiègne, France; (L.A.); (I.P.); (S.A.); (A.T.-P.)
| | - Igor Pokotylo
- Unité Génie Enzymatique & Cellulaire, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, UMR CNRS 7025, 60200 Compiègne, France; (L.A.); (I.P.); (S.A.); (A.T.-P.)
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institute Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), University Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France (J.-L.C.)
| | - Sébastien Acket
- Unité Génie Enzymatique & Cellulaire, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, UMR CNRS 7025, 60200 Compiègne, France; (L.A.); (I.P.); (S.A.); (A.T.-P.)
| | - Amélie Ducloy
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institute Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), University Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France (J.-L.C.)
| | - Adrian Troncoso-Ponce
- Unité Génie Enzymatique & Cellulaire, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, UMR CNRS 7025, 60200 Compiègne, France; (L.A.); (I.P.); (S.A.); (A.T.-P.)
| | - Jean-Luc Cacas
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institute Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), University Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France (J.-L.C.)
| | - Eric Ruelland
- Unité Génie Enzymatique & Cellulaire, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, UMR CNRS 7025, 60200 Compiègne, France; (L.A.); (I.P.); (S.A.); (A.T.-P.)
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Morphet B, Rees SWP, Haverkate NA, Aziz H, Leung E, Pilkington LI, Barker D. Synthesis and Anti-Proliferative Activity of 5-Benzoyl and 5-Benzylhydroxy Derivatives of 3-Amino-2-Arylcarboxamido-Thieno[2-3- b]Pyridines. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11407. [PMID: 37511173 PMCID: PMC10380547 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
3-Amino-2-arylcarboxamido-thieno[2-3-b]pyridines have been previously described as having potent anti-proliferative activity against MDA-MB-231 and HCT116 cancer cell lines. The mechanism by which these molecules prevent cancer cell growth is proposed to be through interfering with phospholipid metabolism via inhibition of PI-PLC, along with other cellular processes. Previously, 5-cinnamyl derivatives of these thieno[2-3-b]pyridines have been shown to have enhanced anti-proliferative activity compared to compounds lacking this moiety, indicating a tethered aromatic ring is important for this western region of the pharmacophore. Herein, we report the synthesis and biological evaluation of a library of 40 novel thieno[2-3-b]pyridine analogues containing shorter benzoyl or secondary benzyl alcohol tethers at the 5-position, in addition to various substituents on the two phenyl rings present on the molecule. Compounds bearing alcohol functionality had improved efficacy compared to their benzoyl counterparts, in addition to a 2-methyl-3-halogen substitution on the 2-arylcarboxamide ring being important for maximising anti-proliferative activity. The most potent molecules 7h and 7i demonstrated IC50 concentrations of 25-50 nM against HCT116 and MDA-MB-231 cells, a similar level of activity as previous thienopyridine compounds bearing cinnamyl moieties, suggesting that these novel derivatives with shorter tethers were able to maintain potent anti-proliferative activity, while allowing for a more concise synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey Morphet
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Shaun W P Rees
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Natalie A Haverkate
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Hamid Aziz
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry, Rawalpindi Women University, Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan
| | - Euphemia Leung
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Lisa I Pilkington
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Te Pūnaha Matatini, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - David Barker
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
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5
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Ribeiro AJM, Riziotis IG, Tyzack JD, Borkakoti N, Thornton JM. Using mechanism similarity to understand enzyme evolution. Biophys Rev 2022; 14:1273-1280. [PMID: 36659981 PMCID: PMC9842563 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-022-01022-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzyme reactions take place in the active site through a series of catalytic steps, which are collectively termed the enzyme mechanism. The catalytic step is thereby the individual unit to consider for the purposes of building new enzyme mechanisms - i.e. through the mix and match of individual catalytic steps, new enzyme mechanisms and reactions can be conceived. In the case of natural evolution, it has been shown that new enzyme functions have emerged through the tweaking of existing mechanisms by the addition, removal, or modification of some catalytic steps, while maintaining other steps of the mechanism intact. Recently, we have extracted and codified the information on the catalytic steps of hundreds of enzymes in a machine-readable way, with the aim of automating this kind of evolutionary analysis. In this paper, we illustrate how these data, which we called the "rules of enzyme catalysis", can be used to identify similar catalytic steps across enzymes that differ in their overall function and/or structural folds. A discussion on a set of three enzymes that share part of their mechanism is used as an exemplar to illustrate how this approach can reveal divergent and convergent evolution of enzymes at the mechanistic level. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12551-022-01022-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- António J. M. Ribeiro
- European Bioinformatics Institute - European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD UK
| | - Ioannis G. Riziotis
- European Bioinformatics Institute - European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD UK
| | - Jonathan D. Tyzack
- European Bioinformatics Institute - European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD UK
| | - Neera Borkakoti
- European Bioinformatics Institute - European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD UK
| | - Janet M. Thornton
- European Bioinformatics Institute - European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD UK
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Ma B, Ma C, Li J, Fang Y. Revealing phosphorylation regulatory networks during embryogenesis of honey bee worker and drone (Apis mellifera). Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1006964. [PMID: 36225314 PMCID: PMC9548569 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1006964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is known to regulate a comprehensive scenario of critical cellular processes. However, phosphorylation-mediated regulatory networks in honey bee embryogenesis are mainly unknown. We identified 6342 phosphosites from 2438 phosphoproteins and predicted 168 kinases in the honey bee embryo. Generally, the worker and drone develop similar phosphoproteome architectures and major phosphorylation events during embryogenesis. In 24 h embryos, protein kinases A play vital roles in regulating cell proliferation and blastoderm formation. At 48–72 h, kinase subfamily dual-specificity tyrosine-regulated kinase, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK), and induced pathways related to protein synthesis and morphogenesis suggest the centrality to enhance the germ layer development, organogenesis, and dorsal closure. Notably, workers and drones formulated distinct phosphoproteome signatures. For 24 h embryos, the highly phosphorylated serine/threonine-protein kinase minibrain, microtubule-associated serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 (MAST2), and phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MAPK3) at Thr564 in workers, are likely to regulate the late onset of cell proliferation; in contrast, drone embryos enhanced the expression of CDK12, MAPK3, and MAST2 to promote the massive synthesis of proteins and cytoskeleton. In 48 h, the induced serine/threonine-protein kinase and CDK12 in worker embryos signify their roles in the construction of embryonic tissues and organs; however, the highly activated kinases CDK1, raf homolog serine/threonine-protein kinase, and MAST2 in drone embryos may drive the large-scale establishment of tissues and organs. In 72 h, the activated pathways and kinases associated with cell growth and tissue differentiation in worker embryos may promote the configuration of rudimentary organs. However, kinases implicated in cytoskeleton organization in drone embryos may drive the blastokinesis and dorsal closure. Our hitherto most comprehensive phosphoproteome offers a valuable resource for signaling research on phosphorylation dynamics in honey bee embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jianke Li
- *Correspondence: Jianke Li, ; Yu Fang,
| | - Yu Fang
- *Correspondence: Jianke Li, ; Yu Fang,
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Kogut MH, Genovese KJ, Byrd JA, Swaggerty CL, He H, Farnell Y, Arsenault RJ. Chicken-Specific Kinome Analysis of Early Host Immune Signaling Pathways in the Cecum of Newly Hatched Chickens Infected With Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:899395. [PMID: 35846741 PMCID: PMC9279939 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.899395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Poultry is a major source of human foodborne illness caused by broad host range Salmonella serovars (paratyphoid), and developing cost-effective, pre-harvest interventions to reduce these pathogens would be valuable to the industry and consumer. Host responses to infectious agents are often regulated through phosphorylation. However, proteomic mechanisms of Salmonella acute infection biology and host responses to the bacteria have been limited concentrating predominately on the genomic responses of the host to infection. Our recent development of chicken-specific peptide arrays for kinome analysis of host phosphorylation-based cellular signaling responses provided us with the opportunity to develop a more detailed understanding of the early (4-24 h post-infection) host-pathogen interactions during the initial colonization of the cecum by Salmonella. Using the chicken-specific kinomic immune peptide array, biological pathway analysis showed infection with S. Enteritidis increased signaling related to the innate immune response, relative to the non-infected control ceca. Notably, the acute innate immune signaling pathways were characterized by increased peptide phosphorylation (activation) of the Toll-like receptor and NOD-like receptor signaling pathways, the activation of the chemokine signaling pathway, and the activation of the apoptosis signaling pathways. In addition, Salmonella infection induced a dramatic alteration in the phosphorylation events of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Lastly, there is also significant activation of the T cell receptor signaling pathway demonstrating the initiation of the acquired immune response to Salmonella infection. Based on the individual phosphorylation events altered by the early Salmonella infection of the cecum, certain conclusions can be drawn: (1) Salmonella was recognized by both TLR and NOD receptors that initiated the innate immune response; (2) activation of the PPRs induced the production of chemokines CXCLi2 (IL-8) and cytokines IL-2, IL-6, IFN-α, and IFN-γ; (3) Salmonella infection targeted the JAK-STAT pathway as a means of evading the host response by targeting the dephosphorylation of JAK1 and TYK2 and STAT1,2,3,4, and 6; (4) apoptosis appears to be a host defense mechanism where the infection with Salmonella induced both the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways; and (5) the T cell receptor signaling pathway activates the AP-1 and NF-κB transcription factor cascades, but not NFAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H. Kogut
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA ARS), College Station, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Michael H. Kogut,
| | - Kenneth J. Genovese
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA ARS), College Station, TX, United States
| | - J. Allen Byrd
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA ARS), College Station, TX, United States
| | - Christina L. Swaggerty
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA ARS), College Station, TX, United States
| | - Haiqi He
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA ARS), College Station, TX, United States
| | - Yuhua Farnell
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Ryan J. Arsenault
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
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Expression of the GFP-mammalian pleckstrin homology (PH) domain of the phospholipase C δ1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4741. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:4123-4128. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07414-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Zhang X, Lee MD, Buckley C, Wilson C, McCarron JG. Mitochondria regulate TRPV4-mediated release of ATP. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 179:1017-1032. [PMID: 34605007 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Ca2+ influx via TRPV4 channels triggers Ca2+ release from the IP3 -sensitive internal store to generate repetitive oscillations. Although mitochondria are acknowledged regulators of IP3 -mediated Ca2+ release, how TRPV4-mediated Ca2+ signals are regulated by mitochondria is unknown. We show that depolarised mitochondria switch TRPV4 signalling from relying on Ca2+ -induced Ca2+ release at IP3 receptors to being independent of Ca2+ influx and instead mediated by ATP release via pannexins. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH TRPV4-evoked Ca2+ signals were individually examined in hundreds of cells in the endothelium of rat mesenteric resistance arteries using the indicator Cal520. KEY RESULTS TRPV4 activation with GSK1016790A (GSK) generated repetitive Ca2+ oscillations that required Ca2+ influx. However, when the mitochondrial membrane potential was depolarised, by the uncoupler CCCP or complex I inhibitor rotenone, TRPV4 activation generated large propagating, multicellular, Ca2+ waves in the absence of external Ca2+ . The ATP synthase inhibitor oligomycin did not potentiate TRPV4-mediated Ca2+ signals. GSK-evoked Ca2+ waves, when mitochondria were depolarised, were blocked by the TRPV4 channel blocker HC067047, the SERCA inhibitor cyclopiazonic acid, the PLC blocker U73122 and the inositol trisphosphate receptor blocker caffeine. The Ca2+ waves were also inhibited by the extracellular ATP blockers suramin and apyrase and the pannexin blocker probenecid. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS These results highlight a previously unknown role of mitochondria in shaping TRPV4-mediated Ca2+ signalling by facilitating ATP release. When mitochondria are depolarised, TRPV4-mediated release of ATP via pannexin channels activates plasma membrane purinergic receptors to trigger IP3 -evoked Ca2+ release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Zhang
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Matthew D Lee
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Charlotte Buckley
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Calum Wilson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - John G McCarron
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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The Role of Membrane Lipids in Light-Activation of Drosophila TRP Channels. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12030382. [PMID: 35327573 PMCID: PMC8945425 DOI: 10.3390/biom12030382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels constitute a large superfamily of polymodal channel proteins with diverse roles in many physiological and sensory systems that function both as ionotropic and metabotropic receptors. From the early days of TRP channel discovery, membrane lipids were suggested to play a fundamental role in channel activation and regulation. A prominent example is the Drosophila TRP and TRP-like (TRPL) channels, which are predominantly expressed in the visual system of Drosophila. Light activation of the TRP and TRPL channels, the founding members of the TRP channel superfamily, requires activation of phospholipase Cβ (PLC), which hydrolyzes phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) into Diacylglycerol (DAG) and Inositol 1, 4,5-trisphosphate (IP3). However, the events required for channel gating downstream of PLC activation are still under debate and led to several hypotheses regarding the mechanisms by which lipids gate the channels. Despite many efforts, compelling evidence of the involvement of DAG accumulation, PIP2 depletion or IP3-mediated Ca2+ release in light activation of the TRP/TRPL channels are still lacking. Exogeneous application of poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), a product of DAG hydrolysis was demonstrated as an efficient way to activate the Drosophila TRP/TRPL channels. However, compelling evidence for the involvement of PUFAs in physiological light-activation of the TRP/TRPL channels is still lacking. Light-induced mechanical force generation was measured in photoreceptor cells prior to channel opening. This mechanical force depends on PLC activity, suggesting that the enzymatic activity of PLC converting PIP2 into DAG generates membrane tension, leading to mechanical gating of the channels. In this review, we will present the roles of membrane lipids in light activation of Drosophila TRP channels and present the many advantages of this model system in the exploration of TRP channel activation under physiological conditions.
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11
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Phan HTN, Kim NH, Wei W, Tall GG, Smrcka AV. Uveal melanoma-associated mutations in PLCβ4 are constitutively activating and promote melanocyte proliferation and tumorigenesis. Sci Signal 2021; 14:eabj4243. [PMID: 34905385 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abj4243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoa T N Phan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nam Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Wenhui Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gregory G Tall
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alan V Smrcka
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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12
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Regional Diversities in Fibrogenesis Weighed as a Key Determinant for Atrial Arrhythmogenesis. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121900. [PMID: 34944715 PMCID: PMC8698388 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrosis plays a key role in atrial myopathy, resulting in the genesis of atrial fibrillation (AF). The abnormal distribution of fibrotic tissue, electrical coupling, paracrine interactions, and biomechanical–electrical interactions have all been suggested as causes of fibrosis-related arrhythmogenesis. Moreover, the regional difference in fibrogenesis, specifically the left atrium (LA) exhibiting a higher arrhythmogenesis and level of fibrosis than the right atrium (RA) in AF, is a key contributor to atrial arrhythmogenesis. LA fibroblasts have greater profibrotic cellular activities than RA fibroblasts, but knowledge about the regional diversity of atrial regional fibrogenesis remains limited. This article provides a comprehensive review of research findings on the association between fibrogenesis and arrhythmogenesis from laboratory to clinical evidence and updates the current understanding of the potential mechanism underlying the difference in fibrogenesis between the LA and RA.
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13
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Gavali S, Liu J, Li X, Paolino M. Ubiquitination in T-Cell Activation and Checkpoint Inhibition: New Avenues for Targeted Cancer Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10800. [PMID: 34639141 PMCID: PMC8509743 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of T-cell-based immunotherapy has remarkably transformed cancer patient treatment. Despite their success, the currently approved immunotherapeutic protocols still encounter limitations, cause toxicity, and give disparate patient outcomes. Thus, a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms of T-cell activation and inhibition is much needed to rationally expand targets and possibilities to improve immunotherapies. Protein ubiquitination downstream of immune signaling pathways is essential to fine-tune virtually all immune responses, in particular, the positive and negative regulation of T-cell activation. Numerous studies have demonstrated that deregulation of ubiquitin-dependent pathways can significantly alter T-cell activation and enhance antitumor responses. Consequently, researchers in academia and industry are actively developing technologies to selectively exploit ubiquitin-related enzymes for cancer therapeutics. In this review, we discuss the molecular and functional roles of ubiquitination in key T-cell activation and checkpoint inhibitory pathways to highlight the vast possibilities that targeting ubiquitination offers for advancing T-cell-based immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Magdalena Paolino
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 17176 Solna, Sweden; (S.G.); (J.L.); (X.L.)
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14
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Thyroid Hormone Induces Ca 2+-Mediated Mitochondrial Activation in Brown Adipocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168640. [PMID: 34445344 PMCID: PMC8395422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones, including 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3), cause a wide spectrum of genomic effects on cellular metabolism and bioenergetic regulation in various tissues. The non-genomic actions of T3 have been reported but are not yet completely understood. Acute T3 treatment significantly enhanced basal, maximal, ATP-linked, and proton-leak oxygen consumption rates (OCRs) of primary differentiated mouse brown adipocytes accompanied with increased protein abundances of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU). T3 treatment depolarized the resting mitochondrial membrane potential (Ψm) but augmented oligomycin-induced hyperpolarization in brown adipocytes. Protein kinase B (AKT) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) were activated by T3, leading to the inhibition of autophagic degradation. Rapamycin, as an mTOR inhibitor, blocked T3-induced autophagic suppression and UCP1 upregulation. T3 increases intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in brown adipocytes. Most of the T3 effects, including mTOR activation, UCP1 upregulation, and OCR increase, were abrogated by intracellular Ca2+ chelation with BAPTA-AM. Calmodulin inhibition with W7 or knockdown of MCU dampened T3-induced mitochondrial activation. Furthermore, edelfosine, a phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor, prevented T3 from acting on [Ca2+]i, UCP1 abundance, Ψm, and OCR. We suggest that short-term exposure of T3 induces UCP1 upregulation and mitochondrial activation due to PLC-mediated [Ca2+]i elevation in brown adipocytes.
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15
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Sharma P, Yadav SK, Shah SD, Javed E, Lim JM, Pan S, Nayak AP, Panettieri RA, Penn RB, Kambayashi T, Deshpande DA. Diacylglycerol Kinase Inhibition Reduces Airway Contraction by Negative Feedback Regulation of Gq-signaling. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 65:658-671. [PMID: 34293268 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2021-0106oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exaggerated airway smooth muscle (ASM) contraction regulated by the Gq family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) causes airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in asthma. Activation of Gq-coupled GPCRs leads to phospholipase C (PLC)-mediated generation of inositol triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). DAG signaling is terminated by the action of DAG kinase (DGK) that converts DAG into phosphatidic acid (PA). Our previous study demonstrated that DGKα and ζ isoform knockout mice are protected from the development of allergen-induced AHR. Here we aimed at determining the mechanism by which DGK regulates ASM contraction. Activity of DGK isoforms was inhibited in human ASM cells by siRNA-mediated knockdown of DGKα and ζwhile pharmacological inhibition was achieved by pan DGK inhibitor I (R59022). Effects of DGK inhibition on contractile agonist-induced activation of PLC and myosin light chain (MLC) kinase, elevation of IP3, and calcium levels were assessed. Further, we employed human precision-cut lung slices and assessed the role of DGK in agonist-induced bronchoconstriction. DGK inhibitor I attenuated histamine- and methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction. DGKα and ζ knockdown or pre-treatment with DGK inhibitor I resulted in attenuated agonist-induced phosphorylation of MLC and myosin light chain phosphatase in ASM cells. Further, DGK inhibition decreased Gq agonist-induced calcium elevation, generation of IP3, and increased histamine-induced production of PA. Finally, DGK inhibition or treatment with DAG analog resulted in attenuation of activation of PLC in human ASM cells. Our findings suggest that DGK inhibition perturbed the DAG:PA ratio resulting in inhibition of Gq-PLC activation in a negative feedback manner, resulting in protection against ASM contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Sharma
- Thomas Jefferson University - Center City Campus, 6559, Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.,University of Tasmania Faculty of Health, 60119, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Santosh K Yadav
- Thomas Jefferson University, 6559, Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Sushrut D Shah
- Thomas Jefferson University, 6559, Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Elham Javed
- Thomas Jefferson University, 6559, Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - John M Lim
- Thomas Jefferson University Sidney Kimmel Medical College, 12313, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Shi Pan
- Thomas Jefferson University, 6559, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Ajay P Nayak
- Thomas Jefferson University, 6559, Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Reynold A Panettieri
- Rutgers University, 242612, Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Child Health Institute, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States
| | - Raymond B Penn
- Thomas Jefferson University, 6559, Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Taku Kambayashi
- University of Pennsylvania, 6572, Pathology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Deepak A Deshpande
- Thomas Jefferson University, 6559, Center for Translational Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States;
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16
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Calcium Regulation on the Atrial Regional Difference of Collagen Production Activity in Atrial Fibrogenesis. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9060686. [PMID: 34204537 PMCID: PMC8233809 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Atrial fibrosis plays an important role in the genesis of heart failure and atrial fibrillation. The left atrium (LA) exhibits a higher level of fibrosis than the right atrium (RA) in heart failure and atrial arrhythmia. However, the mechanism for the high fibrogenic potential of the LA fibroblasts remains unclear. Calcium (Ca2+) signaling contributes to the pro-fibrotic activities of fibroblasts. This study investigated whether differences in Ca2+ homeostasis contribute to differential fibrogenesis in LA and RA fibroblasts. Methods: Ca2+ imaging, a patch clamp assay and Western blotting were performed in isolated rat LA and RA fibroblasts. Results: The LA fibroblasts exhibited a higher Ca2+ entry and gadolinium-sensitive current compared with the RA fibroblasts. The LA fibroblasts exhibited greater pro-collagen type I, type III, phosphorylated Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), phosphorylated phospholipase C (PLC), stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) and transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) 3 protein expression compared with RA fibroblasts. In the presence of 1 mmol/L ethylene glycol tetra-acetic acid (EGTA, Ca2+ chelator), the LA fibroblasts had similar pro-collagen type I, type III and phosphorylated CaMKII expression compared with RA fibroblasts. Moreover, in the presence of KN93 (a CaMKII inhibitor, 10 μmol/L), the LA fibroblasts had similar pro-collagen type I and type III compared with RA fibroblasts. Conclusion: The discrepancy of phosphorylated PLC signaling and gadolinium-sensitive Ca2+ channels in LA and RA fibroblasts induces different levels of Ca2+ influx, phosphorylated CaMKII expression and collagen production.
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17
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Muralidharan K, Van Camp MM, Lyon AM. Structure and regulation of phospholipase Cβ and ε at the membrane. Chem Phys Lipids 2021; 235:105050. [PMID: 33422547 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2021.105050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase C (PLC) β and ε enzymes hydrolyze phosphatidylinositol (PI) lipids in response to direct interactions with heterotrimeric G protein subunits and small GTPases, which are activated downstream of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). PI hydrolysis generates second messengers that increase the intracellular Ca2+ concentration and activate protein kinase C (PKC), thereby regulating numerous physiological processes. PLCβ and PLCε share a highly conserved core required for lipase activity, but use different strategies and structural elements to autoinhibit basal activity, bind membranes, and engage G protein activators. In this review, we discuss recent structural insights into these enzymes and the implications for how they engage membranes alone or in complex with their G protein regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Muralidharan
- Department of Biological Sciences, 560 Oval Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States.
| | - Michelle M Van Camp
- Department of Chemistry, 560 Oval Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States.
| | - Angeline M Lyon
- Department of Biological Sciences, 560 Oval Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States; Department of Chemistry, 560 Oval Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States.
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18
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Katan M, Cockcroft S. Phospholipase C families: Common themes and versatility in physiology and pathology. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 80:101065. [PMID: 32966869 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase Cs (PLCs) are expressed in all mammalian cells and play critical roles in signal transduction. To obtain a comprehensive understanding of these enzymes in physiology and pathology, a detailed structural, biochemical, cell biological and genetic information is required. In this review, we cover all these aspects to summarize current knowledge of the entire superfamily. The families of PLCs have expanded from 13 enzymes to 16 with the identification of the atypical PLCs in the human genome. Recent structural insights highlight the common themes that cover not only the substrate catalysis but also the mechanisms of activation. This involves the release of autoinhibitory interactions that, in the absence of stimulation, maintain classical PLC enzymes in their inactive forms. Studies of individual PLCs provide a rich repertoire of PLC function in different physiologies. Furthermore, the genetic studies discovered numerous mutated and rare variants of PLC enzymes and their link to human disease development, greatly expanding our understanding of their roles in diverse pathologies. Notably, substantial evidence now supports involvement of different PLC isoforms in the development of specific cancer types, immune disorders and neurodegeneration. These advances will stimulate the generation of new drugs that target PLC enzymes, and will therefore open new possibilities for treatment of a number of diseases where current therapies remain ineffective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilda Katan
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Shamshad Cockcroft
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, 21 University Street, London WC1E 6JJ, UK.
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19
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Bukowska-Olech E, Sowińska-Seidler A, Łojek F, Popiel D, Walczak-Sztulpa J, Jamsheer A. Further phenotypic delineation of the auriculocondylar syndrome type 2 with literature review. J Appl Genet 2020; 62:107-113. [PMID: 33131036 PMCID: PMC7822771 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-020-00591-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Auriculocondylar syndrome (ACS) is an ultra-rare disorder that arises from developmental defects of the first and second pharyngeal arches. Three subtypes of ACS have been described so far, i.e., ACS1 (MIM: 602483), ACS2 (MIM: 600810), and ACS3 (MIM: 131240). The majority of patients, however, are affected by ACS2, which results from the mutations in the PLCB4 gene. Herein, we have described an 8-year-old male patient presenting with ACS2 and summarized the molecular and phenotypic spectrum of the syndrome. We have also compared the clinical features of our case to three other previously described cases (one sporadic and two familial) harboring the same heterozygous missense variant c.1862G>A, p.Arg621His in the PLCB4 gene. The mutation was detected using whole-exome sequencing (WES). Due to low coverage of WES and suspicion of somatic mosaicism, the variant was additionally reassessed by deep targeted next-generation sequencing panel of genes related to the craniofacial disorders, and next confirmed by Sanger sequencing. ACS2 presents high intra- and interfamilial phenotypic heterogeneity that impedes reaching an exact clinical and molecular diagnosis. Thus, describing additional cases, carrying even the known mutation, but resulting in variable phenotypes, is essential for better understanding of such orphan Mendelian diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Bukowska-Olech
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 8 Street, 60-806, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Sowińska-Seidler
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 8 Street, 60-806, Poznan, Poland
| | - Filip Łojek
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 8 Street, 60-806, Poznan, Poland
| | - Delfina Popiel
- Centers for Medical Genetics GENESIS, Dąbrowskiego 77A Street, 60-529, Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Walczak-Sztulpa
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 8 Street, 60-806, Poznan, Poland
| | - Aleksander Jamsheer
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 8 Street, 60-806, Poznan, Poland. .,Centers for Medical Genetics GENESIS, Dąbrowskiego 77A Street, 60-529, Poznan, Poland.
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20
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Yuan P, Zheng L, Liang H, Lin Q, Ou S, Zhu Y, Lai L, Zhang Q, He Z, Wang W. Novel mutations in the PLCZ1 gene associated with human low or failed fertilization. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1470. [PMID: 32840018 PMCID: PMC7549595 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fertilization failure (FF) is a complex reproductive disorder characterized by the failure of pronuclei formation during fertilization. In addition to some cases caused by iatrogenic problems and known genetic factors, there are still many unexplained aspects of FF. Here, we aimed to assess the clinical and genetic characteristics of two families experiencing primary infertility with FF. Methods We have characterized two families from China. All of the infertile couples presented with similar clinical phenotypes, that is, partial or total fertilization failure in repeated cycles. We performed Sanger sequencing of their WEE2, TLE6, and PLCZ1 genes, and further bioinformatics and functional analyses were performed to identify the pathogenic elements of the variants. Results We identified novel compound heterozygous mutations c.1259C>T (p.P420L) and c.1733T>C (p.M578T) in the PLCZ1 gene in a male patient of family 1 with total fertilization failure, and another novel homozygous mutation c.1727T>C (p.L576P) in the same gene in a male patient of family 2 with partial fertilization failure. These three novel mutations were absent in the control cohort and in the databases. The amino acids were conserved at their positions among six different species. All mutant amino acids were located in key domains and were predicted to impair hydrolytic activity and lead to PLCZ1 dysfunction. Further functional detection revealed that the three mutations could significantly impair the catalytic activity of PLCZ1. Conclusions We identified three novel mutations in PLCZ1 associated with partial and total fertilization failure and have provided new evidence about the genetic basis of FF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yuan
- IVF Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingyan Zheng
- IVF Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Liang
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Drug Clinical Trial Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qiyuan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songbang Ou
- IVF Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuqin Zhu
- IVF Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Luhua Lai
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingxue Zhang
- IVF Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zuyong He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- IVF Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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21
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Li X, Zheng S, Tan W, Chen H, Li X, Wu J, Luo T, Ren X, Pyle WG, Wang L, Backx PH, Huang R, Yang FH. Slit2 Protects Hearts Against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Inhibiting Inflammatory Responses and Maintaining Myofilament Contractile Properties. Front Physiol 2020; 11:228. [PMID: 32292352 PMCID: PMC7135862 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The secreted glycoprotein Slit2, previously known as an axon guidance cue, has recently been found to protect tissues in pathological conditions; however, it is unknown whether Slit2 functions in cardiac ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. Methods Langendorff-perfused isolated hearts from Slit2-overexpressing (Slit2-Tg) mice and C57BL/6J mice (background strain) were subjected to 20 min of global ischemia followed by 40 min of reperfusion. We compared Slit2-Tg with C57BL/6J mice in terms of left ventricular function and infarct size of post-IR hearts along with tissue histological and biochemical assessments (mRNA and protein expression, phosphorylation status, and myofilament contractile properties). Results Slit2 played cardioprotective roles in maintaining contractile function and reducing infarct size in post-IR hearts. IR increased the expression of the Slit2 receptor Robo4 and the membrane receptor Slamf7, but these increases were suppressed by Slit2 overexpression post IR. This suppression was associated with inhibition of the nuclear translocation of NFκB p65 and reductions in IL-1β and IL-18 release into perfusates. Furthermore, Slit2 overexpression attenuated the increases in myofilament-associated PKCs and phosphorylation of cTnI at Ser43 in the post-IR myocardium. The myofilament calcium sensitivity and actomyosin MgATPase activity were preserved in the post-IR Slit2 myocardium. Conclusion Our work demonstrates that Slit2 inhibits inflammatory responses and maintains myofilament contractile properties, thus contributing, at least in part, to the prevention of structural and functional damage during IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Cardiovascular Model Research Center, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Zheng
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Cardiovascular Model Research Center, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, China.,School of Basic Medicine, Vascular Biology Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guanghzou, China
| | - Weijiang Tan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Cardiovascular Model Research Center, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongqi Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Cardiovascular Model Research Center, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Luo
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Cardiovascular Model Research Center, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuecong Ren
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Cardiovascular Model Research Center, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - W Glen Pyle
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Lijing Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Vascular Biology Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guanghzou, China
| | - Peter H Backx
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Cardiology and the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ren Huang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Cardiovascular Model Research Center, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Hua Yang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Cardiovascular Model Research Center, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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22
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Uskoković V. X-ray photoelectron and ion scattering spectroscopic surface analyses of amorphous and crystalline calcium phosphate nanoparticles with different chemical histories. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:5531-5547. [PMID: 32123882 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06529f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The surface of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles is enriched in the topmost atomic layer with calcium and depleted of it elsewhere, alongside being dependent on the history of formation of hydroxyapatite from the amorphous precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vuk Uskoković
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
- University of California Irvine
- Irvine
- USA
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23
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Mondin VE, Ben El Kadhi K, Cauvin C, Jackson-Crawford A, Bélanger E, Decelle B, Salomon R, Lowe M, Echard A, Carréno S. PTEN reduces endosomal PtdIns(4,5)P 2 in a phosphatase-independent manner via a PLC pathway. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:2198-2214. [PMID: 31118240 PMCID: PMC6605811 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201805155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This work reveals that the tumor suppressor PTEN acts through a PLC to reduce levels of endosomal PtdIns(4,5)P2, its own enzymatic product. This pathway can be chemically activated to rescue OCRL1 depletion in several disease models of the Lowe syndrome, a rare multisystemic genetic disease. The tumor suppressor PTEN dephosphorylates PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 into PtdIns(4,5)P2. Here, we make the unexpected discovery that in Drosophila melanogaster PTEN reduces PtdIns(4,5)P2 levels on endosomes, independently of its phosphatase activity. This new PTEN function requires the enzymatic action of dPLCXD, an atypical phospholipase C. Importantly, we discovered that this novel PTEN/dPLCXD pathway can compensate for depletion of dOCRL, a PtdIns(4,5)P2 phosphatase. Mutation of OCRL1, the human orthologue of dOCRL, causes oculocerebrorenal Lowe syndrome, a rare multisystemic genetic disease. Both OCRL1 and dOCRL loss have been shown to promote accumulation of PtdIns(4,5)P2 on endosomes and cytokinesis defects. Here, we show that PTEN or dPLCXD overexpression prevents these defects. In addition, we found that chemical activation of this pathway restores normal cytokinesis in human Lowe syndrome cells and rescues OCRL phenotypes in a zebrafish Lowe syndrome model. Our findings identify a novel PTEN/dPLCXD pathway that controls PtdIns(4,5)P2 levels on endosomes. They also point to a potential new strategy for the treatment of Lowe syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie E Mondin
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Khaled Ben El Kadhi
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Clothilde Cauvin
- Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Lab, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Collège Doctoral, Paris, France
| | | | - Emilie Bélanger
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Barbara Decelle
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Rémi Salomon
- Institut des Maladies Génétiques Imagine, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Martin Lowe
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Arnaud Echard
- Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Lab, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Carréno
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada .,Université de Montréal, Département de Pathologie et de Biologie Cellulaire, Montreal, Canada
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Katz B, Minke B. The Drosophila light-activated TRP and TRPL channels - Targets of the phosphoinositide signaling cascade. Prog Retin Eye Res 2018; 66:200-219. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Roberts MF, Khan HM, Goldstein R, Reuter N, Gershenson A. Search and Subvert: Minimalist Bacterial Phosphatidylinositol-Specific Phospholipase C Enzymes. Chem Rev 2018; 118:8435-8473. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary F. Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | | | - Rebecca Goldstein
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | | | - Anne Gershenson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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El Amri M, Fitzgerald U, Schlosser G. MARCKS and MARCKS-like proteins in development and regeneration. J Biomed Sci 2018; 25:43. [PMID: 29788979 PMCID: PMC5964646 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-018-0445-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Myristoylated Alanine-Rich C-kinase Substrate (MARCKS) and MARCKS-like protein 1 (MARCKSL1) have a wide range of functions, ranging from roles in embryonic development to adult brain plasticity and the inflammatory response. Recently, both proteins have also been identified as important players in regeneration. Upon phosphorylation by protein kinase C (PKC) or calcium-dependent calmodulin-binding, MARCKS and MARCKSL1 translocate from the membrane into the cytosol, modulating cytoskeletal actin dynamics and vesicular trafficking and activating various signal transduction pathways. As a consequence, the two proteins are involved in the regulation of cell migration, secretion, proliferation and differentiation in many different tissues. MAIN BODY Throughout vertebrate development, MARCKS and MARCKSL1 are widely expressed in tissues derived from all germ layers, with particularly strong expression in the nervous system. They have been implicated in the regulation of gastrulation, myogenesis, brain development, and other developmental processes. Mice carrying loss of function mutations in either Marcks or Marcksl1 genes die shortly after birth due to multiple deficiencies including detrimental neural tube closure defects. In adult vertebrates, MARCKS and MARCKL1 continue to be important for multiple regenerative processes including peripheral nerve, appendage, and tail regeneration, making them promising targets for regenerative medicine. CONCLUSION This review briefly summarizes the molecular interactions and cellular functions of MARCKS and MARCKSL1 proteins and outlines their vital roles in development and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El Amri
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland, Galway, Biomedical Sciences Building, Newcastle Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Una Fitzgerald
- Galway Neuroscience Centre, School of Natural Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland, Newcastle Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Gerhard Schlosser
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland, Galway, Biomedical Sciences Building, Newcastle Road, Galway, Ireland. .,School of Natural Sciences and Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), National University of Ireland, Galway, Biomedical Sciences Building, Newcastle Road, Galway, Ireland.
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27
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Phosphorus Solubilizing and Releasing Bacteria Screening from the Rhizosphere in a Natural Wetland. WATER 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/w10020195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Investigation into Improving the Aqueous Solubility of the Thieno[2,3-b]pyridine Anti-Proliferative Agents. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23010145. [PMID: 29324695 PMCID: PMC6017400 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now established that the thieno[2,3-b]pyridines are a potent class of antiproliferatives. One of the main issues encountered for their clinical application is their low water solubility. In order to improve this, two strategies were pursued. First, a morpholine moiety was tethered to the molecular scaffold by substituting the sulphur atom with nitrogen, resulting in a 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine core structure. The water solubility was increased by three orders of magnitude, from 1.2 µg/mL (1-thieno[2,3-b]pyridine) to 1.3 mg/mL (3-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine), however, it was only marginally active against cancer cells. The second strategy involved loading a very potent thieno[2,3-b]pyridine derivative (2) into a cholesteryl-poly(allylamine) polymer matrix for water solubilisation. Suppression of human pancreatic adenocarcinoma (BxPC-3) viability was observed to an IC50 value of 0.5 μg/mL (1.30 μM) in conjunction with the polymer, which is a five-fold (×5) increase in potency as compared to the free drug alone, demonstrating the utility of this formulation approach.
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GPCR Modulation of Thieno[2,3-b]pyridine Anti-Proliferative Agents. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22122254. [PMID: 29258235 PMCID: PMC6149898 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A panel of docking scaffolds was developed for the known molecular targets of the anticancer agents, thieno[2,3-b]pyridines, in order to glean insight into their mechanism of action. The reported targets are the copper-trafficking antioxidant 1 protein, tyrosyl DNA phosphodiesterase 1, the colchicine binding site in tubulin, adenosine A2A receptor, and, finally, phospholipase C-δ1. According to the panel, the A2A receptor showed the strongest binding, inferring it to be the most plausible target, closely followed by tubulin. To investigate whether the thieno[2,3-b]pyridines modulate G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) other than A2A, a screen against 168 GPCRs was conducted. According to the results, ligand 1 modulates five receptors in the low µM region, four as an antagonist; CRL-RAMP3 (IC50—11.9 µM), NPSR1B (IC50—1.0 µM), PRLHR (IC50—9.3 µM), and CXCR4 (IC50—6.9 µM). Finally, one agonist, GPRR35, was found (EC50 of 7.5 µM). Molecular modelling showed good binding to all of the receptors investigated; however, none of these surpass the A2A receptor. Furthermore, the newly-identified receptors are relatively modestly expressed in the cancer cell lines most affected by the thieno[2,3-b]pyridines, making them less likely to be the main targets of the mechanism of action for this compound class. Nevertheless, new modulators against GPCRs are of an interest as potential hits for further drug development.
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Morales KA, Yang Y, Cole TR, Igumenova TI. Dynamic Response of the C2 Domain of Protein Kinase Cα to Ca 2+ Binding. Biophys J 2017; 111:1655-1667. [PMID: 27760353 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca2+-dependent conserved-region 2 (C2) domains target their host signaling proteins to anionic membranes. The Ca2+-binding event is a prerequisite for membrane association. Here, we investigate multiscale metal-ion-dependent dynamics of the C2 domain of protein kinase Cα (C2α) using NMR spectroscopy. Interactions with metal ions attenuate microsecond-timescale motions of the loop regions, indicating that preorganization of the metal-binding loops occurs before membrane insertion. Binding of a full complement of Ca2+ ions has a profound effect on the millisecond-timescale dynamics of the N- and C-terminal regions of C2α. We propose that Ca2+ binding allosterically destabilizes the terminal regions of C2α and thereby facilitates the conformational rearrangement necessary for full membrane insertion and activation of protein kinase Cα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal A Morales
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Yuan Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Taylor R Cole
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Tatyana I Igumenova
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas.
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Katti S, Nyenhuis SB, Her B, Srivastava AK, Taylor AB, Hart PJ, Cafiso DS, Igumenova TI. Non-Native Metal Ion Reveals the Role of Electrostatics in Synaptotagmin 1-Membrane Interactions. Biochemistry 2017; 56:3283-3295. [PMID: 28574251 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
C2 domains are independently folded modules that often target their host proteins to anionic membranes in a Ca2+-dependent manner. In these cases, membrane association is triggered by Ca2+ binding to the negatively charged loop region of the C2 domain. Here, we used a non-native metal ion, Cd2+, in lieu of Ca2+ to gain insight into the contributions made by long-range Coulombic interactions and direct metal ion-lipid bridging to membrane binding. Using X-ray crystallography, NMR, Förster resonance energy transfer, and vesicle cosedimentation assays, we demonstrate that, although Cd2+ binds to the loop region of C2A/B domains of synaptotagmin 1 with high affinity, long-range Coulombic interactions are too weak to support membrane binding of individual domains. We attribute this behavior to two factors: the stoichiometry of Cd2+ binding to the loop regions of the C2A and C2B domains and the impaired ability of Cd2+ to directly coordinate the lipids. In contrast, electron paramagnetic resonance experiments revealed that Cd2+ does support membrane binding of the C2 domains in full-length synaptotagmin 1, where the high local lipid concentrations that result from membrane tethering can partially compensate for lack of a full complement of divalent metal ions and specific lipid coordination in Cd2+-complexed C2A/B domains. Our data suggest that long-range Coulombic interactions alone can drive the initial association of C2A/B with anionic membranes and that Ca2+ further augments membrane binding by the formation of metal ion-lipid coordination bonds and additional Ca2+ ion binding to the C2 domain loop regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Katti
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University , 300 Olsen Boulevard, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Sarah B Nyenhuis
- Department of Chemistry and Biophysics Program, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Bin Her
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University , 300 Olsen Boulevard, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Atul K Srivastava
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University , 300 Olsen Boulevard, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Alexander B Taylor
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology and the X-ray Crystallography Core Laboratory, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas 78229, United States
| | - P John Hart
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology and the X-ray Crystallography Core Laboratory, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas 78229, United States
| | - David S Cafiso
- Department of Chemistry and Biophysics Program, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Tatyana I Igumenova
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University , 300 Olsen Boulevard, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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Moroz OV, Blagova E, Lebedev AA, Nørgaard A, Segura DR, Blicher TH, Brask J, Wilson KS. The structure of a calcium-dependent phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C fromPseudomonassp. 62186, the first from a Gram-negative bacterium. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2017; 73:32-44. [DOI: 10.1107/s2059798316019616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial phosphoinositide-specific phospholipases C (PI-PLCs) are the smallest members of the PI-PLC family, which includes much larger mammalian enzymes responsible for signal transduction as well as enzymes from protozoan parasites, yeast and plants. Eukaryotic PI-PLCs have calcium in the active site, but this is absent in the known structures of Gram-positive bacteria, where its role is instead played by arginine. In addition to their use in a number of industrial applications, the bacterial enzymes attract special interest because they can serve as convenient models of the catalytic domains of eukaryotic enzymes forin vitroactivity studies. Here, the structure of a PI-PLC fromPseudomonassp. 62186 is reported, the first from a Gram-negative bacterium and the first of a native bacterial PI-PLC with calcium present in the active site. Solution of the structure posed particular problems owing to the low sequence identity of available homologous structures. Its dependence on calcium for catalysis makes this enzyme a better model for studies of the mammalian PI-PLCs than the previously used calcium-independent bacterial PI-PLCs.
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Identification of anticancer agents based on the thieno[2,3-b]pyridine and 1H-pyrazole molecular scaffolds. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:3521-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Liu Y, Mihai C, Kubiak RJ, Rebecchi M, Bruzik KS. Phosphorothiolate analogues of phosphatidylinositols as assay substrates for phospholipase C. Chembiochem 2016; 8:1430-9. [PMID: 17659518 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Accurate measurement of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) activity is important in view of the key role of this enzyme in signal-transduction pathways. In this work we synthesized enantiomerically pure phosphorothiolate analogues of all natural PI-PLC substrates, including those of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI-4,5-P2), 4-phosphate (PI-4-P), 5-phosphate (PI-5-P) and unphosphorylated PI, in both long- and short-chain versions. The enzymatic cleavage of these substrates produces thiol analogues of diacyl glycerol, which can be quantified by UV absorbance after treatment with dipyridyl disulfide. The monodisperse dihexanoyl derivatives are suitable substrates for PI-PLC assay: they give rise to high enzyme activity, and provide excellent linear kinetic responses. For all substrates, we found a good linear correlation between the reaction rate and the amount of enzyme; this indicated the suitability of this assay for enzyme quantification. The short-chain substrates enable the enzyme specificity with variously phosphorylated inositol head groups to be established--unobstructed by substrate aggregation, "scooting" kinetics on micelles, or surface dilution effects. The kinetic results indicated allosteric behavior of PLC for all substrates tested. We found that substrates phosphorylated at the inositol 4-position (phosphorothiolate analogues of PI-4,5-P2 and PI-4-P) displayed very similar kinetic properties, and were cleaved with approximately 20- to 30-fold higher activity than the 4-nonphosphorylated substrates (analogues of PI-5-P and PI). Hence it appears that interactions between the enzyme and the 4-phosphate group of the substrate, but not its 5-phosphate group, is important for PI-PLC catalysis. In addition, the binding affinities of all four substrate types were found to be quite similar; this indicates that the energy of enzyme interaction with the 4-phosphate group is directed almost entirely to catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL 60612, USA
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Kadamur G, Ross EM. Intrinsic Pleckstrin Homology (PH) Domain Motion in Phospholipase C-β Exposes a Gβγ Protein Binding Site. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:11394-406. [PMID: 27002154 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.723940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian phospholipase C-β (PLC-β) isoforms are stimulated by heterotrimeric G protein subunits and members of the Rho GTPase family of small G proteins. Although recent structural studies showed how Gαq and Rac1 bind PLC-β, there is a lack of consensus regarding the Gβγ binding site in PLC-β. Using FRET between cerulean fluorescent protein-labeled Gβγ and the Alexa Fluor 594-labeled PLC-β pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, we demonstrate that the PH domain is the minimal Gβγ binding region in PLC-β3. We show that the isolated PH domain can compete with full-length PLC-β3 for binding Gβγ but not Gαq, Using sequence conservation, structural analyses, and mutagenesis, we identify a hydrophobic face of the PLC-β PH domain as the Gβγ binding interface. This PH domain surface is not solvent-exposed in crystal structures of PLC-β, necessitating conformational rearrangement to allow Gβγ binding. Blocking PH domain motion in PLC-β by cross-linking it to the EF hand domain inhibits stimulation by Gβγ without altering basal activity or Gαq response. The fraction of PLC-β cross-linked is proportional to the fractional loss of Gβγ response. Cross-linked PLC-β does not bind Gβγ in a FRET-based Gβγ-PLC-β binding assay. We propose that unliganded PLC-β exists in equilibrium between a closed conformation observed in crystal structures and an open conformation where the PH domain moves away from the EF hands. Therefore, intrinsic movement of the PH domain in PLC-β modulates Gβγ access to its binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Kadamur
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Molecular Biophysics Graduate Program, and Green Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Elliott M Ross
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Molecular Biophysics Graduate Program, and Green Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
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Abd-El-Haliem AM, Vossen JH, van Zeijl A, Dezhsetan S, Testerink C, Seidl MF, Beck M, Strutt J, Robatzek S, Joosten MHAJ. Biochemical characterization of the tomato phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) family and its role in plant immunity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1365-1378. [PMID: 26825689 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Plants possess effective mechanisms to quickly respond to biotic and abiotic stresses. The rapid activation of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PLC) enzymes occurs early after the stimulation of plant immune-receptors. Genomes of different plant species encode multiple PLC homologs belonging to one class, PLCζ. Here we determined whether all tomato homologs encode active enzymes and whether they can generate signals that are distinct from one another. We searched the recently completed tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) genome sequence and identified a total of seven PLCs. Recombinant proteins were produced for all tomato PLCs, except for SlPLC7. The purified proteins showed typical PLC activity, as different PLC substrates were hydrolysed to produce diacylglycerol. We studied SlPLC2, SlPLC4 and SlPLC5 enzymes in more detail and observed distinct requirements for Ca(2+) ions and pH, for both their optimum activity and substrate preference. This indicates that each enzyme could be differentially and specifically regulated in vivo, leading to the generation of PLC homolog-specific signals in response to different stimuli. PLC overexpression and specific inhibition of PLC activity revealed that PLC is required for both specific effector- and more general "pattern"-triggered immunity. For the latter, we found that both the flagellin-triggered response and the internalization of the corresponding receptor, Flagellin Sensing 2 (FLS2) of Arabidopsis thaliana, are suppressed by inhibition of PLC activity. Altogether, our data support an important role for PLC enzymes in plant defence signalling downstream of immune receptors. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Plant Lipid Biology edited by Kent D. Chapman and Ivo Feussner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Abd-El-Haliem
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jack H Vossen
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan van Zeijl
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sara Dezhsetan
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christa Testerink
- Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael F Seidl
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martina Beck
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - James Strutt
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Matthieu H A J Joosten
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Lyon AM, Begley JA, Manett TD, Tesmer JJG. Molecular mechanisms of phospholipase C β3 autoinhibition. Structure 2015; 22:1844-1854. [PMID: 25435326 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase C β (PLCβ) enzymes are dramatically activated by heterotrimeric G proteins. Central to this response is the robust autoinhibition of PLCβ by the X-Y linker region within its catalytic core and by the Hα2' helix in the C-terminal extension of the enzyme. The molecular mechanism of each and their mutual dependence are poorly understood. Herein, it is shown that distinct regions within the X-Y linker have specific roles in regulating activity. Most important,an acidic stretch within the linker stabilizes a lid that occludes the active site, consistent with crystal structures of variants lacking this region. Inhibition by the Hα2' helix is independent of the X-Y linker and likely regulates activity by limiting membrane interaction of the catalytic core. Full activation of PLCβ thus requires multiple independent molecular events induced by membrane association of the catalytic core and by the binding of regulatory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeline M Lyon
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2216, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, 1301 MSRB III, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, RM 5301 MSRB III, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0600, USA
| | - Jessica A Begley
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2216, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, 1301 MSRB III, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, RM 5301 MSRB III, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0600, USA
| | - Taylor D Manett
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2216, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, 1301 MSRB III, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, RM 5301 MSRB III, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0600, USA
| | - John J G Tesmer
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2216, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, 1301 MSRB III, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, RM 5301 MSRB III, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0600, USA.
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Functional cooperation between the IP3 receptor and phospholipase C secures the high sensitivity to light of Drosophila photoreceptors in vivo. J Neurosci 2015; 35:2530-46. [PMID: 25673847 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3933-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila phototransduction is a model system for the ubiquitous phosphoinositide signaling. In complete darkness, spontaneous unitary current events (dark bumps) are produced by spontaneous single Gqα activation, while single-photon responses (quantum bumps) arise from synchronous activation of several Gqα molecules. We have recently shown that most of the spontaneous single Gqα activations do not produce dark bumps, because of a critical phospholipase Cβ (PLCβ) activity level required for bump generation. Surpassing the threshold of channel activation depends on both PLCβ activity and cellular [Ca(2+)], which participates in light excitation via a still unclear mechanism. We show here that in IP3 receptor (IP3R)-deficient photoreceptors, both light-activated Ca(2+) release from internal stores and light sensitivity were strongly attenuated. This was further verified by Ca(2+) store depletion, linking Ca(2+) release to light excitation. In IP3R-deficient photoreceptors, dark bumps were virtually absent and the quantum-bump rate was reduced, indicating that Ca(2+) release from internal stores is necessary to reach the critical level of PLCβ catalytic activity and the cellular [Ca(2+)] required for excitation. Combination of IP3R knockdown with reduced PLCβ catalytic activity resulted in highly suppressed light responses that were partially rescued by cellular Ca(2+) elevation, showing a functional cooperation between IP3R and PLCβ via released Ca(2+). These findings suggest that in contrast to the current dogma that Ca(2+) release via IP3R does not participate in light excitation, we show that released Ca(2+) plays a critical role in light excitation. The positive feedback between PLCβ and IP3R found here may represent a common feature of the inositol-lipid signaling.
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Arabshahi HJ, Leung E, Barker D, Reynisson J. The development of thieno[2,3-b]pyridine analogues as anticancer agents applying in silico methods. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00320e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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40
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Leung E, Hung JM, Barker D, Reynisson J. The effect of a thieno[2,3-b]pyridine PLC-γ inhibitor on the proliferation, morphology, migration and cell cycle of breast cancer cells. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00290j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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41
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Lyon AM, Taylor VG, Tesmer JJG. Strike a pose: Gαq complexes at the membrane. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2013; 35:23-30. [PMID: 24287282 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The heterotrimeric G protein Gαq is a central player in signal transduction, relaying signals from activated G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to effectors and other proteins to elicit changes in intracellular Ca(2+), the actin cytoskeleton, and gene transcription. Gαq functions at the intracellular surface of the plasma membrane, as do its best-characterized targets, phospholipase C-β, p63RhoGEF, and GPCR kinase 2 (GRK2). Recent insights into the structure and function of these signaling complexes reveal several recurring themes, including complex multivalent interactions between Gαq, its protein target, and the membrane, that are likely essential for allosteric control and maximum efficiency in signal transduction. Thus, the plasma membrane is not only a source of substrates but also a key player in the scaffolding of Gαq-dependent signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeline M Lyon
- Life Sciences Institute and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Veronica G Taylor
- Life Sciences Institute and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - John J G Tesmer
- Life Sciences Institute and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Cai J, Guo S, Lomasney JW, Roberts MF. Ca2+-independent binding of anionic phospholipids by phospholipase C δ1 EF-hand domain. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:37277-88. [PMID: 24235144 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.512186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant EF-hand domain of phospholipase C δ1 has a moderate affinity for anionic phospholipids in the absence of Ca(2+) that is driven by interactions of cationic and hydrophobic residues in the first EF-hand sequence. This region of PLC δ1 is missing in the crystal structure. The relative orientation of recombinant EF with respect to the bilayer, established with NMR methods, shows that the N-terminal helix of EF-1 is close to the membrane interface. Specific mutations of EF-1 residues in full-length PLC δ1 reduce enzyme activity but not because of disturbing partitioning of the protein onto vesicles. The reduction in enzymatic activity coupled with vesicle binding studies are consistent with a role for this domain in aiding substrate binding in the active site once the protein is transiently anchored at its target membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfei Cai
- From the Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467 and
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43
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Abstract
Phospholipase C (PLC) enzymes convert phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate into the second messengers diacylglycerol and inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate. The production of these molecules promotes the release of intracellular calcium and activation of protein kinase C, which results in profound cellular changes. The PLCβ subfamily is of particular interest given its prominent role in cardiovascular and neuronal signaling and its regulation by G protein-coupled receptors, as PLCβ is the canonical downstream target of the heterotrimeric G protein Gαq. However, this is not the only mechanism regulating PLCβ activity. Extensive structural and biochemical evidence has revealed regulatory roles for autoinhibitory elements within PLCβ, Gβγ, small molecular weight G proteins, and the lipid membrane itself. Such complex regulation highlights the central role that this enzyme plays in cell signaling. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the control of its activity will greatly facilitate the search for selective small molecule modulators of PLCβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeline M Lyon
- Life Sciences Institute and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Raimondi C, Falasca M. Phosphoinositides signalling in cancer: focus on PI3K and PLC. Adv Biol Regul 2013; 52:166-82. [PMID: 22019900 DOI: 10.1016/j.advenzreg.2011.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Raimondi
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, Centre for Diabetes, Inositide Signalling Group, London E1 2AT, UK
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45
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Abstract
Phospholipase C (PLC) converts phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP(2)) to inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP(3)) and diacylglycerol (DAG). DAG and IP(3) each control diverse cellular processes and are also substrates for synthesis of other important signaling molecules. PLC is thus central to many important interlocking regulatory networks. Mammals express six families of PLCs, each with both unique and overlapping controls over expression and subcellular distribution. Each PLC also responds acutely to its own spectrum of activators that includes heterotrimeric G protein subunits, protein tyrosine kinases, small G proteins, Ca(2+), and phospholipids. Mammalian PLCs are autoinhibited by a region in the catalytic TIM barrel domain that is the target of much of their acute regulation. In combination, the PLCs act as a signaling nexus that integrates numerous signaling inputs, critically governs PIP(2) levels, and regulates production of important second messengers to determine cell behavior over the millisecond to hour timescale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Kadamur
- Department of Pharmacology, Molecular Biophysics Graduate Program and Green Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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46
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Jackson MR, Selby TL. Crystallization, optimization and preliminary X-ray characterization of a metal-dependent PI-PLC from Streptomyces antibioticus. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2012; 68:1378-86. [PMID: 23143254 PMCID: PMC3515386 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309112041371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A recombinant metal-dependent phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) from Streptomyces antibioticus has been crystallized by the hanging-drop method with and without heavy metals. The native crystals belonged to the orthorhombic space group P222, with unit-cell parameters a=41.26, b=51.86, c=154.78 Å. The X-ray diffraction results showed significant differences in the crystal quality of samples soaked with heavy atoms. Additionally, drop pinning, which increases the surface area of the drops, was also used to improve crystal growth and quality. The combination of heavy-metal soaks and drop pinning was found to be critical for producing high-quality crystals that diffracted to 1.23 Å resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas L. Selby
- Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA
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47
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Gellatly SA, Kalujnaia S, Cramb G. Cloning, tissue distribution and sub-cellular localisation of phospholipase C X-domain containing protein (PLCXD) isoforms. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 424:651-6. [PMID: 22732399 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.06.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) enzymes comprise a small family of receptor-regulated phosphodiesterases that control many cellular processes by the regulation of cytosolic calcium and/or the activity of several protein kinases. To date, six distinct classes of PI-PLC are known to exist in mammals. Here we characterise a seventh class of PI-PLC, which contains only the catalytic X domain in its structure, termed phospholipase C X-domain containing protein (PLCXD). At least three tissue-specific PLCXD isoforms exist in humans, comprising hPLCXD-1, hPLCXD-2 and hPLCXD-3, with hPLCXD-2 exhibiting three C-terminal spliceforms (2.1, 2.2 and 2.3). Specific amino acids known to be essential for the catalytic function of PI-PLCs were found to be conserved in all three human PLCXDs and over-expression of hPLCXD-1, 2.1 and 3 in the HeLa cell line increased endogenous PI-PLC activity. Human PLCXD isoforms exhibited tissue-specific expression profiles in mice and humans and immunocytochemistry revealed distinct sub-cellular localisations when over-expressed in human cultured cell lines. These novel proteins may therefore possess fundamental, and as yet uncharacterised roles in cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Gellatly
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, Medical and Biological Sciences Building, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9TF, UK
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48
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Wang X, Barrett M, Sondek J, Harden TK, Zhang Q. Fluorescent phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate derivatives with modified 6-hydroxy group as novel substrates for phospholipase C. Biochemistry 2012; 51:5300-6. [PMID: 22703043 DOI: 10.1021/bi300637h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The capacity to monitor spatiotemporal activity of phospholipase C (PLC) isozymes with a PLC-selective sensor would dramatically enhance understanding of the physiological function and disease relevance of these signaling proteins. Previous structural and biochemical studies defined critical roles for several of the functional groups of the endogenous substrate of PLC isozymes, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP(2)), indicating that these sites cannot be readily modified without compromising interactions with the lipase active site. However, the role of the 6-hydroxy group of PIP(2) for interaction and hydrolysis by PLC has not been explored, possibly due to challenges in synthesizing 6-hydroxy derivatives. Here, we describe an efficient route for the synthesis of novel, fluorescent PIP(2) derivatives modified at the 6-hydroxy group. Two of these derivatives were used in assays of PLC activity in which the fluorescent PIP(2) substrates were separated from their diacylglycerol products and reaction rates quantified by fluorescence. Both PIP(2) analogues effectively function as substrates of PLC-δ1, and the K(M) and V(max) values obtained with one of these are similar to those observed with native PIP(2) substrate. These results indicate that the 6-hydroxy group can be modified to develop functional substrates for PLC isozymes, thereby serving as the foundation for further development of PLC-selective sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Wang
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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49
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Feng L, Reynisdóttir I, Reynisson J. The effect of PLC-γ2 inhibitors on the growth of human tumour cells. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 54:463-9. [PMID: 22698703 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The phosphoinositide specific-phospholipase C-γ (PLC-γ1 and 2) enzymes are plausible anticancer targets implicated in cell motility important to invasion and dissemination of tumour cells. A host of known PLC-γ2 inhibitors were tested against the NCI60 panel of human tumour cell lines as well as their commercially available structural derivatives. A class of thieno[2,3-b]pyridines showed excellent growth arrest with derivative 3 giving GI(50) = 58 nM for the melanoma MDA-MB-435 cell line. The PLC-γ2 is uniquely expressed in haematopoietic cells and the leukaemia tumour cell lines were growth restricted on average GI(50) = 275 nM by derivative 3 indicating a specific interaction with this isoform. Furthermore, a moderate growth inhibition was found for compound classes of indoles and 1H-pyrazoles. It is likely that the active compounds do not only inhibit the PLC-γ2 isoform but other PLCs as well due to their conserved binding site. The compounds tested were identified by applying the tools of chemoinformatics, which supports the use of in silico methods in drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Feng
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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50
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Golczak M, Kiser PD, Sears AE, Lodowski DT, Blaner WS, Palczewski K. Structural basis for the acyltransferase activity of lecithin:retinol acyltransferase-like proteins. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:23790-807. [PMID: 22605381 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.361550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lecithin:retinol acyltransferase-like proteins, also referred to as HRAS-like tumor suppressors, comprise a vertebrate subfamily of papain-like or NlpC/P60 thiol proteases that function as phospholipid-metabolizing enzymes. HRAS-like tumor suppressor 3, a representative member of this group, plays a key role in regulating triglyceride accumulation and energy expenditure in adipocytes and therefore constitutes a novel pharmacological target for treatment of metabolic disorders causing obesity. Here, we delineate a catalytic mechanism common to lecithin:retinol acyltransferase-like proteins and provide evidence for their alternative robust lipid-dependent acyltransferase enzymatic activity. We also determined high resolution crystal structures of HRAS-like tumor suppressor 2 and 3 to gain insight into their active site architecture. Based on this structural analysis, two conformational states of the catalytic Cys-113 were identified that differ in reactivity and thus could define the catalytic properties of these two proteins. Finally, these structures provide a model for the topology of these enzymes and allow identification of the protein-lipid bilayer interface. This study contributes to the enzymatic and structural understanding of HRAS-like tumor suppressor enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Golczak
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
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