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A Comparison between Endostatin and Conventional Biomarkers on 30-Day Mortality and Renal Replacement Therapy in Unselected Intensive Care Patients. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111603. [PMID: 34829832 PMCID: PMC8615500 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Endostatin may predict mortality and kidney impairment in general populations as well as in critically ill patients. We decided to explore the possible role of endostatin as a predictor of 30-day mortality, acute kidney injury (AKI), and renal replacement therapy (RRT) in a cohort of unselected intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Endostatin and creatinine in plasma were analyzed and SAPS3 was determined in 278 patients on ICU arrival at admission to a Swedish medium-sized hospital. SAPS3 had the highest predictive value, 0.85 (95% C.I.: 0.8–0.90), for 30-day mortality. Endostatin, in combination with age, predicted 30-day mortality by 0.76 (95% C.I.: 0.70–0.82). Endostatin, together with age and creatinine, predicted AKI with 0.87 (95% C.I.: 0.83–0.91). Endostatin predicted AKI with [0.68 (0.62–0.74)]. Endostatin predicted RRT, either alone [0.82 (95% C.I.: 0.72–0.91)] or together with age [0.81 (95% C.I.: 0.71–0.91)]. The predicted risk for 30-day mortality, AKI, or RRT during the ICU stay, predicted by plasma endostatin, was not influenced by age. Compared to the complex severity score SAPS3, circulating endostatin, combined with age, offers an easily managed option to predict 30-day mortality. Additionally, circulating endostatin combined with creatinine was closely associated with AKI development.
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Bretaud S, Guillon E, Karppinen SM, Pihlajaniemi T, Ruggiero F. Collagen XV, a multifaceted multiplexin present across tissues and species. Matrix Biol Plus 2020; 6-7:100023. [PMID: 33543021 PMCID: PMC7852327 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2020.100023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Type XV collagen is a non-fibrillar collagen that is associated with basement membranes and belongs to the multiplexin subset of the collagen superfamily. Collagen XV was initially studied because of its sequence homology with collagen XVIII/endostatin whose anti-angiogenic and anti-tumorigenic properties were subjects of wide interest in the past years. But during the last fifteen years, collagen XV has gained growing attention with increasing number of studies that have attributed new functions to this widely distributed collagen/proteoglycan hybrid molecule. Despite the cumulative evidence of its functional pleiotropy and its evolutionary conserved function, no review compiling the current state of the art about collagen XV is currently available. Here, we thus provide the first comprehensive view of the knowledge gathered so far on the molecular structure, tissue distribution and functions of collagen XV in development, tissue homeostasis and disease with an evolutionary perspective. We hope that our review will open new roads for promising research on collagen XV in the coming years. Type XV collagen belongs to the multiplexin subset of the collagen superfamily. It is evolutionarily conserved collagen and associated with basement membranes. This collagen/proteoglycan hybrid molecule contains an anti-angiogenic restin domain. It has important functions in the cardiovascular and the neuromuscular systems. Its expression is dysregulated in various diseases including cancers.
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Key Words
- Animal models
- BM, basement membrane
- BMZ, basement membrane zone
- COL, collagenous domain
- CS, chondroitin sulfate
- CSPG, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan
- Collagen-related disease
- Collagens
- Development
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- Evolution
- Extracellular matrix
- GAG, glycosaminoglycan
- HFD, High fat diet
- HS, heparan sulfate
- HSPG, heparan sulfate proteoglycan
- Multiplexin
- NC, non-collagenous domain
- TD, trimerization domain
- TSPN, Thrombospondin-1 N-terminal like domain
- dpf, day post-fertilization
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Bretaud
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UMR CNRS 5242, University of Lyon, Lyon 69364, France
| | - Emilie Guillon
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UMR CNRS 5242, University of Lyon, Lyon 69364, France
| | - Sanna-Maria Karppinen
- Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Aapistie 7C, FI-90230 Oulu, Finland
| | - Taina Pihlajaniemi
- Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Aapistie 7C, FI-90230 Oulu, Finland
| | - Florence Ruggiero
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UMR CNRS 5242, University of Lyon, Lyon 69364, France
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Heljasvaara R, Aikio M, Ruotsalainen H, Pihlajaniemi T. Collagen XVIII in tissue homeostasis and dysregulation - Lessons learned from model organisms and human patients. Matrix Biol 2016; 57-58:55-75. [PMID: 27746220 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Collagen XVIII is a ubiquitous basement membrane (BM) proteoglycan produced in three tissue-specific isoforms that differ in their N-terminal non-collagenous sequences, but share collagenous and C-terminal non-collagenous domains. The collagenous domain provides flexibility to the large collagen XVIII molecules on account of multiple interruptions in collagenous sequences. Each isoform has a complex multi-domain structure that endows it with an ability to perform various biological functions. The long isoform contains a frizzled-like (Fz) domain with Wnt-inhibiting activity and a unique domain of unknown function (DUF959), which is also present in the medium isoform. All three isoforms share an N-terminal laminin-G-like/thrombospondin-1 sequence whose specific functions still remain unconfirmed. The proteoglycan nature of the isoforms further increases the functional diversity of collagen XVIII. An anti-angiogenic domain termed endostatin resides in the C-terminus of collagen XVIII and is proteolytically cleaved from the parental molecule during the BM breakdown for example in the process of tumour progression. Recombinant endostatin can efficiently reduce tumour angiogenesis and growth in experimental models by inhibiting endothelial cell migration and proliferation or by inducing their death, but its efficacy against human cancers is still a subject of debate. Mutations in the COL18A1 gene result in Knobloch syndrome, a genetic disorder characterised mainly by severe eye defects and encephalocele and, occasionally, other symptoms. Studies with gene-modified mice have elucidated some aspects of this rare disease, highlighting in particular the importance of collagen XVIII in the development of the eye. Research with model organisms have also helped in determining other structural and biological functions of collagen XVIII, such as its requirement in the maintenance of BM integrity and its emerging roles in regulating cell survival, stem or progenitor cell maintenance and differentiation and inflammation. In this review, we summarise current knowledge on the properties and endogenous functions of collagen XVIII in normal situations and tissue dysregulation. When data is available, we discuss the functions of the distinct isoforms and their specific domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritva Heljasvaara
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland; Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5009 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Mari Aikio
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Heli Ruotsalainen
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Taina Pihlajaniemi
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland
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John H, Breyer F, Schmidt C, Mizaikoff B, Worek F, Thiermann H. Small-scale purification of butyrylcholinesterase from human plasma and implementation of a μLC-UV/ESI MS/MS method to detect its organophosphorus adducts. Drug Test Anal 2015; 7:947-56. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harald John
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Munich Germany
| | - Felicitas Breyer
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry; University of Ulm; Germany
| | | | - Boris Mizaikoff
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry; University of Ulm; Germany
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Munich Germany
| | - Horst Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Munich Germany
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Clementz AG, Harris A. Collagen XV: exploring its structure and role within the tumor microenvironment. Mol Cancer Res 2013; 11:1481-6. [PMID: 24043668 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-12-0662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a critical component of stroma-to-cell interactions that subsequently activate intracellular signaling cascades, many of which are associated with tumor invasion and metastasis. The ECM contains a wide range of proteins with multiple functions, including cytokines, cleaved cell-surface receptors, secreted epithelial cell proteins, and structural scaffolding. Fibrillar collagens, abundant in the normal ECM, surround cellular structures and provide structural integrity. However during the initial stages of invasive cancers, the ECM is among the first compartments to be compromised. Also present in the normal ECM is the nonfibrillar collagen XV, which is seen in the basement membrane zone but is lost prior to tumor metastasis in several organs. In contrast, the tumor microenvironment often exhibits increased synthesis of fibrillar collagen I and collagen IV, which are associated with fibrosis. The unique localization of collagen XV and its disappearance prior to tumor invasion suggests a fundamental role in maintaining basement membrane integrity and preventing the migration of tumor cells across this barrier. This review examines the structure of collagen XV, its functional domains, and its involvement in cell-surface receptor-mediated signaling pathways, thus providing further insight into its critical role in the suppression of malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony George Clementz
- Human Molecular Genetics Program, Lurie Children's Research Center, 2430 North Halsted Street, Chicago, IL 60614.
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Schjoldager KTBG, Vester-Christensen MB, Goth CK, Petersen TN, Brunak S, Bennett EP, Levery SB, Clausen H. A systematic study of site-specific GalNAc-type O-glycosylation modulating proprotein convertase processing. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:40122-32. [PMID: 21937429 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.287912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Site-specific GalNAc-type O-glycosylation is emerging as an important co-regulator of proprotein convertase (PC) processing of proteins. PC processing is crucial in regulating many fundamental biological pathways and O-glycans in or immediately adjacent to processing sites may affect recognition and function of PCs. Thus, we previously demonstrated that deficiency in site-specific O-glycosylation in a PC site of the fibroblast growth factor, FGF23, resulted in marked reduction in secretion of active unprocessed FGF23, which cause familial tumoral calcinosis and hyperostosis hyperphosphatemia. GalNAc-type O-glycosylation is found on serine and threonine amino acids and up to 20 distinct polypeptide GalNAc transferases catalyze the first addition of GalNAc to proteins making this step the most complex and differentially regulated steps in protein glycosylation. There is no reliable prediction model for O-glycosylation especially of isolated sites, but serine and to a lesser extent threonine residues are frequently found adjacent to PC processing sites. In the present study we used in vitro enzyme assays and ex vivo cell models to systematically address the boundaries of the region within site-specific O-glycosylation affect PC processing. The results demonstrate that O-glycans within at least ±3 residues of the RXXR furin cleavage site may affect PC processing suggesting that site-specific O-glycosylation is a major co-regulator of PC processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine Ter-Borch Gram Schjoldager
- Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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Veillard F, Saidi A, Burden RE, Scott CJ, Gillet L, Lecaille F, Lalmanach G. Cysteine cathepsins S and L modulate anti-angiogenic activities of human endostatin. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:37158-67. [PMID: 21896479 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.284869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human endostatin, a potent anti-angiogenic protein, is generated by release of the C terminus of collagen XVIII. Here, we propose that cysteine cathepsins are involved in both the liberation and activation of bioactive endostatin fragments, thus regulating their anti-angiogenic properties. Cathepsins B, S, and L efficiently cleaved in vitro FRET peptides that encompass the hinge region corresponding to the N terminus of endostatin. However, in human umbilical vein endothelial cell-based assays, silencing of cathepsins S and L, but not cathepsin B, impaired the generation of the ∼22-kDa endostatin species. Moreover, cathepsins L and S released two peptides from endostatin with increased angiostatic properties and both encompassing the NGR sequence, a vasculature homing motif. The G10T peptide (residues 1455-1464: collagen XVIII numbering) displayed compelling anti-proliferative (EC(50) = 0.23 nm) and proapoptotic properties. G10T inhibited aminopeptidase N (APN/CD13) and reduced tube formation of endothelial cells in a manner similar to bestatin. Combination of G10T with bestatin resulted in no further increase in anti-angiogenic activity. Taken together, these data suggest that endostatin-derived peptides may represent novel molecular links between cathepsins and APN/CD13 in the regulation of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Veillard
- INSERM U618, Protéases et Vectorisation Pulmonaires, Université François Rabelais, 37000 Tours, France
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Mauldin GN, Foster TP, Waddell CW, Egan ME. Cloning, expression and in vitro evaluation of recombinant canine Tum5, an angiostatic domain of mammalian type IV collagen. Vet Comp Oncol 2009; 1:36-47. [PMID: 19379329 DOI: 10.1046/j.1476-5829.2003.00004.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The process of new blood vessel formation within and around neoplastic tissue, termed angiogenesis, is a significant factor in the development, progression and metastasis of malignant tumours in all species. A major cause of death in cancer patients is the development of treatment-resistant metastatic disease, which may be avoided by therapies that target the genetically stable population of vascular endothelial cells within tumours. Tumstatin is a small protein formed by the cleavage of the alpha-3 subunit of the non-collagenous domain of mammalian type IV collagen. Recombinant human Tumstatin has been shown to have potent angiostatic properties in vitro and in vivo. Tumstatin is a potent initiator of apoptosis and inhibits the proliferation and migration of vascular endothelial cells in cell culture. Recently, a fragment of Tumstatin, termed Tum5, has been shown to have biologic activity similar to the parent compound. The systemic administration of angiostatic proteins like Tum5 may result in the remission of established tumours, while preventing or delaying the onset of clinically detectable metastasis. Recombinant canine Tum5 (cTum5) was cloned and its protein expression induced in a prokaryotic vector. The resulting cTum5 protein caused dose-dependent inhibition of vascular endothelial cells in vitro, which appears to be mediated through apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G N Mauldin
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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Kosanam H, Ramagiri S, Dass C. Quantification of endogenous alpha- and gamma-endorphins in rat brain by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2009; 392:83-9. [PMID: 19486879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2009.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Quantification of alpha- and gamma-endorphins in rat brain using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry is described. [D-Ala(2)]-gamma-endorphin is used as an internal standard. The precursor-to-product ion MRM transitions for alpha-endorphin, gamma-endorphin, and [D-Ala(2)]-gamma-endorphin were m/z 873.6-->429.6; 929.6-->542.3; 936.6-->542.3, respectively. The method was validated in terms of linearity, specificity, sensitivity, recovery, precision, and accuracy. The assay was linear over a concentration range of 0.1-200 ng/mL with the limit-of-detection of 0.03 ng/mL and limit-of-quantification of 0.1 ng/mL. The endogenous concentrations of alpha- and gamma-endorphins in rat brains were 13.8+/-0.57 (mean+/-SD; n=5) and 2.5+/-0.43 ng/g of wet tissue weight, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Kosanam
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Campus Box 526060, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
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Paddenberg R, Faulhammer P, Goldenberg A, Kummer W. Hypoxia-induced increase of endostatin in murine aorta and lung. Histochem Cell Biol 2006; 125:497-508. [PMID: 16465514 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-006-0158-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the lung, hypoxia induces pulmonary hypertension caused by vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling. Additionally, hypoxia is an inducer of angiogenesis, which is assumed to counteract pulmonary hypertension. We asked whether the anti-angiogenic factor endostatin--a cleavage product of collagen XVIII--participates in the vascular alterations induced by hypoxia. By employing Western blotting of tissue extracts of murine brain, liver and heart an endostatin fragment of 22 kDa was detectable, whereas in lung and aorta additional bands of 24 and 26 kDa were found. The amount of these larger fragments was increased in tissues obtained from mice housed for 4 days or 3 weeks at hypobaric hypoxia. By immunohistochemistry endostatin was detected in association with elastic fibers and in close neighborhood to smooth muscle cells of intrapulmonary vessels and the aorta. In the lung, the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) known to generate endostatin by cleavage of collagen XVIII was increased (MMP-2) and decreased (proMMP-9), respectively, by hypoxia. Elevated amounts of endostatin within the aortic wall of mice exposed to hypobaric hypoxia may stabilize the vascular wall by inhibition of microvascular sprouting. The surprising finding of increased endostatin in the lung presumably contributes to the development of pulmonary hypertension by reduction of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate Paddenberg
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University, 35385, Giessen, Germany.
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Brammer RD, Bramhall SR, Eggo MC. Endostatin expression in a pancreatic cell line is modulated by a TNFalpha-dependent elastase. Br J Cancer 2005; 93:1024-8. [PMID: 16234817 PMCID: PMC2361670 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endostatin, an inhibitor of angiogenesis, is a 20 kDa fragment of the basement membrane protein, collagen XVIII. The formation of endostatin relies upon the action of proteases on collagen XVIII. TNFα, produced by activated macrophages, is a multifunctional proinflammatory cytokine with known effects on endothelial function. We postulated that TNFα may modulate the activities of proteases and thus regulate endostatin formation in pancreatic cells. Collagen XVIII/endostatin mRNA was expressed in one pancreatic cell line, SUIT-2, but not in BxPc-3. The 20 kDa endostatin was found in the cell-conditioned medium of SUIT-2 cells. Precursor forms only were found in the cells. Exogenous endostatin was degraded by cellular lysates of SUIT-2 cells. Elastase activity was found in cell extracts but not the cell-conditioned media of SUIT-2 cells. Incubation of SUIT-2 cells with TNFα increased intracellular elastase activity and also increased secretion of endostatin into the medium. We conclude that endostatin is released by SUIT-2 cells and that increases in intracellular elastase, induced by TNFα, are correlated with increased secretion. Endostatin is however susceptible to degradation by intracellular proteases and if tissue injury accompanies inflammation, endostatin may be degraded, allowing angiogenesis to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Brammer
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - S R Bramhall
- Department of Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
| | - M C Eggo
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK. E-mail:
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Heljasvaara R, Nyberg P, Luostarinen J, Parikka M, Heikkilä P, Rehn M, Sorsa T, Salo T, Pihlajaniemi T. Generation of biologically active endostatin fragments from human collagen XVIII by distinct matrix metalloproteases. Exp Cell Res 2005; 307:292-304. [PMID: 15950618 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2005.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2005] [Revised: 03/04/2005] [Accepted: 03/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Endostatin, a potent inhibitor of endothelial cell proliferation, migration, angiogenesis and tumor growth, is proteolytically cleaved from the C-terminal noncollagenous NC1 domain of type XVIII collagen. We investigated the endostatin formation from human collagen XVIII by several MMPs in vitro. The generation of endostatin fragments differing in molecular size (24-30 kDa) and in N-terminal sequences was identified in the cases of MMP-3, -7, -9, -13 and -20. The cleavage sites were located in the protease-sensitive hinge region between the trimerization and endostatin domains of NC1. MMP-1, -2, -8 and -12 did not show any significant activity against the C-terminus of collagen XVIII. The anti-proliferative effect of the 20-kDa endostatin, three longer endostatin-containing fragments generated in vitro by distinct MMPs and the entire NC1 domain, on bFGF-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells was established. The anti-migratory potential of some of these fragments was also studied. In addition, production of endostatin fragments between 24-30 kDa by human hepatoblastoma cells was shown to be due to MMP action on type XVIII collagen. Our results indicate that certain, especially cancer-related, MMP family members can generate biologically active endostatin-containing polypeptides from collagen XVIII and thus, by releasing endostatin fragments, may participate in the inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation, migration and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritva Heljasvaara
- Collagen Research Unit, Biocenter Oulu and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland
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Abstract
Pancreatic tumours are scirrhous, avascular tumours, suggesting that they may produce angiogenesis inhibitors that suppress the growth of the vasculature to the tumour and metastases. We have sought evidence for the angiogenesis inhibitor, endostatin, in normal and cancerous pancreatic tissue. Using Western blotting, we found mature 20 kDa endostatin in cancer tissue but not in normal tissue. Several endostatin-related peptides of higher mol wt were present in both tissues. Extracts from normal tissue were able to degrade exogenous endostatin, whereas extracts from cancer were without effect. Although the exocrine pancreas secretes inactive proenzymes of trypsin, chymotrypsin and elastase, their possible role in this degradation was examined. The trypsin/chymotrypsin inhibitor, Glycine max, did not prevent the degradation of endostatin by normal pancreatic extracts but elastatinal, a specific inhibitor of elastase, reduced the rate of degradation. Extracts of pancreatic tumours did not express any detectable elastase activity, but an elastase (Km 1.1 mM) was expressed by extracts of normal pancreas. We conclude that endostatin is present and stable in pancreatic cancer tissues, which may explain their avascular nature, but that normal pancreatic tissue expresses enzymes, including elastase, which rapidly degrade endostatin. The stability of endostatin may have implications for its therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Brammer
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - S R Bramhall
- Department of Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
| | - M C Eggo
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK. E-mail
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Smith E, Hoffman R. Multiple fragments related to angiostatin and endostatin in fluid from venous leg ulcers. Wound Repair Regen 2005; 13:148-57. [PMID: 15828939 DOI: 10.1111/j.1067-1927.2005.130205.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To investigate whether compromised angiogenesis could contribute to the impaired healing of venous leg ulcers, we have analyzed fluids from venous leg ulcers for the presence of the angiogenesis inhibitors angiostatin and endostatin. Multiple fragments related to angiostatin were detected by Western blot analysis. One angiostatin fragment was identified by mass spectrometry as plasminogen kringle domains 1-3 containing amino acids 82-343 of plasminogen, and a fraction containing this fragment inhibited tubule formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells in a Matrigel assay. The leg ulcer fluids also contained endogenous endostatin (20 kDa) as well as higher molecular weight endostatin-related proteins. The concentrations of endostatin in the wound fluids, which ranged from 12.8 to 65.5 ng/ml, were higher than the concentration in human serum (7.7 ng/ml). Most of the endostatin in leg ulcer fluid appeared to be bound to the proteoglycan glypican-1. These data suggest that anti-angiogenic activity is present at the site of venous leg ulcers, and at least in the case of angiostatin, is biologically active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewen Smith
- Department of Biosciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
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Liton PB, Liu X, Stamer WD, Challa P, Epstein DL, Gonzalez P. Specific targeting of gene expression to a subset of human trabecular meshwork cells using the chitinase 3-like 1 promoter. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005; 46:183-90. [PMID: 15623772 PMCID: PMC3152459 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.04-0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the gene expression profile of trabecular meshwork (TM) and Schlemm's canal (SC) primary cultures and to identify promoters for targeting gene expression to specific cells in the outflow pathway. METHODS The differential gene expression profile of four human TM and three SC primary cultures was analyzed by gene microarrays (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA) and confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR. Based on the results, a recombinant adenovirus was constructed with the expression of the reporter gene LacZ driven by the 5' promoter region of the chitinase 3-like 1 (Ch3L1) gene (AdCh3L1-LacZ). The expression of the Ch3L1 promoter was analyzed in human TM and SC cells and in human perfused anterior segments infected with AdCh3L1-LacZ. RESULTS gamma-Sarcoglycan, fibulin-2, and collagen XV were identified as the genes more highly expressed in SC than in TM cells. Ch3L1 showed the highest levels of differential expression in TM versus SC cells. Expression analysis of the Ch3L1 promoter demonstrated specific expression in a subset of the TM cells in cell culture and in perfused anterior segments. CONCLUSIONS Comparative analysis of gene expression between SC and TM primary cultures identified several genes with promoters potentially capable of targeting gene expression to specific cells within the outflow pathway. Results with the Ch3L1 promoter indicated that two different cell subtypes may be present in the TM. This study provides a new potential tool to investigate the role of these different cell types in both normal and pathophysiological function of the outflow pathway, with implications for possible future glaucoma gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma B. Liton
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Xialin Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - W. Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Pratap Challa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - David L. Epstein
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Pedro Gonzalez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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16
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Novel Biological Properties of Peptides Arising from Basement Membrane Proteins. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1063-5823(05)56013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Bix G, Iozzo RV. Matrix revolutions: ‘tails’ of basement-membrane components with angiostatic functions. Trends Cell Biol 2005; 15:52-60. [PMID: 15653078 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2004.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the creation of neovasculature from native blood vessels, is a prerequisite for many physiological and pathological processes. Recently, C-terminal tail fragments of several basement-membrane proteins such as endostatin, tumstatin and endorepellin have been shown to inhibit angiogenesis. Although there seems to be little or no homology among them, a common theme is that these fragments modulate endothelial cells by distinct interactions with integrins and activate distinct intracellular signaling cascades that often lead to disruption of the actin cytoskeleton. In this article, we focus on recent advances regarding the mechanism of action of these angiostatic fragments and the emerging concept of similarities among them, with the underlying premise that appreciating these similarities might lead to improved therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Bix
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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18
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John H, Radtke K, Ständker L, Forssmann WG. Identification and characterization of novel endogenous proteolytic forms of the human angiogenesis inhibitors restin and endostatin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2004; 1747:161-70. [PMID: 15698950 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2004.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2004] [Revised: 10/27/2004] [Accepted: 10/27/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Restin and endostatin are C-terminal fragments of the noncollagenous domains of collagen XV and collagen XVIII exhibiting high sequence homology. Both polypeptides are distinguished by strong anti-angiogenic activity in vivo restricting the growth of solid tumors and metastasis. They are therefore currently being tested in clinical trials as anti-cancer drugs. We present the identification of new endogenous variants of both angiogenesis inhibitors isolated from a human hemofiltrate peptide library. Using an immunological screening approach with time-resolved rare earth metal fluorometry, immunoreactive compounds were purified chromatographically and characterized by mass spectrometry. We discovered four novel proteolytic products of restin as well as four variants of endostatin. Two endostatin products were characterized as short internal fragments (R176-L215 and R176-S219) of the entire molecule containing the recently identified beta1 integrin receptor binding site, which plays a major role in endothelial cell migration and angiogenesis. Two additional forms contain mucin-type O-glycosylations. The O-glycosylated variants possess an oligosaccharide unit consisting of one N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), one N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) and two galactose residues (Gal) occurring as sialo-(V117-S311-GalNAc-Gal2-NANA) and asialoglycopeptides (V117-S311-GalNAc-Gal2). The four restin variants (R(I)-R(IV)) were identified with identical C- but different N-termini and no posttranslational modification (R(I): P66-A254, R(II): P75-A254, R(III): Y81-A254 and R(IV): A89-A254). Following a differential peptide mass fingerprint approach by reflector mode MALDI-TOFMS, the disulfide patterns of these circulating restins were determined as Cys1-Cys4 and Cys2-Cys3. These endogenous circulating collagen fragments will help to understand the physiological processing of the therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald John
- IPF PharmaCeuticals GmbH, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 31, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
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19
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Bellon G, Martiny L, Robinet A. Matrix metalloproteinases and matrikines in angiogenesis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2004; 49:203-20. [PMID: 15036261 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2003.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2003] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neoangiogenesis, the formation of new blood capillaries from pre-existing vessels, plays an important role in a number of physiological and pathological processes, particularly in tumor growth and metastasis. Extracellular proteolysis by matrix metalloproteinases or other neutral proteinases is an absolute requirement for initiating tumor invasion and angiogenesis. Cryptic segments or pre-existing domains within larger proteins, most of them belonging to the extracellular matrix, can be exposed by conformational changes and/or generated by partial enzymatic hydrolysis. They can positively or negatively regulate important functions of endothelial cells including adhesion, migration, proliferation, cell survival and cell-cell interactions. Such regulations by cryptic segments and proteolytic fragments led to the concept of matricryptins and matrikines, respectively. Matrix metalloproteinases and matrikines in conjunction with other pro- or anti-angiogenic factors might act in concert at any step of the angiogenesis process. A number of matrikines have been identified as potent anti-angiogenic factors, which could provide a new alternative to anti-proteolytic strategies for the development of anti-angiogenic therapeutic molecules aimed at inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis. Some of them are currently being investigated in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Bellon
- FRE 2534 CNRS, Faculty of Medicine, IFR-53 "Biomolécules", University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51 rue Cognacq Jay, 51095 Reims Cedex, France.
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20
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Deyl Z, Miksík I, Eckhardt A. Preparative procedures and purity assessment of collagen proteins. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 790:245-75. [PMID: 12767337 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(03)00158-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Collagens represent a large family (25 members identified so far) of closely related proteins. While the preparative procedures for the members that are ubiquitous and present in tissues in large quantities (typically fibre and network forming collagens types I, II, III, IV and V) are well established, the procedures for more recently discovered minor collagen types, namely those possessing large non-collagenous domain(s) in their molecule, are mostly micropreparative and for some collagenous proteins even do not exist. The reason is that the proof of their existence is based on immunochemical staining of tissue slices and nucleic database searching. Methods of preparation and identification of constituting alpha-polypeptide chains as well as collagenous and non-collagenous domains are also reviewed. Methods for revealing non-enzymatic posttranslational modifications (particularly of the fibre forming collagen types) are briefly described as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Deyl
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vi;denská 1083, 14220, Prague, Czech Republic.
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21
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Miosge N, Simniok T, Sprysch P, Herken R. The collagen type XVIII endostatin domain is co-localized with perlecan in basement membranes in vivo. J Histochem Cytochem 2003; 51:285-96. [PMID: 12588956 DOI: 10.1177/002215540305100303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The C-terminal globular endostatin domain of collagen type XVIII is anti-angiogenic in a variety of experimental tumor models, and clinical trials to test it as an anti-tumor agent are already under way. In contrast, many of its cell biological properties are still unknown. We systematically localized the mRNA of collagen type XVIII with the help of in situ hybridization (ISH) and detected it in epithelial and mesenchymal cells of almost all organ systems throughout mouse development. Light and electron microscopic immunohistochemistry (IHC) revealed that the endostatin domain is a widespread component of almost all epithelial basement membranes in all major developing organs, and in all basement membranes of capillaries and blood vessels. Furthermore, quantitative immunogold double labeling demonstrated a co-localization of 50% of the detected endostatin domain together with perlecan in basement membranes in vivo. We conclude that the endostatin domain of collagen type XVIII plays a role, even in early stages of mouse development, other than regulating angiogenesis. In the adult, the endostatin domain could well be involved in connecting collagen type XVIII to the basement membrane scaffolds. At least in part, perlecan appears to be an adaptor molecule for the endostatin domain in basement membranes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Miosge
- Zentrum Anatomie, Abteilung Histologie, Göttingen, Germany.
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22
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Aberrant neuronal and paracellular deposition of endostatin in brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci 2003. [PMID: 12486154 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.22-24-10621.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular pathology is common in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is considered to contribute to cerebral malfunction. However, distinct antiangiogenic proteins that accumulate in AD brains have not yet been identified. Endostatin is a 20 kDa C-terminal fragment of collagen XVIII that, when added exogenously, inhibits endothelial proliferation and migration in vitro and angiogenesis and tumor growth in vivo by inducing apoptosis in endothelial cells. We produced a monoclonal antibody directed against endostatin and observed significantly more (p < 0.0001) immunoreactive cortical neurons in AD brains compared with age-matched neuropathologically unaltered controls. High numbers of extracellular and frequently perivascular endostatin deposits were detected in the cerebral hemispheres. Double-labeling experiments revealed colocalization of endostatin in amyloid-beta(1-40) (Abeta(1-40)), tau protein, and periodic acid-Schiff stain-positive plaques that were surrounded by focal gliosis. Western blotting revealed more 20 kDa endostatin in an AD patient compared with a control. In unstimulated SKNSH supernatants, endostatin was detected that increased predominantly after hypoxia in supernatants and cellular lysates. Abeta(1-40) (80 microg/ml) supplementation to SKNSH neurons for 24 hr completely abolished the release of endostatin. These data show that endostatin is released by neurons to accumulate in amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease. Induction by hypoxia and complete abrogation of endostatin release after Abeta(1-40) challenge reveals intricate interactions between the two proteins and opens new avenues for the development of novel treatment strategies of AD patients.
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23
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Thomas JP, Arzoomanian RZ, Alberti D, Marnocha R, Lee F, Friedl A, Tutsch K, Dresen A, Geiger P, Pluda J, Fogler W, Schiller JH, Wilding G. Phase I pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of recombinant human endostatin in patients with advanced solid tumors. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21:223-31. [PMID: 12525513 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2003.12.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Endostatin is the first endogenous angiogenesis inhibitor to enter clinical trials. Laboratory investigations with endostatin have indicated broad antitumor activity coupled with remarkably low toxicity. A phase I trial of recombinant human endostatin was designed to evaluate toxicity and explore biologic effectiveness in patients with refractory solid tumors. PATIENTS AND METHODS Endostatin was administered as a 1-hour intravenous infusion given daily for a 28-day cycle. A starting dose of 30 mg/m2 was explored with subsequent dose escalations of 60, 100, 150, 225, and 300 mg/m2. Assessment of serum pharmacokinetics was performed on all 21 patients. Western blot assay and mass spectroscopy were employed to evaluate endostatin metabolism. Circulating levels of endogenous proangiogenic growth factors were examined. Tumor and tumor blood supply were imaged by dynamic computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, and positron emission tomography. RESULTS Endostatin given on this schedule was essentially free of significant drug-related toxicity. Two transient episodes of grade 1 rash were observed. No clinical responses were observed. Endostatin pharmacokinetics were linear with dose, and serum concentrations were achieved that are associated with antitumor activity in preclinical models. No aggregate effect on circulating proangiogenic growth factors were seen, although several patients exhibited persistent declines in vascular endothelial growth factor levels while enrolled in the study. A few patients demonstrated changes in their dynamic CT scans suggestive of a decline in microvessel density, although overall, no consistent effect of endostatin on tumor vasculature was seen. CONCLUSION Endostatin given daily as a 1-hour intravenous infusion was well tolerated without dose-limiting toxicity at doses up to 300 mg/m2.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Section of Medical Oncology and University of Wisconsin Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, 53792, USA
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24
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Krause A, Sillard R, Kleemeier B, Klüver E, Maronde E, Conejo-García JR, Forssmann WG, Schulz-Knappe P, Nehls MC, Wattler F, Wattler S, Adermann K. Isolation and biochemical characterization of LEAP-2, a novel blood peptide expressed in the liver. Protein Sci 2003; 12:143-52. [PMID: 12493837 PMCID: PMC2312392 DOI: 10.1110/ps.0213603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The human genome contains numerous genes whose protein products are unknown in terms of structure, interaction partner, expression, and function. To unravel the function of these orphan genes, it is of particular value to isolate native forms of protein and peptide products derived from these genes. From human blood ultrafiltrate, we characterized a novel gene-encoded, cysteine-rich, and cationic peptide that we termed liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP-2). We identified several circulating forms of LEAP-2 differing in their amino-terminal length, all containing a core structure with two disulfide bonds formed by cysteine residues in relative 1-3 and 2-4 positions. Molecular cloning of the cDNA showed that LEAP-2 is synthesized as a 77-residue precursor, which is predominantly expressed in the liver and highly conserved among mammals. This makes it a unique peptide that does not exhibit similarity with any known human peptide regarding its primary structure, disulfide motif, and expression. Analysis of the LEAP-2 gene resulted in the identification of an alternative promoter and at least four different splicing variants, with the two dominating transcripts being tissue-specifically expressed. The largest native LEAP-2 form of 40 amino acid residues is generated from the precursor at a putative cleavage site for a furin-like endoprotease. In contrast to smaller LEAP-2 variants, this peptide exhibited dose-dependent antimicrobial activity against selected microbial model organisms. LEAP-2 shares some characteristic properties with classic peptide hormones and it is expected that the isolation of this novel peptide will help to unravel its physiological role.
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25
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Ortega N, Werb Z. New functional roles for non-collagenous domains of basement membrane collagens. J Cell Sci 2002; 115:4201-14. [PMID: 12376553 PMCID: PMC2789001 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagens IV, XV and XVIII are major components of various basement membranes. In addition to the collagen-specific triple helix, these collagens are characterized by the presence of several non-collagenous domains. It is clear now that these ubiquitous collagen molecules are involved in more subtle and sophisticated functions than just the molecular architecture of basement membranes, particularly in the context of extracellular matrix degradation. Degradation of the basement membrane collagens occurs during numerous physiological and pathological processes such as embryonic development or tumorigenesis and generates collagen fragments. These fragments are involved in the regulation of functions differing from those of their original intact molecules. The non-collagenous C-terminal fragment NC1 of collagen IV, XV and XVIII have been recently highlighted in the literature because of their potential in reducing angiogenesis and tumorigenesis, but it is clear that their biological functions are not limited to these processes. Proteolytic release of soluble NC1 fragments stimulates migration, proliferation, apoptosis or survival of different cell types and suppresses various morphogenetic events.
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26
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John H, Schulz S, Forssmann WG, Ständker L. Time-resolved fluorometric assay for the detection of endostatin in chromatographically separated extracts of natural peptides. J Immunol Methods 2002; 268:233-7. [PMID: 12215391 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(02)00209-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We present a heterogeneous non-competitive immunological detection assay for peptide and protein antigens from crude extracts of biological sources. This time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TR-FIA) has been designed in a solid-phase mode using 96-well microtiter plates. Using the rare-earth metal europium as a fluorescent marker, a highly sensitive, selective and efficient procedure was developed. This technique prevents from interferences of intrinsic protein fluorescence which is highly important for antigen measurement in complex matrices. The TR-FIA has been applied for the detection of circulating forms of the potential anti-tumor agent endostatin, a C-terminal fragment of collagen XVIII, and its close homolog collagen XV (restin) from hemofiltrate. Endostatin was detected with a limit of detection of 3 ng (150 fmol/well) and a broad dynamic range from 10-1000 ng/well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald John
- IPF PharmaCeuticals GmbH, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 31, D-30625 Hanover, Germany.
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27
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Feldman AL, Alexander HR, Yang JC, Linehan WM, Eyler RA, Miller MS, Steinberg SM, Libutti SK. Prospective analysis of circulating endostatin levels in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Cancer 2002; 95:1637-43. [PMID: 12365010 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.10845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the current study was to assess circulating levels of endogenous endostatin in patients with renal carcinoma and to determine the relationship of these levels to circulating levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and prognosis. METHODS The authors prospectively studied 66 patients (48 male, 18 female; mean age, 50 years) undergoing nephrectomy for renal carcinoma on clinical trials at the National Cancer Institute. Metastases were present in 51 of 66 patients (77%) at the time of nephrectomy. Preoperative and followup serum endostatin and VEGF levels were determined using competitive enzyme immunoassays and compared to a group of 32 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. Associations between circulating endostatin levels and clinicopathologic variables, including survival, were determined. RESULTS Preoperative endostatin levels were higher in renal carcinoma patients than in healthy controls (P = 0.05). There was a weak to moderate correlation between pretreatment serum endostatin levels and serum VEGF levels (r = 0.47; P = 0.001), and levels of both proteins increased significantly following nephrectomy (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.0001, respectively; n = 41). In addition, patients whose endostatin levels increased more than twofold after nephrectomy had significantly poorer prognoses than patients without such an increase (P = 0.018). This association was more pronounced when patients without metastases were excluded (P = 0.0037). CONCLUSIONS Circulating endostatin levels are elevated in patients with renal carcinoma and correlate with circulating VEGF levels. Endostatin levels increase after nephrectomy, and patients with the greatest increases experience shortened survival times. These findings suggest an association between tumor aggressiveness and the production of endogenous endostatin in patients with renal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Feldman
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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28
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Kübler B, Draeger C, John H, Andag U, Scharf JG, Forssmann WG, Braulke T, Ständker L. Isolation and characterization of circulating fragments of the insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3. FEBS Lett 2002; 518:124-8. [PMID: 11997031 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)02673-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Proteolysis of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), the major carrier of IGFs in the circulation, is an essential mechanism to regulate IGF bioavailability. To analyze naturally occurring IGFBP-3 fragments a peptide library established from human hemofiltrate was screened. Three IGFBP-3 fragments were detected with apparent molecular masses of 34, 16, and 11 kDa. Mass spectrometric and sequence analysis identified the 16 and 11 kDa peptides as glycosylated and non-glycosylated N-terminal fragments spanning residues Gly1-Ala98 of IGFBP-3. Both the circulating forms and those secreted from IGFBP-3(1-98) overexpressing cells bound IGF. Additionally, two smaller fragments (IGFBP-3(139-157) and IGFBP-3(139-159)) were identified in the hemofiltrate. The data indicate that proteolysis of circulating IGFBP-3 occurs in the variable domain at residues alanine 98, phenylalanine 138, glutamine 157, and tyrosine 159.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Kübler
- Children's Hospital-Biochemistry, University of Hamburg, Martinistr. 52, D-20246, Hamburg, Germany
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29
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Lai R, Estey E, Shen Y, Despa S, Kantarjian H, Beran M, Maushouri T, Quackenbuch RC, Keating M, Albitar M. Clinical significance of plasma endostatin in acute myeloid leukemia/myelodysplastic syndrome. Cancer 2002; 94:14-7. [PMID: 11815955 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.10200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endostatin, a C-terminal fragment of collagen XVIII, is an endogenous angiogenesis inhibitor. While endostatin is being investigated for its usefulness in treating solid tumors, its significance in hematologic malignancies is unknown. METHODS The authors evaluated plasma endostatin (PE) levels using an enzyme linked immunoassay in 71 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and 43 patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), and correlated PE with various clinical parameters. RESULTS There was no significant difference in the median PE level between AML/MDS patients and the normal controls. Nevertheless, patients who achieved complete remission (CR) had a significantly lower median PE level compared to those who did not. In multivariate analysis, PE was found to be a significant (P = 0.03) predictor of overall survival (OS) with adjustment of the other baseline covariates, including patient age, history of antecedent hematologic disorders, and the use of protective environments. The prognostic value of PE was also evaluated by dividing MDS/AML patients into high and low PE groups using the median PE level of normal controls as the cut-off. The authors found that patients in the high PE group survived for a significantly shorter time than those patients in the low PE group. CONCLUSIONS PE is a useful prognostic predictor of CR and OS for AML/MDS patients. The mechanism underlying the association between high PE and poor clinical outcome is unclear, although it may be related to the possible PE reflection of tumor burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Lai
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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30
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Boehle AS, Kurdow R, Schulze M, Kliche U, Sipos B, Soondrum K, Ebrahimnejad A, Dohrmann P, Kalthoff H, Henne-Bruns D, Neumaier M. Human endostatin inhibits growth of human non-small-cell lung cancer in a murine xenotransplant model. Int J Cancer 2001; 94:420-8. [PMID: 11745424 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.1471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Overall prognosis in human NSCLC remains poor. Antiangiogenic treatment has become a promising concept for the treatment of solid malignancies. Our purpose was to evaluate the efficacy of recombinant HSENDO for the treatment of human NSCLC in an orthotopic murine xenotransplantation model. The efficacy of HSENDO was tested in vitro in cell-proliferation, cell-migration and tube-formation assays. In vivo, the effect of HSENDO on tumor growth was tested in s.c. xenotransplanted human NSCLC and on intrapulmonary induced human NSCLC. In vitro, HSENDO inhibited both human and rodent endothelial cell proliferation in a time- and dose-dependent fashion. Endothelial cell migration was inhibited by 97%. Tube formation of murine endothelial cells was inhibited and preexisting tubes degenerated after HSENDO exposure. In vivo, HSENDO delayed growth of s.c. xenotransplanted tumors. Immunohistochemic staining demonstrated no change in microvessel density but a significant reduction of proliferating tumor cells and an increase in bFGF and VEGF expression, reflecting the antiangiogenic effect of HSENDO. Intrapulmonary tumor induction caused death subsequent to metastatic disease. Systemic HSENDO application extended survival significantly. HSENDO was demonstrated to inhibit endothelial cell proliferation, migration and tube formation effectively. In vivo growth of s.c. transplanted tumors was delayed and survival extended by 32% and 69%, respectively, after intrapulmonary NSCLC induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Boehle
- Department of General Surgery and Thoracic Surgery, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany.
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31
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Abstract
Basement membrane molecules and fragments derived from them are regulators of biological activities such as cell growth, differentiation and migration. This review describes proteolytically derived fragments from the non-collagenous (NC1) domain at the C-terminus of the basement membrane collagens type IV, XV and XVIII, which have been implicated as regulators of angiogenesis. Endostatin is an endogenous collagen XVIII/NC1 derivative, inhibiting endothelial cell proliferation and migration in vitro and tumor-growth in vivo. A homologous NC1 domain fragment of type XV collagen has anti-angiogenic activity as well. Furthermore, NC1 domain fragments of the most abundant basement membrane collagen, type IV collagen, have been shown to inhibit induced vessel growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Marneros
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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32
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Kuo CJ, LaMontagne KR, Garcia-Cardeña G, Ackley BD, Kalman D, Park S, Christofferson R, Kamihara J, Ding YH, Lo KM, Gillies S, Folkman J, Mulligan RC, Javaherian K. Oligomerization-dependent regulation of motility and morphogenesis by the collagen XVIII NC1/endostatin domain. J Cell Biol 2001; 152:1233-46. [PMID: 11257123 PMCID: PMC2199214 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.152.6.1233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen XVIII (c18) is a triple helical endothelial/epithelial basement membrane protein whose noncollagenous (NC)1 region trimerizes a COOH-terminal endostatin (ES) domain conserved in vertebrates, Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila. Here, the c18 NC1 domain functioned as a motility-inducing factor regulating the extracellular matrix (ECM)-dependent morphogenesis of endothelial and other cell types. This motogenic activity required ES domain oligomerization, was dependent on rac, cdc42, and mitogen-activated protein kinase, and exhibited functional distinction from the archetypal motogenic scatter factors hepatocyte growth factor and macrophage stimulatory protein. The motility-inducing and mitogen-activated protein kinase-stimulating activities of c18 NC1 were blocked by its physiologic cleavage product ES monomer, consistent with a proteolysis-dependent negative feedback mechanism. These data indicate that the collagen XVIII NC1 region encodes a motogen strictly requiring ES domain oligomerization and suggest a previously unsuspected mechanism for ECM regulation of motility and morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Kuo
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston. Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Abstract
The collagen superfamily of proteins plays a dominant role in maintaining the integrity of various tissues and also has a number of other important functions. The superfamily now includes more than 20 collagen types with altogether at least 38 distinct polypeptide chains, and more than 15 additional proteins that have collagen-like domains. Most collagens form polymeric assemblies, such as fibrils, networks and filaments, and the superfamily can be divided into several families based on these assemblies and other features. All collagens also contain noncollagenous domains, and many of these have important functions that are distinct from those of the collagen domains. Major interest has been focused on endostatin, a fragment released from type XVIII collagen, which potently inhibits angiogenesis and tumour growth. Collagen synthesis requires eight specific post-translational enzymes, some of which are attractive targets for the development of drugs to inhibit collagen accumulation in fibrotic diseases. The critical roles of collagens have been clearly illustrated by the wide spectrum of diseases caused by the more than 1,000 mutations that have thus far been identified in 22 genes for 12 out of the more than 20 collagen types. These diseases include osteogenesis imperfecta, many chondrodysplasias, several subtypes of the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Alport syndrome, Bethlem myopathy, certain subtypes of epidermolysis bullosa, Knobloch syndrome and also some cases of osteoporosis, arterial aneurysms, osteoarthrosis, and intervertebral disc disease. The characterization of mutations in additional collagen genes will probably add further diseases to this list. Mice with genetically engineered collagen mutations have proved valuable for defining the functions of various collagens and for studying many aspects of the related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Myllyharju
- Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Oulu, Finland
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John H, Forssmann WG. Determination of the disulfide bond pattern of the endogenous and recombinant angiogenesis inhibitor endostatin by mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2001; 15:1222-1228. [PMID: 11445906 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Endostatin, a C-terminal fragment of collagen XVIII, is a promising protein drug which is in development for cancer therapy due to its anti-angiogenic activity. Although several endogenous molecular forms of human endostatin differing in their N-terminal length and their post-translational modifications (18.5-22 kDa) have been discovered, only one recombinant form of 20 kDa is used in clinical trials. This protein, recombinantly expressed in Pichia pastoris, contains four cysteines forming two disulfide bonds (Cys1-Cys4 and Cys2-Cys3). In contrast, there are conflicting data about the disulfide pattern of endogenous material. This report presents the disulfide analyses of both the endogenous circulating endostatins isolated from human hemofiltrate and the recombinant protein. The determination of the disulfide pattern was performed by Edman degradation, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) and electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry (ESI-ITMS) performed in the off-line nanospray mode. All native and recombinant endostatins exhibited a Cys1-Cys4 (Cys(162)-Cys(302)) and Cys2-Cys3 (Cys(264)-Cys(294)) linkage. For a clear discussion of fragmented disulfide-bridged peptide chains obtained from MS(n) experiments, a modified general nomenclature is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H John
- IPF PharmaCeuticals GmbH, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 31, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
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Li D, Clark CC, Myers JC. Basement membrane zone type XV collagen is a disulfide-bonded chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan in human tissues and cultured cells. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:22339-47. [PMID: 10791950 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m000519200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Type XV collagen has a widespread distribution in human tissues, but a nearly restricted localization in basement membrane zones. The alpha1(XV) chain contains a highly interrupted collagenous region of 577 residues, and noncollagenous amino- and carboxyl-terminal domains of 530 and 256 residues, respectively. Cysteines are present in each domain and consensus sequences for O-linked glycosaminoglycans are situated in the amino terminus and in two large, noncollagenous interruptions. We now report that type XV collagen is a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan in human tissues and cultured cells, and that the alpha chains are covalently linked by interchain disulfide bonds only between the two cysteines in the collagenous region. Western blotting of tissue extracts revealed a diffuse smear with a mean size >/=400 kDa, which after chondroitinase digestion resolved into a 250-kDa band in umbilical cord, and 250- and 225-kDa bands in placenta, lung, colon, and skeletal muscle. The latter two bands were also directly visualized by alcian blue/silver staining of a purified placenta extract. In a human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line, almost all of the newly synthesized type XV collagen was secreted into the medium and upon chondroitinase digestion just the 250-kDa alpha chain was generated. Chondroitinase plus collagenase digestion of tissue and medium proteins followed by Western blotting using domain-specific antibodies revealed a 135-kDa amino-terminal fragment containing glycosaminoglycan chains and a 27-kDa fragment representing the intact carboxyl terminus. However, a truncated carboxyl peptide of approximately 8-kDa was also evident in tissue extracts containing the 225-kDa form. Our data suggest that the 225-kDa form arises from differential carboxyl cleavage of the 250-kDa form, and could explain the approximately 19-kDa endostatin-related fragments (John, H., Preissner, K. T., Forssmann, W.-G., and Ständker, L. (1999) Biochemistry 38, 10217-10224), which may be liberated from the alpha1(XV) chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Li
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Westphal
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Nijmegen St. Radboud, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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