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Vieira de Almeida H, Escobar da Silva LC, Ganzarolli de Oliveira M. Nitric oxide-releasing photocrosslinked chitosan cryogels. Nitric Oxide 2024; 146:48-57. [PMID: 38579898 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2024.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The highly porous morphology of chitosan cryogels, with submicrometric-sized pore cell walls, provides a large surface area which leads to fast water absorption and elevated swelling degrees. These characteristics are crucial for the applications of nitric oxide (NO) releasing biomaterials, in which the release of NO is triggered by the hydration of the material. In the present study, we report the development of chitosan cryogels (CS) with a porous structure of interconnected cells, with wall thicknesses in the range of 340-881 nm, capable of releasing NO triggered by the rapid hydration process. This property was obtained using an innovative strategy based on the functionalization of CS with two previously synthesized S-nitrosothiols: S-nitrosothioglycolic acid (TGA(SNO)) and S-nitrosomercaptosuccinic acid (MSA(SNO)). For this purpose, CS was previously methacrylated with glycidyl methacrylate and subsequently submitted to photocrosslinking and freeze-drying processes. The photocrosslinked hydrogels thus obtained were then functionalized with TGA(SNO) and MSA(SNO) in reactions mediated by carbodiimide. After functionalization, the hydrogels were frozen and freeze-dried to obtain porous S-nitrosated chitosan cryogels with high swelling capacities. Through chemiluminescence measurements, we demonstrated that CS-TGA(SNO) and CS-MSA(SNO) cryogels spontaneously release NO upon water absorption at rates of 3.34 × 10-2 nmol mg-1 min-1 and 1.27 × 10-1 nmol mg-1 min-1, respectively, opening new perspectives for the use of CS as a platform for localized NO delivery in biomedical applications.
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2
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Marini E, Sodano F, Rolando B, Chegaev K, Maresca DC, Ianaro A, Ercolano G, Lazzarato L. New lipophilic organic nitrates: candidates for chronic skin disease therapy. Biol Chem 2023; 404:601-606. [PMID: 36867068 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2022-0324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Organic nitrates are widely used, but their chronic efficacy is blunted due to the development of tolerance. The properties of new tolerance free organic nitrates were studied. Their lipophilicity profile and passive diffusion across polydimethylsiloxane membrane and pig ear-skin, and their efficacy in tissue regeneration using HaCaT keratinocytes were evaluated. The permeation results show that these nitrates have a suitable profile for NO topical administration on the skin. Furthermore, the derivatives with higher NO release exerted a pro-healing effect on HaCaT cells. This new class of organic nitrates might be a promising strategy for the chronic treatment of skin pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Marini
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, I-10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Federica Sodano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples «Federico II», I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Barbara Rolando
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, I-10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Konstantin Chegaev
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, I-10125 Turin, Italy
| | | | - Angela Ianaro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples «Federico II», I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ercolano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples «Federico II», I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Loretta Lazzarato
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, I-10125 Turin, Italy
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3
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Jiang W, Dong W, Li M, Guo Z, Wang Q, Liu Y, Bi Y, Zhou H, Wang Y. Nitric Oxide Induces Immunogenic Cell Death and Potentiates Cancer Immunotherapy. ACS NANO 2022; 16:3881-3894. [PMID: 35238549 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c09048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cells undergoing immunogenic cell death (ICD) release immunogenic damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) to trigger a long-term protective antitumor response. ICD can be induced by certain pathogens, chemotherapeutics, and physical modalities. In this work, we demonstrate that a gaseous molecule, specifically nitric oxide (NO), can induce a potent ICD effect. NO exerts cytotoxic effects that are accompanied by the emission of DAMPs based on the endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction pathways. Released DAMPs elicit immunological protection against a subsequent rechallenge of syngeneic tumor cells in immunocompetent mice. We prepare polynitrosated polyesters with high NO storage capacity through a facile polycondensation reaction followed by a postsynthetic modification. The polynitrosated polyesters-based NO nanogenerator (NanoNO) that enables efficient NO delivery and controlled NO release in tumors induces a sufficient ICD effect. In different immune-intact models of tumors, the NanoNO exhibits significant tumor growth suppression and increases the local dose of immunogenic signals and T cell infiltrations, ultimately prolonging survival. In addition, the NanoNO synergizes with the PD-1 blockade to prevent metastasis. We conclude not only that NO is a potent ICD inducer for cancer immunotherapy but also that it expands the range of ICD inducers into the field of gaseous molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- Intelligent Nanomedicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
| | - Wang Dong
- Intelligent Nanomedicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
| | - Min Li
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Zixuan Guo
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Qin Wang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Yi Liu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Yihui Bi
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Han Zhou
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Yucai Wang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
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4
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Pelegrino MT, Pieretti JC, Nakazato G, Gonçalves MC, Moreira JC, Seabra AB. Chitosan chemically modified to deliver nitric oxide with high antibacterial activity. Nitric Oxide 2020; 106:24-34. [PMID: 33098968 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the current study is to report a simple and efficient method to chemically modify chitosan in order to form S-nitroso-chitosan for antibacterial applications. Firstly, commercial chitosan (CS) was modified to form thiolated chitosan (TCS) based on an easy and environmental-friendly method. TCS was featured based on physicochemical and morphological techniques. Results have confirmed that thiol groups in TCS formed after CS's primary amino groups were replaced with secondary amino groups. Free thiol groups in TCS were nitrosated to form S-nitrosothiol moieties covalently bond to the polymer backbone (S-nitroso-CS). Kinetic measurements have shown that S-nitroso-CS was capable of generating NO in a sustained manner at levels suitable for biomedical applications. The antibacterial activities of CS, TCS and S-nitroso-CS were evaluated based on the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and time-kill curves determined for Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans. MIC/MBC values reached 25/25, 0.7/0.7 and 3.1/3.1 μg mL-1 for CS/TCS and 3.1/3.1, 0.1/0.2, 0.1/0.2 μg mL-1 for S-nitroso-CS, respectively. Decreased MIC and MBC values have indicated that S-nitroso-CS has higher antibacterial activity than CS and TCS. Time-kill curves have shown that the bacterial cell viability decreased 5-fold for E. coli and 2-fold for S. mutans in comparison to their respective controls, after 0.5 h of incubation with S-nitroso-CS. Together, CS backbone chemically modified with S-nitroso moieties have yielded a polymer capable of generating therapeutic NO concentrations with strong antibacterial effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena T Pelegrino
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | - Joana C Pieretti
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | - Gerson Nakazato
- Department of Microbiology, Biology Sciences Center, Londrina State University (UEL), Londrina, Brazil
| | - Marcelly Chue Gonçalves
- Department of Microbiology, Biology Sciences Center, Londrina State University (UEL), Londrina, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Moreira
- Center for Engineering, Modeling and Applied Social Sciences, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | - Amedea B Seabra
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil.
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5
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Yapor JP, Gordon JL, Henderson CN, Reynolds MM. Nitric Oxide-Releasing Emulsion with Hyaluronic Acid and Vitamin E. RSC Adv 2019; 9:21873-21880. [PMID: 33791091 PMCID: PMC8009199 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra03840j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
S-Nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) is a naturally available S-nitrosothiol that can be incorporated into non-toxic formulations intended for topical use. The value of nitric oxide (NO) delivered topically relates to its well-studied physiological functions such as vasodilation, angiogenesis, cell proliferation and broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Previously reported topical NO-releasing substrates include polymeric materials that exhibit non-toxic behaviors on dermal tissue such as polyethylene glycol. However, they do not serve as humectants nor provide vitamins to the skin. In this study, GSNO was added to an emulsion that was fortified with α-tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E) and hyaluronic acid. The average total NO content for the NO-releasing emulsion was 58 ± 8 μmol g−1 at 150 °C and the cumulative NO release over 53 h at physiological temperature (37.4 °C) was 46 ± 4 μmol g−1. The GSNO concentration in the lotion was optimized in order to reach a pH value similar to that of human skin (pH 5.5). The viscosity was analyzed using a rotational viscometer for the S-nitrosated and the non-nitrosated emulsions to obtain a material that can be readily spread on dermal tissue. The viscosity values obtained ranged from 7.88 ± 0.99 to 8.50 ± 0.36 Pa s. Previous studies have determined that the viscosity maximum for lotions is 100 Pa s. A low viscosity increases the diffusion coefficient of active ingredients to the skin given that they are inversely proportional as described by the Einstein–Smoluchowski equation. The effect of the S-nitrosated and non-nitrosated emulsions on adult human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) was assessed in comparison to untreated HDFs using Colorimetric Cell Viability Kit I-WST-8. The findings indicate that neither the S-nitrosated nor non-nitrosated emulsions induced cytotoxicity in HDFs. S-Nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) is a naturally available S-nitrosothiol that can be incorporated into non-toxic formulations intended for topical use.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet P Yapor
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Jenna L Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Christina N Henderson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Melissa M Reynolds
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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6
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Fuoco T, Finne-Wistrand A. Synthetic Approaches to Combine the Versatility of the Thiol Chemistry with the Degradability of Aliphatic Polyesters. POLYM REV 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2019.1625059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Fuoco
- Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Finne-Wistrand
- Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Sadrearhami Z, Shafiee FN, Ho KKK, Kumar N, Krasowska M, Blencowe A, Wong EHH, Boyer C. Antibiofilm Nitric Oxide-Releasing Polydopamine Coatings. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:7320-7329. [PMID: 30688429 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b16853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The growing number of patient morbidity related to nosocomial infections has placed an importance on the development of new antibacterial coatings for medical devices. Here, we utilize the versatile adhesion property of polydopamine (pDA) to design an antibacterial coating that possesses low-fouling and nitric oxide (NO)-releasing capabilities. To demonstrate this, glass substrates were functionalized with pDA via immersion in alkaline aqueous solution containing dopamine, followed by grafting of low-fouling polymer (poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)) via Michael addition and subsequent formation of N-diazeniumdiolate functionalities (NO precursors) by purging with NO gas. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the successful grafting of PEG and formation of N-diazeniumdiolate on polydopamine-coated substrates. NO release from the coating was observed over 2 days, and NO loading is tunable by the pDA film thickness. The antibacterial efficiency of the coatings was assessed using Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa (i.e., wild-type PAO1 and multidrug-resistant PA37) and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213). The NO-releasing PEGylated pDA film inhibited biofilm attachment by 96 and 70% after exposure to bacterial culture solution for 24 and 36 h, respectively. In contrast, films that do not contain NO failed to prevent biofilm formation on the surfaces at these time points. Furthermore, this coating also showed 99.9, 97, and 99% killing efficiencies against surface-attached PAO1, PA37, and S. aureus bacteria. Overall, the combination of low-fouling PEG and antibacterial activity of NO in pDA films makes this coating a potential therapeutic option to inhibit biofilm formation on medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marta Krasowska
- Future Industries Institute , The University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes , SA 5095 , Australia
- School of Information Technology and Mathematical Sciences , University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes Campus , Mawson Lakes , SA 5095 , Australia
| | - Anton Blencowe
- Future Industries Institute , The University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes , SA 5095 , Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences , University of South Australia , Adelaide , SA 5000 , Australia
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8
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Yapor JP, Neufeld BH, Tapia JB, Reynolds MM. Biodegradable crosslinked polyesters derived from thiomalic acid and S-nitrosothiol analogues for nitric oxide release. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:4071-4081. [PMID: 31372219 PMCID: PMC6675467 DOI: 10.1039/c8tb00566d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Crosslinked polyesters with Young's moduli similar to that of certain soft biological tissues were prepared via bulk polycondensation of thiomalic acid and 1,8-octanediol alone, and with citric or maleic acid. The copolymers were converted to nitric oxide (NO)-releasing S-nitrosothiol (RSNO) analogues by reaction with tert-butyl nitrite. Additional conjugation steps were avoided by inclusion of the thiolated monomer during the polycondensation to permit thiol conversion to RSNOs. NO release at physiological pH and temperature (pH 7.4, 37 °C) was determined by chemiluminescence-based NO detection. The average total NO content for poly(thiomalic-co-maleic acid-co-1,8-octanediol), poly(thiomalic-co-citric acid-co-1,8-octanediol), and poly(thiomalic acid-co-1,8-octanediol) was 130 ± 39 μmol g-1, 200 ± 35 μmol g-1, and 130 ± 11 μmol g-1, respectively. The antibacterial properties of the S-nitrosated analogues were confirmed against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The hydrolytic degradation products were analyzed by time-of-flight mass spectrometry after a 10-week study to investigate their composition. Tensile mechanical tests were performed on the non-nitrosated polymers as well as their S-nitrosated derivatives and suggested that the materials have appropriate Young's moduli and elongation values for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet P. Yapor
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Bella H. Neufeld
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Jesus B. Tapia
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Melissa M. Reynolds
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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9
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Ganzarolli de Oliveira M. S-Nitrosothiols as Platforms for Topical Nitric Oxide Delivery. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2016; 119 Suppl 3:49-56. [PMID: 27030007 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a small radical species involved in several fundamental physiological processes, including the control of vascular tone, the immune response and neuronal signalling. Endothelial dysfunction with the decreased NO bioavailability is the underlying cause of several diseases and has led to the development of a wide range of systemic NO donor compounds to lower the blood pressure and control hypertensive crises. However, several potential therapeutic actions of NO, not related to the cardiovascular system, demand exclusively local actions. Primary S-nitrosothiols (RSNOs) are endogenously found NO carriers and donors and have emerged as platforms for the localized delivery of NO in topical applications. Formulations for this purpose have evolved from low molecular weight RSNOs incorporated in polymeric films, hydrogels and viscous vehicles, to polymeric RSNOs where the SNO moiety is covalently bound to the polymer backbone. The biological actions displayed by these formulations include the increase in dermal vasodilation, the acceleration of wound healing, the killing of infectious microorganisms and an analgesic action against inflammatory pain. This MiniReview focuses on the state of the art of experimental topical formulations for NO delivery based on S-nitrosothiols and their potential therapeutic applications.
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10
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Abstract
Harnessing the impressive therapeutic potential of nitric oxide (NO) remains an ongoing challenge. This paper describes several of the current strategies both with respect to the underlying chemistry and physics and to the applications where they have shown promise. Included in this overview are molecular systems such as NONOates that release NO through chemical reactions and delivery vehicles such as nanoparticles that can generate, store, transport and deliver NO and related bioactive forms of NO such as nitrosothiols. Although there has been much positive movement, it is clear that we are only at the early stages of knowing how to precisely produce, transport and deliver to targeted sites therapeutic levels of NO and related molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Liang
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Parimala Nacharaju
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Adam Friedman
- Department of Dermatology, George Washington School of Medicine & Health Sciences, NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Joel M Friedman
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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11
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Nguyen TK, Selvanayagam R, Ho KKK, Chen R, Kutty SK, Rice SA, Kumar N, Barraud N, Duong HTT, Boyer C. Co-delivery of nitric oxide and antibiotic using polymeric nanoparticles. Chem Sci 2016; 7:1016-1027. [PMID: 28808526 PMCID: PMC5531038 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc02769a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise of hospital-acquired infections, also known as nosocomial infections, is a growing concern in intensive healthcare, causing the death of hundreds of thousands of patients and costing billions of dollars worldwide every year. In addition, a decrease in the effectiveness of antibiotics caused by the emergence of drug resistance in pathogens living in biofilm communities poses a significant threat to our health system. The development of new therapeutic agents is urgently needed to overcome this challenge. We have developed new dual action polymeric nanoparticles capable of storing nitric oxide, which can provoke dispersal of biofilms into an antibiotic susceptible planktonic form, together with the aminoglycoside gentamicin, capable of killing the bacteria. The novelty of this work lies in the attachment of NO-releasing moiety to an existing clinically used drug, gentamicin. The nanoparticles were found to release both agents simultaneously and demonstrated synergistic effects, reducing the viability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm and planktonic cultures by more than 90% and 95%, respectively, while treatments with antibiotic or nitric oxide alone resulted in less than 20% decrease in biofilm viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy-Khanh Nguyen
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN) , School of Chemical Engineering , UNSW Australia , Sydney , NSW 2052 , Australia . ;
| | - Ramona Selvanayagam
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN) , School of Chemical Engineering , UNSW Australia , Sydney , NSW 2052 , Australia . ;
| | - Kitty K K Ho
- School of Chemistry , UNSW Australia , Sydney , NSW 2052 , Australia
| | - Renxun Chen
- School of Chemistry , UNSW Australia , Sydney , NSW 2052 , Australia
| | - Samuel K Kutty
- School of Chemistry , UNSW Australia , Sydney , NSW 2052 , Australia
| | - Scott A Rice
- Centre for Marine-Innovation , School of Biological , Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia 2052 .
- The Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering and The School of Biological Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore
| | - Naresh Kumar
- School of Chemistry , UNSW Australia , Sydney , NSW 2052 , Australia
| | - Nicolas Barraud
- Centre for Marine-Innovation , School of Biological , Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia 2052 .
- Department of Microbiology , Genetics of Biofilms Unit , Institute Pasteur , Paris , France
| | - Hien T T Duong
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN) , School of Chemical Engineering , UNSW Australia , Sydney , NSW 2052 , Australia . ;
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN) , School of Chemical Engineering , UNSW Australia , Sydney , NSW 2052 , Australia . ;
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12
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Shah SU, Socha M, Fries I, Gibaud S. Synthesis of S-nitrosoglutathione-alginate for prolonged delivery of nitric oxide in intestines. Drug Deliv 2015; 23:2927-2935. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2015.1122676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shefaat Ullah Shah
- EA 3452/CITHEFOR, Université De Lorraine, Nancy, France and
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan (KPK), Pakistan
| | - Marie Socha
- EA 3452/CITHEFOR, Université De Lorraine, Nancy, France and
| | - Isabelle Fries
- EA 3452/CITHEFOR, Université De Lorraine, Nancy, France and
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13
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Seabra AB, Kitice NA, Pelegrino MT, Lancheros CAC, Yamauchi LM, Pinge-Filho P, Yamada-Ogatta SF. Nitric oxide-releasing polymeric nanoparticles against Trypanosoma cruzi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/617/1/012020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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14
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Cardozo VF, Lancheros CA, Narciso AM, Valereto EC, Kobayashi RK, Seabra AB, Nakazato G. Evaluation of antibacterial activity of nitric oxide-releasing polymeric particles against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli from bovine mastitis. Int J Pharm 2014; 473:20-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Joslin JM, Neufeld BH, Reynolds MM. Correlating S-nitrosothiol decomposition and NO release for modified poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) polymer films. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra04817b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The decomposition of an S-nitrosated model polymer was correlated to the subsequent release of nitric oxide under multiple decomposition pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Joslin
- Department of Chemistry
- Colorado State University
- Fort Collins, USA
| | - B. H. Neufeld
- Department of Chemistry
- Colorado State University
- Fort Collins, USA
| | - Melissa M. Reynolds
- Department of Chemistry
- Colorado State University
- Fort Collins, USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Colorado State University
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16
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Long-term nitric oxide release and elevated temperature stability with S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP)-doped Elast-eon E2As polymer. Biomaterials 2013; 34:6957-66. [PMID: 23777908 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is known to be a potent inhibitor of platelet activation and adhesion. Healthy endothelial cells that line the inner walls of all blood vessels exhibit a NO flux of 0.5-4 × 10(-10) mol cm(-2) min(-1) that helps prevent thrombosis. Materials with a NO flux that is equivalent to this level are expected to exhibit similar anti-thrombotic properties. In this study, five biomedical grade polymers doped with S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) were investigated for their potential to control the release of NO from the SNAP within the polymers, and further control the release of SNAP itself. SNAP in the Elast-eon E2As polymer creates an inexpensive, homogeneous coating that can locally deliver NO (via thermal and photochemical reactions) as well slowly release SNAP. Furthermore, SNAP is surprisingly stable in the E2As polymer, retaining 82% of the initial SNAP after 2 months storage at 37 °C. The E2As polymer containing SNAP was coated on the walls of extracorporeal circulation (ECC) circuits and exposed to 4 h blood flow in a rabbit model of extracorporeal circulation to examine the effects on platelet count, platelet function, clot area, and fibrinogen adsorption. After 4 h, platelet count was preserved at 100 ± 7% of baseline for the SNAP/E2As coated loops, compared to 60 ± 6% for E2As control circuits (n = 4). The SNAP/E2As coating also reduced the thrombus area when compared to the control (2.3 ± 0.6 and 3.4 ± 1.1 pixels/cm(2), respectively). The results suggest that the new SNAP/E2As coating has potential to improve the thromboresistance of intravascular catheters, grafts, and other blood-contacting medical devices, and exhibits excellent storage stability compared to previously reported NO release polymeric materials.
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Joslin JM, Damodaran VB, Reynolds MM. Selective nitrosation of modified dextran polymers. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra41988f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Tanaka A, Kohri M, Takiguchi T, Kato M, Matsumura S. Enzymatic synthesis of reversibly crosslinkable polyesters with pendant mercapto groups. Polym Degrad Stab 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
The roles of nitric oxide (NO) in physiology and pathophysiology merit the use of NO as a therapeutic for certain biomedical applications. Unfortunately, limited NO payloads, too rapid NO release, and the lack of targeted NO delivery have hindered the clinical utility of NO gas and low molecular weight NO donor compounds. A wide-variety of NO-releasing macromolecular scaffolds has thus been developed to improve NO's pharmacological potential. In this tutorial review, we provide an overview of the most promising NO release scaffolds including protein, organic, inorganic, and hybrid organic-inorganic systems. The NO release vehicles selected for discussion were chosen based on their enhanced NO storage, tunable NO release characteristics, and potential as therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Riccio
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Mark H. Schoenfisch
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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20
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Joslin JM, Reynolds MM. Kinetics of S-nitrosation processes in aqueous polymer solution for controlled nitric oxide loading: toward tunable biomaterials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2012; 4:1126-1133. [PMID: 22264053 DOI: 10.1021/am201807c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An understanding of the nitrosation processes that dictate S-nitrosothiol formation in the presence of a polymer is crucial toward the controlled synthesis of nitric oxide (NO)-releasing materials, an important class of biomaterials that mimic the natural function of cells. Herein, the kinetics of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) formation in the presence of dextran under a variety of nitrosation conditions, including the nitrosating agent and the dextran concentration, are reported. When comparing nitrous acid and t-butyl nitrite as the nitrosating agent, the use of nitrous acid results in 100% nitrosation of the thiol sites within less than a minute and t-butyl nitrite requires more than 5 min to reach completion. This trend establishes nitrous acid as a highly efficient nitrosating agent. In the presence of increasing dextran concentration from 0 w/v% to 10 w/v%, the extent of nitrosation decreases by approximately 5% and 30% using nitrous acid and t-butyl nitrite, respectively. With sufficient reaction time, either reagent leads to 100% nitrosation. This indicates that t-butyl nitrite is the preferred reagent for fine-tuned NO loading of thiol sites as the extent of reaction is greatly impacted by the polymer concentration. Taken together, these studies provide valuable insights regarding the ability to tailor NO storage within biomaterials for use in a wide range of clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Joslin
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1872 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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Riccio DA, Coneski PN, Nichols SP, Broadnax AD, Schoenfisch MH. Photoinitiated nitric oxide-releasing tertiary S-nitrosothiol-modified xerogels. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2012; 4:796-804. [PMID: 22256898 PMCID: PMC3288218 DOI: 10.1021/am201443r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of a tertiary thiol-bearing silane precursor (i.e., N-acetyl penicillamine propyltrimethoxysilane or NAPTMS) to enable enhanced NO storage stability at physiological temperature is described. The novel silane was co-condensed with alkoxy- or alkylalkoxysilanes under varied synthetic parameters (e.g., water to silane ratio, catalyst and solvent concentrations, and reaction time) to evaluate systematically the formation of stable xerogel films. The resulting xerogels were subsequently nitrosated to yield tertiary RSNO-modified coatings. Total NO storage ranged from 0.87 to 1.78 μmol cm(-2) depending on the NAPTMS concentration and xerogel coating thickness. Steric hindrance near the nitroso functionality necessitated the use of photolysis to liberate NO. The average NO flux for irradiated xerogels (20% NAPTMS balance TEOS xerogel film cast using 30 μL) in physiological buffer at 37 °C was ∼23 pmol cm(-2) s(-1). The biomedical utility of the photoinitiated NO-releasing films was illustrated by their ability to both reduce Pseudomonas aeruginosa adhesion by ∼90% relative to control interfaces and eradicate the adhered bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Riccio
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Peter N. Coneski
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Scott P. Nichols
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Angela D. Broadnax
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mark H. Schoenfisch
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Marcato PD, Adami LF, Melo PS, Paula LBD, Durán N, Seabra AB. Glutathione and S-nitrosoglutathione in alginate/chitosan nanoparticles: Cytotoxicity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/304/1/012045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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23
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Heikal L, Aaronson PI, Ferro A, Nandi M, Martin GP, Dailey LA. S-nitrosophytochelatins: investigation of the bioactivity of an oligopeptide nitric oxide delivery system. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:2103-13. [PMID: 21480633 DOI: 10.1021/bm200159h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the in vitro bioactivity of S-nitrosophytochelatins (SNOPCs), oligopeptide analogues of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), and their mechanisms of nitric oxide (NO) delivery. SNOPCs were more potent than GSNO in inhibiting platelet aggregation and stimulating vasorelaxation. Their potency was related to the number of S-nitrosated moieties per mole compound. Transnitrosation reactions with cell membrane surface components were shown to be the primary mode of NO delivery to intracellular targets for SNOPCs, while delivery via γ-glutamyl transpeptidase was unique to GSNO. Due to rapid NO release, larger SNOPCs elicited a more transitory effect compared to smaller compounds. The duration of effect was influenced by compound molecular weight, NO release kinetics, ability to undergo transnitrosation, and incubation time with tissues. In summary, a new oligopeptide NO delivery system based on SNOPCs was shown to be biologically active and can be used to investigate the mechanisms of NO delivery to intracellular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamia Heikal
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK
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Yamamoto K, Takasu A. Preparation of Gelatinous Reversible Addition−Fragmentation Chain Transfer Agents “RAFT Gel” via Chemoselective Polycondensations of a Dicarboxylic Acid Containing a Mercapto Group and Diols. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma101501r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Yamamoto
- Department of Frontier Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Akinori Takasu
- Department of Frontier Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
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Seabra AB, Martins D, Simões MMSG, da Silva R, Brocchi M, de Oliveira MG. Antibacterial nitric oxide-releasing polyester for the coating of blood-contacting artificial materials. Artif Organs 2010; 34:E204-14. [PMID: 20497163 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1594.2010.00998.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria associated with blood-contacting artificial materials is a growing health problem, which demands new approaches in the field of biomaterials research. In this study, a poly(sulfhydrylated polyester) (PSPE) was synthesized by the polyesterification reaction of mercaptosuccinic acid with 3-mercapto-1,2-propanediol and blended with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) from solution, leading to solid PSPE/PMMA films, with three different PSPE : PMMMA mass ratios. These films were subsequently S-nitrosated through the immersion in acidified nitrite solution, yielding poly(nitrosated)polyester/PMMA (PNPE/PMMA) films. A polyurethane intravascular catheter coated with PNPE/PMMA was shown to release nitric oxide (NO) in phosphate buffered saline solution (pH 7.4) at 37 degrees C at rates of 4.6 nmol/cm(2)/h in the first 6 h and 0.8 nmol/cm(2)/h in the next 12 h. When used to coat the bottom of culture plates, NO released from these films exerted a potent dose- and time-dependent antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and a multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. This antibacterial effect of PSPE/PMMA films opens a new perspective for the coating of blood-contacting artificial materials, for avoiding their colonization with highly resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amedea B Seabra
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas SP, Brazil
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Li Y, Lee PI. Controlled Nitric Oxide Delivery Platform Based on S-Nitrosothiol Conjugated Interpolymer Complexes for Diabetic Wound Healing. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:254-66. [DOI: 10.1021/mp900237f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Ping I. Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
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Riccio DA, Dobmeier KP, Hetrick EM, Privett BJ, Paul HS, Schoenfisch MH. Nitric oxide-releasing S-nitrosothiol-modified xerogels. Biomaterials 2009; 30:4494-502. [PMID: 19501904 PMCID: PMC2743564 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2009] [Accepted: 05/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, material characterization, and in vitro biocompatibility of S-nitrosothiol (RSNO)-modified xerogels are described. Thiol-functionalized xerogel films were formed by hydrolysis and co-condensation of 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS) and methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMOS) sol-gel precursors at varying concentrations. Subsequent thiol nitrosation via acidified nitrite produced RSNO-modified xerogels capable of generating nitric oxide (NO) for up to 2 weeks under physiological conditions. Xerogels also exhibited NO generation upon irradiation with broad-spectrum light or exposure to copper, with NO fluxes proportional to wattage and concentration, respectively. Xerogels were capable of storing up to approximately 1.31 micromol NO mg(-1), and displayed negligible fragmentation over a 2-week period. Platelet and bacterial adhesion to nitrosated films was reduced compared to non-nitrosated controls, confirming the antithrombotic and antibacterial properties of the NO-releasing materials. Fibroblast cell viability was maintained on the xerogel surfaces illustrating the promise of RSNO-modified xerogels as biomedical device coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Evan M. Hetrick
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Benjamin J. Privett
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Heather S. Paul
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mark H. Schoenfisch
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Kato M, Toshima K, Matsumura S. Direct Enzymatic Synthesis of a Polyester with Free Pendant Mercapto Groups. Biomacromolecules 2008; 10:366-73. [DOI: 10.1021/bm801132d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kato
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Toshima
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Shuichi Matsumura
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
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Seabra AB, da Silva R, de Souza GFP, de Oliveira MG. Antithrombogenic polynitrosated polyester/poly(methyl methacrylate) blend for the coating of blood-contacting surfaces. Artif Organs 2008; 32:262-7. [PMID: 18370938 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1594.2008.00540.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A nitric oxide (NO) donor polyester containing multiple S-nitrosothiol (S-NO) groups covalently attached to the polymer backbone was synthesized through the esterification of poly(ethylene glycol) with mercaptosuccinic acid, followed by the nitrosation of the -SH moieties. The polynitrosated polyester (PNPE) obtained was blended with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), yielding solid films capable of releasing NO. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that acrylic plates and stainless steel intracoronary stents can be coated with continuous and adherent PNPE/PMMA films. After an initial NO burst, these films release NO spontaneously in dry condition or immersed in aqueous solution at constant rates of 1.8 and 180 nmol/g/h, respectively, for more than 24 h at physiological temperature. PNPE/PMMA coated surfaces were shown to inhibit platelet adhesion when in contact with whole blood. These results show that PNPE/PMMA blend can be used for the coating of blood-contacting surfaces, with potential to inhibit thrombosis and restenosis after stenting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amedea B Seabra
- Chemistry Institute, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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30
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Stasko NA, Fischer TH, Schoenfisch MH. S-nitrosothiol-modified dendrimers as nitric oxide delivery vehicles. Biomacromolecules 2008; 9:834-41. [PMID: 18247567 PMCID: PMC3564213 DOI: 10.1021/bm7011746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of two generation-4 polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers with S-nitrosothiol exteriors are reported. The hyperbranched macromolecules were modified with either N-acetyl-D, L-penicillamine (NAP) or N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NACys) and analyzed via 1H and 13C NMR, UV absorption spectroscopy, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and size exclusion chromatography. Treatment of the dendritic thiols with nitrite solutions yielded the corresponding S-nitrosothiol nitric oxide (NO) donors (G4-SNAP, G4-NACysNO). Chemiluminescent NO detection demonstrated that the dendrimers were capable of storing approximately 2 micromol NO x mg (-1) when exposed to triggers of S-nitrosothiol decomposition (e.g., light and copper). The kinetics of NO release were found to be highly dependent on the structure of the nitrosothiol (i.e., tertiary vs primary) and exhibited similar NO release characteristics to classical small molecule nitrosothiols reported in the literature. As a demonstration of utility, the ability of G4-SNAP to inhibit thrombin-mediated platelet aggregation was assayed. At equivalent nitrosothiol concentrations (25 microM), the G4-SNAP dendrimer resulted in a 62% inhibition of platelet aggregation, compared to only 17% for the small molecule NO donor. The multivalent NO storage, the dendritic effects exerted on nitrosothiol stability and reactivity, and the utility of dendrimers as drug delivery vehicles highlight the potential of these constructs as clinically useful S-nitrosothiol-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A. Stasko
- Contributions from the Department of Chemistry and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
| | | | - Mark H. Schoenfisch
- Contributions from the Department of Chemistry and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
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Abstract
Impaired cutaneous nitric oxide (NO) production is associated with diminished antioxidative capacity in skin cells, hindered wound healing, unbalanced inflammatory reactions, and disturbed immunological responses. Use of topically applied NO donors might represent an auspicious new therapeutic approach in the field of dermatology. But what is the appropriate NO-generating compound or system? In this issue, Mowbray et al. describe a new chemical inert NO donor that per se produces little inflammation in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus-D Kröncke
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Department of the Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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