1
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Cho H, Lee C, Lee C, Lee S, Kim S. Robust, Ultrathin, and Highly Sensitive Reduced Graphene Oxide/Silk Fibroin Wearable Sensors Responded to Temperature and Humidity for Physiological Detection. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:2606-2617. [PMID: 37075303 PMCID: PMC10266372 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Skin temperature and skin humidity are used for monitoring physiological processes, such as respiration. Despite advances in wearable temperature and humidity sensors, the fabrication of a durable and sensitive sensor for practical uses continues to pose a challenge. Here, we developed a durable, sensitive, and wearable temperature and humidity sensor. A reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/silk fibroin (SF) sensor was fabricated by employing a layer-by-layer technique and thermal reduction treatment. Compared with rGO, the elastic bending modulus of rGO/SF could be increased by up to 232%. Furthermore, an evaluation of the performance of an rGO/SF sensor showed that it had outstanding robustness: it could withstand repeatedly applied temperature and humidity loads and repeated bending. The developed rGO/SF sensor is promising for practical applications in healthcare and biomedical monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonho Cho
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Chanui Lee
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - ChaBum Lee
- J.
Mike Walker ’66 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3123, United States
| | - Sangmin Lee
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Sunghan Kim
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea
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2
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Solhi L, Guccini V, Heise K, Solala I, Niinivaara E, Xu W, Mihhels K, Kröger M, Meng Z, Wohlert J, Tao H, Cranston ED, Kontturi E. Understanding Nanocellulose-Water Interactions: Turning a Detriment into an Asset. Chem Rev 2023; 123:1925-2015. [PMID: 36724185 PMCID: PMC9999435 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Modern technology has enabled the isolation of nanocellulose from plant-based fibers, and the current trend focuses on utilizing nanocellulose in a broad range of sustainable materials applications. Water is generally seen as a detrimental component when in contact with nanocellulose-based materials, just like it is harmful for traditional cellulosic materials such as paper or cardboard. However, water is an integral component in plants, and many applications of nanocellulose already accept the presence of water or make use of it. This review gives a comprehensive account of nanocellulose-water interactions and their repercussions in all key areas of contemporary research: fundamental physical chemistry, chemical modification of nanocellulose, materials applications, and analytical methods to map the water interactions and the effect of water on a nanocellulose matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Solhi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Valentina Guccini
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Katja Heise
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Iina Solala
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Elina Niinivaara
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland.,Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British ColumbiaV6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Wenyang Xu
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland.,Laboratory of Natural Materials Technology, Åbo Akademi University, TurkuFI-20500, Finland
| | - Karl Mihhels
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Marcel Kröger
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Zhuojun Meng
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland.,Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou325001, China
| | - Jakob Wohlert
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre (WWSC), Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Han Tao
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Emily D Cranston
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British ColumbiaV6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British ColumbiaV6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
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3
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Wågberg L, Erlandsson J. The Use of Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembly and Nanocellulose to Prepare Advanced Functional Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2001474. [PMID: 32767441 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The current knowledge about the formation of layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assemblies using combinations of nanocelluloses (NCs) and polyelectrolytes is reviewed. Herein, the fundamentals behind the LbL formation, with a major focus on NCs, are considered. Following this, a special description of the limiting factors for the formation of LbLs of only NCs, both anionic and cationic, and the combination of NCs and polyelectrolytes/nanoparticles is provided. The ability of the NCs and polyelectrolytes to form dense films with excellent mechanical properties and with tailored optical properties is then reviewed. How low-density, wet stable networks of cellulose nanofibrils can be used as substrates for the preparation of antibacterial, electrically interactive, and fire-retardant materials by forming well-defined LbLs inside these networks is then considered. A short outlook of the possible uses of LbLs containing NCs is given to conclude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Wågberg
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 114 28, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 114 28, Sweden
| | - Johan Erlandsson
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 114 28, Sweden
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4
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Stimpson TC, Osorio DA, Cranston ED, Moran-Mirabal JM. Direct Comparison of Three Buckling-Based Methods to Measure the Elastic Modulus of Nanobiocomposite Thin Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:29187-29198. [PMID: 34110768 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c08056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To engineer tunable thin-film materials, the accurate measurement of their mechanical properties is crucial. However, characterizing the elastic modulus with current methods is particularly challenging for sub-micrometer thick films and hygroscopic materials because they are highly sensitive to environmental conditions and most methods require free-standing films which are difficult to prepare. In this work, we directly compared three buckling-based methods to determine the elastic moduli of supported thin films: (1) biaxial thermal shrinking, (2) uniaxial thermal shrinking, and (3) the mechanically compressed, strain-induced elastic buckling instability for mechanical measurements (SIEBIMM) method. Nanobiocomposite model films composed of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and polyethyleneimine (PEI) were assembled using layer-by-layer deposition to control composition and thickness. The three buckling-based methods yielded the same trends and comparable values for the elastic moduli of each CNC-PEI film composition (ranging from 15 to 44 GPa, depending on film composition). This suggests that the methods are similarly effective for the quantification of thin-film mechanical properties. Increasing the CNC content in the films statistically increased the modulus; however, increasing the PEI content did not lead to significant changes. For the CNC-PEI system, the standard deviation of elastic moduli determined from SIEBIMM was 2-4 times larger than that for thermal shrinking, likely due to extensive cracking due to the different stress applied to the film when subjected to compression of a relaxed substrate versus the shrinking of a pre-strained substrate. These results show that biaxial thermal shrinking is a reliable method for the determination of the mechanical properties of thin films with a simple implementation and analysis and low sensitivity to small deviations in the input parameter values, such as film thickness or substrate modulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor C Stimpson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Daniel A Osorio
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Emily D Cranston
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jose M Moran-Mirabal
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
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5
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Niinivaara E, Desmaisons J, Dufresne A, Bras J, Cranston ED. Film thickness limits of a buckling-based method to determine mechanical properties of polymer coatings. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 582:227-235. [PMID: 32823124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Characterizing the mechanical properties of polymer coatings typically requires access to specialty equipment, the analysis through which can be tedious despite instrumental precision. An alternative method reported in the literature,strain-induced elastic buckling instability for mechanical measurements (SIEBIMM), is a high throughput, facile yet accurate method, used to characterize the Young's modulus of supported films and coatings. SIEBIMM can easily be implemented in both academic and industrial settings. HYPOTHESIS We hypothesize that the SIEBIMM method has an upper coating thickness limit beyond which the assumptions and practicality of the method are no longer valid. EXPERIMENTS The Young's moduli of model polyvinyl alcohol coatings (on polydimethylsiloxanesubstrates) with thicknesses ranging from 67 nm to 40 µm were determined using the SIEBIMM method and the data were subjected to a rigorous statistical analysis. FINDINGS SIEBIMM could accurately characterize coatings up to 35 µm thick. The Young's modulus of all coatings ≤ 35 µm was 1.6 ± 0.1 GPa at 50% RH, which agreed with free-standing polyvinyl alcohol films measured by traditional tensile testing. For the method to be used on thicker coatings, it is essential to consistently measure coating thickness and buckling wavelength at the same location to minimize potential error.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Niinivaara
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI0076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Johanna Desmaisons
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LGP2, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Alain Dufresne
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LGP2, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Julien Bras
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LGP2, F-38000 Grenoble, France; Nestle Research Center, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Emily D Cranston
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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6
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Ghosh R, Telpande S, Gowda P, Reddy SK, Kumar P, Misra A. Deterministic Role of Carbon Nanotube-Substrate Coupling for Ultrahigh Actuation in Bilayer Electrothermal Actuators. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:29959-29970. [PMID: 32500702 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c05823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Here, the actuation response of an architectured electrothermal actuator comprising a single layer of carbon nanotube (CNT) film and a relatively thicker film of silk, cellulose, or polydimethylsiloxane is studied. An electric current is passed through the CNT film, which generates heat responsible for electrothermal actuation, in all samples, affixed as per doubly clamped beam configuration. All samples, including pure CNT film, show remarkable actuation such that actuation monotonically increases with the applied voltage. Cyclic pulsed electrical loading shows a lag in the electric current stimulus and the actuation. Remarkably, an ultrahigh actuation of ∼2.8%, which was 72 times more than that shown by pure CNT film, is measured in the CNT-cellulose film, that is, the architectured actuator with the natural polymer having the functional property of hygroexpansion and the structural hierarchy of the CNT film, however, at a significantly larger length scale. Overall, the synergetic contribution of the individual layers in these bilayered actuators enabled achieving ultrahigh electrothermal actuation compared to the homogeneous, synthetic polymer-based devices. A detailed discussion, which also includes examination of the role of the hierarchical substructure and the functional properties of the substrate and numerical analysis using the finite element method, is presented to highlight the actuation mechanism in the fabricated actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rituparna Ghosh
- Department of Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Swanand Telpande
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Prarthana Gowda
- Department of Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Siva K Reddy
- Department of Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Praveen Kumar
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Abha Misra
- Department of Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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7
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Mystek K, Reid MS, Larsson PA, Wågberg L. In Situ Modification of Regenerated Cellulose Beads: Creating All-Cellulose Composites. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b06273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Mystek
- Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, Division of Fibre Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56−58, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael S. Reid
- Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, Division of Fibre Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56−58, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per A. Larsson
- Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, Division of Fibre Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56−58, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Wågberg
- Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, Division of Fibre Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56−58, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56−58, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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8
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Yoon I, Jurng S, Abraham DP, Lucht BL, Guduru PR. In Situ Measurement of the Plane-Strain Modulus of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase on Lithium-Metal Anodes in Ionic Liquid Electrolytes. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:5752-5759. [PMID: 30103601 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present an experimental approach for in situ measurement of elastic modulus of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), which is formed from reactions between a lithium thin-film [on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate] and a room-temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) electrolyte. The SEI forms under a state of compressive stress, which causes buckling of the sample surface. In situ atomic force microscopy is used to measure the dominant wavelength of the wrinkled surface topography. A mechanics analysis of strain-induced elastic buckling instability of a stiff thin film on a soft substrate is used to determine the plane strain modulus of the SEI from the measured wavelength. The measurements are performed for three RTIL electrolytes: 1-butyl 1-methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (P14 TFSI) without any lithium salt, 1.0 M lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (Li TFSI) in P14 TFSI, and 1.0 M lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (Li FSI) in P14 TFSI to investigate the influence of lithium salts on the plane strain modulus of the SEI. The measurements yield plane-strain moduli of approximately 1.3 GPa for no-salt P14 TFSI and approximately 1.6 GPa for 1.0 M Li TFSI in P14 TFSI and 1.0 M Li FSI in P14 TFSI. The experimental technique presented here eliminates some of the uncertainties associated with traditional SEI mechanical characterization approaches and offers a platform to engineer an SEI with desired mechanical properties by approaches that include altering the electrolyte composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insun Yoon
- School of Engineering , Brown University Providence , Rhode Island 02912 , United States
| | - Sunhyung Jurng
- Department of Chemistry , University of Rhode Island Kingston , Rhode Island 02881 , United States
| | - Daniel P Abraham
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - Brett L Lucht
- Department of Chemistry , University of Rhode Island Kingston , Rhode Island 02881 , United States
| | - Pradeep R Guduru
- School of Engineering , Brown University Providence , Rhode Island 02912 , United States
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9
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Laurén P, Paukkonen H, Lipiäinen T, Dong Y, Oksanen T, Räikkönen H, Ehlers H, Laaksonen P, Yliperttula M, Laaksonen T. Pectin and Mucin Enhance the Bioadhesion of Drug Loaded Nanofibrillated Cellulose Films. Pharm Res 2018; 35:145. [PMID: 29790010 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2428-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bioadhesion is an important property of biological membranes, that can be utilized in pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. In this study, we have fabricated mucoadhesive drug releasing films with bio-based, non-toxic and biodegradable polymers that do not require chemical modifications. METHODS Nanofibrillar cellulose and anionic type nanofibrillar cellulose were used as film forming materials with known mucoadhesive components mucin, pectin and chitosan as functional bioadhesion enhancers. Different polymer combinations were investigated to study the adhesiveness, solid state characteristics, film morphology, swelling, mechanical properties, drug release with the model compound metronidazole and in vitro cytotoxicity using TR146 cells to model buccal epithelium. RESULTS SEM revealed lamellar structures within the films, which had a thickness ranging 40-240 μm depending on the film polymer composition. All bioadhesive components were non-toxic and showed high adhesiveness. Rapid drug release was observed, as 60-80% of the total amount of metronidazole was released in 30 min depending on the film formulation. CONCLUSIONS The liquid molding used was a straightforward and simple method to produce drug releasing highly mucoadhesive films, which could be utilized in treating local oral diseases, such as periodontitis. All materials used were natural biodegradable polymers from renewable sources, which are generally regarded as safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Laurén
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heli Paukkonen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Lipiäinen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yujiao Dong
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Timo Oksanen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Räikkönen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henrik Ehlers
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi Laaksonen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Marjo Yliperttula
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Timo Laaksonen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Laboratory of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland.
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10
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Foster EJ, Moon RJ, Agarwal UP, Bortner MJ, Bras J, Camarero-Espinosa S, Chan KJ, Clift MJD, Cranston ED, Eichhorn SJ, Fox DM, Hamad WY, Heux L, Jean B, Korey M, Nieh W, Ong KJ, Reid MS, Renneckar S, Roberts R, Shatkin JA, Simonsen J, Stinson-Bagby K, Wanasekara N, Youngblood J. Current characterization methods for cellulose nanomaterials. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:2609-2679. [PMID: 29658545 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00895j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A new family of materials comprised of cellulose, cellulose nanomaterials (CNMs), having properties and functionalities distinct from molecular cellulose and wood pulp, is being developed for applications that were once thought impossible for cellulosic materials. Commercialization, paralleled by research in this field, is fueled by the unique combination of characteristics, such as high on-axis stiffness, sustainability, scalability, and mechanical reinforcement of a wide variety of materials, leading to their utility across a broad spectrum of high-performance material applications. However, with this exponential growth in interest/activity, the development of measurement protocols necessary for consistent, reliable and accurate materials characterization has been outpaced. These protocols, developed in the broader research community, are critical for the advancement in understanding, process optimization, and utilization of CNMs in materials development. This review establishes detailed best practices, methods and techniques for characterizing CNM particle morphology, surface chemistry, surface charge, purity, crystallinity, rheological properties, mechanical properties, and toxicity for two distinct forms of CNMs: cellulose nanocrystals and cellulose nanofibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Johan Foster
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, 445 Old Turner St, 203 Holden Hall, Blacksburg, 24061, VA, USA.
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11
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Zhang X, Zhao J, Snyder CR, Al‐Enizi A, Eltazahry A, Simmons DS, Karim A. Structure, nanomechanics, and dynamics of dispersed surfactant‐free clay nanocomposite films. POLYM ENG SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- Department of Polymer EngineeringUniversity of AkronAkron Ohio44325
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Polymer EngineeringUniversity of AkronAkron Ohio44325
- Materials Science and Engineering DivisionNational Institute of Standards and TechnologyGaithersburg Maryland20899
| | - Chad R. Snyder
- Materials Science and Engineering DivisionNational Institute of Standards and TechnologyGaithersburg Maryland20899
| | - Abdullah Al‐Enizi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of ScienceKing Saud UniversityRiyadh11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Eltazahry
- Materials Science and Technology Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar & Polymer Materials Research Department, Advanced Technology and New Materials Research InstituteCity for Scientific Research and Technology ApplicationsNew Borg El‐Arab City Alexandria Egypt
| | - David S. Simmons
- Department of Polymer EngineeringUniversity of AkronAkron Ohio44325
| | - Alamgir Karim
- Department of Polymer EngineeringUniversity of AkronAkron Ohio44325
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12
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Chen D, Yang L, Yu W, Wu M, Wang W, Wang H. Micro-Electromechanical Acoustic Resonator Coated with Polyethyleneimine Nanofibers for the Detection of Formaldehyde Vapor. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:mi9020062. [PMID: 30393338 PMCID: PMC6187669 DOI: 10.3390/mi9020062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate a promising strategy to combine the micro-electromechanical film bulk acoustic resonator and the nanostructured sensitive fibers for the detection of low-concentration formaldehyde vapor. The polyethyleneimine nanofibers were directly deposited on the resonator surface by a simple electrospinning method. The film bulk acoustic resonator working at 4.4 GHz acted as a sensitive mass loading platform and the three-dimensional structure of nanofibers provided a large specific surface area for vapor adsorption and diffusion. The ultra-small mass change induced by the absorption of formaldehyde molecules onto the amine groups in polyethyleneimine was detected by measuring the frequency downshift of the film bulk acoustic resonator. The proposed sensor exhibits a fast, reversible and linear response towards formaldehyde vapor with an excellent selectivity. The gas sensitivity and the detection limit were 1.216 kHz/ppb and 37 ppb, respectively. The study offers a great potential for developing sensitive, fast-response and portable sensors for the detection of indoor air pollutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co-founded by Shandong Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China.
- College of Electronics, Communications, and Physics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China.
| | - Lei Yang
- College of Electronics, Communications, and Physics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China.
| | - Wenhua Yu
- College of Electronics, Communications, and Physics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China.
| | - Maozeng Wu
- College of Electronics, Communications, and Physics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Electronics, Communications, and Physics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China.
| | - Hongfei Wang
- College of Electronics, Communications, and Physics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China.
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13
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Nascimento SA, Rezende CA. Combined approaches to obtain cellulose nanocrystals, nanofibrils and fermentable sugars from elephant grass. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 180:38-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.09.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Reid MS, Kedzior SA, Villalobos M, Cranston ED. Effect of Ionic Strength and Surface Charge Density on the Kinetics of Cellulose Nanocrystal Thin Film Swelling. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:7403-7411. [PMID: 28695741 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This work explores cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) thin films (<50 nm) and particle-particle interactions by investigating film swelling in aqueous solutions with varying ionic strength (1-100 mM). CNC film hydration was monitored in situ via surface plasmon resonance, and the kinetics of liquid uptake were quantified. The contribution of electrostatic double-layer forces to film swelling was elucidated by using CNCs with different surface charges (anionic sulfate half ester groups, high and low surface charge density, and cationic trimethylammonium groups). Total water uptake in the thin films was found to be independent of ionic strength and surface chemistry, suggesting that in the aggregated state van der Waals forces dominate over double-layer forces to hold the films together. However, the rate of swelling varied significantly. The water uptake followed Fickian behavior, and the measured diffusion constants decreased with the ionic strength gradient between the film and the solution. This work highlights that nanoparticle interactions and dispersion are highly dependent on the state of particle aggregation and that the rate of water uptake in aggregates and thin films can be tailored based on surface chemistry and solution ionic strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Reid
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L8
| | - Stephanie A Kedzior
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L8
| | - Marco Villalobos
- Cabot Corporation, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Emily D Cranston
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L8
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15
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Gill U, Sutherland T, Himbert S, Zhu Y, Rheinstädter MC, Cranston ED, Moran-Mirabal JM. Beyond buckling: humidity-independent measurement of the mechanical properties of green nanobiocomposite films. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:7781-7790. [PMID: 28397935 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr00251c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Precise knowledge of the mechanical properties of emerging nanomaterials and nanocomposites is crucial to match their performance with suitable applications. While methods to characterize mechanical properties exist, they are limited by instrument sensitivity and sample requirements. For bio-based nanomaterials this challenge is exacerbated by the extreme dependence of mechanical properties on humidity. This work presents an alternative approach, based on polymer shrinking-induced wrinkling mechanics, to determine the elastic modulus of nanobiocomposite films in a humidity-independent manner. Layer-by-layer (LbL) films containing cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and water-soluble polymers were deposited onto pre-stressed polystyrene substrates followed by thermal shrinking, which wrinkled the films to give them characteristic topographies. Three deposition parameters were varied during LbL assembly: (1) polymer type (xyloglucan - XG, or polyethyleneimine - PEI); (2) polymer concentration (0.1 or 1 wt%); and (3) number of deposition cycles, resulting in 10-600 nm thick nanobiocomposite films with tuneable compositions. Fast Fourier transform analysis on electron microscopy images of the wrinkled films was used to calculate humidity-independent moduli of 70 ± 2 GPa for CNC-XG0.1, 72 ± 2 GPa for CNC-PEI0.1, and 32.2 ± 0.8 GPa for CNC-PEI1.0 films. This structuring method is straightforward and amenable to a wide range of supported thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urooj Gill
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, CanadaL8S 4M1.
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16
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Azzam F, Chaunier L, Moreau C, Lourdin D, Bertoncini P, Cathala B. Relationship between Young's Modulus and Film Architecture in Cellulose Nanofibril-Based Multilayered Thin Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:4138-4145. [PMID: 28407712 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Young's moduli of cellulose nanofibril (CNF)-poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) multilayered thin films were measured using strain-induced elastic buckling instability for mechanical measurements (SIEBIMM) and the quantitative nanomechanical mapping technique (PF-QNM). To establish the relationship between structure and mechanical properties, three types of films with various architectures were built using the layer-by-layer method by changing the ionic strength of the dipping solution. Both methods demonstrate that the architecture of a film has a strong impact on its mechanical properties even though the film has similar cellulose content, emphasizing the role of the architecture. Films with lower porosity (Φair = 0.34) and a more intricate network display the highest Young's moduli (9.3 GPa), whereas others with higher and similar porosity (Φair = 0.46-0.48) present lower Young's moduli (4.0-5.0 GPa). PF-QNM measurements indicate a reverse ranking that is probably indicative of the surface composition of the films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firas Azzam
- BIA, INRA, 44300 Nantes, France
- Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel (IMN), UMR 6502, CNRS-Université de Nantes , 44322 Nantes, France
| | | | | | | | - Patricia Bertoncini
- Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel (IMN), UMR 6502, CNRS-Université de Nantes , 44322 Nantes, France
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17
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Rodriquez D, Kim JH, Root SE, Fei Z, Boufflet P, Heeney M, Kim TS, Lipomi DJ. Comparison of Methods for Determining the Mechanical Properties of Semiconducting Polymer Films for Stretchable Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:8855-8862. [PMID: 28220705 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b16115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a comparison of two characterization techniques for determining the mechanical properties of thin-film organic semiconductors for applications in soft electronics. In the first method, the film is supported by water (film-on-water, FOW), and a stress-strain curve is obtained using a direct tensile test. In the second method, the film is supported by an elastomer (film-on-elastomer, FOE), and is subjected to three tests to reconstruct the key features of the stress-strain curve: the buckling test (tensile modulus), the onset of buckling (yield point), and the crack-onset strain (strain at fracture). The specimens used for the comparison are four poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) samples of increasing molecular weight (Mn = 15, 40, 63, and 80 kDa). The methods produced qualitatively similar results for mechanical properties including the tensile modulus, the yield point, and the strain at fracture. The agreement was not quantitative because of differences in mode of loading (tension vs compression), strain rate, and processing between the two methods. Experimental results are corroborated by coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, which lead to the conclusion that in low molecular weight samples (Mn = 15 kDa), fracture occurs by chain pullout. Conversely, in high molecular weight samples (Mn > 25 kDa), entanglements concentrate the stress to few chains; this concentration is consistent with chain scission as the dominant mode of fracture. Our results provide a basis for comparing mechanical properties that have been measured by these two techniques, and provide mechanistic insight into fracture modes in this class of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rodriquez
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California , San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Jae-Han Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Samuel E Root
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California , San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Zhuping Fei
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London , Exhibition Rd, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Boufflet
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London , Exhibition Rd, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London , Exhibition Rd, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Taek-Soo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Darren J Lipomi
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California , San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
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18
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Li P, Sirviö JA, Haapala A, Liimatainen H. Cellulose Nanofibrils from Nonderivatizing Urea-Based Deep Eutectic Solvent Pretreatments. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:2846-2855. [PMID: 27997111 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b13625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a fairly new class of green solvents applied in various fields. This study investigates urea-based DES systems as novel pretreatments for cellulose nanofibril production. In the experiments, deep eutectic systems having urea and ammonium thiocyanate or guanidine hydrochloride as a second component were formed at 100 °C and then applied to disintegrate wood-derived cellulose fibers. The DES-pretreated fibers were nanofibrillated into three different levels of mechanical treatments with a microfluidizer, and their properties were analyzed. Moreover, nanofibril films were fabricated by solvent casting method. Both DES systems were able to loosen and swell the cellulose fiber structure as indicated by the increase in the lateral dimension of the fibers. Nonpretreated birch cellulose fibers had difficulties in mechanical nanofibrillation as clogging of the chamber occurred often. However, cellulose nanofibrils with widths ranging from 13.0 to 19.3 nm were successfully fabricated from DES-pretreated fibers with both systems. Translucent nanofibril films generated from DES-pretreated cellulose nanofibrils had good thermal stability and mechanical properties, with tensile strengths of approximately 135-189 MPa and elastic modulus of 6.4-7.7 GPa. Consequently, both urea-based DESs showed a high potential as environmentally friendly solvents in the manufacture of cellulose nanofibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Li
- Fibre and Particle Engineering Research Unit, University of Oulu , P. O. Box 4300, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Juho Antti Sirviö
- Fibre and Particle Engineering Research Unit, University of Oulu , P. O. Box 4300, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Antti Haapala
- Wood Materials Science, University of Eastern Finland , P. O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Henrikki Liimatainen
- Fibre and Particle Engineering Research Unit, University of Oulu , P. O. Box 4300, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
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19
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Mariano M, Dufresne A. Nanocellulose: Common Strategies for Processing of Nanocomposites. NANOCELLULOSES: THEIR PREPARATION, PROPERTIES, AND APPLICATIONS 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2017-1251.ch011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Mariano
- Univeristy Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering, LGP2, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Alain Dufresne
- Univeristy Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering, LGP2, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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20
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Zhu H, Luo W, Ciesielski PN, Fang Z, Zhu JY, Henriksson G, Himmel ME, Hu L. Wood-Derived Materials for Green Electronics, Biological Devices, and Energy Applications. Chem Rev 2016; 116:9305-74. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 876] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Zhu
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Wei Luo
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Peter N. Ciesielski
- Biosciences
Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Zhiqiang Fang
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - J. Y. Zhu
- Forest
Products Laboratory, USDA Forest Service, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, United States
| | - Gunnar Henriksson
- Division
of Wood Chemistry and Pulp Technology, Department of Fiber and Polymer
Technology, Royal Institute of Technology, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael E. Himmel
- Biosciences
Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Liangbing Hu
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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21
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Ferretti GL, Nania M, Matar OK, Cabral JT. Wrinkling Measurement of the Mechanical Properties of Drying Salt Thin Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:2199-2207. [PMID: 26907458 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b04488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report a time-resolved approach to probe the mechanical properties of thin films during drying and solidification based on surface wrinkling. The approach is demonstrated by measuring the modulus of a ternary system comprising an inorganic salt (aluminum chlorohydrate), a humectant (glycerol), and water across the glassy film formation pathway. The topography of mechanically induced wrinkling of supported films on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is experimentally monitored during mechanical extension and relaxation cycles. Nontrivial aspects of our method include the need to oxidize the (hydrophobic) PDMS surface prior to solution deposition to enable surface wetting, which simultaneously creates a glassy-layer skin, whose wrinkling can contribute to the overall topography. Film drying is studied as a function of solution concentration and time, and a range of pattern morphologies are found: sinusoidal wrinkling, transient double-wavelength wrinkling accompanying film "crust" formation, ridging associated with stress localization, and cracking. We quantify the evolution of the elastic modulus during the sinusoidal wrinkling stage, employing bi- and trilayer models, which are independently confirmed by nanoindentation. The method provides thus a simple and robust approach for the mechanical characterization of out-of-equilibrium thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia L Ferretti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Manuela Nania
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Omar K Matar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - João T Cabral
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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22
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Megevand B, Pruvost S, Lins LC, Livi S, Gérard JF, Duchet-Rumeau J. Probing nanomechanical properties with AFM to understand the structure and behavior of polymer blends compatibilized with ionic liquids. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra18492h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The PeakForce QNM AFM mode was used to investigate the nanoscale mechanical properties of poly(butylene-adipate-co-terephthalate)/poly(lactic acid) (PBAT/PLA) blends successfully compatibilized with phosphonium-based ionic liquids (ILs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Megevand
- Université de Lyon
- INSA Lyon
- UMR CNRS 5223
- IMP Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères
- F-69621 Villeurbanne
| | - Sébastien Pruvost
- Université de Lyon
- INSA Lyon
- UMR CNRS 5223
- IMP Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères
- F-69621 Villeurbanne
| | - Luanda C. Lins
- Université de Lyon
- INSA Lyon
- UMR CNRS 5223
- IMP Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères
- F-69621 Villeurbanne
| | - Sébastien Livi
- Université de Lyon
- INSA Lyon
- UMR CNRS 5223
- IMP Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères
- F-69621 Villeurbanne
| | - Jean-François Gérard
- Université de Lyon
- INSA Lyon
- UMR CNRS 5223
- IMP Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères
- F-69621 Villeurbanne
| | - Jannick Duchet-Rumeau
- Université de Lyon
- INSA Lyon
- UMR CNRS 5223
- IMP Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères
- F-69621 Villeurbanne
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23
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Optical and mechanical properties of nanofibrillated cellulose: Toward a robust platform for next-generation green technologies. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 126:40-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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Carpenter AW, de Lannoy CF, Wiesner MR. Cellulose nanomaterials in water treatment technologies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:5277-87. [PMID: 25837659 PMCID: PMC4544834 DOI: 10.1021/es506351r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanomaterials are naturally occurring with unique structural, mechanical and optical properties. While the paper and packaging, automotive, personal care, construction, and textiles industries have recognized cellulose nanomaterials' potential, we suggest cellulose nanomaterials have great untapped potential in water treatment technologies. In this review, we gather evidence of cellulose nanomaterials' beneficial role in environmental remediation and membranes for water filtration, including their high surface area-to-volume ratio, low environmental impact, high strength, functionalizability, and sustainability. We make direct comparison between cellulose nanomaterials and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in terms of physical and chemical properties, production costs, use and disposal in order to show the potential of cellulose nanomaterials as a sustainable replacement for CNTs in water treatment technologies. Finally, we comment on the need for improved communication and collaboration across the myriad industries invested in cellulose nanomaterials production and development to achieve an efficient means to commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Wells Carpenter
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Center for the Environmental Implications of NanoTechnology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Charles François de Lannoy
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Center for the Environmental Implications of NanoTechnology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Mark R. Wiesner
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Center for the Environmental Implications of NanoTechnology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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25
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Zhu J, Cao W, Yue M, Hou Y, Han J, Yang M. Strong and stiff aramid nanofiber/carbon nanotube nanocomposites. ACS NANO 2015; 9:2489-501. [PMID: 25712334 DOI: 10.1021/nn504927e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Small but strong carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are fillers of choice for composite reinforcement owing to their extraordinary modulus and strength. However, the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites are still much below those for mechanical parameters of individual nanotubes. The gap between the expectation and experimental results arises not only from imperfect dispersion and poor load transfer but also from the unavailability of strong polymers that can be effectively utilized within the composites of nanotubes. Aramid nanofibers (ANFs) with analogous morphological features to nanotubes represent a potential choice to complement nanotubes given their intrinsic high mechanical performance and the dispersible nature, which enables solvent-based processing methods. In this work, we showed that composite films made from ANFs and multiwalled CNTs (MWCNTs) by vacuum-assisted flocculation and vacuum-assisted layer-by-layer assembly exhibited high ultimate strength of up to 383 MPa and Young's modulus (stiffness) of up to 35 GPa, which represent the highest values among all the reported random CNT nanocomposites. Detailed studies using different imaging and spectroscopic characterizations suggested that the multiple interfacial interactions between nanotubes and ANFs including hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking are likely the key parameters responsible for the observed mechanical improvement. Importantly, our studies further revealed the attractive thermomechanical characteristics of these nanocomposites with high thermal stability (up to 520 °C) and ultralow coefficients of thermal expansion (2-6 ppm·K(-1)). Our results indicated that ANFs are promising nanoscale building blocks for functional ultrastrong and stiff materials potentially extendable to nanocomposites based on other nanoscale fillers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Zhu
- †Center for Composite Materials and Structures and ‡Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Micronanostructures Manufacturing, Harbin Institute of Technology, 2 Yikuang Street, Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxin Cao
- †Center for Composite Materials and Structures and ‡Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Micronanostructures Manufacturing, Harbin Institute of Technology, 2 Yikuang Street, Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingli Yue
- †Center for Composite Materials and Structures and ‡Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Micronanostructures Manufacturing, Harbin Institute of Technology, 2 Yikuang Street, Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Hou
- †Center for Composite Materials and Structures and ‡Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Micronanostructures Manufacturing, Harbin Institute of Technology, 2 Yikuang Street, Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiecai Han
- †Center for Composite Materials and Structures and ‡Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Micronanostructures Manufacturing, Harbin Institute of Technology, 2 Yikuang Street, Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Yang
- †Center for Composite Materials and Structures and ‡Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Micronanostructures Manufacturing, Harbin Institute of Technology, 2 Yikuang Street, Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China
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26
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Sehaqui H, Gálvez ME, Becatinni V, cheng Ng Y, Steinfeld A, Zimmermann T, Tingaut P. Fast and reversible direct CO2 capture from air onto all-polymer nanofibrillated cellulose-polyethylenimine foams. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:3167-74. [PMID: 25629220 DOI: 10.1021/es504396v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Fully polymeric and biobased CO2 sorbents composed of oxidized nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) and a high molar mass polyethylenimine (PEI) have been prepared via a freeze-drying process. This resulted in NFC/PEI foams displaying a sheet structure with porosity above 97% and specific surface area in the range 2.7-8.3 m(2)·g(-1). Systematic studies on the impact of both PEI content and relative humidity on the CO2 capture capacity of the amine functionalized sorbents have been conducted under atmospheric conditions (moist air with ∼400 ppm of CO2). At 80% RH and an optimum PEI content of 44 wt %, a CO2 capacity of 2.22 mmol·g(-1), a stability over five cycles, and an exceptionally low adsorption half time of 10.6 min were achieved. In the 20-80% RH range studied, the increase in relative humidity increased CO2 capacity of NFC/PEI foams at the expense of a high H2O uptake in the range 3.8-28 mmol·g(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Houssine Sehaqui
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Applied Wood Materials Laboratory. Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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27
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Merindol R, Diabang S, Felix O, Roland T, Gauthier C, Decher G. Bio-inspired multiproperty materials: strong, self-healing, and transparent artificial wood nanostructures. ACS NANO 2015; 9:1127-36. [PMID: 25590696 DOI: 10.1021/nn504334u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nanocomposite films possessing multiple interesting properties (mechanical strength, optical transparency, self-healing, and partial biodegradability) are discussed. We used Layer-by-Layer assembly to prepare micron thick wood-inspired films from anionic nanofibrillated cellulose and cationic poly(vinyl amine). The film growth was carried out at different pH values to obtain films of different chemical composition, whereby, and as expected, higher pH values led to a higher polycation content and also to 6 times higher film growth increments (from 9 to 55 nm per layer pair). In the pH range from 8 to 11, micron thick and optically transparent LbL films are obtained by automated dipping when dried regularly in a stream of air. Films with a size of 10 cm(2) or more can be peeled from flat surfaces; they show tensile strengths up to about 250 MPa and Young's moduli up to about 18 GPa as controlled by the polycation/polyanion ratio of the film. Experiments at different humidities revealed the plasticizing effect of water in the films and allowed reversible switching of their mechanical properties. Whereas dry films are strong and brittle (Young's modulus: 16 GPa, strain at break: 1.7%), wet films are soft and ductile (Young's modulus: 0.1 GPa, strain at break: 49%). Wet film surfaces even amalgamate upon contact to yield mechanically stable junctions. We attribute the switchability of the mechanical properties and the propensity for self-repair to changes in the polycation mobility that are brought about by the plastifying effect of water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Merindol
- CNRS - Institut Charles Sadron (UPR22) , 23 rue du Loess, F-67034 Strasbourg, France
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28
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Zhao J, Lu C, He X, Zhang X, Zhang W, Zhang X. Polyethylenimine-Grafted Cellulose Nanofibril Aerogels as Versatile Vehicles for Drug Delivery. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:2607-15. [PMID: 25562313 DOI: 10.1021/am507601m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangqi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute at Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Canhui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute at Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xu He
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute at Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xiaofang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute at Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute at Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ximu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China Hospital
of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital
of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Wolfberger A, Petritz A, Fian A, Herka J, Schmidt V, Stadlober B, Kargl R, Spirk S, Griesser T. Photolithographic patterning of cellulose: a versatile dual-tone photoresist for advanced applications. CELLULOSE (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2014; 22:717-727. [PMID: 26412951 PMCID: PMC4579862 DOI: 10.1007/s10570-014-0471-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In many areas of science and technology, patterned films and surfaces play a key role in engineering and development of advanced materials. Here, we present a versatile toolbox that provides an easy patterning method for cellulose thin films by means of photolithography and enzymatic digestion. A patterned UV-illumination of trimethylsilyl cellulose thin films containing small amounts of a photo acid generator leads to a desilylation reaction and thus to the formation of cellulose in the irradiated areas. Depending on the conditions of development, either negative and positive type cellulose structures can be obtained, offering lateral resolutions down to the single-digit micro meter range by means of contact photolithography. In order to highlight the potential of this material for advanced patterning techniques, cellulose structures with sub-µm resolution are fabricated by means of two-photon absorption lithography. Moreover, these photochemically structured cellulose thin films are successfully implemented as dielectric layers in prototype organic thin film transistors. Such photopatternable dielectric layers are crucial for the realization of electrical interconnects for demanding organic device architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archim Wolfberger
- Chair of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, University of Leoben, Otto Glöckel-Straße 2, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Andreas Petritz
- Materials-Institute for Surface Technologies and Photonics, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Franz-Pichler-Straße 30, 8160 Weiz, Austria
| | - Alexander Fian
- Materials-Institute for Surface Technologies and Photonics, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Franz-Pichler-Straße 30, 8160 Weiz, Austria
| | - Jakob Herka
- Chair of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, University of Leoben, Otto Glöckel-Straße 2, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Volker Schmidt
- Materials-Institute for Surface Technologies and Photonics, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Franz-Pichler-Straße 30, 8160 Weiz, Austria
| | - Barbara Stadlober
- Materials-Institute for Surface Technologies and Photonics, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Franz-Pichler-Straße 30, 8160 Weiz, Austria
| | - Rupert Kargl
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Stefan Spirk
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Griesser
- Chair of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, University of Leoben, Otto Glöckel-Straße 2, 8700 Leoben, Austria
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30
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Effect of Impregnated Inorganic Nanoparticles on the Properties of the Kenaf Bast Fibers. FIBERS 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/fib2030242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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31
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Mikczinski MR, Josefsson G, Chinga-Carrasco G, Gamstedt EK, Fatikow S. Nanorobotic Testing to Assess the Stiffness Properties of Nanopaper. IEEE T ROBOT 2014. [DOI: 10.1109/tro.2013.2283409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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32
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Towards a super-strainable paper using the Layer-by-Layer technique. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 100:218-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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33
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Bhattacharya M, Chaudhry S. High-performance silica nanoparticle reinforced poly (vinyl alcohol) as templates for bioactive nanocomposites. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2013; 33:2601-10. [PMID: 23623074 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2013.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Silica nanoparticle reinforced poly (vinyl alcohol) cast sheets 40 μm thick were tested for mechanical and biological properties. The films were characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. The crystallinity decreased with increased silica content. Changes in the morphology and structure upon the addition of silica suggest the formation of cross-linking. The modulus increased from 300 MPa for PVA to 7.2 GPa for 120 wt.% silica nanoparticle in the blend and the tensile strength increased from 3.5 MPa to 35 MPa. The modulus estimated using dynamic tests, tensile tests, and nanoindentation was comparable and was predicted well using the Halpin-Tsai's equation. The nanocomposites were an order of magnitude tougher than the pure polymer. Silica based nanocomposite was also found to be an excellent template for the deposition of calcium hydroxyapatite when immersed in simulated body fluid. The modulus and tensile strength of apatite coated silica nanoparticle (120 wt.%)-PVA composite increased to 11 GPa and 65 MPa respectively, close to that of cortical bone. The results represent one of the largest increases in mechanical properties of nanocomposite mimicking the properties of human bone. The addition of silica can also aid in osseointegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinal Bhattacharya
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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34
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Gustafsson E, Johansson E, Wågberg L, Pettersson T. Direct Adhesive Measurements between Wood Biopolymer Model Surfaces. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:3046-53. [DOI: 10.1021/bm300762e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emil Gustafsson
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Center and ‡Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School
of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm,
Sweden
| | - Erik Johansson
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Center and ‡Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School
of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm,
Sweden
| | - Lars Wågberg
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Center and ‡Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School
of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm,
Sweden
| | - Torbjörn Pettersson
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Center and ‡Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School
of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm,
Sweden
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35
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Detsi E, Punzhin S, Rao J, Onck PR, De Hosson JTM. Enhanced strain in functional nanoporous gold with a dual microscopic length scale structure. ACS NANO 2012; 6:3734-3744. [PMID: 22463686 DOI: 10.1021/nn300179n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We have synthesized nanoporous Au with a dual microscopic length scale by exploiting the crystal structure of the alloy precursor. The synthesized mesoscopic material is characterized by stacked Au layers of submicrometer thickness. In addition, each layer displays nanoporosity through the entire bulk. It is shown that the thickness of these layers can be tailored via the grain size of the alloy precursor. The two-length-scale structure enhances the functional properties of nanoporous gold, leading to charge-induced strains of amplitude up to 6%, which are roughly 2 orders of magnitude larger than in nanoporous Au with the standard one-length-scale porous morphology. A model is presented to describe these phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Detsi
- Department of Applied Physics, Zernike institute for Advanced Materials and Materials Innovation Institute M2i, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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36
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Samyn P, Laborie MP, Mathew AP, Airoudj A, Haidara H, Roucoules V. Metastable patterning of plasma nanocomposite films by incorporating cellulose nanowhiskers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:1427-1438. [PMID: 22059805 DOI: 10.1021/la202503h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A new method is presented for developing patterned, thin nanocomposite films by introducing cellulose nanowhiskers during the pulsed plasma polymerization of maleic anhydride. Metastable film structures develop as a combination of dewetting and buckling phenomena. By controlling the maleic anhydride monomer to cellulose nanowhisker weight ratio, the whiskers can be incorporated into a homogeneously covering patterned polymer film. Excess nanowhiskers are required to prevent complete dewetting and deposit dimensionally stable films. The formation of anchoring points is assumed to stabilize the film through a "pinning" effect to the substrate. The latter control the in-plane film stresses, similar to the effects of surface inhomogeneities such as artificial scratches. The different morphologies are evaluated by optical microscopy, AFM, contact angle measurements, and ellipsometry. Further analysis by infrared spectroscopy and XPS suggests esterification between the maleic anhydride and cellulose moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Samyn
- Institute for Forest Utilization and Works Science, Freiburg University, Werthmannstrasse 6, 79085 Freiburg, Germany
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37
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Tailoring the mechanical properties of starch-containing layer-by-layer films. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2011.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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38
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Addition of silica nanoparticles to tailor the mechanical properties of nanofibrillated cellulose thin films. J Colloid Interface Sci 2011; 363:566-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.07.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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39
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Yang M, Cao K, Sui L, Qi Y, Zhu J, Waas A, Arruda EM, Kieffer J, Thouless MD, Kotov NA. Dispersions of aramid nanofibers: a new nanoscale building block. ACS NANO 2011; 5:6945-54. [PMID: 21800822 PMCID: PMC3214697 DOI: 10.1021/nn2014003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Stable dispersions of nanofibers are virtually unknown for synthetic polymers. They can complement analogous dispersions of inorganic components, such as nanoparticles, nanowires, nanosheets, etc. as a fundamental component of a toolset for design of nanostructures and metamaterials via numerous solvent-based processing methods. As such, strong flexible polymeric nanofibers are very desirable for the effective utilization within composites of nanoscale inorganic components such as nanowires, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and others. Here stable dispersions of uniform high-aspect-ratio aramid nanofibers (ANFs) with diameters between 3 and 30 nm and up to 10 μm in length were successfully obtained. Unlike the traditional approaches based on polymerization of monomers, they are made by controlled dissolution of standard macroscale form of the aramid polymer, that is, well-known Kevlar threads, and revealed distinct morphological features similar to carbon nanotubes. ANFs are successfully processed into films using layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly as one of the potential methods of preparation of composites from ANFs. The resultant films are transparent and highly temperature resilient. They also display enhanced mechanical characteristics making ANF films highly desirable as protective coatings, ultrastrong membranes, as well as building blocks of other high performance materials in place of or in combination with carbon nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2136, USA
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