1
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Pugsley CE, Isaac RE, Warren NJ, Stacey M, Ferguson CTJ, Cappelle K, Dominguez-Espinosa R, Cayre OJ. Effective delivery and selective insecticidal activity of double-stranded RNA via complexation with diblock copolymer varies with polymer block composition. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:669-677. [PMID: 37759365 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemical insecticides are an important tool to control damaging pest infestations. However, lack of species specificity, the rise of resistance and the demand for biological alternatives with improved ecotoxicity profiles means that chemicals with new modes of action are required. RNA interference (RNAi)-based strategies using double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) as a species-specific bio-insecticide offer an exquisite solution that addresses these issues. Many species, such as the fruit pest Drosophila suzukii, do not exhibit RNAi when dsRNA is orally administered due to degradation by gut nucleases and slow cellular uptake pathways. Thus, delivery vehicles that protect and deliver dsRNA are highly desirable. RESULTS In this work, we demonstrate the complexation of D. suzukii-specific dsRNA for degradation of vha26 mRNA with bespoke diblock copolymers. We study the ex vivo protection of dsRNA against enzymatic degradation by gut enzymes, which demonstrates the efficiency of this system. Flow cytometry then investigates the cellular uptake of Cy3-labelled dsRNA, showing a 10-fold increase in the mean fluorescence intensity of cells treated with polyplexes. The polymer/dsRNA polyplexes induced a significant 87% decrease in the odds of survival of D. suzukii larvae following oral feeding only when formed with a diblock copolymer containing a long neutral block length (1:2 cationic block/neutral block). However, there was no toxicity when fed to the closely related Drosophila melanogaster. CONCLUSION We provide evidence that dsRNA complexation with diblock copolymers is a promising strategy for RNAi-based species-specific pest control, but optimisation of polymer composition is essential for RNAi success. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte E Pugsley
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - R Elwyn Isaac
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Nicholas J Warren
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Martin Stacey
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Calum T J Ferguson
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Kaat Cappelle
- Syngenta Ghent Innovation Center, Gent-Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | | | - Olivier J Cayre
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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2
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Du R, Teng Q, Xu S, Jiang M, Irmisch P, Wang ZG. Self-Assembly of Designed Peptides with DNA to Accelerate the DNA Strand Displacement Process for Dynamic Regulation of DNAzymes. ACS NANO 2023; 17:24753-24762. [PMID: 38061002 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c05124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Toehold-mediated DNA strand displacement (TMSD) is a powerful tool for controlling DNA-based molecular reactions and devices. However, the slow kinetics of TMSD reactions often limit their efficiency and practical applications. Inspired by the chemical structures of natural DNA-operating enzymes (e.g., helicase), we designed lysine-rich peptides to self-assemble with DNA-based systems. Our approach allows for accelerating the TMSD reactions, even during multiple displacement events, enhancing their overall efficiency and utility. We found that the acceleration is dependent on the peptide's sequence, length, and concentration as well as the length of the DNA toehold domain. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the peptides promote toehold binding between the double-stranded target and the single-stranded invader, thereby facilitating strand displacement. Furthermore, we integrated our approach into a horseradish peroxidase-mimicking DNAzyme, enabling the dynamic modulation of enzymatic functions on and off. We anticipate that the established acceleration of strand displacement reactions and the modulation of enzymatic activities offer enhanced functionality and control in the design of programmable DNA-based nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruikai Du
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Key Lab of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules (Ministry of Education), Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qiao Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Key Lab of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules (Ministry of Education), Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shichao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Key Lab of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules (Ministry of Education), Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Minquan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Key Lab of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules (Ministry of Education), Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Patrick Irmisch
- Molecular Biophysics Group, Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Zhen-Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Key Lab of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules (Ministry of Education), Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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3
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Giona RM, Vitorazi L, Loh W. Assessing the Contribution of the Neutral Blocks in DNA/Block-Copolymer Polyplexes: Poly(acrylamide) vs. Poly(ethylene Oxide). Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28010398. [PMID: 36615592 PMCID: PMC9824764 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction of DNA with different block copolymers, namely poly (trimethylammonium chloride methacryloyoxy)ethyl)-block-poly(acrylamide), i.e., (PTEA)-b-(PAm), and poly (trimethylammonium chloride methacryloyoxy)ethyl)-block-poly(ethylene oxide), i.e., (PTEA)-b-(PEO), was studied. The nature of the cationic block was maintained fixed (PTEA), whereas the neutral blocks contained varying amounts of acrylamide or (ethylene oxide) units. According to results from isothermal titration microcalorimetry measurements, the copolymers interaction with DNA is endothermic with an enthalpy around 4.0 kJ mol−1 of charges for (PTEA)-b-(PAm) and 5.5 kJ mol−1 of charges for (PTEA)-b-(PEO). The hydrodynamic diameters of (PTEA)-b-(PEO)/DNA and (PTEA)-b-(PAm)/DNA polyplexes prepared by titration were around 200 nm at charge ratio (Z+/−) < 1. At Z+/− close and above 1, the (PTEA)50-b-(PAm)50/DNA and (PTEA)50-b-(PAm)200/DNA polyplexes precipitated. Interestingly, (PTEA)50-b-(PAm)1000/DNA polyplexes remained with a size of around 300 nm even after charge neutralization, probably due to the size of the neutral block. Conversely, for (PTEA)96-b-(PEO)100/DNA polyplexes, the size distribution was broad, indicating a more heterogeneous system. Polyplexes were also prepared by direct mixture at Z+/− of 2.0, and they displayed diameters around 120−150 nm, remaining stable for more than 10 days. Direct and reverse titration experiments showed that the order of addition affects both the size and charge of the resulting polyplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Mello Giona
- LaMaFI—Laboratório de Materiais e Fenômenos de Interface, Chemistry Department, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Medianeira, Curitiba 85884-000, Paraná (PR), Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Caixa Postal 6154, Campinas 13083-970, São Paulo State (SP), Brazil
| | - Letícia Vitorazi
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Caixa Postal 6154, Campinas 13083-970, São Paulo State (SP), Brazil
- Laboratório de Materiais Poliméricos, EEIMVR, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Volta Redonda 27255-125, Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil
| | - Watson Loh
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Caixa Postal 6154, Campinas 13083-970, São Paulo State (SP), Brazil
- Correspondence:
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4
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Wilson RL, Lampe K, Gupta MK, Duvall CL, Jones HN. Nanoparticle-mediated transgene expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 in the growth restricted guinea pig placenta increases placenta nutrient transporter expression and fetal glucose concentrations. Mol Reprod Dev 2022; 89:540-553. [PMID: 36094907 PMCID: PMC10947605 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Fetal growth restriction (FGR) significantly contributes to neonatal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Currently, there are no effective treatment options for FGR during pregnancy. We have developed a nanoparticle gene therapy targeting the placenta to increase expression of human insulin-like growth factor 1 (hIGF1) to correct fetal growth trajectories. Using the maternal nutrient restriction guinea pig model of FGR, an ultrasound-guided, intraplacental injection of nonviral, polymer-based hIGF1 nanoparticle containing plasmid with the hIGF1 gene and placenta-specific Cyp19a1 promotor was administered at mid-pregnancy. Sustained hIGF1 expression was confirmed in the placenta 5 days after treatment. Whilst increased hIGF1 did not change fetal weight, circulating fetal glucose concentration were 33%-67% higher. This was associated with increased expression of glucose and amino acid transporters in the placenta. Additionally, hIGF1 nanoparticle treatment increased the fetal capillary volume density in the placenta, and reduced interhaemal distance between maternal and fetal circulation. Overall, our findings, that trophoblast-specific increased expression of hIGF1 results in changes to glucose transporter expression and increases fetal glucose concentrations within a short time period, highlights the translational potential this treatment could have in correcting impaired placental nutrient transport in human pregnancies complicated by FGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Wilson
- Center for Research in Perinatal Outcomes, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kristin Lampe
- Center for Fetal and Placental Research, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital and Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Mukesh K. Gupta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Craig L. Duvall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Helen N. Jones
- Center for Research in Perinatal Outcomes, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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5
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Grimme CJ, Hanson MG, Corcoran LG, Reineke TM. Polycation Architecture Affects Complexation and Delivery of Short Antisense Oligonucleotides: Micelleplexes Outperform Polyplexes. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:3257-3271. [PMID: 35862267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we examine the complexation and biological delivery of a short single-stranded antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) payload with four polymer derivatives that form two architectural variants (polyplexes and micelleplexes): a homopolymer poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (D), a diblock polymer poly(ethylene glycol)methylether methacrylate-block-poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (ObD), and two micelle-forming variants, poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)-block-poly(n-butyl methacrylate) (DB) and poly(ethylene glycol)methylether methacrylate-block-poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)-block-poly(n-butyl methacrylate) (ObDB). Both polyplexes and micelleplexes complexed ASOs, and the incorporation of an Ob brush enhances colloidal stability. Micellplexes are templated by the size and shape of the unloaded micelle and that micelle-ASO complexation is not sensitive to formulation/mixing order, allowing ease, versatility, and reproducibility in packaging short oligonucleotides. The DB micelleplexes promoted the largest gene silencing, internalization, and tolerable toxicity while the ObDB micelleplexes displayed enhanced colloidal stability and highly efficient payload trafficking despite having lower cellular uptake. Overall, this work demonstrates that cationic micelles are superior delivery vehicles for ASOs denoting the importance of vehicle architecture in biological performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian J Grimme
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Mckenna G Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Louis G Corcoran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Theresa M Reineke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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6
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Davenport BN, Wilson RL, Jones HN. Interventions for placental insufficiency and fetal growth restriction. Placenta 2022; 125:4-9. [PMID: 35414477 PMCID: PMC10947607 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2022.03.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Pregnancy complications adversely impact both mother and/or fetus throughout the lifespan. Fetal growth restriction (FGR) occurs when a fetus fails to reach their intrauterine potential for growth, it is the second highest leading cause of infant mortality, and leads to increased risk of developing non-communicable diseases in later life due 'fetal programming'. Abnormal placental development, growth and/or function underlies approximately 75% of FGR cases and there is currently no treatment save delivery, often prematurely. We previously demonstrated in a murine model of FGR that nanoparticle mediated, intra-placental human IGF-1 gene therapy maintains normal fetal growth. Multiple models of FGR currently exist reflecting the etiologies of human FGR and have been used by us and others to investigate the development of in utero therapeutics as discussed here. In addition to the in vivo models discussed herein, utilizing human models including in vitro (Choriocarcinoma cell lines and primary trophoblasts) and ex vivo (term villous fragments and placenta cotyledon perfusion) we have demonstrated robust nanoparticle uptake, transgene expression, nutrient transporter regulation without transfer to the fetus. For translational gene therapy application in the human placenta, there are multiple avenues that require investigation including syncytial uptake from the maternal circulation, transgene expression, functionality and longevity of treatment, impact of treatment on the mother and developing fetus. The potential impact of treating the placenta during gestation is high, wide-ranging across pregnancy complications, and may offer reduced risk of developing associated cardio-metabolic diseases in later life impacting at both an individual and societal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baylea N Davenport
- Center for Research in Perinatal Outcomes, University of Florida College of Medicine, United States
| | - Rebecca L Wilson
- Center for Research in Perinatal Outcomes, University of Florida College of Medicine, United States
| | - Helen N Jones
- Center for Research in Perinatal Outcomes, University of Florida College of Medicine, United States.
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7
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Pugsley CE, Isaac RE, Warren NJ, Behra JS, Cappelle K, Dominguez-Espinosa R, Cayre OJ. Protection of Double-Stranded RNA via Complexation with Double Hydrophilic Block Copolymers: Influence of Neutral Block Length in Biologically Relevant Environments. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:2362-2373. [PMID: 35549247 PMCID: PMC9198985 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Interaction between the anionic phosphodiester backbone of DNA/RNA and polycations can be exploited as a means of delivering genetic material for therapeutic and agrochemical applications. In this work, quaternized poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)-block-poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (PQDMAEMA-b-PDMAm) double hydrophilic block copolymers (DHBCs) were synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization as nonviral delivery vehicles for double-stranded RNA. The assembly of DHBCs and dsRNA forms distinct polyplexes that were thoroughly characterized to establish a relationship between the length of the uncharged poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (PDMA) block and the polyplex size, complexation efficiency, and colloidal stability. Dynamic light scattering reveals the formation of smaller polyplexes with increasing PDMA lengths, while gel electrophoresis confirms that these polyplexes require higher N/P ratio for full complexation. DHBC polyplexes exhibit enhanced stability in low ionic strength environments in comparison to homopolymer-based polyplexes. In vitro enzymatic degradation assays demonstrate that both homopolymer and DHBC polymers efficiently protect dsRNA from degradation by RNase A enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte E. Pugsley
- School
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University
of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
- School
of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - R. Elwyn Isaac
- School
of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas. J. Warren
- School
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University
of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Juliette S. Behra
- School
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University
of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Kaat Cappelle
- Syngenta
Ghent Innovation Center, Technologiepark 30, B-9052 Gent-Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Rosa Dominguez-Espinosa
- Syngenta
Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42
6EY, England
| | - Olivier. J. Cayre
- School
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University
of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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8
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Street STG, He Y, Harniman RL, Garcia-Hernandez JD, Manners I. Precision polymer nanofibers with a responsive polyelectrolyte corona designed as a modular, functionalizable nanomedicine platform. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00152g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We describe the development of a modular, functionalizable platform for biocompatible core-shell block copolymer nanofibers of controlled length (22 nm – 1.3 μm) and low dispersity produced via living crystallization-driven...
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9
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Pugsley CE, Isaac RE, Warren NJ, Cayre OJ. Linear ABC amphiphilic triblock copolymers for complexation and protection of dsRNA. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00914e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We herein report the synthesis and characterisation of linear ABC triblock copolymers, investigation of their self-assembly in aqueous solution, and complexation with and protection of double stranded-RNA (dsRNA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte E. Pugsley
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - R. Elwyn Isaac
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Nicholas J. Warren
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Olivier J. Cayre
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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10
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Dalal RJ, Kumar R, Ohnsorg M, Brown M, Reineke TM. Cationic Bottlebrush Polymers Outperform Linear Polycation Analogues for pDNA Delivery and Gene Expression. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:886-893. [PMID: 35549207 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cationic polymer vehicles have emerged as promising platforms for nucleic acid delivery because of their scalability, biocompatibility, and chemical versatility. Advancements in synthetic polymer chemistry allow us to precisely tune chemical functionality with various macromolecular architectures to increase the efficacy of nonviral-based gene delivery. Herein, we demonstrate the first cationic bottlebrush polymer-mediated pDNA delivery by comparing unimolecular, synthetically defined bottlebrush polymers to their linear building blocks. We successfully synthesized poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (pDMAEMA) bottlebrushes through ring-opening metathesis polymerization to afford four bottlebrush polymers with systematic increases in backbone degree of polymerization (Nbb = 13, 20, 26, and 37), while keeping the side-chain degree of polymerization constant (Nsc = 57). Physical and chemical properties were characterized, and subsequently, the toxicity and delivery efficiency of pDNA into HEK293 cells were evaluated. The bottlebrush-pDNA complex (bottleplex) with the highest Nbb, BB_37, displayed up to a 60-fold increase in %EGFP+ cells in comparison to linear macromonomer. Additionally, we observed a trend of increasing EGFP expression with increasing polymer molecular weight. Bottleplexes and polyplexes both displayed high pDNA internalization as measured via payload enumeration per cell; however, quantitative confocal analysis revealed that bottlebrushes were able to shuttle pDNA into and around the nucleus more successfully than pDNA delivered via linear analogues. Overall, a canonical cationic monomer, such as DMAEMA, synthesized in the form of cationic bottlebrush polymers proved to be far more efficient in functional pDNA delivery and expression than linear pDMAEMA. This work underscores the importance of architectural modifications and the potential of bottlebrushes to serve as effective biomacromolecule delivery vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishad J. Dalal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Ramya Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Monica Ohnsorg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Mary Brown
- University Imaging Centers, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Theresa M. Reineke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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11
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Kumar R, Santa Chalarca CF, Bockman MR, Bruggen CV, Grimme CJ, Dalal RJ, Hanson MG, Hexum JK, Reineke TM. Polymeric Delivery of Therapeutic Nucleic Acids. Chem Rev 2021; 121:11527-11652. [PMID: 33939409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The advent of genome editing has transformed the therapeutic landscape for several debilitating diseases, and the clinical outlook for gene therapeutics has never been more promising. The therapeutic potential of nucleic acids has been limited by a reliance on engineered viral vectors for delivery. Chemically defined polymers can remediate technological, regulatory, and clinical challenges associated with viral modes of gene delivery. Because of their scalability, versatility, and exquisite tunability, polymers are ideal biomaterial platforms for delivering nucleic acid payloads efficiently while minimizing immune response and cellular toxicity. While polymeric gene delivery has progressed significantly in the past four decades, clinical translation of polymeric vehicles faces several formidable challenges. The aim of our Account is to illustrate diverse concepts in designing polymeric vectors towards meeting therapeutic goals of in vivo and ex vivo gene therapy. Here, we highlight several classes of polymers employed in gene delivery and summarize the recent work on understanding the contributions of chemical and architectural design parameters. We touch upon characterization methods used to visualize and understand events transpiring at the interfaces between polymer, nucleic acids, and the physiological environment. We conclude that interdisciplinary approaches and methodologies motivated by fundamental questions are key to designing high-performing polymeric vehicles for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | | | - Matthew R Bockman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Craig Van Bruggen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christian J Grimme
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Rishad J Dalal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Mckenna G Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Joseph K Hexum
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Theresa M Reineke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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12
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Ghorbanizamani F, Moulahoum H, Zihnioglu F, Timur S. Self-assembled block copolymers in ionic liquids: Recent advances and practical applications. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.115076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Wilson RL, Jones HN. Targeting the Dysfunctional Placenta to Improve Pregnancy Outcomes Based on Lessons Learned in Cancer. Clin Ther 2021; 43:246-264. [PMID: 33446335 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, our understanding of the disrupted mechanisms that contribute to major obstetrical diseases, including preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, preterm birth, and gestational diabetes, has increased exponentially. Common to many of these obstetric diseases is placental maldevelopment and dysfunction; the placenta is a significant component of the maternal-fetal interface involved in coordinating, facilitating, and regulating maternal and fetal nutrient, oxygen and waste exchange, and hormone and cytokine production. Despite the advances in our understanding of placental development and function, there are currently no treatments for placental maldevelopment and dysfunction. However, given the transient nature and accessibility from the maternal circulation, the placenta offers a unique opportunity to develop targeted therapeutics for routine obstetric practices. Furthermore, given the similar developmental paradigms between the placenta and cancer, there is an opportunity to appropriate current knowledge from advances in targeted therapeutics in cancer treatments. In this review, we highlight the similarities between early placental development and cancer and introduce a number of targeted therapies currently being explored in cancer and pregnancy. We also propose a number of new effectors currently being targeted in cancer research that have the potential to be targeted in the development of treatments for pregnancy complications. Finally, we describe a method for targeting the placenta using nonviral polymers that are capable of delivering plasmids, small interfering RNA, and other effector nucleic acids, which could ultimately improve fetal and maternal outcomes from complicated pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Helen N Jones
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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14
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Finiuk N, Romanyuk N, Mitina N, Lobachevska O, Zaichenko A, Terek O, Stoika R. Evaluation of Phytotoxicity and Mutagenicity of Novel DMAEMA-Containing Gene Carriers. CYTOL GENET+ 2020. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452720050096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Skandalis A, Uchman M, Štěpánek M, Kereı̈che S, Pispas S. Complexation of DNA with QPDMAEMA-b-PLMA-b-POEGMA Cationic Triblock Terpolymer Micelles. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Skandalis
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Mariusz Uchman
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Štěpánek
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Sami Kereı̈che
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Purkynuv Ustav, Albertov 4, 128 01 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stergios Pispas
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
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16
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Hydrophilic/hydrophobic modifications of a PnBA-b-PDMAEA copolymer and complexation behaviour with short DNA. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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17
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Tan Z, Jiang Y, Zhang W, Karls L, Lodge TP, Reineke TM. Polycation Architecture and Assembly Direct Successful Gene Delivery: Micelleplexes Outperform Polyplexes via Optimal DNA Packaging. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:15804-15817. [PMID: 31553590 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b06218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cellular delivery of biomacromolecules is vital to medical research and therapeutic development. Cationic polymers are promising and affordable candidate vehicles for these precious payloads. However, the impact of polycation architecture and solution assembly on the biological mechanisms and efficacy of these vehicles has not been clearly defined. In this study, four polymers containing the same cationic poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (D) block but placed in different architectures have been synthesized, characterized, and compared for cargo binding and biological performance. The D homopolymer and its diblock copolymer poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate) (OD) readily encapsulate pDNA to form polyplexes. Two amphiphilic block polymer variants, poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)-block-poly(n-butyl methacrylate) (DB) and poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)-block-poly(n-butyl methacrylate) (ODB), self-assemble into micelles, which template pDNA winding around the cationic corona to form micelleplexes. Micelleplexes were found to have superior delivery efficiency compared to polyplexes and detailed physicochemical and biological characterizations were performed to pinpoint the mechanisms by testing hypotheses related to cellular internalization, intracellular trafficking, and pDNA unpackaging. For the first time, we find that the higher concentration of amines housed in micelleplexes stimulates both cellular internalization and potential endosomal escape, and the physical motif of pDNA winding into micelleplexes, reminiscent of DNA compaction by histones in chromatin, preserves the pDNA secondary structure in its native B form. This likely allows greater payload accessibility for protein expression with micelleplexes compared to polyplexes, which tightly condense pDNA and significantly distort its helicity. This work provides important guidance for the design of successful biomolecular delivery systems via optimizing the physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Tan
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Yaming Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science , University of Minnesota , 421 Washington Avenue SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Wenjia Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science , University of Minnesota , 421 Washington Avenue SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Logan Karls
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science , University of Minnesota , 421 Washington Avenue SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Timothy P Lodge
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science , University of Minnesota , 421 Washington Avenue SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Theresa M Reineke
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
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18
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Loginova TP, Istratov VV, Shtykova EV, Vasnev VA, Matyushin AA, Shchetinin IV, Oleinichenko EA, Talanova VN. Magnetite Nanoparticles in Hybrid Micelles of Polylactide-block-polyethylene Oxide and Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate in Water. CRYSTALLOGR REP+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1063774518060226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Jiang Y, Lodge TP, Reineke TM. Packaging pDNA by Polymeric ABC Micelles Simultaneously Achieves Colloidal Stability and Structural Control. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:11101-11111. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b06309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaming Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Timothy P. Lodge
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Theresa M. Reineke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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20
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Góis JR, Reis F, Almeida AM, Pereira P, Sousa F, Serra AC, Coelho JFJ. Preparation of well-defined brush-like block copolymers for gene delivery applications under biorelevant reaction conditions. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 169:107-117. [PMID: 29753951 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Well-defined oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (OEOMA) based block copolymers with cationic segments composed by N,N-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) and/or 2-(diisopropylamino) ethyl methacrylate (DPA) were developed under biorelevant reaction conditions. These brush-type copolymers were synthesized through supplemental activator and reducing agent (SARA) atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using sodium dithionite as SARA agent. The synthesis was carried out using an eco-friendly solvent mixture, very low copper catalyst concentration, and mild reaction conditions. The structure of the block copolymers was characterized by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) analysis and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The pH-dependent protonation of these copolymers enables the efficient complexation with plasmid DNA (pDNA), yielding polyplexes with sizes ranging from 200 up to 700 nm, depending on the molecular weight of the copolymers, composition and concentration used. Agarose gel electrophoresis confirmed the successful pDNA encapsulation. No cytotoxicity effect was observed, even for N/P ratios higher than 50, for human fibroblasts and cervical cancer cell lines cells. The in vitro cellular uptake experiments demonstrated that the pDNA-loaded block copolymers were efficiently delivered into nucleus of cervical cancer cells. The polymerization approach, the unique structure of the block copolymers and the efficient DNA encapsulation presented can open new avenues for development of efficient tailor made gene delivery systems under biorelevant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana R Góis
- CEMMPRE, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Polo II, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fábio Reis
- CEMMPRE, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Polo II, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana M Almeida
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Pereira
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Fani Sousa
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Arménio C Serra
- CEMMPRE, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Polo II, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jorge F J Coelho
- CEMMPRE, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Polo II, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790, Coimbra, Portugal.
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21
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Nehate C, Moothedathu Raynold AA, Haridas V, Koul V. Comparative Assessment of Active Targeted Redox Sensitive Polymersomes Based on pPEGMA-S-S-PLA Diblock Copolymer with Marketed Nanoformulation. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:2549-2566. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chetan Nehate
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
- Biomedical Engineering Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Aji Alex Moothedathu Raynold
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
- Biomedical Engineering Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - V. Haridas
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Veena Koul
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
- Biomedical Engineering Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
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22
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Jiang Y, Reineke TM, Lodge TP. Complexation of DNA with Cationic Copolymer Micelles: Effects of DNA Length and Topology. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaming Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Theresa M. Reineke
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Timothy P. Lodge
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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23
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Nehate C, Moothedathu Raynold AA, Koul V. ATRP Fabricated and Short Chain Polyethylenimine Grafted Redox Sensitive Polymeric Nanoparticles for Codelivery of Anticancer Drug and siRNA in Cancer Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:39672-39687. [PMID: 29048878 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b11716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To overcome the limitations of conventional chemotherapy, nanoparticle-mediated combinatorial delivery of siRNA and drugs represents a new approach to overcome its associated side effects. Designing safe and efficient vehicles for their codelivery has emerged as a potential challenge in the clinical translation of these formulations. Herein, we have demonstrated a novel "two-in-one" polyplex nanosystem developed from redox sensitive, short chain polyethylenimine modified poly[(poly(ethylene)glycol methacrylate]-s-s-polycaprolactone copolymer synthesized by atom-transfer free-radical polymerization (ATRP), which can deliver doxorubicin and polo-like kinase I (plk1) siRNA, simultaneously for an enhanced chemotherapeutic effect. The nanoparticles were found to be stable at physiological buffer with and without fetal bovine serum (FBS). The developed polymeric nanosystem was found to be biocompatible and hemocompatible in vitro and in vivo at repeated dose administrations. The polymer could easily self-assemble into ∼100 nm spherical nanoparticles with enhanced doxorubicin loading (∼18%) and effective siRNA complexation at a polymer to siRNA weight ratio of 15. The doxorubicin loaded nanoparticles exhibited ∼4-fold higher drug release in endosomal pH (pH 5) containing 10 mmol of GSH compared to pH 7.4, depicting their redox-sensitive behavior. The polyplexes were capable of delivering both cargos simultaneously to cancer cells in vitro as observed by their excellent colocalization in the cytoplasm of MDA-MB-231 and HeLa cells using confocal laser microscopy. Moreover, in vitro transfection of the cells with polyplexes exhibited 50-70% knockdown of plk1-mRNA expression in both cell lines. In vivo administration of the drug loaded polyplexes to EAT tumor bearing (EAT, Ehrlich ascites tumor) Swiss albino mice showed a ∼29-fold decrease in percent tumor volume in comparison to the control group. The results highlight the therapeutic potential of the polyplexes as a combined delivery of doxorubicin and plk1-siRNA in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetan Nehate
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi , New Delhi 110016, India
- Biomedical Engineering Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Aji Alex Moothedathu Raynold
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi , New Delhi 110016, India
- Biomedical Engineering Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Veena Koul
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi , New Delhi 110016, India
- Biomedical Engineering Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi 110029, India
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24
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Jiang Y, Sprouse D, Laaser JE, Dhande Y, Reineke TM, Lodge TP. Complexation of Linear DNA and Poly(styrenesulfonate) with Cationic Copolymer Micelles: Effect of Polyanion Flexibility. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:6708-6720. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b03732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaming Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Dustin Sprouse
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jennifer E. Laaser
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Yogesh Dhande
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Theresa M. Reineke
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Timothy P. Lodge
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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25
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Nair SS, Zolotarskaya OY, Beckwith MJ, Ohman DE, Wynne KJ. A Polycation Antimicrobial Peptide Mimic without Resistance Buildup against Propionibacterium Acnes. Macromol Biosci 2017; 17. [PMID: 28605136 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201700090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A preliminary study is reported for a polycation antimicrobial peptide (AMP) mimic against Propionibacterium acnes, which is associated with acne vulgaris, a common skin condition. Antibiotics are commonly used against P. acnes but buildup of resistance is well-known. Worse, antibiotic regimens build up resistance for more sensitive bacteria such as Staphylococcus epidermidis. The polycation AMP mimic C12-50, 1, is chosen for the present study as it has been previously shown to have high antimicrobial effectiveness. This study reports that C12-50 is active against P. acnes (strain ATCC 6919) with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 6.3 µg mL-1 . To monitor resistance build-up ten passages are conducted with C12-50 against P. acnes. The MIC remains constant with no resistance buildup. Parallel studies with erythromycin confirm previously reported resistance buildup. The results point to a promising pathway to applications for polycation AMP mimics against P. acnes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sithara S Nair
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA
| | - Olga Y Zolotarskaya
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA
| | - Matthew J Beckwith
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA
| | - Dennis E Ohman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, VCU School of Medicine, 1101 East Marshall Street, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.,McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA, 23249, USA
| | - Kenneth J Wynne
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA
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26
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Ryu JH, Wee HS, Lee WB. Molecular dynamics study on microstructures of diblock copolymer melts with soft potential and potential recovery. Phys Rev E 2016; 94:032501. [PMID: 27739817 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.94.032501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Various microstructures are obtained through the self-assembly of block copolymers on the basis of the compositional fractions and repulsive interactions among different types of beads. The inhomogeneity of block copolymers can be studied by molecular dynamics. However, preparing initial configurations of various self-assembled structures directly by molecular dynamics requires extensive computational time because of topological constraints. Furthermore, manual preparation often becomes a complicated and time-consuming procedure even for the simplest structures, such as a lamellar phase, not to mention three-dimensional bicontinuous cubic phases such as a gyroid phase. In this paper, this difficulty is overcome by using a soft potential, which allows the system to reach a self-assembled state quickly (within 3τ_{d}). Once a self-assembled microstructure is obtained, the normal potential is restored and equilibration steps are performed to enable the calculation of various properties of the microstructures. Various equilibrated phase structures-including S (spherical), H (hexagonal), G (gyroid), and L (lamellar) phases-are obtained by this approach. To verify our method, static and dynamic properties of the lamellar phase are examined and compared with previous results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Ho Ryu
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Sol Wee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Bo Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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27
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Laaser JE, Lohmann E, Jiang Y, Reineke TM, Lodge TP. Architecture-Dependent Stabilization of Polyelectrolyte Complexes between Polyanions and Cationic Triblock Terpolymer Micelles. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E. Laaser
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Elise Lohmann
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Yaming Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Theresa M. Reineke
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Timothy P. Lodge
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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28
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Namvar A, Bolhassani A, Khairkhah N, Motevalli F. Physicochemical properties of polymers: An important system to overcome the cell barriers in gene transfection. Biopolymers 2016; 103:363-75. [PMID: 25761628 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Delivery of the macromolecules including DNA, miRNA, and antisense oligonucleotides is typically mediated by carriers due to the large size and negative charge. Different physical (e.g., gene gun or electroporation), and chemical (e.g., cationic polymer or lipid) vectors have been already used to improve the efficiency of gene transfer. Polymer-based DNA delivery systems have attracted special interest, in particular via intravenous injection with many intra- and extracellular barriers. The recent progress has shown that stimuli-responsive polymers entitled as multifunctional nucleic acid vehicles can act to target specific cells. These nonviral carriers are classified by the type of stimulus including reduction potential, pH, and temperature. Generally, the physicochemical characterization of DNA-polymer complexes is critical to enhance the transfection potency via protection of DNA from nuclease digestion, endosomal escape, and nuclear localization. The successful clinical applications will depend on an exact insight of barriers in gene delivery and development of carriers overcoming these barriers. Consequently, improvement of novel cationic polymers with low toxicity and effective for biomedical use has attracted a great attention in gene therapy. This article summarizes the main physicochemical and biological properties of polyplexes describing their gene transfection behavior, in vitro and in vivo. In this line, the relative efficiencies of various cationic polymers are compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Namvar
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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29
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Sun J, Luo T, Sheng R, Li H, Wang Z, Cao A. Intracellular plasmid DNA delivery by self-assembled nanoparticles of amphiphilic PHML-b-PLLA-b-PHML copolymers and the endocytosis pathway analysis. J Biomater Appl 2016; 31:606-621. [PMID: 27059498 DOI: 10.1177/0885328216642665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a new series of polycationic nanoparticles of (l-)-lysine conjugated amphiphilic triblock copolymer poly(hydroxyletheyl methacrylate-L-lysine)-b-poly(L-lactide)-b-poly(hydroxyletheyl methacrylate-L-lysine)s (PHML-b-PLLA-b-PHML) as potent low cytotoxic vectors for intracellular plasmid DNA delivery. First, the triblock PHML-b-PLLA-b-PHML copolymers were prepared via a combination of metal-free controlled ring opening polymerization and successive atom transfer radical polymerization. Then the cationic PHML-b-PLLA-b-PHML nanoparticles were further prepared by solution self-assembly. The particle size, zeta potential and morphology of as-prepared PHML-b-PLLA-b-PHML nanoparticles were characterized by dynamic light scattering and atomic force microscopy, respectively. The plasmid DNA binding affinities and polyplex stabilities were separately explored by agarose gel retardation and DNase I degradation assays. Then in vitro cytotoxicity and gene transfection efficiency of the PHML-b-PLLA-b-PHML nanoparticles vectors as well as relevant polyplex endocytosis pathway were investigated with H1299 cells. It was revealed that the PHML-b-PLLA-b-PHML nanoparticles exhibited low cytotoxicity, strong plasmid DNA binding affinity, high polyplex stability and efficient plasmid DNA transfection even under serum conditions (10% FBS). Moreover, the endocytosis analysis results disclosed that the PHML30-b-PLLA-b-PHML30 nanoparticle/plasmid DNA polyplexes were predominantly involved in lipid-raft-mediated endocytosis pathway, similar to that of SV40 virus-based vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Sun
- Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Luo
- Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruilong Sheng
- Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Quebéc, Canada
| | - Hui Li
- Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Amin Cao
- Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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30
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Self-Assembly of Amphiphilic Block Copolymers in Selective Solvents. FLUORESCENCE STUDIES OF POLYMER CONTAINING SYSTEMS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-26788-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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31
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Flebus L, Lombart F, Martinez-Jothar L, Sevrin C, Delierneux C, Oury C, Grandfils C. In vitro study of the specific interaction between poly(2-dimethylamino ethylmethacrylate) based polymers with platelets and red blood cells. Int J Pharm 2015; 492:55-64. [PMID: 26136199 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Poly(2-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (PDMAEMA) is an attractive polycation frequently proposed as a non-viral vector for gene therapy. As expected for other cationic carriers, intravenous administration of PDMAEMA can result in its ionic complexation with various negatively charged domains found within the blood. To gain more insight into this polycation hemoreactivity, we followed the binding kinetics of a free form (FF) of fluorescein labelled PDMAEMA (Mn below 15 kDa) in normal human blood using flow cytometry. This in vitro study highlighted that platelets display higher affinity for this polycation compared to red blood cells (RBCs), with an adsorption isotherm characteristics of a specific saturable binding site. PDMAEMA (1-20 μg/mL) exerted a concentration dependent proaggregant effect with a biphasic aggregation of washed platelets. Activation of platelets was also noticed in whole blood with the expression of P-selectin and fibrinogen on platelet surface. Although additional studies would be needed in order to elucidate the mechanism of PDMAEMA mediated activation of platelets, our manuscript provides important information on the hemoreactivity of FF PDMAEMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Flebus
- Interfacultary Research Center of Biomaterials, University of Liège, Institute of Chemistry, Building B6C, Sart-Tilman, Liège 4000, Belgium.
| | - François Lombart
- Interfacultary Research Center of Biomaterials, University of Liège, Institute of Chemistry, Building B6C, Sart-Tilman, Liège 4000, Belgium.
| | - Lucía Martinez-Jothar
- Interfacultary Research Center of Biomaterials, University of Liège, Institute of Chemistry, Building B6C, Sart-Tilman, Liège 4000, Belgium.
| | - Chantal Sevrin
- Interfacultary Research Center of Biomaterials, University of Liège, Institute of Chemistry, Building B6C, Sart-Tilman, Liège 4000, Belgium.
| | - Céline Delierneux
- Laboratory of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, GIGA-Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Liège, Belgium.
| | - Cécile Oury
- Laboratory of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, GIGA-Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Liège, Belgium.
| | - Christian Grandfils
- Interfacultary Research Center of Biomaterials, University of Liège, Institute of Chemistry, Building B6C, Sart-Tilman, Liège 4000, Belgium.
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He Z, Miao L, Jordan R, S-Manickam D, Luxenhofer R, Kabanov AV. A Low Protein Binding Cationic Poly(2-oxazoline) as Non-Viral Vector. Macromol Biosci 2015; 15:1004-20. [PMID: 25846127 PMCID: PMC4893346 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201500021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Developing safe and efficient non-viral gene delivery systems remains a major challenge. We present a new cationic poly(2-oxazoline) (CPOx) block copolymer for gene therapy that was synthesized by sequential polymerization of non-ionic 2-methyl-2-oxazoline and a new 2-oxazoline monomer, 2-(N-methyl, N-Boc-amino)-methyl-2-oxazoline, followed by deprotection of the pendant secondary amine groups. Upon mixing with plasmid DNA (pDNA), CPOx forms small (diameter ≈80 nm) and narrowly dispersed polyplexes (PDI <0.2), which are stable upon dilution in saline and against thermal challenge. These polyplexes exhibited low plasma protein binding and very low cytotoxicity in vitro compared to the polyplexes of pDNA and poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(L-lysine) (PEG-b-PLL). CPOx/pDNA polyplexes at N/P = 5 bound considerably less plasma protein compared to polyplexes of PEG-b-PLL at the same N/P ratio. This is a unique aspect of the developed polyplexes emphasizing their potential for systemic delivery in vivo. The transfection efficiency of the polyplexes in B16 murine melanoma cells was low after 4 h, but increased significantly for 10 h exposure time, indicative of slow internalization of polyplexes. Addition of Pluronic P85 boosted the transfection using CPOx/pDNA polyplexes considerably. The low protein binding of CPOx/pDNA polyplexes is particularly interesting for the future development of targeted gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian He
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lei Miao
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Rainer Jordan
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstr. 4, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Devika S-Manickam
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Robert Luxenhofer
- Functional Polymer Materials, Chair for Chemical Technology of Materials Synthesis, Universität Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Alexander V Kabanov
- Laboratory for Chemical Design of Bionanomaterials, Faculty of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119899, Russia.
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Zhan B, Shi K, Dong Z, Lv W, Zhao S, Han X, Wang H, Liu H. Coarse-Grained Simulation of Polycation/DNA-Like Complexes: Role of Neutral Block. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:2834-44. [PMID: 26076229 DOI: 10.1021/mp500861c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Complexes formed by polycations and DNA are of great research interest because of their prospective application in gene therapy. Whereas the applications of multiblock based polycation generally exhibit promising features, a thorough understanding on the effect of neutral block incorporated in polycation is still lacking. By using coarse-grained dynamics simulation with the help of a simple model for solvent mediated interaction, we perform a theoretical study on the physicochemical properties of various polyplexes composed of a single DNA-like polyanion chain and numbers of linear polycationic chains with different modifications. By analyzing various properties, we find the hydrophobic/hydrophilic modifications of linear polycations may bring an improvement on one aspect of the properties as gene carrier but also involve a trade-off with another one. In particular, polycation with a hydrophobic middle block and a hydrophilic tail block display distinct advantages among di- and triblock linear polycations as gene carrier, while careful design of the hydrophobic block should be made to reduce the zeta potential. The simulation results are compared with available experimental data displaying good agreements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bicai Zhan
- †State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Kaihang Shi
- †State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhexi Dong
- †State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | | | - Shuangliang Zhao
- †State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | | | | | - Honglai Liu
- †State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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Zhang Y, Liu Y, Sen S, Král P, Gemeinhart RA. Charged group surface accessibility determines micelleplexes formation and cellular interaction. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:7559-7564. [PMID: 25866141 PMCID: PMC4479253 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr00095e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Micelleplexes are a class of nucleic acid carriers that have gained acceptance due to their size, stability, and ability to synergistically carry small molecules. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA gene regulator that is consists of 19-22 nucleotides. Altered expression of miRNAs plays an important role in many human diseases. Using a model 22-nucleotide miRNA sequence, we investigated the interaction between charged groups on the micelle surface and miRNA. The model micelle system was formed from methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(lactide) (mPEG-PLA) mixed with methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(lactide)-b-oligoarginine (mPEG-PLA-Rx, x = 8 or 15). Surface properties of the micelles were varied by controlling the oligoarginine block length and conjugation density. Micelles were observed to have a core-shell conformation in the aqueous environment where the PLA block constituted the hydrophobic core, mPEG and oligoarginine formed a hydrophilic corona. Significantly different thermodynamic behaviors were observed during the interaction of single stranded miRNA with micelles of different surface properties, and the resulting micelleplexes mediated substantial cellular association. Depending upon the oligoarginine length and density, micelles exhibited miRNA loading capacity directly related to the presentation of charged groups on the surface. The effect of charged group accessibility of cationic micelle on micelleplex properties provides guidance on future miRNA delivery system design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Recent progress in biomedical applications of Pluronic (PF127): Pharmaceutical perspectives. J Control Release 2015; 209:120-38. [PMID: 25921088 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Most of the administered anti-cancer drugs are hydrophobic in nature and are known to have poor water solubility, short residence time, rapid clearance from the body and systemic side effects. Polymeric-based targeted particulate carrier system has shown to directly deliver the encapsulated anti-cancer drug to the desired site of action and prevent the interaction of encapsulated drug with the normal cells. Pluronic F127 (PF127) has been widely investigated for its broad-range of therodiagnostic applications in biomedical and pharmaceutical sciences, but rapid dissolution in the physiological fluids, short residence time, rapid clearance, and weak mechanical strength are the main shortcomings that are associated with PF127 and have recently been overcome by making various modifications in the structure of PF127 notably through preparation of PF127-based mixed polymeric micelles, PF127-conjugated nanoparticles and PF127-based hydrophobically modified thermogels. In this article, we have briefly discussed the recent studies that have been conducted on various anti-cancer drugs using PF127 as nano-carrier modified with other copolymers and/or conjugated with magnetic nanoparticles. The key findings of these studies demonstrated that the modified form of PF127 can significantly increase the stability of incorporated hydrophobic drugs with enhanced in vitro cytotoxicity and cellular uptake of anti-cancer drugs. Moreover, the modified form of PF127 has also shown its therapeutic potentials as therodiagnostics in various types of tumors and cancers. Hence, it can be concluded that the modified form of PF127 exhibits significant therodiagnostic effects with increased tumor-specific delivery of anti-cancer drugs having minimal toxic effects as compared to PF127 alone and/or other copolymers.
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Abebe DG, Kandil R, Kraus T, Elsayed M, Merkel OM, Fujiwara T. Three-Layered Biodegradable Micelles Prepared by Two-Step Self-Assembly of PLA-PEI-PLA and PLA-PEG-PLA Triblock Copolymers as Efficient Gene Delivery System. Macromol Biosci 2015; 15:698-711. [PMID: 25644720 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201400488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
"Three-layered micelles" (3LM) composed of two triblock copolymers, poly(L-lactide)-b-polyethyleneimine-b-poly(L-lactide) (PLLA-PEI-PLLA) and poly(L-lactide)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(L-lactide) (PLLA-PEG-PLLA) are designed to combine electrostatic interaction and solvent-induced condensation of DNA. The low molecular weight PLLA-PEI-PLLA is synthesized by a facile amine-protection/deprotection approach and employed as a gene vector, compacting DNA as a polyplex core in the organo-micelles. The individual organo-micelle is further encapsulated within a PLLA-PEG-PLLA amphiphilic micelle leading to an aqueous stable colloidal dispersion. The resulting spherical 3LM possess a hydrodynamic diameter of ca. 200 nm and zeta potential close to neutral and display excellent stability to competing polyanions such as dextran sulfate in neutral pH (7.4). Such high stability is attributed to the complete shielding of the PEI/DNA polyplex core with an impermeable hydrophobic intermediate layer. However, greater than 90% of the encapsulated DNA are released within 30 min when exposed to slightly acidic pH (4.5). Based on our findings, a new class of non-viral delivery system for nucleic acids with superb stability and stealth properties is identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Abebe
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, 213 Smith Chemistry Building, Memphis, Tennessee, 38152, USA
| | - Rima Kandil
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue., Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
| | - Teresa Kraus
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue., Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
| | - Maha Elsayed
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue., Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
| | - Olivia M Merkel
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue., Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA.
| | - Tomoko Fujiwara
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, 213 Smith Chemistry Building, Memphis, Tennessee, 38152, USA.
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Kanazawa T. Brain delivery of small interfering ribonucleic acid and drugs through intranasal administration with nano-sized polymer micelles. MEDICAL DEVICES-EVIDENCE AND RESEARCH 2015; 8:57-64. [PMID: 25610007 PMCID: PMC4294762 DOI: 10.2147/mder.s70856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the development of effective strategies for enhancing drug delivery to the brain has been a topic of great interest in both clinical and pharmaceutical fields. In this review, we summarize our studies evaluating nose-to-brain delivery of drugs and small interfering ribonucleic acids in combination with cell-penetrating peptide-modified polymer micelles. Our findings show that the use of polymer micelles with surface modification with Tat peptide in the intranasal administration enables the non-invasive delivery of therapeutic agents to the brain by increasing the transfer of the administered drug or small interfering ribonucleic acid to the central nervous system from the nasal cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Kanazawa
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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38
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Low molecular weight poly (2-dimethylamino ethylmethacrylate) polymers with controlled positioned fluorescent labeling: Synthesis, characterization and in vitro interaction with human endothelial cells. Int J Pharm 2015; 478:278-287. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Lv J, Zhang L, Khan M, Ren X, Guo J, Feng Y. Biodegradable depsipeptide–PDO–PEG-based block copolymer micelles as nanocarriers for controlled release of doxorubicin. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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40
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Dey D, Kumar S, Banerjee R, Maiti S, Dhara D. Polyplex Formation between PEGylated Linear Cationic Block Copolymers and DNA: Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:7012-25. [DOI: 10.1021/jp501234p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Debabrata Dey
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Proteomics
and Structural Biology Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative
Biology, CSIR, Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Rakesh Banerjee
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Souvik Maiti
- Proteomics
and Structural Biology Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative
Biology, CSIR, Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Dibakar Dhara
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
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41
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Lee H, Tsouris V, Lim Y, Mustafa R, Choi J, Choi YH, Park HW, Meron M, Lin B, Won YY. Macroscopic lateral heterogeneity observed in a laterally mobile immiscible mixed polyelectrolyte-neutral polymer brush. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:3771-82. [PMID: 24695635 PMCID: PMC4397986 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm00022f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We studied mixed poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) brushes. The question we attempted to answer was: when the chain grafting points are laterally mobile, how will this lateral mobility influence the structure and phase behavior of the mixed brush? Three different model mixed PEO/PDMAEMA brush systems were prepared: (1) a laterally mobile mixed brush by spreading onto the air-water interface a mixture of poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(n-butyl acrylate) (PEO-PnBA) and poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)-poly(n-butyl acrylate) (PDMAEMA-PnBA) diblock copolymers (the specific diblock copolymers used will be denoted as PEO113-PnBA100 and PDMAEMA118-PnBA100, where the subscripts refer to the number-average degrees of polymerization of the individual blocks), (2) a mobility-restricted (inseparable) version of the above mixed brush prepared using a PEO-PnBA-PDMAEMA triblock copolymer (denoted as PEO113-PnBA89-PDMAEMA120) having respective brush molecular weights matched with those of the diblock copolymers, and (3) a different laterally mobile mixed PEO and PDMAEMA brush prepared from a PEO113-PnBA100 and PDMAEMA200-PnBA103 diblock copolymer combination, which represents a further more height-mismatched mixed brush situation than described in (1). These three mixed brush systems were investigated by surface pressure-area isotherm and X-ray (XR) reflectivity measurements. These experimental data were analyzed within the theoretical framework of a continuum self-consistent field (SCF) polymer brush model. The combined experimental and theoretical results suggest that the mobile mixed brush derived using the PEO113-PnBA100 and PDMAEMA118-PnBA100 combination (i.e., mixed brush System #1) undergoes a lateral macroscopic phase separation at high chain grafting densities, whereas the more height-mismatched system (System #3) is only microscopically phase separated under comparable brush density conditions even though the lateral mobility of the grafted chains is unrestricted. The macroscopic phase separation observed in the laterally mobile mixed brush system is in contrast with the microphase separation behavior commonly observed in two-dimensional laterally mobile charged small molecule mixtures. Further study is needed to determine the detailed morphologies of the macro- and microphase-separated mixed PEO/PDMAEMA brushes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoyoung Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
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42
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Han X, Feng J, Dong F, Zhang X, Liu H, Hu Y. Thermo-/pH-responsive behaviours of base-rich diblock polyampholytes in aqueous solution: experiment and simulation. Mol Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2014.882523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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43
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Adolph EJ, Nelson CE, Werfel TA, Guo R, Davidson JM, Guelcher SA, Duvall CL. Enhanced Performance of Plasmid DNA Polyplexes Stabilized by a Combination of Core Hydrophobicity and Surface PEGylation. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:8154-8164. [PMID: 25530856 DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00352g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nonviral gene therapy has high potential for safely promoting tissue restoration and for treating various genetic diseases. One current limitation is that conventional transfection reagents such as polyethylenimine (PEI) form electrostatically stabilized plasmid DNA (pDNA) polyplexes with poor colloidal stability. In this study, a library of poly(ethylene glycol-b-(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate-co-butyl methacrylate)) [poly(EG-b-(DMAEMA-co-BMA))] polymers were synthesized and screened for improved colloidal stability and nucleic acid transfection following lyophilization. When added to pDNA in the appropriate pH buffer, the DMAEMA moieties initiate formation of electrostatic polyplexes that are internally stabilized by hydrophobic interactions of the core BMA blocks and sterically stabilized against aggregation by a PEG corona. The BMA content was varied from 0% to 60% in the second polymer block in order to optimally tune the balance of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions in the polyplex core, and polymers with 40 and 50 mol% BMA achieved the highest transfection efficiency. Diblock copolymers were more stable than PEI in physiologic buffers. Consequently, diblock copolymer polyplexes aggregated more slowly and followed a reaction-limited colloidal aggregation model, while fast aggregation of PEI polyplexes was governed by a diffusion-limited model. Polymers with 40% BMA did not aggregate significantly after lyophilization and produced up to 20-fold higher transfection efficiency than PEI polyplexes both before and after lyophilization. Furthermore, poly(EG-b-(DMAEMA-co-BMA)) polyplexes exhibited pH-dependent membrane disruption in a red blood cell hemolysis assay and endosomal escape as observed by confocal microscopy.Lyophilized polyplexes made with the lead candidate diblock copolymer (40% BMA) also successfully transfected cells in vitro following incorporation into gas-foamed polymeric scaffolds. In summary, the enhanced colloidal stability, endosomal escape, and resultant high transfection efficiency of poly(EG-b-(DMAEMA-co-BMA))-pDNA polyplexes underscores their potential utility both for local delivery from scaffolds as well as systemic, intravenous delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Adolph
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | | | - Thomas A Werfel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Ruijing Guo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Jeffrey M Davidson
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN ; Research Service, VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN
| | - Scott A Guelcher
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN ; Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Craig L Duvall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
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Dai Z, Arévalo MT, Li J, Zeng M. Addition of poly (propylene glycol) to multiblock copolymer to optimize siRNA delivery. Bioengineered 2013; 5:30-7. [PMID: 24424156 PMCID: PMC4008463 DOI: 10.4161/bioe.27339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have examined different strategies for siRNA delivery with varying degrees of success. These include use of viral vectors, cationic liposomes, and polymers. Several copolymers were designed and synthesized based on blocks of poly(ethylene glycol) PEG, poly(propylene glycol) PPG, and poly(l-lysine). These were designated as P1, P2, and P3. We studied the copolymer self-assembly, siRNA binding, particle size, surface potential, architecture of the complexes, and siRNA delivery. Silencing of GFP using copolymer P3 to deliver GFP-specific siRNA to Neuro-2a cells expressing GFP was almost as effective as using Lipofectamine 2000, with minimal cytotoxicity. Thus, we have provided a new copolymer platform for siRNA delivery that we can continue to modify for improved delivery of siRNA in vitro and eventually in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Dai
- Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases; Department of Biomedical Sciences; Paul L Foster School of Medicine; Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center; El Paso, TX USA
| | - Maria T Arévalo
- Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases; Department of Biomedical Sciences; Paul L Foster School of Medicine; Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center; El Paso, TX USA
| | - Junwei Li
- Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases; Department of Biomedical Sciences; Paul L Foster School of Medicine; Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center; El Paso, TX USA
| | - Mingtao Zeng
- Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases; Department of Biomedical Sciences; Paul L Foster School of Medicine; Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center; El Paso, TX USA
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45
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Chen CK, Jones CH, Mistriotis P, Yu Y, Ma X, Ravikrishnan A, Jiang M, Andreadis ST, Pfeifer BA, Cheng C. Poly(ethylene glycol)-block-cationic polylactide nanocomplexes of differing charge density for gene delivery. Biomaterials 2013; 34:9688-99. [PMID: 24034497 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Representing a new type of biodegradable cationic block copolymer, well-defined poly(ethylene glycol)-block-cationic polylactides (PEG-b-CPLAs) with tertiary amine-based cationic groups were synthesized by thiol-ene functionalization of an allyl-functionalized diblock precursor. Subsequently the application of PEG-b-CPLAs as biodegradable vectors for the delivery of plasmid DNAs (pDNAs) was investigated. Via the formation of PEG-b-CPLA:pDNA nanocomplexes by spontaneous electrostatic interaction, pDNAs encoding luciferase or enhanced green fluorescent protein were successfully delivered to four physiologically distinct cell lines (including macrophage, fibroblast, epithelial, and stem cell). Formulated nanocomplexes demonstrated high levels of transfection with low levels of cytotoxicity and hemolysis when compared to a positive control. Biophysical characterization of charge densities of nanocomplexes at various polymer:pDNA weight ratios revealed a positive correlation between surface charge and gene delivery. Nanocomplexes with high surface charge densities were utilized in an in vitro serum gene delivery inhibition assay, and effective gene delivery was observed despite high levels of serum. Overall, these results help to elucidate the influence of charge, size, and PEGylation of nanocomplexes upon the delivery of nucleic acids in physiologically relevant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Kuang Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260, USA
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46
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Zhang L, Feng Y, Tian H, Shi C, Zhao M, Guo J. Controlled release of doxorubicin from amphiphilic depsipeptide–PDO–PEG-based copolymer nanosized microspheres. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2013.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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47
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Delivery of siRNA to the brain using a combination of nose-to-brain delivery and cell-penetrating peptide-modified nano-micelles. Biomaterials 2013; 34:9220-6. [PMID: 23992922 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The potential for RNA-based agents to serve as effective therapeutics for central nerve systems (CNS) disorders has been successfully demonstrated in vitro. However, the blood-brain barrier limits the distribution of systemically administered therapeutics to the CNS, posing a major challenge for drug development aimed at combatting CNS disorders. Therefore, the development of effective strategies to enhance siRNA delivery to the brain is of great interest in clinical and pharmaceutical fields. To improve the efficiency of small interfering RNA (siRNA) delivery to the brain, we developed a nose-to-brain delivery system combined with cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) modified nano-micelles comprising polyethylene glycol-polycaprolactone (PEG-PCL) copolymers conjugated with the CPP, Tat (MPEG-PCL-Tat). In this study, we describe intranasal brain delivery of siRNA or dextran (Mw: 10,000 Da) as a model siRNA, by using MPEG-PCL-Tat. Intranasal delivery of dextran with MPEG-PCL-Tat improved brain delivery compared to intravenous delivery of dextran either with or without MPEG-PCL-Tat. We also studied the intranasal transfer of MPEG-PCL-Tat to the brain via the olfactory and trigeminal nerves, the putative pathways to the brain from the nasal cavity. We found that MPEG-PCL-Tat accelerated transport along the olfactory and trigeminal nerve pathway because of its high permeation across the nasal mucosa.
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48
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Yu H, Xu Z, Chen X, Xu L, Yin Q, Zhang Z, Li Y. Reversal of lung cancer multidrug resistance by pH-responsive micelleplexes mediating co-delivery of siRNA and paclitaxel. Macromol Biosci 2013; 14:100-9. [PMID: 23966347 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201300282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Revised: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The recent advances in RNA interference (RNAi) technology provided novel and promising solutions for human cancer treatment. In this study, the application of dual pH-responsive cationic micellar nanoparticles for small interfering RNA (siRNA) and paclitaxel (PTX) co-delivery to overcome cancer multidrug resistance (MDR) is reported. The in vitro siRNA transfection shows that siRNA-luciferase (Luc) loaded micelleplexes efficiently silences Luc expression in various carcinoma cell lines. The Luc knockdown ability of the micelleplexes can be enhanced by choloquine (CQ) co-incubation. However, is abolished by bafilomycin-A1 (Baf-A1) treatment. The micelleplexes are further exploited for co-delivery of siRNA-Bcl-2 and PTX to Bcl-2 overexpressing A549 lung cancer cells (A549-Bcl-2). The experimental results show that the micelleplexes could sensitize A549-Bcl-2 cells to PTX via down-regulation of anti-apoptosis gene of Bcl-2, suggesting that PDMA-b-PDPA micelleplexes are promising nanovectors for siRNA and anti-cancer drug co-delivery to overcome cancer MDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Yu
- Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
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Gary DJ, Min J, Kim Y, Park K, Won YY. The effect of N/P ratio on the in vitro and in vivo interaction properties of PEGylated poly[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate]-based siRNA complexes. Macromol Biosci 2013; 13:1059-71. [PMID: 23828845 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201300046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PEG-PnBA-PDMAEMA triblock and PEG-PDMAEMA diblock copolymers are used as model systems for studying the role of N/P ratio on the in vivo behavior of PEGylated siRNA carriers in mice. The presence of a free/uncomplexed polymer population coexisting with siRNA complexes is established. A change in the N/P ratio exerts no significant influence on the in vivo biodistribution and ex vivo blood chemistry properties of the respective systems. Histological analysis of major organs indicates that the presence of uncomplexed polymer elicits toxicity to the organ that is associated with the clearance of the siRNA complexes from the circulation system. This effect can be eliminated by working at N/P ratios near the charge-neutralization point of the complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana J Gary
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
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50
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Huang SJ, Wang TP, Lue SI, Wang LF. Pentablock copolymers of pluronic F127 and modified poly(2-dimethyl amino)ethyl methacrylate for internalization mechanism and gene transfection studies. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:2011-27. [PMID: 23745045 PMCID: PMC3671801 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s44222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cationic polymers are one of the major nonviral gene delivery vectors investigated in the past decade. In this study, we synthesized several cationic copolymers using atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) for gene delivery vectors: pluronic F127-poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PF127-pDMAEMA), pluronic F127-poly (dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate-tert-butyl acrylate) (PF127-p(DMAEMA-tBA)), and pluronic F127-poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate-acrylic acid) (PF127-p(DMAEMA-AA)). The copolymers showed high buffering capacity and efficiently complexed with plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid (pDNA) to form nanoparticles 80–180 nm in diameter and with positive zeta potentials. In the absence of 10% fetal bovine serum, PF127-p(DMAEMA-AA) showed the highest gene expression and the lowest cytotoxicity in 293T cells. After acrylic acid groups had been linked with a fluorescent dye, the confocal laser scanning microscopic image showed that PF127-p(DMAEMA-AA)/pDNA could efficiently enter the cells. Both clathrin-mediated and caveolae-mediated endocytosis mechanisms were involved. Our results showed that PF127-p(DMAEMA-AA) has great potential to be a gene delivery vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Jer Huang
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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