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Ma J, Wehrle J, Frank D, Lorenzen L, Popp C, Driever W, Grosse R, Jessen HJ. Intracellular delivery and deep tissue penetration of nucleoside triphosphates using photocleavable covalently bound dendritic polycations. Chem Sci 2024; 15:6478-6487. [PMID: 38699261 PMCID: PMC11062083 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05669d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) are essential in various biological processes. Cellular or even organismal controlled delivery of NTPs would be highly desirable, yet in cellulo and in vivo applications are hampered owing to their negative charge leading to cell impermeability. NTP transporters or NTP prodrugs have been developed, but a spatial and temporal control of the release of the investigated molecules remains challenging with these strategies. Herein, we describe a general approach to enable intracellular delivery of NTPs using covalently bound dendritic polycations, which are derived from PAMAM dendrons and their guanidinium derivatives. By design, these modifications are fully removable through attachment on a photocage, ready to deliver the native NTP upon irradiation enabling spatiotemporal control over nucleotide release. We study the intracellular distribution of the compounds depending on the linker and dendron generation as well as side chain modifications. Importantly, as the polycation is bound covalently, these molecules can also penetrate deeply into the tissue of living organisms, such as zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Ma
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
- CIBSS-Centre for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Johanna Wehrle
- CIBSS-Centre for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg 79104 Freiburg Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg Hauptstr. 1 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Dennis Frank
- CIBSS-Centre for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg 79104 Freiburg Germany
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg Albertstr. 25 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Lina Lorenzen
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg Albertstr. 25 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Christoph Popp
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Wolfgang Driever
- CIBSS-Centre for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg 79104 Freiburg Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg Hauptstr. 1 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Robert Grosse
- CIBSS-Centre for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg 79104 Freiburg Germany
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg Albertstr. 25 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Henning J Jessen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
- CIBSS-Centre for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg 79104 Freiburg Germany
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2
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Jamecna D, Höglinger D. The use of click chemistry in sphingolipid research. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261388. [PMID: 38488070 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipid dysregulation is involved in a range of rare and fatal diseases as well as common pathologies including cancer, infectious diseases or neurodegeneration. Gaining insights into how sphingolipids are involved in these diseases would contribute much to our understanding of human physiology, as well as the pathology mechanisms. However, scientific progress is hampered by a lack of suitable tools that can be used in intact systems. To overcome this, efforts have turned to engineering modified lipids with small clickable tags and to harnessing the power of click chemistry to localize and follow these minimally modified lipid probes in cells. We hope to inspire the readers of this Review to consider applying existing click chemistry tools for their own aspects of sphingolipid research. To this end, we focus here on different biological applications of clickable lipids, mainly to follow metabolic conversions, their visualization by confocal or superresolution microscopy or the identification of their protein interaction partners. Finally, we describe recent approaches employing organelle-targeted and clickable lipid probes to accurately follow intracellular sphingolipid transport with organellar precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisa Jamecna
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Doris Höglinger
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
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3
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Hashimoto R, Minoshima M, Kikuchi K. Rational Design of Hydroxylated Thiazole Orange Photocages for Green Light-Triggered DNA Recombination. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300799. [PMID: 38153201 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The precise control of DNA recombination enables the cell- or time-dependent regulation of gene expression in studies of gene function. Caged estrogen receptor ligands combined with a Cre-ERT2/loxP system are useful tools for light-triggered DNA recombination. However, the photolysis of most caged compounds requires ultraviolet or blue light, which is toxic and displays low tissue penetration. Although a cyanine-based photo-responsive protecting group (PPG) can release estrogen receptor ligands with longer-wavelength light, its low photolytic efficiency requires long illumination times. We developed a caged estrogen receptor ligand with improved green light-responsive PPGs. The rational modification of Hydroxylated Thiazole Orange (HTO) photocages using electron-donating groups (EDGs), such as dimethoxy (DiMeO)-substituted HTO, resulted in high photolytic efficiency (up to ϵΦ ≈320 M-1 cm-1 ). Theoretical calculations demonstrated that the enhanced photolytic efficiencies were derived from the increased intramolecular charge transfer by EDGs upon excitation. The efficient uncaging of estrogen receptor ligands enabled the control of gene recombination in a ligand-dependent Cre-ERT2/loxP system in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryu Hashimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masafumi Minoshima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- JST, PRESTO, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kikuchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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4
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Hamerla C, Mondal P, Hegger R, Burghardt I. Controlled destabilization of caged circularized DNA oligonucleotides predicted by replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:26132-26144. [PMID: 37740309 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02961a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal control is a critical issue in the design of strategies for the photoregulation of oligonucleotide activity. Efficient uncaging, i.e., activation by removal of photolabile protecting groups (PPGs), often necessitates multiple PPGs. An alternative approach is based on circularization strategies, exemplified by intrasequential circularization, also denoted photo-tethering, as introduced in [Seyfried et al., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2017, 56, 359]. Here, we develop a computational protocol, relying on replica exchange molecular dynamics (REMD), in order to characterize the destabilization of a series of circularized, caged DNA oligonucleotides addressed in the aforementioned study. For these medium-sized (32 nt) oligonucleotides, melting temperatures are computed, whose trend is in good agreement with experiment, exhibiting a large destabilization and, hence, reduction of the melting temperature of the order of ΔTm ∼ 30 K as compared with the native species. The analysis of free energy landscapes confirms the destabilization pattern experienced by the circularized oligonucleotides. The present study underscores that computational protocols that capture controlled destabilization and uncaging of oligonucleotides are promising as predictive tools in the tailored photocontrol of nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Hamerla
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Padmabati Mondal
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Sciences and Technologies (CAMOST), Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Panguru (G.P), Yerpedu Mandal, 517619 - Tirupati Dist., Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Rainer Hegger
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Irene Burghardt
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Hou QQ, Huang QT, Xu Q, Zhou C, Du YY, Ji YF, Xu ZP, Cheng JG, Zhao CQ, Li Z, Shao XS. Synthesis and activity-detection of photoswitchable ligands with fipronil to insect. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:1086-1093. [PMID: 36334017 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ionotropic γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor (GABAR) in an insect is the major inhibitory receptor and is one of the most important targets for insecticides. Due to the high spatiotemporal resolution of GABAR, the photopharmacological ligands acting on it in vertebrates but not insect have been developed. RESULTS In this study, two types of photochromic ligands (PCLs) including DTFIPs (DTFIP1 and DTFIP2) and ABFIPs (p-, m-, and o-ABFIP) were synthesized by incorporating photoswitch azobenzene or dithienylethene into fipronil (FIP), which is the antagonist of insect GABAR. Their photomodulation was measured by mosquito larval behavior, and their potential action mechanism was explored by the two-electrode voltage clamp (TEVC) technique in vitro. DTFIP1 and m-ABFIP exhibited the most significant difference of insecticidal activity by about 90- and 5-fold to mosquito larvae between non-irradiated and irradiated formation, respectively, and allowed for optical control of mosquito swimming activity. TEVC assay results indicated that m-ABFIP and DTFIP1 enable optical control over the homomeric LsRDL-type GABAR, which is achieved by regulating the chloride channel of resistance to dieldrin (RDL)-type GABAR by photoisomerization. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that PCLs synthesized from fipronil provide an alternative and precise tool for studying insect ionotropic GABARs and GABA-dependent behavior. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qing Hou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy; State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Qiu-Tang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Qi Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy; State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Cong Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy; State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yao-Yao Du
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy; State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Fan Ji
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy; State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Ping Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy; State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Gao Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy; State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Qing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Zhong Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy; State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xu-Sheng Shao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy; State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
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6
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Xiong H, Xu Y, Kim B, Rha H, Zhang B, Li M, Yang GF, Kim JS. Photo-controllable biochemistry: Exploiting the photocages in phototherapeutic window. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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7
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Feng Z, Ducos B, Scerbo P, Aujard I, Jullien L, Bensimon D. The Development and Application of Opto-Chemical Tools in the Zebrafish. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196231. [PMID: 36234767 PMCID: PMC9572478 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish is one of the most widely adopted animal models in both basic and translational research. This popularity of the zebrafish results from several advantages such as a high degree of similarity to the human genome, the ease of genetic and chemical perturbations, external fertilization with high fecundity, transparent and fast-developing embryos, and relatively low cost-effective maintenance. In particular, body translucency is a unique feature of zebrafish that is not adequately obtained with other vertebrate organisms. The animal’s distinctive optical clarity and small size therefore make it a successful model for optical modulation and observation. Furthermore, the convenience of microinjection and high embryonic permeability readily allow for efficient delivery of large and small molecules into live animals. Finally, the numerous number of siblings obtained from a single pair of animals offers large replicates and improved statistical analysis of the results. In this review, we describe the development of opto-chemical tools based on various strategies that control biological activities with unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution. We also discuss the reported applications of these tools in zebrafish and highlight the current challenges and future possibilities of opto-chemical approaches, particularly at the single cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Feng
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Correspondence: (Z.F.); (D.B.)
| | - Bertrand Ducos
- Laboratoire de Physique de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences Letters University, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
- High Throughput qPCR Core Facility, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences Letters University, 46 Rue d’Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Pierluigi Scerbo
- Laboratoire de Physique de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences Letters University, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
- Inovarion, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Aujard
- Laboratoire PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences Letters University, Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ludovic Jullien
- Laboratoire PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences Letters University, Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - David Bensimon
- Laboratoire de Physique de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences Letters University, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Correspondence: (Z.F.); (D.B.)
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8
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Zhang H, Wu J, Zhou J, Liu W, Liang L, Xia S, Yan J, Sun X. Photolysis study of two indene-fused coumarin-based photoremovable protecting groups for potential biological applications. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Kramer RH, Rajappa R. Interrogating the function of GABA A receptors in the brain with optogenetic pharmacology. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2022; 63:102198. [PMID: 35276498 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2022.102198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To better understand neural circuits and behavior, microbial opsins have been developed as optogenetic tools for stimulating or inhibiting action potentials with high temporal and spatial precision. However, if we seek a more reductionist understanding of how neuronal circuits operate, we also need high-resolution tools for perturbing the function of synapses. By combining photochemical tools and molecular biology, a wide variety of light-regulated neurotransmitter receptors have been developed, enabling photo-control of excitatory, inhibitory, and modulatory synaptic transmission. Here we focus on photo-control of GABAA receptors, ligand-gated Cl- channels that underlie almost all synaptic inhibition in the mammalian brain. By conjugating a photoswitchable tethered ligand onto a genetically-modified subunit of the GABAA receptor, light-sensitivity can be conferred onto specific isoforms of the receptor. Through gene editing, this attachment site can be knocked into the genome, enabling photocontrol of endogenous GABAA receptors. This strategy can be employed to explore the cell biology and neurophysiology of GABAA receptors. This includes investigating how specific isoforms contribute to synaptic and tonic inhibition and understanding the roles they play in brain development, long-term synaptic plasticity, and learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard H Kramer
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States.
| | - Rajit Rajappa
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
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10
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Cannon J, Tang S, Choi SK. Caged Oxime Reactivators Designed for the Light Control of Acetylcholinesterase Reactivation †. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 98:334-346. [PMID: 34558680 DOI: 10.1111/php.13530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite its promising role in the active control of biological functions by light, photocaging remains untested in acetylcholinesterase (AChE), a key enzyme in the cholinergic family. Here, we describe synthesis, photochemical properties and biochemical activities of two caged oxime compounds applied in the photocontrolled reactivation of the AChE inactivated by reactive organophosphate. Each of these consists of a photocleavable coumarin cage tethered to a known oxime reactivator for AChE that belongs in an either 2-(hydroxyimino)acetamide or pyridiniumaldoxime class. Of these, the first caged compound was able to successfully go through oxime uncaging upon irradiation at long-wavelength ultraviolet light (365 nm) or visible light (420 nm). It was further evaluated in AChE assays in vitro under variable light conditions to define its activity in the photocontrolled reactivation of paraoxon-inactivated AChE. This assay result showed its lack of activity in the dark but its induction of activity under light conditions only. In summary, this article reports a first class of light-activatable modulators for AChE and it offers assay methods and novel insights that help to achieve an effective design of caged compounds in the enzyme control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayme Cannon
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Shengzhuang Tang
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Seok Ki Choi
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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11
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Klausen M, Blanchard-Desce M. Two-photon uncaging of bioactive compounds: Starter guide to an efficient IR light switch. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C: PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2021.100423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Chiovini B, Pálfi D, Majoros M, Juhász G, Szalay G, Katona G, Szőri M, Frigyesi O, Lukácsné Haveland C, Szabó G, Erdélyi F, Máté Z, Szadai Z, Madarász M, Dékány M, Csizmadia IG, Kovács E, Rózsa B, Mucsi Z. Theoretical Design, Synthesis, and In Vitro Neurobiological Applications of a Highly Efficient Two-Photon Caged GABA Validated on an Epileptic Case. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:15029-15045. [PMID: 34151084 PMCID: PMC8210458 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present an additional, new cage-GABA compound, called 4-amino-1-(4'-dimethylaminoisopropoxy-5',7'-dinitro-2',3'-dihydro-indol-1-yl)-1-oxobutane-γ-aminobutyric acid (iDMPO-DNI-GABA), and currently, this compound is the only photoreagent, which can be applied for GABA uncaging without experimental compromises. By a systematic theoretical design and successful synthesis of several compounds, the best reagent exhibits a high two-photon efficiency within the 700-760 nm range with excellent pharmacological behavior, which proved to be suitable for a complex epileptic study. Quantum chemical design showed that the optimal length of the cationic side chain enhances the two-photon absorption by 1 order of magnitude due to the cooperating internal hydrogen bonding to the extra nitro group on the core. This feature increased solubility while suppressing membrane permeability. The efficiency was demonstrated in a systematic, wide range of in vitro single-cell neurophysiological experiments by electrophysiological as well as calcium imaging techniques. Scalable inhibitory ion currents were elicited by iDMPO-DNI-GABA with appropriate spatial-temporal precision, blocking both spontaneous and evoked cell activity with excellent efficiency. Additionally, to demonstrate its applicability in a real neurobiological study, we could smoothly and selectively modulate neuronal activities during artificial epileptic rhythms first time in a neural network of GCaMP6f transgenic mouse brain slices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Chiovini
- The
Faculty of Information Technology, Pázmány
Péter Catholic University, 50 Práter str., H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
- Laboratory
of 3D Functional Network and Dendritic Imaging, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 43 Szigony str., H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dénes Pálfi
- The
Faculty of Information Technology, Pázmány
Péter Catholic University, 50 Práter str., H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Myrtill Majoros
- The
Faculty of Information Technology, Pázmány
Péter Catholic University, 50 Práter str., H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Juhász
- The
Faculty of Information Technology, Pázmány
Péter Catholic University, 50 Práter str., H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
- Laboratory
of 3D Functional Network and Dendritic Imaging, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 43 Szigony str., H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergely Szalay
- Laboratory
of 3D Functional Network and Dendritic Imaging, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 43 Szigony str., H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergely Katona
- Laboratory
of 3D Functional Network and Dendritic Imaging, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 43 Szigony str., H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Milán Szőri
- Institute
of Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Miskolc, H-3515 Miskolc, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Frigyesi
- Chemistry
Department, Femtonics Limited, Tűzoltó str. 59, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Gábor Szabó
- Transgenic
Facility, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 43 Szigony str., H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Erdélyi
- Transgenic
Facility, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 43 Szigony str., H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Máté
- Transgenic
Facility, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 43 Szigony str., H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Szadai
- The
Faculty of Information Technology, Pázmány
Péter Catholic University, 50 Práter str., H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Madarász
- Laboratory
of 3D Functional Network and Dendritic Imaging, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 43 Szigony str., H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Dékány
- Gedeon Richter
Plc, Gyömrői
str. 19-21, H-1103 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Imre G. Csizmadia
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, M5S 3H6 Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ervin Kovács
- Chemistry
Department, Femtonics Limited, Tűzoltó str. 59, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary
- Institute
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 2 Magyar tudósok körútja, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Rózsa
- The
Faculty of Information Technology, Pázmány
Péter Catholic University, 50 Práter str., H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
- Laboratory
of 3D Functional Network and Dendritic Imaging, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 43 Szigony str., H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Mucsi
- Institute
of Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Miskolc, H-3515 Miskolc, Hungary
- Chemistry
Department, Femtonics Limited, Tűzoltó str. 59, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary
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Farley S, Laguerre A, Schultz C. Caged lipids for subcellular manipulation. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2021; 65:42-48. [PMID: 34119744 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We present recently developed strategies to manipulate lipid levels in live cells by light. We focus on photoremovable protecting groups that lead to subcellular restricted localization and activation and discuss alternative techniques. We emphasize the development of organelle targeting of caged lipids and discuss recent advances in chromatic orthogonality of caging groups for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scotland Farley
- Dept. Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, USA
| | - Aurélien Laguerre
- Dept. Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, USA
| | - Carsten Schultz
- Dept. Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, USA.
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14
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Roth S, Trinh PT, Wachtveitl J. Two-photon absorption enhancement for organic acceptor molecules with QD antennas. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:9808-9815. [PMID: 34031687 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr01696b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The photophysics of an inorganic/organic hybrid system was studied by time-resolved optical spectroscopy, focusing on the goal of increasing the two-photon efficiency of photoresponsive systems. The hybrid system consists of CdS/ZnS core/shell quantum dots (QDs) as energy donor and coumarin derivatives as energy acceptor molecules. The spectral overlap of QD emission and coumarin 343 absorption promotes a Förster resonance energy tranfer (FRET) mechanism leading to a FRET efficiency up to nearly 90%. Additionally, time-correlated single photon counting showed a faster fluorescence decay while acceptor molecules were attached to the QD surface. Femtosecond transient absorption measurements demonstrated an ultrafast FRET reaction. Importantly, FRET was observed also after two-photon excitation of the QDs indicating that the chosen QDs can act as two-photon antennas.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Roth
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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15
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Pham TTT, Jakkampudi S, Furukawa K, Cheng FY, Lin TC, Nakamura Y, Morioka N, Abe M. p-Nitroterphenyl units for near-infrared two-photon uncaging of calcium ions. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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16
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Weinstain R, Slanina T, Kand D, Klán P. Visible-to-NIR-Light Activated Release: From Small Molecules to Nanomaterials. Chem Rev 2020; 120:13135-13272. [PMID: 33125209 PMCID: PMC7833475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoactivatable (alternatively, photoremovable, photoreleasable, or photocleavable) protecting groups (PPGs), also known as caged or photocaged compounds, are used to enable non-invasive spatiotemporal photochemical control over the release of species of interest. Recent years have seen the development of PPGs activatable by biologically and chemically benign visible and near-infrared (NIR) light. These long-wavelength-absorbing moieties expand the applicability of this powerful method and its accessibility to non-specialist users. This review comprehensively covers organic and transition metal-containing photoactivatable compounds (complexes) that absorb in the visible- and NIR-range to release various leaving groups and gasotransmitters (carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, and hydrogen sulfide). The text also covers visible- and NIR-light-induced photosensitized release using molecular sensitizers, quantum dots, and upconversion and second-harmonic nanoparticles, as well as release via photodynamic (photooxygenation by singlet oxygen) and photothermal effects. Release from photoactivatable polymers, micelles, vesicles, and photoswitches, along with the related emerging field of photopharmacology, is discussed at the end of the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Weinstain
- School
of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Tomáš Slanina
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dnyaneshwar Kand
- School
of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Petr Klán
- Department
of Chemistry and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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17
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Josa‐Culleré L, Llebaria A. In the Search for Photocages Cleavable with Visible Light: An Overview of Recent Advances and Chemical Strategies. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202000253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laia Josa‐Culleré
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC) Jordi Girona 18–26 08034 Barcelona Spain
| | - Amadeu Llebaria
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC) Jordi Girona 18–26 08034 Barcelona Spain
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18
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Yamano Y, Murayama K, Asanuma H. Dual Crosslinking Photo‐Switches for Orthogonal Photo‐Control of Hybridization Between Serinol Nucleic Acid and RNA. Chemistry 2020; 27:4599-4604. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuuhei Yamano
- Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University Furo-cho Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464–8603 Japan
| | - Keiji Murayama
- Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University Furo-cho Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464–8603 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Asanuma
- Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University Furo-cho Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464–8603 Japan
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19
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Ma J, Ripp A, Wassy D, Dürr T, Qiu D, Häner M, Haas T, Popp C, Bezold D, Richert S, Esser B, Jessen HJ. Thiocoumarin Caged Nucleotides: Synthetic Access and Their Photophysical Properties. Molecules 2020; 25:E5325. [PMID: 33203096 PMCID: PMC7696096 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Photocages have been successfully applied in cellular signaling studies for the controlled release of metabolites with high spatio-temporal resolution. Commonly, coumarin photocages are activated by UV light and the quantum yields of uncaging are relatively low, which can limit their applications in vivo. Here, syntheses, the determination of the photophysical properties, and quantum chemical calculations of 7-diethylamino-4-hydroxymethyl-thiocoumarin (thio-DEACM) and caged adenine nucleotides are reported and compared to the widely used 7-diethylamino-4-hydroxymethyl-coumarin (DEACM) caging group. In this comparison, thio-DEACM stands out as a phosphate cage with improved photophysical properties, such as red-shifted absorption and significantly faster photolysis kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Ma
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (J.M.); (A.R.); (D.W.); (T.D.); (D.Q.); (M.H.); (T.H.); (C.P.); (D.B.); (B.E.)
| | - Alexander Ripp
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (J.M.); (A.R.); (D.W.); (T.D.); (D.Q.); (M.H.); (T.H.); (C.P.); (D.B.); (B.E.)
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT—Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Wassy
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (J.M.); (A.R.); (D.W.); (T.D.); (D.Q.); (M.H.); (T.H.); (C.P.); (D.B.); (B.E.)
| | - Tobias Dürr
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (J.M.); (A.R.); (D.W.); (T.D.); (D.Q.); (M.H.); (T.H.); (C.P.); (D.B.); (B.E.)
| | - Danye Qiu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (J.M.); (A.R.); (D.W.); (T.D.); (D.Q.); (M.H.); (T.H.); (C.P.); (D.B.); (B.E.)
| | - Markus Häner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (J.M.); (A.R.); (D.W.); (T.D.); (D.Q.); (M.H.); (T.H.); (C.P.); (D.B.); (B.E.)
| | - Thomas Haas
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (J.M.); (A.R.); (D.W.); (T.D.); (D.Q.); (M.H.); (T.H.); (C.P.); (D.B.); (B.E.)
| | - Christoph Popp
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (J.M.); (A.R.); (D.W.); (T.D.); (D.Q.); (M.H.); (T.H.); (C.P.); (D.B.); (B.E.)
| | - Dominik Bezold
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (J.M.); (A.R.); (D.W.); (T.D.); (D.Q.); (M.H.); (T.H.); (C.P.); (D.B.); (B.E.)
| | - Sabine Richert
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Birgit Esser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (J.M.); (A.R.); (D.W.); (T.D.); (D.Q.); (M.H.); (T.H.); (C.P.); (D.B.); (B.E.)
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT—Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Henning J. Jessen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (J.M.); (A.R.); (D.W.); (T.D.); (D.Q.); (M.H.); (T.H.); (C.P.); (D.B.); (B.E.)
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT—Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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20
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Gaur P, Galkin M, Hauke S, Redkin R, Barnes C, Shvadchak VV, Yushchenko DA. Reversible spatial and temporal control of lipid signaling. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:10646-10649. [PMID: 32857092 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04146g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we introduce versatile molecular tools that enable specific delivery and visualization of photoswitchable lipids at cellular membranes, namely at the plasma membrane and internal membranes. These molecules were prepared by tethering ortho-nitrobenzyl-based fluorescent cages with a signaling lipid bearing an azobenzene photoswitch. They permit two sequential photocontrolled reactions, which are uncaging of a lipid analogue and then its repeated activation and deactivation. We used these molecules to activate GPR40 receptor transiently expressed in HeLa cells and demonstrated downstream modulation of intracellular Ca2+ levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Gaur
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo namesti 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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21
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Abstract
Light has been instrumental in the study of living cells since its use helped in their discovery in the late 17th century. Further, combining chemical technology with light microscopy was an essential part of the Nobel Prize for Physiology in 1906. Such landmark scientific findings involved passive observation of cells. However, over the past 50 years, a "second use" of light has emerged in cell physiology, namely one of rational control. The seminal method for this emerged in late 1970s with the invention of caged compounds. This was the point when "caged compounds" were defined as optical probes in which the active functionality of a physiological signaling molecule was blocked with a photochemical protecting group. Caged compounds are analogous to prodrugs; in both, the activity of the effector is latent. However, caged compounds, unlike prodrugs, use a trigger that confers the power of full temporal and spatial manipulation of the effects of release of its latent biological cargo. Light is distinct because it is bio-orthogonal, passes through living tissue (even into the cell interior), and initiates rapid release of the "caged" biomolecule. Further, because light can be directed to broad areas or focused to small points, caged compounds offer an array of timing scenarios for physiologists to dissect virtually any type of cellular process.The collaborative interaction between chemists and physiologists plays a fundamental role in the development of caged compounds. First, the physiologists must define the problem to be addressed; then, with the help of chemists, decide if a caged compound would be useful. For this, structure-activity relationships of the potential optical probe and receptor must be determined. If rational targets seem feasible, synthetic organic chemistry is used to make the caged compound. The crucial property of prephotolysis bio-inertness relies on physiological or biochemical assays. Second, detailed optical characterization of the caged compound requires the skill of photochemists because the rate and efficiency of uncaging are also crucial properties for a useful caged compound. Often, these studies reveal limitations in the caged compound which has been developed; thus, chemists and physiologists use their abilities for iterative development of even more powerful optical probes. A similar dynamic will be familiar to scientists in the pharmaceutical industry. Therefore, caged compound development provides an excellent training framework for (young) chemists both intellectually and professionally. In this Account, I draw on my long experience in the field of making useful caged compounds for cell physiology by showing how each probe I have developed has been defined by an important physiological problem. Fundamental to this process has been my initial training by the pioneers in aromatic photochemistry, Derek Bryce-Smith and Andrew Gilbert. I discuss making a range of "caged calcium" probes, ones which went on to be the most widely used of all caged compounds. Then, I describe the development of caged neurotransmitters for two-photon uncaging microscopy. Finally, I survey recent work on making new photochemical protecting groups for wavelength orthogonal, two-color, and ultraefficient two-photon uncaging.
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22
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Cozzolino M, Bazzurro V, Gatta E, Bianchini P, Angeli E, Robello M, Diaspro A. Precise 3D modulation of electro-optical parameters during neurotransmitter uncaging experiments with neurons in vitro. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13380. [PMID: 32770032 PMCID: PMC7414112 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70217-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ruthenium–bipyridinetriphenylphosphine–GABA (RuBi–GABA) is a caged compound that allows studying the neuronal transmission in a specific region of a neuron. The inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is bound to a caged group that blocks the interaction of the neurotransmitter with its receptor site. Following linear—one-photon (1P)—and non-linear—multi-photon—absorption of light, the covalent bond of the caged molecule is broken, and GABA is released. Such a controlled release in time and space allows investigating the interaction with its receptor in four dimensions (X,Y,Z,t). Taking advantage of this strategy, we succeeded in addressing the modulation of GABAA in rat cerebellar neurons by coupling the photoactivation process, by confocal or two-photon excitation microscopy, with the electrophysiological technique of the patch-clamp in the whole-cell configuration. Key parameters have been comprehensively investigated and correlated in a temporally and spatially confined way, namely: photoactivation laser power, time of exposure, and distance of the uncaging point from the cell of interest along the X, Y, Z spatial coordinates. The goal of studying specific biological events as a function of controlled physical parameters has been achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cozzolino
- DIFILAB, Department of Physics, University of Genoa, via Dodecaneso 33, 16143, Genoa, Italy.,Nanoscopy, CHT Erzelli, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Virginia Bazzurro
- DIFILAB, Department of Physics, University of Genoa, via Dodecaneso 33, 16143, Genoa, Italy
| | - Elena Gatta
- DIFILAB, Department of Physics, University of Genoa, via Dodecaneso 33, 16143, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paolo Bianchini
- Nanoscopy, CHT Erzelli, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Elena Angeli
- DIFILAB, Department of Physics, University of Genoa, via Dodecaneso 33, 16143, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mauro Robello
- DIFILAB, Department of Physics, University of Genoa, via Dodecaneso 33, 16143, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alberto Diaspro
- DIFILAB, Department of Physics, University of Genoa, via Dodecaneso 33, 16143, Genoa, Italy. .,Nanoscopy, CHT Erzelli, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy.
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23
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Wu J, Liu W, Liang L, Gan Y, Xia S, Gou X, Sun X. Facile synthesis and characterization of indene-fused 4-methylcoumarins and an unexpected skeletal rearrangement via Pechmann condensation. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.151917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Abstract
Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, and photochemical release of glutamate (or uncaging) is a chemical technique widely used by biologists to interrogate its physiology. A basic prerequisite of these optical probes is bio-inertness before photolysis. However, all caged glutamates are known to have strong antagonism toward receptors of γ-aminobutyric acid, the major inhibitory transmitter. We have developed a caged glutamate probe that is inert toward these receptors at concentrations that are effective for photolysis with violet light. Pharmacological tests in vitro revealed that attachment of a fifth-generation (G5) dendrimer (i.e., cloaking) to the widely used 4-methoxy-7-nitro-indolinyl(MNI)-Glu probe prevented such off-target effects while not changing the photochemical properties of MNI-Glu significantly. G5-MNI-Glu was used with optofluidic delivery to stimulate dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area of freely moving mice in a conditioned place-preference protocol so as to mediate Pavlovian conditioning.
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25
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Paoletti P, Ellis-Davies GCR, Mourot A. Optical control of neuronal ion channels and receptors. Nat Rev Neurosci 2020; 20:514-532. [PMID: 31289380 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-019-0197-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Light-controllable tools provide powerful means to manipulate and interrogate brain function with relatively low invasiveness and high spatiotemporal precision. Although optogenetic approaches permit neuronal excitation or inhibition at the network level, other technologies, such as optopharmacology (also known as photopharmacology) have emerged that provide molecular-level control by endowing light sensitivity to endogenous biomolecules. In this Review, we discuss the challenges and opportunities of photocontrolling native neuronal signalling pathways, focusing on ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors. We describe existing strategies for rendering receptors and channels light sensitive and provide an overview of the neuroscientific insights gained from such approaches. At the crossroads of chemistry, protein engineering and neuroscience, optopharmacology offers great potential for understanding the molecular basis of brain function and behaviour, with promises for future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Paoletti
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France.
| | | | - Alexandre Mourot
- Neuroscience Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS-IBPS), CNRS, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
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26
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Tang S, Cannon J, Yang K, Krummel MF, Baker JR, Choi SK. Spacer-Mediated Control of Coumarin Uncaging for Photocaged Thymidine. J Org Chem 2020; 85:2945-2955. [PMID: 32020803 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Despite its importance in the design of photocaged molecules, less attention is focused on linker chemistry than the cage itself. Here, we describe unique uncaging properties displayed by two coumarin-caged thymidine compounds, each conjugated with (2) or without (1) an extended, self-immolative spacer. Photolysis of 1 using long-wavelength UVA (365 nm) or visible (420, 455 nm) light led to the release of free thymidine along with the competitive generation of a thymidine-bearing recombination product. The occurrence of this undesired side reaction, which is previously unreported, was not present with the photolysis of 2, which released thymidine exclusively with higher quantum efficiency. We propose that the spatial separation between the cage and the substrate molecule conferred by the extended linker can play a critical role in circumventing this unproductive reaction. This report reinforces the importance of linker selection in the design of coumarin-caged oligonucleosides and other conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengzhuang Tang
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jayme Cannon
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Kelly Yang
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Matthew F Krummel
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, HSW512, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - James R Baker
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Seok Ki Choi
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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27
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Bojtár M, Kormos A, Kis-Petik K, Kellermayer M, Kele P. Green-Light Activatable, Water-Soluble Red-Shifted Coumarin Photocages. Org Lett 2019; 21:9410-9414. [PMID: 31714093 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Easily accessible green-light activatable (>500 nm) photocages based on red-shifted, π-extended coumarin scaffolds are developed with uncaging efficiencies similar to those of recently introduced BODIPY derivatives. The photocages possess increased aqueous solubility, high absorption coefficients within the 450-600 nm range, and exceptionally high two-photon cross sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márton Bojtár
- Chemical Biology Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry , Research Centre for Natural Sciences , H-1117 Magyar tudósok krt 2 , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Attila Kormos
- Chemical Biology Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry , Research Centre for Natural Sciences , H-1117 Magyar tudósok krt 2 , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Katalin Kis-Petik
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology , Semmelweis University , H-1094 Tűzoltó u. 37-47 , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Miklós Kellermayer
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology , Semmelweis University , H-1094 Tűzoltó u. 37-47 , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Péter Kele
- Chemical Biology Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry , Research Centre for Natural Sciences , H-1117 Magyar tudósok krt 2 , Budapest , Hungary
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28
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Abstract
As the inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acid-ergic (GABAergic) transmission has a pivotal role in the central nervous system (CNS) and defective forms of its synapses are associated with serious neurological disorders, numerous versions of caged GABA and, more recently, photoswitchable ligands have been developed to investigate such transmission. While the complementary nature of these probes is evident, the mechanisms by which the GABA receptors can be photocontrolled have not been fully exploited. In fact, the ultimate need for specificity is critical for the proper synaptic exploration. No caged allosteric modulators of the GABAA receptor have been reported so far; to introduce such an investigational approach, we exploited the structural motifs of the benzodiazepinic scaffold to develop a photocaged version of diazepam (CD) that was tested on basolateral amygdala (BLa) pyramidal cells in mouse brain slices. CD is devoid of any intrinsic activity toward the GABAA receptor before irradiation. Importantly, CD is a photoreleasable GABAA receptor-positive allosteric modulator that offers a different probing mechanism compared to caged GABA and photoswitchable ligands. CD potentiates the inhibitory signaling by prolonging the decay time of postsynaptic GABAergic currents upon photoactivation. Additionally, no effect on presynaptic GABA release was recorded. We developed a photochemical technology to individually study the GABAA receptor, which specifically expands the toolbox available to study GABAergic synapses.
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29
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Chang D, Lindberg E, Feng S, Angerani S, Riezman H, Winssinger N. Luciferase‐Induced Photouncaging: Bioluminolysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:16033-16037. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201907734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dalu Chang
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, NCCR Chemical Biology Faculty of Science University of Geneva 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet Geneva Switzerland
| | - Eric Lindberg
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, NCCR Chemical Biology Faculty of Science University of Geneva 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet Geneva Switzerland
- Present address: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD 20892 USA
| | - Suihan Feng
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, NCCR Chemical Biology Faculty of Science University of Geneva 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet Geneva Switzerland
| | - Simona Angerani
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, NCCR Chemical Biology Faculty of Science University of Geneva 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet Geneva Switzerland
| | - Howard Riezman
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, NCCR Chemical Biology Faculty of Science University of Geneva 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet Geneva Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Winssinger
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, NCCR Chemical Biology Faculty of Science University of Geneva 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet Geneva Switzerland
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Chang D, Lindberg E, Feng S, Angerani S, Riezman H, Winssinger N. Luciferase‐Induced Photouncaging: Bioluminolysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201907734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dalu Chang
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, NCCR Chemical BiologyFaculty of ScienceUniversity of Geneva 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet Geneva Switzerland
| | - Eric Lindberg
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, NCCR Chemical BiologyFaculty of ScienceUniversity of Geneva 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet Geneva Switzerland
- Present address: National Heart, Lung, and Blood InstituteNational Institutes of Health Bethesda MD 20892 USA
| | - Suihan Feng
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, NCCR Chemical BiologyFaculty of ScienceUniversity of Geneva 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet Geneva Switzerland
| | - Simona Angerani
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, NCCR Chemical BiologyFaculty of ScienceUniversity of Geneva 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet Geneva Switzerland
| | - Howard Riezman
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, NCCR Chemical BiologyFaculty of ScienceUniversity of Geneva 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet Geneva Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Winssinger
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, NCCR Chemical BiologyFaculty of ScienceUniversity of Geneva 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet Geneva Switzerland
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31
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Li W, Lin J, Wang T, Huang P. Photo-triggered Drug Delivery Systems for Neuron-related Applications. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:1406-1422. [PMID: 29932026 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180622121801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of materials, chemistry and genetics has created a great number of systems for delivering antibiotics, neuropeptides or other drugs to neurons in neuroscience research, and has also provided important and powerful tools in neuron-related applications. Although these drug delivery systems can facilitate the advancement of neuroscience studies, they still have limited applications due to various drawbacks, such as difficulty in controlling delivery molecules or drugs to the target region, and trouble of releasing them in predictable manners. The combination of optics and drug delivery systems has great potentials to address these issues and deliver molecules or drugs to the nervous system with extraordinary spatiotemporal selectivity triggered by light. In this review, we will introduce the development of photo-triggered drug delivery systems in neuroscience research and their neuron-related applications including regulating neural activities, treating neural diseases and inducing nerve regenerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.,School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA 30332, United States
| | - Jing Lin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Tianfu Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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32
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Passlick S, Ellis-Davies GCR. Chromatically independent, two-color uncaging of glutamate and GABA with one- or two-photon excitation. Methods Enzymol 2019; 624:167-196. [PMID: 31370929 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Caged compounds enable fast, light-induced, and spatially-defined application of bioactive molecules to cells. Covalent attachment of a caging chromophore to a crucial functionality of a biomolecule renders it inert, while short pulses of light release the caged molecule in its active form. Caged neurotransmitters have been widely used to study diverse neurobiological processes such as receptor distribution, synaptogenesis, transport, and long-term potentiation. Since the neurotransmitters glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are the most important, they have been studied extensively using uncaging. However, to be able to probe their interactions on a physiologically relevant timescale, fast and independent application of both neurotransmitters in an arbitrary order is desired. This can be achieved by combining two caging chromophores absorbing non-overlapping and thus orthogonal wavelengths of light, which enables the precise application of two caged molecules to the same preparation in any order, a technique called two-color uncaging. In this chapter, we describe the principles of orthogonal two-color uncaging with one- and two-photon excitation with an emphasis on caged glutamate and GABA. We then give a guide to its practical application and highlight some key studies utilizing this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Passlick
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, University of Bonn Medical School, Bonn, Germany.
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33
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Development of photolabile protecting groups and their application to the optochemical control of cell signaling. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2019; 57:164-175. [PMID: 31132552 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2019.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Many biological processes are naturally regulated with spatiotemporal control. In order to perturb and investigate them, optochemical tools have been developed that convey similar spatiotemporal precision. Pivotal to optochemical probes are photolabile protecting groups, so called caging groups, and recent developments have enabled new applications to cellular processes, including cell signaling. This review focuses on the advances made in the field of caging groups and their application in cell signaling through caged molecules such as neurotransmitters, lipids, secondary messengers, and proteins.
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34
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Jarman JB, Dougherty DA. Charge-transfer heptamethine dyes for NIR singlet oxygen generation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:5511-5514. [PMID: 31020279 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc01096c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A heptamethine-based charge-transfer dye was designed based on previous evidence of triplet state formation in orthogonal charge-transfer partners and calculations suggesting the formation of a charge-transfer state in heptamethine dye derivatives. An acridinium derivative of IR-1061 was subsequently synthesized and characterized, demonstrating photochemical reactivity at wavelengths over 1000 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Jarman
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 164-30, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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35
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Kumar P, Huang W, Shukhman D, Camarda FM, Laughlin ST. Stable cyclopropene-containing analogs of the amino acid neurotransmitter glutamate. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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36
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Ellis-Davies GCR. Two-Photon Uncaging of Glutamate. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2019; 10:48. [PMID: 30687075 PMCID: PMC6333857 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2018.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-photon microscopy produces the excited singlet state of a chromophore with wavelengths approximately double that used for normal excitation. Two photons are absorbed almost simultaneously, via a virtual state, and this makes the excitation technique inherently non-linear. It requires ultra-fast lasers to deliver the high flux density needed to access intrinsically very short lived intermediates, and in combination with lenses of high numerical aperture, this confines axial excitation highly. Since the two-photon excitation volume is similar to a large spine head, the technique has been widely used to study glutamatergic transmission in brain slices. Here I describe the principles of two-photon uncaging of glutamate and provide a practical guide to its application.
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37
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Gaur P, Kucherak OA, Ermakova YG, Shvadchak VV, Yushchenko DA. Nitrobenzyl-based fluorescent photocages for spatial and temporal control of signalling lipids in cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:12288-12291. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc05602e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Here we present a set of fluorescent cages prepared by tethering fluorescent dyes to a photolabile group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Gaur
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences
- 16610 Prague 6
- Czech Republic
| | - Oleksandr A. Kucherak
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences
- 16610 Prague 6
- Czech Republic
| | - Yulia G. Ermakova
- Cell Biology & Biophysics Unit
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
- 69117 Heidelberg
- Germany
| | - Volodymyr V. Shvadchak
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences
- 16610 Prague 6
- Czech Republic
| | - Dmytro A. Yushchenko
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences
- 16610 Prague 6
- Czech Republic
- Group of Bioconjugation Chemistry
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38
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Walton DP, Dougherty DA. A general strategy for visible-light decaging based on the quinone cis-alkenyl lock. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:4965-4968. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc01073d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Combining the fast thermal cyclization of o-coumaric acid derivatives with the intramolecular photoreduction of quinones gives new visible-light photoremovable protecting groups absorbing well above 450 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P. Walton
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- California Institute of Technology
- Pasadena
- USA
| | - Dennis A. Dougherty
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- California Institute of Technology
- Pasadena
- USA
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39
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Passlick S, Thapaliya ER, Chen Z, Richers MT, Ellis-Davies GCR. Optical probing of acetylcholine receptors on neurons in the medial habenula with a novel caged nicotine drug analogue. J Physiol 2018; 596:5307-5318. [PMID: 30222192 DOI: 10.1113/jp276615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS A new caged nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonist was developed, ABT594, which is photolysed by one- and two-photon excitation. The caged compound is photolysed with a quantum yield of 0.20. One-photon uncaging of ABT594 elicited large currents and Ca2+ transients at the soma and dendrites of medial habenula (MHb) neurons of mouse brain slices. Unexpectedly, uncaging of ABT594 also revealed highly Ca2+ -permeable nAChRs on axons of MHb neurons. ABSTRACT Photochemical release of neurotransmitters has been instrumental in the study of their underlying receptors, with acetylcholine being the exception due to its inaccessibility to photochemical protection. We caged a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonist, ABT594, via its secondary amine functionality. Effective photolysis could be carried out using either one- or two-photon excitation. Brief flashes (0.5-3.0 ms) of 410 nm light evoked large currents and Ca2+ transients on cell bodies and dendrites of medial habenula (MHb) neurons. Unexpectedly, photorelease of ABT594 also revealed nAChR-mediated Ca2+ signals along the axons of MHb neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Passlick
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ek Raj Thapaliya
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zuxin Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew T Richers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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40
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Passlick S, Kramer PF, Richers MT, Williams JT, Ellis-Davies GCR. Two-color, one-photon uncaging of glutamate and GABA. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187732. [PMID: 29117230 PMCID: PMC5678877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal cells receive a variety of excitatory and inhibitory signals which they process to generate an output signal. In order to study the interaction between excitatory and inhibitory receptors with exogenously applied transmitters in the same preparation, two caging chromophores attached to glutamate and GABA were developed that were selectively photolyzed by different wavelengths of light. This technique has the advantage that the biologically inactive caged compound can be applied at equilibrium prior to the near instantaneous release of the transmitters. This method therefore mimics the kinetics of endogenously released transmitters that is otherwise not possible in brain slice preparations. Repeated photolysis with either of the two wavelengths resulted in GABA- or glutamate-induced activation of both ionotropic and metabotropic receptors to evoke reproducible currents. With these compounds, the interaction between inhibitory and excitatory receptors was examined using whole field photolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Passlick
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Paul F. Kramer
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Matthew T. Richers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - John T. Williams
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Graham C. R. Ellis-Davies
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
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41
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Agarwal HK, Zhai S, Surmeier DJ, Ellis-Davies GCR. Intracellular Uncaging of cGMP with Blue Light. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:2139-2144. [PMID: 28762726 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We have made a new caged cGMP that is photolyzed with blue light. Using our recently developed derivative of 7-diethylaminocourmarin (DEAC) called DEAC450, we synthesized coumarin phosphoester derivatives of cGMP with two negative charges appended to the DEAC450 moiety. DEAC450-cGMP is freely soluble in physiological buffer without the need for any organic cosolvents. With a photolysis quantum yield of 0.18 and an extinction coefficient of 43 000 M-1 cm-1 at 453 nm, DEAC450-cGMP is the most photosensitive caged cGMP made to date. In patch-clamped neurons in acutely isolated brain slices, blue light effectively uncaged cGMP from DEAC450 and facilitated activation of hyperpolarization and cyclic nucleotide gated cation (HCN) channels in cholinergic interneurons. Thus, DEAC450-cGMP has a unique set of optical and chemical properties that make it a useful addition to the optical arsenal available to neurobiologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh K. Agarwal
- Department
of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Shenyu Zhai
- Department
of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - D. James Surmeier
- Department
of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
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42
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Gao HD, Thanasekaran P, Chen TH, Chang YH, Chen YJ, Lee HM. An Integrated System to Remotely Trigger Intracellular Signal Transduction by Upconversion Nanoparticle-mediated Kinase Photoactivation. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28892036 DOI: 10.3791/55769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Upconversion nanoparticle (UCNP)-mediated photoactivation is a new approach to remotely control bioeffectors with much less phototoxicity and with deeper tissue penetration. However, the existing instrumentation on the market is not readily compatible with upconversion application. Therefore, modifying the commercially available instrument is essential for this research. In this paper, we first illustrate the modifications of a conventional fluorimeter and fluorescence microscope to make them compatible for photon upconversion experiments. We then describe the synthesis of a near-infrared (NIR)-triggered caged protein kinase A catalytic subunit (PKA) immobilized on a UCNP complex. Parameters for microinjection and NIR photoactivation procedures are also reported. After the caged PKA-UCNP is microinjected into REF52 fibroblast cells, the NIR irradiation, which is significantly superior to conventional UV irradiation, efficiently triggers the PKA signal transduction pathway in living cells. In addition, positive and negative control experiments confirm that the PKA-induced pathway leading to the disintegration of stress fibers is specifically triggered by NIR irradiation. Thus, the use of protein-modified UCNP provides an innovative approach to remotely control light-modulated cellular experiments, in which direct exposure to UV light must be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-De Gao
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica; Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University
| | | | - Tzu-Ho Chen
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica; Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University
| | - Yu-Hsu Chang
- Department of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology;
| | - Yu-Ju Chen
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica; Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University
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43
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Weyel XMM, Fichte MAH, Heckel A. A Two-Photon-Photocleavable Linker for Triggering Light-Induced Strand Breaks in Oligonucleotides. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:2183-2190. [PMID: 28678467 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized a two-photon-sensitive photocleavable linker based on the 7-diethylaminocoumarin structure and introduced it successfully into DNA strands. First, we demonstrated the inducibility of strand scissions upon irradiation at 365 nm. To verify and visualize the two-photon activity, we used a fluorescence assay based on a DNA strand displacement immobilized in a hydrogel. Additionally, we investigated its use in a new class of DNA decoys that are able to catch and release nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) by using light as an external trigger signal. In cell culture we were able to show the regulation of NF-κB-controlled transcription of green fluorescent protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenia M M Weyel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Manuela A H Fichte
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alexander Heckel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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44
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Gandioso A, Palau M, Nin‐Hill A, Melnyk I, Rovira C, Nonell S, Velasco D, García‐Amorós J, Marchán V. Sequential Uncaging with Green Light can be Achieved by Fine-Tuning the Structure of a Dicyanocoumarin Chromophore. ChemistryOpen 2017; 6:375-384. [PMID: 28638770 PMCID: PMC5474652 DOI: 10.1002/open.201700067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the synthesis and photochemical properties of a series of dicyanocoumarinylmethyl (DEAdcCM)- and dicyanocoumarinylethyl (DEAdcCE)-based photocages of carboxylic acids and amines with absorption maximum around 500 nm. Photolysis studies with green light have demonstrated that the structure of the coumarin chromophore as well as the nature of the leaving group and the type of bond to be photocleaved (ester or carbamate) have a strong influence on the rate and efficiency of the uncaging process. These experimental observations were also supported by DFT calculations. Such differences in deprotection kinetics have been exploited to sequentially photolyze two dicyanocoumarin-caged model compounds (e.g., benzoic acid and ethylamine), and open the way to increasing the number of functional levels that can be addressed with light in a single system, particularly when combining dicyanocoumarin caging groups with other photocleavable protecting groups, which remain intact under green light irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Gandioso
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Orgànica, IBUB (AG, VM)Universitat de Barcelona08028BarcelonaSpain
| | - Marta Palau
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Orgànica, IBUB (AG, VM)Universitat de Barcelona08028BarcelonaSpain
| | - Alba Nin‐Hill
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Orgànica, IBUB (AG, VM)Universitat de Barcelona08028BarcelonaSpain
- Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB)Universitat de Barcelona08028BarcelonaSpain
| | - Ivanna Melnyk
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Orgànica, IBUB (AG, VM)Universitat de Barcelona08028BarcelonaSpain
| | - Carme Rovira
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Orgànica, IBUB (AG, VM)Universitat de Barcelona08028BarcelonaSpain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA)08010BarcelonaSpain
- Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB)Universitat de Barcelona08028BarcelonaSpain
| | - Santi Nonell
- Institut Químic de SarriàUniversitat Ramon Llull08017BarcelonaSpain
| | - Dolores Velasco
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Orgànica, IBUB (AG, VM)Universitat de Barcelona08028BarcelonaSpain
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB)Universitat de Barcelona08028BarcelonaSpain
| | - Jaume García‐Amorós
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Orgànica, IBUB (AG, VM)Universitat de Barcelona08028BarcelonaSpain
| | - Vicente Marchán
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Orgànica, IBUB (AG, VM)Universitat de Barcelona08028BarcelonaSpain
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Richers MT, Amatrudo JM, Olson JP, Ellis-Davies GCR. Cloaked Caged Compounds: Chemical Probes for Two-Photon Optoneurobiology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:193-197. [PMID: 27910251 PMCID: PMC5195861 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201609269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Caged neurotransmitters, in combination with focused light beams, enable precise interrogation of neuronal function, even at the level of single synapses. However, most caged transmitters are, surprisingly, severe antagonists of ionotropic gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors. By conjugation of a large, neutral dendrimer to a caged GABA probe we introduce a "cloaking" technology that effectively reduces such antagonism to very low levels. Such cloaked caged compounds will enable the study of the signaling of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA in its natural state using two-photon uncaging microscopy for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Richers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph M Amatrudo
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeremy P Olson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
| | - Graham C R Ellis-Davies
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
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46
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Kumar P, Shukhman D, Laughlin ST. A photocaged, cyclopropene-containing analog of the amino acid neurotransmitter glutamate. Tetrahedron Lett 2016; 57:5750-5752. [PMID: 30245532 PMCID: PMC6150495 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.10.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Substituted cyclopropenes serve as compact biorthogonal appendages that enable analysis of biomolecules in complex systems. Neurotransmitters, a chemically diverse group of biomolecules that control neuron excitation and inhibition, are not among the systems that have been studied using biorthogonal chemistry. Here we describe the synthesis of cyclopropene-containing analogs of the excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter glutamate starting from a Garner's aldehyde-derived alkyne. The deprotected cyclopropene glutamate was stable in solution but decomposed upon concentration. Appending a light-cleavable group improved the stability of the cyclopropene while simultaneously caging the neurotransmitter. This strategy has the potential to permit deployment of cyclopropene-modified glutamate as a bioorthogonal probe of the neurotransmitter glutamate in vivo with spatiotemporal precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, USA
| | - David Shukhman
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, USA
| | - Scott T Laughlin
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, USA
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47
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Richers MT, Amatrudo JM, Olson JP, Ellis‐Davies GCR. Cloaked Caged Compounds: Chemical Probes for Two‐Photon Optoneurobiology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201609269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Richers
- Department of Neuroscience Mount Sinai School of Medicine One Gustave Levy Place New York NY USA
| | - Joseph M. Amatrudo
- Department of Neuroscience Mount Sinai School of Medicine One Gustave Levy Place New York NY USA
| | - Jeremy P. Olson
- Department of Neuroscience Mount Sinai School of Medicine One Gustave Levy Place New York NY USA
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Seyfried P, Eiden L, Grebenovsky N, Mayer G, Heckel A. Photo‐Tethers for the (Multi‐)Cyclic, Conformational Caging of Long Oligonucleotides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201610025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Seyfried
- Goethe University Frankfurt Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences Max-von-Laue-Str. 9 60438 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Laura Eiden
- Life and Medical Science Institute University of Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Nikolai Grebenovsky
- Goethe University Frankfurt Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences Max-von-Laue-Str. 9 60438 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Günter Mayer
- Life and Medical Science Institute University of Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Alexander Heckel
- Goethe University Frankfurt Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences Max-von-Laue-Str. 9 60438 Frankfurt Germany
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Seyfried P, Eiden L, Grebenovsky N, Mayer G, Heckel A. Photo-Tethers for the (Multi-)Cyclic, Conformational Caging of Long Oligonucleotides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 56:359-363. [PMID: 27897376 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201610025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Intramolecular circularization of DNA oligonucleotides was accomplished by incorporation of alkyne-modified photolabile nucleosides into DNA sequences, followed by a CuI -catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition with bis-azido linker molecules. We determined a range of ring sizes, in which the caged circular oligonucleotides exhibit superior duplex destabilizing properties. Specific binding of a full-length 90 nt C10 aptamer recognizing human Burkitt's lymphoma cells was then temporarily inhibited by locking the aptamer in a bicircularized structure. Irradiation restored the native aptamer conformation resulting in efficient cell binding and uptake. The photo-tether strategy presented here provides a robust and versatile tool for the light-activation of longer functional oligonucleotides, noteworthy without prior knowledge on the structure and the importance of specific nucleotides within a DNA aptamer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Seyfried
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Laura Eiden
- Life and Medical Science Institute, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nikolai Grebenovsky
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Günter Mayer
- Life and Medical Science Institute, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Heckel
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
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Jakkampudi S, Abe M, Komori N, Takagi R, Furukawa K, Katan C, Sawada W, Takahashi N, Kasai H. Design and Synthesis of a 4-Nitrobromobenzene Derivative Bearing an Ethylene Glycol Tetraacetic Acid Unit for a New Generation of Caged Calcium Compounds with Two-Photon Absorption Properties in the Near-IR Region and Their Application in Vivo. ACS OMEGA 2016; 1:193-201. [PMID: 31457124 PMCID: PMC6640811 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Among biologically active compounds, calcium ions (Ca2+) are one of the most important species in cell physiological functions. Development of new calcium chelators with two-photon absorption (TPA) properties is a state-of-the-art challenge for chemists. In this study, we report the first and efficient synthesis of 5-bromo-2-nitrobenzyl-substituted ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA) as a platform for a new generation of calcium chelators with TPA properties in the near-infrared region. New calcium chelators with high TPA properties, that is, a two-photon (TP) fragmentation efficiency of δu = 20.7 GM at 740 nm for 2-(4-nitrophenyl)benzofuran (NPBF)-substituted EGTA (NPBF-EGTA, K d = 272 nM) and δu = 7.8 GM at 800 nm for 4-amino-4'-nitro-1,1'-biphenyl (BP)-substituted EGTA (BP-EGTA, K d = 440 nM) derivatives, were synthesized using Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions of the bromide with benzofuran-2-boronic acid and 4-(dimethylamino)phenyl boronic acid, respectively. The corresponding acetoxymethyl (AM) esters were prepared and successfully applied to the Ca2+-uncaging reaction triggered by TP photolysis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Jakkampudi
- Department
of Chemistry & Research Center for Future Science, Graduate School
of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
- JST-CREST, K’s Gobancho 7, Gobancho, Chiyodaku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
| | - Manabu Abe
- Department
of Chemistry & Research Center for Future Science, Graduate School
of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
- JST-CREST, K’s Gobancho 7, Gobancho, Chiyodaku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
| | - Naomitsu Komori
- Department
of Chemistry & Research Center for Future Science, Graduate School
of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Ryukichi Takagi
- Department
of Chemistry & Research Center for Future Science, Graduate School
of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Ko Furukawa
- Center
for Instrumental Analysis, Institute for Research Promotion, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi 2-no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Claudine Katan
- Institut
des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université
Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Wakako Sawada
- Laboratory
of Structural Physiology, CDBIM, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Noriko Takahashi
- Laboratory
of Structural Physiology, CDBIM, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Haruo Kasai
- JST-CREST, K’s Gobancho 7, Gobancho, Chiyodaku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
- Laboratory
of Structural Physiology, CDBIM, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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