1
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Caine S, Alaverdashvili M, Colbourne F, Muir GD, Paterson PG. A modified rehabilitation paradigm bilaterally increased rat extensor digitorum communis muscle size but did not improve forelimb function after stroke. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302008. [PMID: 38603768 PMCID: PMC11008896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Malnutrition after stroke may lessen the beneficial effects of rehabilitation on motor recovery through influences on both brain and skeletal muscle. Enriched rehabilitation (ER), a combination of environmental enrichment and forelimb reaching practice, is used preclinically to study recovery of skilled reaching after stroke. However, the chronic food restriction typically used to motivate engagement in reaching practice is a barrier to using ER to investigate interactions between nutritional status and rehabilitation. Thus, our objectives were to determine if a modified ER program comprised of environmental enrichment and skilled reaching practice motivated by a short fast would enhance post-stroke forelimb motor recovery and preserve forelimb muscle size and metabolic fiber type, relative to a group exposed to stroke without ER. At one week after photothrombotic cortical stroke, male, Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to modified ER or standard care for 2 weeks. Forelimb recovery was assessed in the Montoya staircase and cylinder task before stroke and on days 5-6, 22-23, and 33-34 after stroke. ER failed to improve forelimb function in either task (p > 0.05). Atrophy of extensor digitorum communis (EDC) and triceps brachii long head (TBL) muscles was not evident in the stroke-targeted forelimb on day 35, but the area occupied by hybrid fibers was increased in the EDC muscle (p = 0.038). ER bilaterally increased EDC (p = 0.046), but not TBL, muscle size; EDC muscle fiber type was unchanged by ER. While the modified ER did not promote forelimb motor recovery, it does appear to have utility for studying the role of skeletal muscle plasticity in post-stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Caine
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | | | - Frederick Colbourne
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Gillian D. Muir
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Phyllis G. Paterson
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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2
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Boseley RE, Sylvain NJ, Peeling L, Kelly ME, Pushie MJ. A review of concepts and methods for FTIR imaging of biomarker changes in the post-stroke brain. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2024; 1866:184287. [PMID: 38266967 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2024.184287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Stroke represents a core area of study in neurosciences and public health due to its global contribution toward mortality and disability. The intricate pathophysiology of stroke, including ischemic and hemorrhagic events, involves the interruption in oxygen and nutrient delivery to the brain. Disruption of these crucial processes in the central nervous system leads to metabolic dysregulation and cell death. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy can simultaneously measure total protein and lipid content along with a number of key biomarkers within brain tissue that cannot be observed using conventional techniques. FTIR imaging provides the opportunity to visualize this information in tissue which has not been chemically treated prior to analysis, thus retaining the spatial distribution and in situ chemical information. Here we present a review of FTIR imaging methods for investigating the biomarker responses in the post-stroke brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon E Boseley
- Department of Surgery, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W8, Canada
| | - Nicole J Sylvain
- Department of Surgery, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W8, Canada
| | - Lissa Peeling
- Department of Surgery, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W8, Canada
| | - Michael E Kelly
- Department of Surgery, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W8, Canada
| | - M Jake Pushie
- Department of Surgery, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W8, Canada.
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3
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Zhang K, Liu R, Tuo Y, Ma K, Zhang D, Wang Z, Huang P. Distinguishing Asphyxia from Sudden Cardiac Death as the Cause of Death from the Lung Tissues of Rats and Humans Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:46859-46869. [PMID: 36570197 PMCID: PMC9773813 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The ability to determine asphyxia as a cause of death is important in forensic practice and helps us to judge whether a case is criminal. However, in some cases where the deceased has underlying heart disease, death by asphyxia cannot be determined by traditional autopsy and morphological observation under a microscope because there are no specific morphological features for either asphyxia or sudden cardiac death (SCD). Here, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was employed to distinguish asphyxia from SCD. A total of 40 lung tissues (collected at 0 h and 24 h postmortem) from 20 rats (10 died from asphyxia and 10 died from SCD) and 16 human lung tissues from 16 real cases were used for spectral data acquisition. After data preprocessing, 2675 spectra from rat lung tissues and 1526 spectra from human lung tissues were obtained for subsequent analysis. First, we found that there were biochemical differences in the rat lung tissues between the two causes of death by principal component analysis and partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), which were related to alterations in lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. In addition, a PLS-DA classification model can be built to distinguish asphyxia from SCD. Second, based on the spectral data obtained from lung tissues allowed to decompose for 24 h, we could still distinguish asphyxia from SCD even when decomposition occurred in animal models. Nine important spectral features that contributed to the discrimination in the animal experiment were selected and further analyzed. Third, 7 of the 9 differential spectral features were also found to be significantly different in human lung tissues from 16 real cases. A support vector machine model was finally built by using the seven variables to distinguish asphyxia from SCD in the human samples. Compared with the linear PLS-DA model, its accuracy was significantly improved to 0.798, and the correct rate of determining the cause of death was 100%. This study shows the application potential of FTIR spectroscopy for exploring the subtle biochemical differences resulting from different death processes and determining the cause of death even after decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Department
of Forensic Pathology, College of Forensic Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Ruina Liu
- Department
of Forensic Pathology, College of Forensic Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Ya Tuo
- Department
of Biochemistry and Physiology, Shanghai
University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kaijun Ma
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Institute of Criminal Science
and Technology, Shanghai Municipal Public
Security Bureau, Shanghai 200042, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Dongchuan Zhang
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Institute of Criminal Science
and Technology, Shanghai Municipal Public
Security Bureau, Shanghai 200042, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Zhenyuan Wang
- Department
of Forensic Pathology, College of Forensic Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Ping Huang
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200063, People’s Republic of China
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4
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Pushie MJ, Sylvain NJ, Hou H, Hackett MJ, Kelly ME, Webb SM. X-ray Fluorescence Microscopy Methods for Biological Tissues. Metallomics 2022; 14:6581349. [PMID: 35512669 PMCID: PMC9226457 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfac032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence microscopy is a flexible tool for identifying the distribution of trace elements in biological specimens across a broad range of sample sizes. The technique is not particularly limited by sample type and can be performed on ancient fossils, fixed or fresh tissue specimens, and in some cases even live tissue and live cells can be studied. The technique can also be expanded to provide chemical specificity to elemental maps, either at individual points of interest in a map or across a large field of view. While virtually any sample type can be characterized with X-ray fluorescence microscopy, common biological sample preparation methods (often borrowed from other fields, such as histology) can lead to unforeseen pitfalls, resulting in altered element distributions and concentrations. A general overview of sample preparation and data acquisition methods for X-ray fluorescence microscopy is presented, along with outlining the general approach for applying this technique to a new field of investigation for prospective new-users. Considerations for improving data acquisition and quality are reviewed as well as the effects of sample preparation, with a particular focus on soft tissues. The effects of common sample pre-treatment steps as well as the underlying factors that govern which, and to what extent, specific elements are likely to be altered are reviewed along with common artifacts observed in X-ray fluorescence microscopy data.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jake Pushie
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5Canada
| | - Nicole J Sylvain
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5Canada.,Clinical Trial Support Unit, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W8Canada
| | - Huishu Hou
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5Canada
| | - Mark J Hackett
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, AUS.,School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, AUS
| | - Michael E Kelly
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5Canada
| | - Samuel M Webb
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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5
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Furber KL, Lacombe RJS, Caine S, Thangaraj MP, Read S, Rosendahl SM, Bazinet RP, Popescu BF, Nazarali AJ. Biochemical Alterations in White Matter Tracts of the Aging Mouse Brain Revealed by FTIR Spectroscopy Imaging. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:795-810. [PMID: 34820737 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03491-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
White matter degeneration in the central nervous system (CNS) has been correlated with a decline in cognitive function during aging. Ultrastructural examination of the aging human brain shows a loss of myelin, yet little is known about molecular and biochemical changes that lead to myelin degeneration. In this study, we investigate myelination across the lifespan in C57BL/6 mice using electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic imaging to better understand the relationship between structural and biochemical changes in CNS white matter tracts. A decrease in the number of myelinated axons was associated with altered lipid profiles in the corpus callosum of aged mice. FTIR spectroscopic imaging revealed alterations in functional groups associated with phospholipids, including the lipid acyl, lipid ester and phosphate vibrations. Biochemical changes in white matter were observed prior to structural changes and most predominant in the anterior regions of the corpus callosum. This was supported by biochemical analysis of fatty acid composition that demonstrated an overall trend towards increased monounsaturated fatty acids and decreased polyunsaturated fatty acids with age. To further explore the molecular mechanisms underlying these biochemical alterations, gene expression profiles of lipid metabolism and oxidative stress pathways were investigated. A decrease in the expression of several genes involved in glutathione metabolism suggests that oxidative damage to lipids may contribute to age-related white matter degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra L Furber
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada.
| | - R J Scott Lacombe
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sally Caine
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Merlin P Thangaraj
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Stuart Read
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bogdan F Popescu
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Adil J Nazarali
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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6
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Ellison G, Hollings AL, Hackett MJ. A review of the “metallome” within neurons and glia, as revealed by elemental mapping of brain tissue. BBA ADVANCES 2022; 2:100038. [PMID: 37082604 PMCID: PMC10074908 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadva.2021.100038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now well established that transition metals, such as Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), and Zinc (Zn) are necessary for healthy brain function. Although Fe, Cu, and Zn are essential to the brain, imbalances in the amount, distribution, or chemical form ("metallome") of these metals is linked to the pathology of numerous brain diseases or disorders. Despite the known importance of metal ions for both brain health and disease, the metallome that exists within specific types of brain cells is yet to be fully characterised. The aim of this mini-review is to present an overview of the current knowledge of the metallome found within specific brain cells (oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, and neurons), as revealed by direct elemental mapping techniques. It is hoped this review will foster continued research using direct elemental mapping techniques to fully characterise the brain cell metallome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaewyn Ellison
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Ashley L. Hollings
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Mark J. Hackett
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
- Corresponding author.
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7
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Hackett MJ, Hollings AL, Lam V, Takechi R, Mamo JCL, de Jonge MD, Paterson D, Okuyama S. [Mapping the Metallo-maze to Memory Loss: Does Neuronal Metal Ion Deficiency Contribute to Dementia?]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2021; 141:835-842. [PMID: 34078791 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.20-00251-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dementia has no cure and is an international health crisis. In addition to the immeasurable loss of QOL caused by dementia, the global economic cost is predicted to reach $2 trillion (USD) by 2030. Although much remains unknown about the biochemical pathways driving cognitive decline and memory loss during dementia, metals have been implicated in neurodegenerative disease. For example, total levels of Fe and Cu increase, which has been proposed to drive oxidative stress; and Fe, Cu, and Zn can bind amyloid-β, catalysing aggregation and formation of amyloid plaques. Unfortunately, despite these known facets through which metal ions may induce pathology, studies in greater detail have been hampered by a lack of microscopy methods to directly visualise metal ions, and their chemical form, within brain cells. Herein we report the use of synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microscopy to simultaneously image Fe, Cu, and Zn within neurons in ex vivo brain tissue sections. Using animal models of dementia, we now demonstrate for the first time that despite global increases in brain metal content and metal ion accumulation within amyloid plaques, key brain regions may also become metal ion deficient. Such deficiency could contribute to cognitive decline because of the essential roles metal ions play in neurotransmitter synthesis and energy metabolism. These recent findings are discussed in the context of memory loss, and the impact that metal ion dis-homeostasis may have on diagnostic and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Hackett
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University.,Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University.,Curtin Institute of Functional Molecules and Interfaces, Curtin University
| | - Ashley L Hollings
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University.,Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University.,Curtin Institute of Functional Molecules and Interfaces, Curtin University
| | - Virginie Lam
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University
| | - Ryusuke Takechi
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University
| | - John C L Mamo
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University
| | | | | | - Satoshi Okuyama
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University
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8
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Terrill JR, Webb SM, Arthur PG, Hackett MJ. Investigation of the effect of taurine supplementation on muscle taurine content in the mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy using chemically specific synchrotron imaging. Analyst 2021; 145:7242-7251. [PMID: 32893271 DOI: 10.1039/d0an00642d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a lethal genetic muscle wasting disorder, which currently has no cure. Supplementation with the drug taurine has been shown to offer therapeutic benefit in the mdx model for DMD, however the mechanism by which taurine protects dystrophic muscle is not fully understood. Mdx muscle is deficient in taurine, however it is not known if this deficiency occurs in the extracellular space, in other cells present in the tissue (such as immune cells) or in the myofibre itself. Likewise, the tissue location of taurine enrichment in taurine treated mdx muscle is not known. In this study we applied X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES) at the sulfur K-edge in an imaging format to determine taurine distribution in muscle tissue. XANES is the only technique currently capable of imaging taurine directly in muscle tissue, at a spatial resolution approaching myocyte cell size (20-50 μm). Using a multi-modal approach of XANES imaging and histology on the same tissue sections, we show that in mdx muscle, it is the myofibres that are deficient in taurine, and taurine supplementation ameliorates this deficiency. Increasing the taurine content of mdx myofibres was associated with a decrease in myofibre damage (as shown by the percentage of intact myofibres) and inflammation. These data will help drive future studies to better elucidate the molecular mechanisms through which taurine protects dystrophic muscle; they also support the continued investigation of taurine as a therapeutic intervention for DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Terrill
- School of Molecular Sciences, the University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia AUS 6009, Australia
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9
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Hartnell D, Hollings A, Ranieri AM, Lamichhane HB, Becker T, Sylvain NJ, Hou H, Pushie MJ, Watkin E, Bambery KR, Tobin MJ, Kelly ME, Massi M, Vongsvivut J, Hackett MJ. Mapping sub-cellular protein aggregates and lipid inclusions using synchrotron ATR-FTIR microspectroscopy. Analyst 2021; 146:3516-3525. [PMID: 33881057 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00136a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Visualising direct biochemical markers of cell physiology and disease pathology at the sub-cellular level is an ongoing challenge in the biological sciences. A suite of microscopies exists to either visualise sub-cellular architecture or to indirectly view biochemical markers (e.g. histochemistry), but further technique developments and innovations are required to increase the range of biochemical parameters that can be imaged directly, in situ, within cells and tissue. Here, we report our continued advancements in the application of synchrotron radiation attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (SR-ATR-FTIR) microspectroscopy to study sub-cellular biochemistry. Our recent applications demonstrate the much needed capability to map or image directly sub-cellular protein aggregates within degenerating neurons as well as lipid inclusions within bacterial cells. We also characterise the effect of spectral acquisition parameters on speed of data collection and the associated trade-offs between a realistic experimental time frame and spectral/image quality. Specifically, the study highlights that the choice of 8 cm-1 spectral resolutions provide a suitable trade-off between spectral quality and collection time, enabling identification of important spectroscopic markers, while increasing image acquisition by ∼30% (relative to 4 cm-1 spectral resolution). Further, this study explores coupling a focal plane array detector with SR-ATR-FTIR, revealing a modest time improvement in image acquisition time (factor of 2.8). Such information continues to lay the foundation for these spectroscopic methods to be readily available for, and adopted by, the biological science community to facilitate new interdisciplinary endeavours to unravel complex biochemical questions and expand emerging areas of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hartnell
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, 6845, Western Australia. and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, Western Australia
| | - Ashley Hollings
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, 6845, Western Australia. and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, Western Australia
| | - Anna Maria Ranieri
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, 6845, Western Australia.
| | - Hum Bahadur Lamichhane
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, 6845, Western Australia.
| | - Thomas Becker
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, 6845, Western Australia.
| | - Nicole J Sylvain
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 5E5
| | - Huishu Hou
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 5E5
| | - M Jake Pushie
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 5E5
| | - Elizabeth Watkin
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6845
| | - Keith R Bambery
- ANSTO - Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Mark J Tobin
- ANSTO - Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Michael E Kelly
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 5E5
| | - Massimiliano Massi
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, 6845, Western Australia.
| | - Jitraporn Vongsvivut
- ANSTO - Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Mark J Hackett
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, 6845, Western Australia. and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, Western Australia
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10
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Rakib F, Al-Saad K, Ahmed T, Ullah E, Barreto GE, Md Ashraf G, Ali MHM. Biomolecular alterations in acute traumatic brain injury (TBI) using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) imaging spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 248:119189. [PMID: 33277210 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Acute injury is one of the substantial stage post-traumatic brain injury (TBI) occurring at the moment of impact. Decreased metabolism, unregulated cerebral blood flow and direct tissue damage are triggered by acute injury. Understating the biochemical alterations associated with acute TBI is critical for brain plasticity and recovery. The objective of this study was to investigate the biochemical and molecular changes in hippocampus, corpus callosum and thalamus brain regions post-acute TBI in rats. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) imaging spectroscopy were used to collect chemical images from control and 3 hrs post-TBI (Marmarou model was used for the TBI induction) rat brains and adjacent sections were treated by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining to correlate with the disruption in tissue morphology and injured brain biochemistry. Our results revealed that the total lipid and total protein content decreased significantly in the hippocampus, corpus callosum and thalamus after brain injury. Reduction in lipid acyl chains (-CH2) associated with an increase in methyl (-CH3) and unsaturated lipids olefin = CH concentrations is observed. Furthermore, there is a decrease in the lipid order (disorder), which leads to an increase in acyl chain fluidity in injured rats. The results suggest acute TBI damages brain tissues mechanically rather than chemical alterations. This will help in assessing successful therapeutic strategy in order to mitigate tissue damage in acute TBI period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazle Rakib
- Department of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Khalid Al-Saad
- Department of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Tariq Ahmed
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ehsan Ullah
- Qatar Computing Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - George E Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohamed H M Ali
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar.
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11
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Sylvain NJ, Salman MM, Pushie MJ, Hou H, Meher V, Herlo R, Peeling L, Kelly ME. The effects of trifluoperazine on brain edema, aquaporin-4 expression and metabolic markers during the acute phase of stroke using photothrombotic mouse model. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2021; 1863:183573. [PMID: 33561476 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the second leading cause of death and the third leading cause of disability globally. Edema is a hallmark of stroke resulting from dysregulation of water homeostasis in the central nervous system (CNS) and plays the major role in stroke-associated morbidity and mortality. The overlap between cellular and vasogenic edema makes treating this condition complicated, and to date, there is no pathogenically oriented drug treatment for edema. Water balance in the brain is tightly regulated, primarily by aquaporin 4 (AQP4) channels, which are mainly expressed in perivascular astrocytic end-feet. Targeting AQP4 could be a useful therapeutic approach for treating brain edema; however, there is no approved drug for stroke treatment that can directly block AQP4. In this study, we demonstrate that the FDA-approved drug trifluoperazine (TFP) effectively reduces cerebral edema during the early acute phase in post-stroke mice using a photothrombotic stroke model. This effect was combined with an inhibition of AQP4 expression at gene and protein levels. Importantly, TFP does not appear to induce any deleterious changes on brain electrolytes or metabolic markers, including total protein or lipid levels. Our results support a possible role for TFP in providing a beneficial extra-osmotic effect on brain energy metabolism, as indicated by the increase of glycogen levels. We propose that targeting AQP4-mediated brain edema using TFP is a viable therapeutic strategy during the early and acute phase of stroke that can be further investigated during later stages to help in developing novel CNS edema therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J Sylvain
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Mootaz M Salman
- Medical Sciences Division, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK.
| | - M Jake Pushie
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Huishu Hou
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Vedashree Meher
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Rasmus Herlo
- Neurotechnology Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Lissa Peeling
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Michael E Kelly
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
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12
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Hollings AL, Lam V, Takechi R, Mamo JCL, Reinhardt J, de Jonge MD, Kappen P, Hackett MJ. Revealing differences in the chemical form of zinc in brain tissue using K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy. Metallomics 2020; 12:2134-2144. [PMID: 33300524 DOI: 10.1039/d0mt00198h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is a prominent trace metal required for normal memory function. Memory loss and cognitive decline during natural ageing and neurodegenerative disease have been associated with altered brain-Zn homeostasis. Yet, the exact chemical pathways through which Zn influences memory function during health, natural ageing, or neurodegenerative disease remain unknown. The gap in the literature may in part be due to the difficulty to simultaneously image, and therefore, study the different chemical forms of Zn within the brain (or biological samples in general). To this extent, we have begun developing and optimising protocols that incorporate X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopic analysis of tissue at the Zn K-edge as an analytical tool to study Zn speciation in the brain. XANES is ideally suited for this task as all chemical forms of Zn are detected, the technique requires minimal sample preparation that may otherwise redistribute or alter the chemical form of Zn, and the Zn K-edge has known sensitivity to coordination geometry and ligand type. Herein, we report our initial results where we fit K-edge spectra collected from micro-dissected flash-frozen brain tissue, to a spectral library prepared from standard solutions, to demonstrate differences in the chemical form of Zn that exist between two brain regions, the hippocampus and cerebellum. Lastly, we have used an X-ray microprobe to demonstrate differences in Zn speciation within sub-regions of thin air-dried sections of the murine hippocampus; but, the corresponding results highlight that the chemical form of Zn is easily perturbed by sample preparation such as tissue sectioning or air-drying, which must be a critical consideration for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Hollings
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia.
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13
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Pushie M, Hollings A, Reinhardt J, Webb S, Lam V, Takechi R, Mamo J, Paterson P, Kelly M, George G, Pickering I, Hackett M. Sample preparation with sucrose cryoprotection dramatically alters Zn distribution in the rodent hippocampus, as revealed by elemental mapping. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY 2020; 35:2498-2508. [PMID: 33795908 PMCID: PMC8009441 DOI: 10.1039/d0ja00323a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal ions (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn) are essential for healthy brain function, but altered concentration, distribution, or chemical form of the metal ions has been implicated in numerous brain pathologies. Currently, it is not possible to image the cellular or sub-cellular distribution of metal ions in vivo and therefore, studying brain-metal homeostasis largely relies on ex vivo in situ elemental mapping. Sample preparation methods that accurately preserve the in vivo elemental distribution are essential if one wishes to translate the knowledge of elemental distributions measured ex vivo toward increased understanding of chemical and physiological pathways of brain disease. The choice of sample preparation is particularly important for metal ions that exist in a labile or mobile form, for which the in vivo distribution could be easily distorted by inappropriate sample preparation. One of the most widely studied brain structures, the hippocampus, contains a large pool of labile and mobile Zn. Herein, we describe how sucrose cryoprotection, the gold standard method of preparing tissues for immuno-histochemistry or immuno-fluorescence, which is also often used as a sample preparation method for elemental mapping studies, drastically alters hippocampal Zn distribution. Based on the results of this study, in combination with a comparison against the strong body of published literature that has used either rapid plunge freezing of brain tissue, or sucrose cryo-protection, we strongly urge investigators in the future to cease using sucrose cryoprotection as a method of sample preparation for elemental mapping, especially if Zn is an analyte of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.J. Pushie
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - A. Hollings
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, AUS
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, AUS
| | - J. Reinhardt
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, VIC, AUS 3168
| | - S.M. Webb
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California, USA 94025
| | - V. Lam
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, AUS
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, WA, Australia
| | - R Takechi
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, AUS
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, WA, Australia
| | - J.C. Mamo
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, AUS
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, WA, Australia
| | - P.G. Paterson
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - M.E. Kelly
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - G.N. George
- School Molecular and Environmental Sciences Group, Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 114 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - I.J. Pickering
- School Molecular and Environmental Sciences Group, Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 114 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - M.J. Hackett
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, AUS
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, AUS
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14
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Mahapatra A, Sarkar S, Biswas SC, Chattopadhyay K. Modulation of α-Synuclein Fibrillation by Ultrasmall and Biocompatible Gold Nanoclusters. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:3442-3454. [PMID: 33044818 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, the pathogenesis of which is closely linked to the misfolding and aggregation of the neuronal protein α-Synuclein (A-Syn). Numerous molecules that inhibit/modulate the pathogenic aggregation of A-Syn in an effort to tackle PD pathogenesis have been reported, but none so far have been successful in treating the disease at the clinic. One major reason for this is the poor blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability of most of the molecules being used. Therefore, using BBB-permeable (and biocompatible) nanomaterials as fibrillation modulators is gaining importance. In the present work, we show how nontoxic and ultrasmall gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) can systematically modulate the pathogenic fibrillation of A-Syn in vitro, based on the chemical nature of their capping agents, using two reported easily synthesizable AuNCs as models. In addition, we detect the BBB permeability in mice of one of these AuNCs solely by making use of its intrinsic fluorescence. Thus, our work exemplifies how AuNCs can be potential therapeutics against PD; while also acting as fluorescent probes for their own BBB permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Mahapatra
- Structural Biology and Bio-informatics Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata-700032, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Sukanya Sarkar
- Cell Biology and Physiology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata-700032, India
| | - Subhas Chandra Biswas
- Cell Biology and Physiology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata-700032, India
| | - Krishnananda Chattopadhyay
- Structural Biology and Bio-informatics Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata-700032, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
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15
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Sacharz J, Perez-Guaita D, Kansiz M, Nazeer SS, Wesełucha-Birczyńska A, Petratos S, Wood BR, Heraud P. Empirical study on the effects of acquisition parameters for FTIR hyperspectral imaging of brain tissue. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:4334-4342. [PMID: 32844833 DOI: 10.1039/c9ay01200a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic imaging is a powerful technique for molecular imaging of pathologies associated with the nervous systems including multiple sclerosis research. However, there is no standard methodology or standardized protocol for FTIR imaging of tissue sections that maximize the ability to discriminate between the molecular, white and granular layers, which is essential in the investigation of the mechanism of demyelination process. Tissue sections are heterogeneous, complex and delicate, hence the parameters to generate high quality images in minimal time becomes essential in the modern clinical laboratory. This article presents an FTIR spectroscopic imaging study of post-mortem human brain tissue testing the effects of various measurement parameters and data analysis methods on image quality and acquisition time. Hyperspectral images acquired from the same region of a tissue using a range of the most common optical and collection parameters in different combinations were compared. These included magnification (4× and 15×), number of co-added scans (1, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 and 128 scans) and spectral resolution (4, 8 and 16 cm-1). Images were compared in terms of acquisition time, signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio, and accuracy of the discrimination between three major tissue types in a section from the cerebellum (white matter, granular and molecular layers). In the latter case, unsupervised k-means cluster (KMC) analysis was employed to generate images from the hyperspectral images, which were compared to a reference image. The classification accuracy for tissue class discrimination was highest for the 4× magnifying objective, with 4 cm-1 spectral resolution and 128 co-added scans. The 15× magnifying objective gave the best accuracy for a spectral resolution of 4 cm-1 and 64 scans (96.3%), which was just above what was achieved using the 4× magnifying objective, with 4 cm-1 spectral resolution and 32 and 64 co-added scans (95.4 and 95.6%, respectively). These findings were correlated with a decrease in S/N ratio with increasing number of scans and was generally lower for the 15× objective. However, longer scan times were required using the 15× magnifying objective, which did not justify the very small improvement in the classification of tissue types.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sacharz
- Centre for Biospectroscopy and School of Chemistry, Monash University, 3800, Victoria, Australia. and Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - D Perez-Guaita
- Centre for Biospectroscopy and School of Chemistry, Monash University, 3800, Victoria, Australia. and FOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mustafa Kansiz
- Photothermal Spectroscopy Corp., 325 Chapala St, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA
| | - Shaiju S Nazeer
- Centre for Biospectroscopy and School of Chemistry, Monash University, 3800, Victoria, Australia.
| | | | - S Petratos
- Department of Neuroscience/Central Clinical School, Monash University, Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Rd, Prahran, 3004, Victoria, Australia
| | - B R Wood
- Centre for Biospectroscopy and School of Chemistry, Monash University, 3800, Victoria, Australia.
| | - P Heraud
- Centre for Biospectroscopy and School of Chemistry, Monash University, 3800, Victoria, Australia. and Department of Microbiology and the Biomedical Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, 3800, Victoria, Australia
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16
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Hackett MJ, Hollings A, Caine S, Bewer BE, Alaverdashvili M, Takechi R, Mamo JCL, Jones MWM, de Jonge MD, Paterson PG, Pickering IJ, George GN. Elemental characterisation of the pyramidal neuron layer within the rat and mouse hippocampus. Metallomics 2020; 11:151-165. [PMID: 30398510 DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00230d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A unique combination of sensitivity, resolution, and penetration make X-ray fluorescence imaging (XFI) ideally suited to investigate trace elemental distributions in the biological context. XFI has gained widespread use as an analytical technique in the biological sciences, and in particular enables exciting new avenues of research in the field of neuroscience. In this study, elemental mapping by XFI was applied to characterise the elemental content within neuronal cell layers of hippocampal sub-regions of mice and rats. Although classical histochemical methods for metal detection exist, such approaches are typically limited to qualitative analysis. Specifically, histochemical methods are not uniformly sensitive to all chemical forms of a metal, often displaying variable sensitivity to specific "pools" or chemical forms of a metal. In addition, histochemical methods require fixation and extensive chemical treatment of samples, creating the strong likelihood for metal redistribution, leaching, or contamination. Direct quantitative elemental mapping of total elemental pools, in situ within ex vivo tissue sections, without the need for chemical fixation or addition of staining reagents is not possible with traditional histochemical methods; however, such a capability, which is provided by XFI, can offer an enormous analytical advantage. The results we report herein demonstrate the analytical advantage of XFI elemental mapping for direct, label-free metal quantification, in situ within ex vivo brain tissue sections. Specifically, we definitively characterise for the first time, the abundance of Fe within the pyramidal cell layers of the hippocampus. Localisation of Fe to this cell layer is not reproducibly achieved with classical Perls histochemical Fe stains. The ability of XFI to directly quantify neuronal elemental (P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn) distributions, revealed unique profiles of Fe and Zn within anatomical sub-regions of the hippocampus i.e., cornu ammonis 1, 2 or 3 (CA1, CA2 or CA3) sub-regions. Interestingly, our study reveals a unique Fe gradient across neuron populations within the non-degenerating and pathology free rat hippocampus, which curiously mirrors the pattern of region-specific vulnerability of the hippocampus that has previously been established to occur in various neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Hackett
- Curtin Institute for Functional Molecules and Interfaces, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, GPOBox U1987, Bentley, WA 6845, Australia.
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17
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Hartnell D, Gillespie-Jones K, Ciornei C, Hollings A, Thomas A, Harrild E, Reinhardt J, Paterson DJ, Alwis D, Rajan R, Hackett MJ. Characterization of Ionic and Lipid Gradients within Corpus Callosum White Matter after Diffuse Traumatic Brain Injury in the Rat. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:248-257. [PMID: 31850738 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increased recognition of the effects of diffuse traumatic brain injury (dTBI), which can initiate yet unknown biochemical cascades, resulting in delayed secondary brain degeneration and long-term neurological sequela. There is limited availability of therapies that minimize the effect of secondary brain damage on the quality of life of people who have suffered TBI, many of which were otherwise healthy adults. Understanding the cascade of biochemical events initiated in specific brain regions in the acute phase of dTBI and how this spreads into adjacent brain structures may provide the necessary insight into drive development of improved therapies. In this study, we have used direct biochemical imaging techniques (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic imaging) and elemental mapping (X-ray fluorescence microscopy) to characterize biochemical and elemental alterations that occur in corpus callosum white matter in the acute phase of dTBI. The results provide direct visualization of differential biochemical and ionic changes that occur in the highly vulnerable medial corpus callosum white matter relative to the less vulnerable lateral regions of the corpus callosum. Specifically, the results suggest that altered ionic gradients manifest within mechanically damaged medial corpus callosum, potentially spreading to and inducing lipid alterations to white matter structures in lateral brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hartnell
- Curtin Institute for Functional Molecules and Interfaces, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 6845
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, AUS 6102
| | - Kate Gillespie-Jones
- Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia 3168
| | - Cristina Ciornei
- Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia 3168
| | - Ashley Hollings
- Curtin Institute for Functional Molecules and Interfaces, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 6845
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, AUS 6102
| | - Alexander Thomas
- Curtin Institute for Functional Molecules and Interfaces, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 6845
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, AUS 6102
| | - Elizabeth Harrild
- Curtin Institute for Functional Molecules and Interfaces, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 6845
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, AUS 6102
| | - Juliane Reinhardt
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria, Australia 3168
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, ARC Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3086
| | - David J. Paterson
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria, Australia 3168
| | - Dasuni Alwis
- Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia 3168
| | - Ramesh Rajan
- Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia 3168
| | - Mark J. Hackett
- Curtin Institute for Functional Molecules and Interfaces, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 6845
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, AUS 6102
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18
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Hartnell D, Andrews W, Smith N, Jiang H, McAllum E, Rajan R, Colbourne F, Fitzgerald M, Lam V, Takechi R, Pushie MJ, Kelly ME, Hackett MJ. A Review of ex vivo Elemental Mapping Methods to Directly Image Changes in the Homeostasis of Diffusible Ions (Na +, K +, Mg 2 +, Ca 2 +, Cl -) Within Brain Tissue. Front Neurosci 2020; 13:1415. [PMID: 32038130 PMCID: PMC6987141 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffusible ions (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-) are vital for healthy function of all cells, especially brain cells. Unfortunately, the diffusible nature of these ions renders them difficult to study with traditional microscopy in situ within ex vivo brain tissue sections. This mini-review examines the recent progress in the field, using direct elemental mapping techniques to study ion homeostasis during normal brain physiology and pathophysiology, through measurement of ion distribution and concentration in ex vivo brain tissue sections. The mini-review examines the advantages and limitations of specific techniques: proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE), X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), and the sample preparation requirements to study diffusible ions with these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hartnell
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Curtin Institute for Functional Molecules and Interfaces, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Wendy Andrews
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Curtin Institute for Functional Molecules and Interfaces, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Nicole Smith
- School of Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Haibo Jiang
- School of Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Erin McAllum
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ramesh Rajan
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Frederick Colbourne
- Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AL, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AL, Canada
| | - Melinda Fitzgerald
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Virginie Lam
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ryusuke Takechi
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - M. Jake Pushie
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Michael E. Kelly
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Mark J. Hackett
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Curtin Institute for Functional Molecules and Interfaces, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
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19
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Pushie MJ, Kelly ME, Hackett MJ. Direct label-free imaging of brain tissue using synchrotron light: a review of new spectroscopic tools for the modern neuroscientist. Analyst 2019; 143:3761-3774. [PMID: 29961790 DOI: 10.1039/c7an01904a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of brain disease and brain disorders is increasing on a global scale. Unfortunately, development of new therapeutic strategies has not increased at the same rate, and brain diseases and brain disorders now inflict substantial health and economic impacts. A greater understanding of the fundamental neurochemistry that underlies healthy brain function, and the chemical pathways that manifest in brain damage or malfunction, are required to enable and accelerate therapeutic development. A previous limitation to the study of brain function and malfunction has been the limited number of techniques that provide both a wealth of biochemical information, and spatially resolved information (i.e., there was a previous lack of techniques that provided direct biochemical or elemental imaging at the cellular level). In recent times, a suite of direct spectroscopic imaging techniques, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM), and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) have been adapted, optimized and integrated into the field of neuroscience, to fill the above mentioned capability-gap. Advancements at synchrotron light sources, such as improved light intensity/flux, increased detector sensitivities and new capabilities of imaging/optics, has pushed the above suite of techniques beyond "proof-of-concept" studies, to routine application to study complex research problems in the field of neuroscience (and other scientific disciplines). This review examines several of the major advancements that have occurred over the last several years, with respect to FTIR, XFM and XAS capabilities at synchrotron facilities, and how the increases in technical capabilities have being integrated and used in the field of neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Pushie
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
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20
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Biochemical detection of fatal hypothermia and hyperthermia in affected rat hypothalamus tissues by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20181633. [PMID: 30824563 PMCID: PMC6418404 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
It is difficult to determinate the cause of death from exposure to fatal hypothermia and hyperthermia in forensic casework. Here, we present a state-of-the-art study that employs Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to investigate the hypothalamus tissues of fatal hypothermic, fatal hyperthermic and normothermic rats to determine forensically significant biomarkers related to fatal hypothermia and hyperthermia. Our results revealed that the spectral variations in the lipid, protein, carbohydrate and nucleic acid components are highly different for hypothalamuses after exposure to fatal hypothermic, fatal hyperthermic and normothermic conditions. In comparison with the normothermia group, the fatal hypothermia and hyperthermia groups contained higher total lipid amounts but were lower in unsaturated lipids. Additionally, their cell membranes were found to have less motional freedom. Among these three groups, the fatal hyperthermia group contained the lowest total proteins and carbohydrates and the highest aggregated and dysfunctional proteins, while the fatal hypothermia group contained the highest level of nucleic acids. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that FTIR spectroscopy has the potential to become a reliable method for the biochemical characterization of fatal hypothermia and hyperthermia hypothalamus tissues, and this could be used as a postmortem diagnostic feature in fatal hypothermia and hyperthermia deaths.
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21
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Vongsvivut J, Pérez-Guaita D, Wood BR, Heraud P, Khambatta K, Hartnell D, Hackett MJ, Tobin MJ. Synchrotron macro ATR-FTIR microspectroscopy for high-resolution chemical mapping of single cells. Analyst 2019; 144:3226-3238. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an01543k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Coupling synchrotron IR beam to an ATR element enhances spatial resolution suited for high-resolution single cell analysis in biology, medicine and environmental science.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bayden R. Wood
- Centre for Biospectroscopy
- Monash University
- Clayton
- Australia
| | - Philip Heraud
- Centre for Biospectroscopy
- Monash University
- Clayton
- Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Biomedicine Discovery Institute
| | - Karina Khambatta
- Curtin Institute for Functional Molecules and Interfaces
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences
- Curtin University
- Perth
- Australia
| | - David Hartnell
- Curtin Institute for Functional Molecules and Interfaces
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences
- Curtin University
- Perth
- Australia
| | - Mark J. Hackett
- Curtin Institute for Functional Molecules and Interfaces
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences
- Curtin University
- Perth
- Australia
| | - Mark J. Tobin
- Infrared Microspectroscopy (IRM) Beamline
- Australian Synchrotron
- Clayton
- Australia
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22
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Fimognari N, Hollings A, Lam V, Tidy RJ, Kewish CM, Albrecht MA, Takechi R, Mamo JCL, Hackett MJ. Biospectroscopic Imaging Provides Evidence of Hippocampal Zn Deficiency and Decreased Lipid Unsaturation in an Accelerated Aging Mouse Model. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:2774-2785. [PMID: 29901988 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Western society is facing a health epidemic due to the increasing incidence of dementia in aging populations, and there are still few effective diagnostic methods, minimal treatment options, and no cure. Aging is the greatest risk factor for memory loss that occurs during the natural aging process, as well as being the greatest risk factor for neurodegenerative disease such as Alzheimer's disease. Greater understanding of the biochemical pathways that drive a healthy aging brain toward dementia (pathological aging or Alzheimer's disease), is required to accelerate the development of improved diagnostics and therapies. Unfortunately, many animal models of dementia model chronic amyloid precursor protein overexpression, which although highly relevant to mechanisms of amyloidosis and familial Alzheimer's disease, does not model well dementia during the natural aging process. A promising animal model reported to model mechanisms of accelerated natural aging and memory impairments, is the senescence accelerated murine prone strain 8 (SAMP8), which has been adopted by many research group to study the biochemical transitions that occur during brain aging. A limitation to traditional methods of biochemical characterization is that many important biochemical and elemental markers (lipid saturation, lactate, transition metals) cannot be imaged at meso- or microspatial resolution. Therefore, in this investigation, we report the first multimodal biospectroscopic characterization of the SAMP8 model, and have identified important biochemical and elemental alterations, and colocalizations, between 4 month old SAMP8 mice and the relevant control (SAMR1) mice. Specifically, we demonstrate direct evidence of Zn deficiency within specific subregions of the hippocampal CA3 sector, which colocalize with decreased lipid unsaturation. Our findings also revealed colocalization of decreased lipid unsaturation and increased lactate in the corpus callosum white matter, adjacent to the hippocampus. Such findings may have important implication for future research aimed at elucidating specific biochemical pathways for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Fimognari
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Ashley Hollings
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
- Curtin Institute for Functional Molecules and Interfaces, School of Molecular and Life Science, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Virginie Lam
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Rebecca J. Tidy
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
- Curtin Institute for Functional Molecules and Interfaces, School of Molecular and Life Science, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Cameron M. Kewish
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Matthew A. Albrecht
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Ryu Takechi
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - John C. L. Mamo
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Mark J. Hackett
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
- Curtin Institute for Functional Molecules and Interfaces, School of Molecular and Life Science, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6845, Australia
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23
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Crawford AM, Sylvain NJ, Hou H, Hackett MJ, Pushie MJ, Pickering IJ, George GN, Kelly ME. A comparison of parametric and integrative approaches for X-ray fluorescence analysis applied to a Stroke model. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2018; 25:1780-1789. [PMID: 30407190 PMCID: PMC6225743 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577518010895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence imaging enables visualization and quantification of microscopic distributions of elements. This versatile technique has matured to the point where it is used in a wide range of research fields. The method can be used to quantitate the levels of different elements in the image on a pixel-by-pixel basis. Two approaches to X-ray fluorescence image analysis are commonly used, namely, (i) integrative analysis, or window binning, which simply sums the numbers of all photons detected within a specific energy region of interest; and (ii) parametric analysis, or fitting, in which emission spectra are represented by the sum of parameters representing a series of peaks and other contributing factors. This paper presents a quantitative comparison between these two methods of image analysis using X-ray fluorescence imaging of mouse brain-tissue sections; it is shown that substantial errors can result when data from overlapping emission lines are binned rather than fitted. These differences are explored using two different digital signal processing data-acquisition systems with different count-rate and emission-line resolution characteristics. Irrespective of the digital signal processing electronics, there are substantial differences in quantitation between the two approaches. Binning analyses are thus shown to contain significant errors that not only distort the data but in some cases result in complete reversal of trends between different tissue regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Crawford
- Geology, University of Saskatchewan, 114 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Nicole J. Sylvain
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 103 Hospital Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W8, Canada
| | - Huishu Hou
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 103 Hospital Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W8, Canada
| | - Mark J. Hackett
- Curtin Institute for Functional Molecules and Interfaces, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bently, Western Australia 6102, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bently, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - M. Jake Pushie
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 103 Hospital Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W8, Canada
| | - Ingrid J. Pickering
- Geology, University of Saskatchewan, 114 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Graham N. George
- Geology, University of Saskatchewan, 114 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Michael E. Kelly
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 103 Hospital Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W8, Canada
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24
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Porcaro F, Roudeau S, Carmona A, Ortega R. Advances in element speciation analysis of biomedical samples using synchrotron-based techniques. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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25
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Pushie MJ, Crawford AM, Sylvain NJ, Hou H, Hackett MJ, George GN, Kelly ME. Revealing the Penumbra through Imaging Elemental Markers of Cellular Metabolism in an Ischemic Stroke Model. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:886-893. [PMID: 29370523 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke exacts a heavy financial and economic burden, is a leading cause of death, and is the leading cause of long-term disability in those who survive. The penumbra surrounds the ischemic core of the stroke lesion and is composed of cells that are stressed and vulnerable to death, which is due to an altered metabolic, oxidative, and ionic environment within the penumbra. Without therapeutic intervention, many cells within the penumbra will die and become part of the growing infarct, however, there is hope that appropriate therapies may allow potential recovery of cells within this tissue region, or at least slow the rate of cell death, therefore, slowing the spread of the ischemic infarct and minimizing the extent of tissue damage. As such, preserving the penumbra to promote functional brain recovery is a central goal in stroke research. While identification of the ischemic infarct, and the infarct/penumbra boundary is relatively trivial using classical histology and microscopy techniques, accurately assessing the penetration of the penumbra zone into undamaged brain tissue, and evaluating the magnitude of chemical alterations in the penumbra, has long been a major challenge to the stroke research field. In this study, we have used synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence imaging to visualize the elemental changes in undamaged, penumbra, and infarct brain tissue, following ischemic stroke. We have employed a Gaussian mixture model to cluster tissue areas based on their elemental characteristics. The method separates the core of the infarct from healthy tissue, and also demarcates discrete regions encircling the infarct. These regions of interest can be combined with elemental and metabolic data, as well as with conventional histology. The cell populations defined by clustering provide a reproducible means of visualizing the size and extent of the penumbra at the level of the single cell and provide a critically needed tool to track changes in elemental status and penumbra size.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Jake Pushie
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Andrew M. Crawford
- Geological Sciences, College of Arts & Science, University of Saskatchewan, 114 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Nicole J. Sylvain
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Huishu Hou
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Mark J. Hackett
- Curtin Institute for Functional Molecules and Interfaces, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science & Engineering, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Graham N. George
- Geological Sciences, College of Arts & Science, University of Saskatchewan, 114 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Michael E. Kelly
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
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26
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Balbekova A, Lohninger H, van Tilborg GAF, Dijkhuizen RM, Bonta M, Limbeck A, Lendl B, Al-Saad KA, Ali M, Celikic M, Ofner J. Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) Imaging of Cerebral Ischemia: Combined Analysis of Rat Brain Thin Cuts Toward Improved Tissue Classification. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 72:241-250. [PMID: 28905634 DOI: 10.1177/0003702817734618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Microspectroscopic techniques are widely used to complement histological studies. Due to recent developments in the field of chemical imaging, combined chemical analysis has become attractive. This technique facilitates a deepened analysis compared to single techniques or side-by-side analysis. In this study, rat brains harvested one week after induction of photothrombotic stroke were investigated. Adjacent thin cuts from rats' brains were imaged using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) microspectroscopy and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The LA-ICP-MS data were normalized using an internal standard (a thin gold layer). The acquired hyperspectral data cubes were fused and subjected to multivariate analysis. Brain regions affected by stroke as well as unaffected gray and white matter were identified and classified using a model based on either partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) or random decision forest (RDF) algorithms. The RDF algorithm demonstrated the best results for classification. Improved classification was observed in the case of fused data in comparison to individual data sets (either FT-IR or LA-ICP-MS). Variable importance analysis demonstrated that both molecular and elemental content contribute to the improved RDF classification. Univariate spectral analysis identified biochemical properties of the assigned tissue types. Classification of multisensor hyperspectral data sets using an RDF algorithm allows access to a novel and in-depth understanding of biochemical processes and solid chemical allocation of different brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Balbekova
- 1 Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hans Lohninger
- 1 Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Geralda A F van Tilborg
- 2 Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rick M Dijkhuizen
- 2 Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maximilian Bonta
- 1 Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Limbeck
- 1 Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Lendl
- 1 Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Khalid A Al-Saad
- 3 Department of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohamed Ali
- 4 Neurological Disorders Research Centre, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha, Qatar
| | - Minja Celikic
- 1 Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Ofner
- 1 Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
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27
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Ponomarenko O, La Porte PF, Singh SP, Langan G, Fleming DEB, Spallholz JE, Alauddin M, Ahsan H, Ahmed S, Gailer J, George GN, Pickering IJ. Selenium-mediated arsenic excretion in mammals: a synchrotron-based study of whole-body distribution and tissue-specific chemistry. Metallomics 2017; 9:1585-1595. [PMID: 29058732 DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00201g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Arsenicosis, a syndrome caused by ingestion of arsenic contaminated drinking water, currently affects millions of people in South-East Asia and elsewhere. Previous animal studies revealed that the toxicity of arsenite essentially can be abolished if selenium is co-administered as selenite. Although subsequent studies have provided some insight into the biomolecular basis of this striking antagonism, many details of the biochemical pathways that ultimately result in the detoxification and excretion of arsenic using selenium supplements have yet to be thoroughly studied. To this end and in conjunction with the recent Phase III clinical trial "Selenium in the Treatment of Arsenic Toxicity and Cancers", we have applied synchrotron X-ray techniques to elucidate the mechanisms of this arsenic-selenium antagonism at the tissue and organ levels using an animal model. X-ray fluorescence imaging (XFI) of cryo-dried whole-body sections of laboratory hamsters that had been injected with arsenite, selenite, or both chemical species, provided insight into the distribution of both metalloids 30 minutes after treatment. Co-treated animals showed strong co-localization of arsenic and selenium in the liver, gall bladder and small intestine. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) of freshly frozen organs of co-treated animals revealed the presence in liver tissues of the seleno bis-(S-glutathionyl) arsinium ion, which was rapidly excreted via bile into the intestinal tract. These results firmly support the previously postulated hepatobiliary excretion of the seleno bis-(S-glutathionyl) arsinium ion by providing the first data pertaining to organs of whole animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Ponomarenko
- Molecular and Environmental Science Research Group, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada.
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28
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Summers KL, Fimognari N, Hollings A, Kiernan M, Lam V, Tidy RJ, Paterson D, Tobin MJ, Takechi R, George GN, Pickering IJ, Mamo JC, Harris HH, Hackett MJ. A Multimodal Spectroscopic Imaging Method To Characterize the Metal and Macromolecular Content of Proteinaceous Aggregates (“Amyloid Plaques”). Biochemistry 2017; 56:4107-4116. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L. Summers
- Molecular
and Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 114 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Nicholas Fimognari
- School
of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
- Curtin
Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Ashley Hollings
- Curtin
Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
- Department
of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Bentley, Western Australia 6845, Australia
- Curtin Institute
of Functional Molecules and Interfaces, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Mitchell Kiernan
- Curtin
Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
- Department
of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Bentley, Western Australia 6845, Australia
- Curtin Institute
of Functional Molecules and Interfaces, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Virginie Lam
- Curtin
Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
- School of
Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Rebecca J. Tidy
- Curtin
Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
- Department
of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Bentley, Western Australia 6845, Australia
- Curtin Institute
of Functional Molecules and Interfaces, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - David Paterson
- Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Victoria 3068, Australia
| | - Mark J. Tobin
- Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Victoria 3068, Australia
| | - Ryu Takechi
- Curtin
Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
- School of
Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Graham N. George
- Molecular
and Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 114 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Ingrid J. Pickering
- Molecular
and Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 114 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - John C. Mamo
- Curtin
Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
- School of
Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Hugh H. Harris
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Mark J. Hackett
- Curtin
Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
- Department
of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Bentley, Western Australia 6845, Australia
- Curtin Institute
of Functional Molecules and Interfaces, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6845, Australia
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29
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Xiao Q, Maclennan A, Hu Y, Hackett M, Leinweber P, Sham TK. Medium-energy microprobe station at the SXRMB of the CLS. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2017; 24:333-337. [PMID: 28009575 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577516017604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Micro-XAFS and chemical imaging techniques have been widely applied for studies of heterogeneously distributed systems, mostly in hard X-ray (>5 keV) or in soft X-ray (<1.5 keV) energies. The microprobe endstation of the SXRMB (soft X-ray microcharacterization beamline) at the Canadian Light Source is optimized at the medium energy (1.7-5 keV), and it has been recently commissioned and is available for general users. The technical design and the performance (energy range, beam size and flux) of the SXRMB microprobe are presented. Examples in chemical imaging and micro-XAFS in the medium energy for important elements such as P, S and Ca for soil and biological samples are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunfeng Xiao
- Canadian Light Source, 44 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 2V3
| | - Aimee Maclennan
- Canadian Light Source, 44 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 2V3
| | - Yongfeng Hu
- Canadian Light Source, 44 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 2V3
| | - Mark Hackett
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5E2
| | - Peter Leinweber
- Soil Science, Faculty for Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 6, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Tsun Kong Sham
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ONT, Canada N6A 5B7
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30
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Wang Y, Zhou Z, Tan H, Zhu S, Wang Y, Sun Y, Li XM, Wang JF. Nitrosylation of Vesicular Transporters in Brain of Amyloid Precursor Protein/Presenilin 1 Double Transgenic Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 55:1683-1692. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-160700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Kleysen Institute for Advanced Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Zhu Zhou
- Kleysen Institute for Advanced Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Hua Tan
- Kleysen Institute for Advanced Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Shenghua Zhu
- Kleysen Institute for Advanced Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Yiran Wang
- Kleysen Institute for Advanced Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Yingxia Sun
- Kleysen Institute for Advanced Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Xin-Min Li
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Jun-Feng Wang
- Kleysen Institute for Advanced Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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31
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Hackett MJ, Sylvain NJ, Hou H, Caine S, Alaverdashvili M, Pushie MJ, Kelly ME. Concurrent Glycogen and Lactate Imaging with FTIR Spectroscopy To Spatially Localize Metabolic Parameters of the Glial Response Following Brain Ischemia. Anal Chem 2016; 88:10949-10956. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark J. Hackett
- Nanochemistry
Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Nicole J. Sylvain
- Department
of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Suite B419 Health
Sciences Building, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Huishu Hou
- Department
of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Suite B419 Health
Sciences Building, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Sally Caine
- College
of Pharmacy and Nutrition, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins
Road, Suite B221 Health Sciences Building, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Mariam Alaverdashvili
- College
of Pharmacy and Nutrition, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins
Road, Suite B221 Health Sciences Building, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Michael J. Pushie
- Department
of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Suite B419 Health
Sciences Building, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Michael E. Kelly
- Department
of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Suite B419 Health
Sciences Building, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
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32
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Hackett MJ, Paterson PG, Pickering IJ, George GN. Imaging Taurine in the Central Nervous System Using Chemically Specific X-ray Fluorescence Imaging at the Sulfur K-Edge. Anal Chem 2016; 88:10916-10924. [PMID: 27700065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A method to image taurine distributions within the central nervous system and other organs has long been sought. Since taurine is small and mobile, it cannot be chemically "tagged" and imaged using conventional immuno-histochemistry methods. Combining numerous indirect measurements, taurine is known to play critical roles in brain function during health and disease and is proposed to act as a neuro-osmolyte, neuro-modulator, and possibly a neuro-transmitter. Elucidation of taurine's neurochemical roles and importance would be substantially enhanced by a direct method to visualize alterations, due to physiological and pathological events in the brain, in the local concentration of taurine at or near cellular spatial resolution in vivo or in situ in tissue sections. We thus have developed chemically specific X-ray fluorescence imaging (XFI) at the sulfur K-edge to image the sulfonate group in taurine in situ in ex vivo tissue sections. To our knowledge, this represents the first undistorted imaging of taurine distribution in brain at 20 μm resolution. We report quantitative technique validation by imaging taurine in the cerebellum and hippocampus regions of the rat brain. Further, we apply the technique to image taurine loss from the vulnerable CA1 (cornus ammonis 1) sector of the rat hippocampus following global brain ischemia. The location-specific loss of taurine from CA1 but not CA3 neurons following ischemia reveals osmotic stress may be a key factor in delayed neurodegeneration after a cerebral ischemic insult and highlights the significant potential of chemically specific XFI to study the role of taurine in brain disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Hackett
- Molecular and Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan , 114 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, Curtin University , GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Phyllis G Paterson
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan , 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Ingrid J Pickering
- Molecular and Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan , 114 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan , 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Graham N George
- Molecular and Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan , 114 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan , 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
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Caine S, Hackett MJ, Hou H, Kumar S, Maley J, Ivanishvili Z, Suen B, Szmigielski A, Jiang Z, Sylvain NJ, Nichol H, Kelly ME. A novel multi-modal platform to image molecular and elemental alterations in ischemic stroke. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 91:132-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Lins BR, Pushie JM, Jones M, Howard DL, Howland JG, Hackett MJ. Mapping Alterations to the Endogenous Elemental Distribution within the Lateral Ventricles and Choroid Plexus in Brain Disorders Using X-Ray Fluorescence Imaging. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158152. [PMID: 27351594 PMCID: PMC4924862 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The choroid plexus and cerebral ventricles are critical structures for the production of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and play an important role in regulating ion and metal transport in the brain, however many aspects of its roles in normal physiology and disease states, such as psychiatric illness, remain unknown. The choroid plexus is difficult to examine in vivo, and in situ ex vivo, and as such has typically been examined indirectly with radiolabeled tracers or ex vivo stains, making measurements of the endogenous K+, Cl-, and Ca+ distributions unreliable. In the present study, we directly examined the distribution of endogenous ions and biologically relevant transition metals in the choroid plexus and regions surrounding the ventricles (ventricle wall, cortex, corpus callosum, striatum) using X-ray fluorescence imaging (XFI). We find that the choroid plexus was rich in Cl- and Fe while K+ levels increase further from the ventricle as Cl- levels decrease, consistent with the known role of ion transporters in the choroid plexus CSF production. A polyI:C offspring displayed enlarged ventricles, elevated Cl- surrounding the ventricles, and intraventricular calcifications. These observations fit with clinical findings in patients with schizophrenia and suggest maternal treatment with polyI:C may lead to dysfunctional ion regulation in offspring. This study demonstrates the power of XFI for examining the endogenous elemental distributions of the ventricular system in healthy brain tissue as well as disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney R. Lins
- Department of Physiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jake M. Pushie
- College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Michael Jones
- Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - John G. Howland
- Department of Physiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Mark J. Hackett
- Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
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Foley TD, Katchur KM, Gillespie PF. Disulfide Stress Targets Modulators of Excitotoxicity in Otherwise Healthy Brains. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:2763-2770. [PMID: 27350580 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1991-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a long-hypothesized cause of diverse neurological and psychiatric disorders but the pathways by which physiological redox perturbations may detour healthy brain development and aging are unknown. We reported recently (Foley et al., Neurochem Res 39:2030-2039, 2014) that two-electron oxidations, to disulfides, of protein vicinal thiols can vary markedly in association with more modest oxidations of the glutathione redox couple in brains from healthy adolescent rats whereas levels of protein S-glutathionylation were low and unchanged. Here, we demonstrate that the selective oxidations of protein vicinal thiols, occurring only in the more oxidized brains under study, were linked specifically to a peroxide stress as evidenced by increased oxidations, to disulfides, of the presumed catalytic vicinal thiols of peroxiredoxins 1 and 2. Moreover, we identify the catalytic subunit(s) of Na+, K+-ATPase, tubulins, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and protein phosphatase 1, all of which can modulate glutamate neurotransmission and the vulnerability of neurons to excitotoxicity, as non-peroxidase proteins exhibiting prominent oxidations of vicinal thiols. The two-electron pathway, demonstrated here, linking physiological redox perturbations in otherwise healthy brains to protein determinants of excitotoxicity, suggests an alternative to free radical pathways by which oxidative stress may impact brain development and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Foley
- Biochemistry Program, Department of Chemistry, University of Scranton, 800 Linden St., Scranton, PA, 18510, USA.
| | - Kristen M Katchur
- Biochemistry Program, Department of Chemistry, University of Scranton, 800 Linden St., Scranton, PA, 18510, USA
| | - Paul F Gillespie
- Biochemistry Program, Department of Chemistry, University of Scranton, 800 Linden St., Scranton, PA, 18510, USA
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Hackett MJ, Smith SE, Caine S, Nichol H, George GN, Pickering IJ, Paterson PG. Novel bio-spectroscopic imaging reveals disturbed protein homeostasis and thiol redox with protein aggregation prior to hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neuron death induced by global brain ischemia in the rat. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:806-18. [PMID: 26454085 PMCID: PMC5509437 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Global brain ischemia resulting from cardiac arrest and cardiac surgery can lead to permanent brain damage and mental impairment. A clinical hallmark of global brain ischemia is delayed neurodegeneration, particularly within the CA1 subsector of the hippocampus. Unfortunately, the biochemical mechanisms have not been fully elucidated, hindering optimization of current therapies (i.e., therapeutic hypothermia) or development of new therapies. A major limitation to elucidating the mechanisms that contribute to neurodegeneration and understanding how these are influenced by potential therapies is the inability to relate biochemical markers to alterations in the morphology of individual neurons. Although immunocytochemistry allows imaging of numerous biochemical markers at the sub-cellular level, it is not a direct chemical imaging technique and requires successful "tagging" of the desired analyte. Consequently, important biochemical parameters, particularly those that manifest from oxidative damage to biological molecules, such as aggregated protein levels, have been notoriously difficult to image at the cellular or sub-cellular level. It has been hypothesized that reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during ischemia and reperfusion facilitate protein aggregation, impairing neuronal protein homeostasis (i.e., decreasing protein synthesis) that in turn promotes neurodegeneration. Despite indirect evidence for this theory, direct measurements of morphology and ROS induced biochemical damage, such as increased protein aggregates and decreased protein synthesis, within the same neuron is lacking, due to the unavailability of a suitable imaging method. Our experimental approach has incorporated routine histology with novel wide-field synchrotron radiation Fourier transform infrared imaging (FTIRI) of the same neurons, ex vivo within brain tissue sections. The results demonstrate for the first time that increased protein aggregation and decreased levels of total protein occur in the same CA1 pyramidal neurons 1 day after global ischemia. Further, analysis of serial tissue sections using X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the sulfur K-edge has revealed that CA1 pyramidal neurons have increased disulfide levels, a direct indicator of oxidative stress, at this time point. These changes at 1 day after ischemia precede a massive increase in aggregated protein and disulfide levels concomitant with loss of neuron integrity 2 days after ischemia. Therefore, this study has provided direct support for a correlative mechanistic link in both spatial and temporal domains between oxidative stress, protein aggregation and altered protein homeostasis prior to irreparable neuron damage following global ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Hackett
- Molecular and Environmental Sciences Group, Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 114 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Shari E Smith
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Sally Caine
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Helen Nichol
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Graham N George
- Molecular and Environmental Sciences Group, Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 114 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Ingrid J Pickering
- Molecular and Environmental Sciences Group, Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 114 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Phyllis G Paterson
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada.
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