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Sitaru S, Budke A, Bertini R, Sperandio M. Therapeutic inhibition of CXCR1/2: where do we stand? Intern Emerg Med 2023; 18:1647-1664. [PMID: 37249756 PMCID: PMC10227827 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-023-03309-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Mounting experimental evidence from in vitro and in vivo animal studies points to an essential role of the CXCL8-CXCR1/2 axis in neutrophils in the pathophysiology of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. In addition, the pathogenetic involvement of neutrophils and the CXCL8-CXCR1/2 axis in cancer progression and metastasis is increasingly recognized. Consequently, therapeutic targeting of CXCR1/2 or CXCL8 has been intensively investigated in recent years using a wide array of in vitro and animal disease models. While a significant benefit for patients with unwanted neutrophil-mediated inflammatory conditions may be expected from a potential clinical use of inhibitors, their use in severe infections or sepsis might be problematic and should be carefully and thoroughly evaluated in animal models and clinical trials. Translating the approaches using inhibitors of the CXCL8-CXCR1/2 axis to cancer therapy is definitively a new and promising research avenue, which parallels the ongoing efforts to clearly define the involvement of neutrophils and the CXCL8-CXCR1/2 axis in neoplastic diseases. Our narrative review summarizes the current literature on the activation and inhibition of these receptors in neutrophils, key inhibitor classes for CXCR2 and the therapeutic relevance of CXCR2 inhibition focusing here on gastrointestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Sitaru
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Großhaderner Str. 9, Planegg-Martinsried, 82152, Munich, Germany
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Agnes Budke
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Großhaderner Str. 9, Planegg-Martinsried, 82152, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Markus Sperandio
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Großhaderner Str. 9, Planegg-Martinsried, 82152, Munich, Germany.
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2
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Rees PA, Greaves NS, Baguneid M, Bayat A. Chemokines in Wound Healing and as Potential Therapeutic Targets for Reducing Cutaneous Scarring. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2015; 4:687-703. [PMID: 26543682 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2014.0568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Significance: Cutaneous scarring is an almost inevitable end point of adult human wound healing. It is associated with significant morbidity, both physical and psychological. Pathological scarring, including hypertrophic and keloid scars, can be particularly debilitating. Manipulation of the chemokine system may lead to effective therapies for problematic lesions. Recent Advances: Rapid advancement in the understanding of chemokines and their receptors has led to exciting developments in the world of therapeutics. Modulation of their function has led to clinically effective treatments for conditions as diverse as human immunodeficiency virus and inflammatory bowel disease. Potential methods of targeting chemokines include monoclonal antibodies, small-molecule antagonists, interference with glycosaminoglycan binding and the use of synthetic truncated chemokines. Early work has shown promising results on scar development and appearance when the chemokine system is manipulated. Critical Issues: Chemokines are implicated in all stages of wound healing leading to the development of a cutaneous scar. An understanding of entirely regenerative wound healing in the developing fetus and how the expression of chemokines and their receptors change during the transition to the adult phenotype is central to addressing pathological scarring in adults. Future Directions: As our understanding of chemokine/receptor interactions and scar formation evolves it has become apparent that effective therapies will need to mirror the complexities in these diverse biological processes. It is likely that sophisticated treatments that sequentially influence multiple ligand/receptor interactions throughout all stages of wound healing will be required to deliver viable treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Adam Rees
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Research, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB), The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Stuart Greaves
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Research, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB), The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mohamed Baguneid
- University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ardeshir Bayat
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Research, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB), The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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3
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Boppana NB, Devarajan A, Gopal K, Barathan M, Bakar SA, Shankar EM, Ebrahim AS, Farooq SM. Blockade of CXCR2 signalling: A potential therapeutic target for preventing neutrophil-mediated inflammatory diseases. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:509-18. [DOI: 10.1177/1535370213520110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) play a key role in host innate immune responses by migrating to the sites of inflammation. Furthermore, PMN recruitment also plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of a plethora of inflammatory disorders such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), gram negative sepsis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), lung injury, and arthritis. Of note, chemokine-dependent signalling is implicated in the amplification of immune responses by virtue of its role in PMN chemotaxis in most of the inflammatory diseases. It has been clinically established that impediment of PMN recruitment ameliorates disease severity and provides relief in majority of other immune-associated disorders. This review focuses on different novel approaches clinically proven to be effective in blocking chemokine signalling associated with PMN recruitment that includes CXCR2 antagonists, chemokine analogs, anti-CXCR2 monoclonal antibodies, and CXCR2 knock-out models. It also highlights the significance of the utility of nanoparticles in drugs used for blocking migration of PMN to the sites of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithin B Boppana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Asokan Devarajan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Westwood, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kaliappan Gopal
- Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, National Orthopedics Center for Excellence in Research and Learning (NOCERAL), University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Muttiah Barathan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Sazaly A Bakar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Esaki M Shankar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Abdul S Ebrahim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Shukkur M Farooq
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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4
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Tschammer N, Kokornaczyk AK, Strunz AK, Wünsch B. Selective and Dual Targeting of CCR2 and CCR5 Receptors: A Current Overview. CHEMOKINES 2014; 14. [PMCID: PMC7123309 DOI: 10.1007/7355_2014_40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) and chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) are important mediators of leukocyte trafficking in inflammatory processes. The emerging evidence for a role of CCR2 and CCR5 receptors in human inflammatory diseases led to a growing interest in CCR2- and CCR5-selective antagonists. In this review, we focus on the recent development of selective CCR2/CCR5 receptor ligands and dual antagonists. Several compounds targeting CCR2, e.g., INCB8761 and MK0812, were developed as promising candidates for clinical trials, but failed to show clinical efficacy as presumed from preclinical models. The role of CCR5 receptors as the second co-receptor for the HIV-host cell fusion led to the development of various CCR5-selective ligands. Maraviroc is the first CCR5-targeting drug for the treatment of HIV-1 infections on the market. The role of CCR5 receptors in the progression of inflammatory processes fueled the use of CCR5 antagonists for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Unfortunately, the use of maraviroc for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis failed due to its inefficacy. Some of the ligands, e.g., TAK-779 and TAK-652, were also found to be dual antagonists of CCR2 and CCR5 receptors. The fact that CCR2 and CCR5 receptor antagonists contribute to the treatment of inflammatory diseases renders the development of dual antagonists as promising novel therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuska Tschammer
- Dept. of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
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5
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Small-molecule antagonists of CXC chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) have attracted a considerable amount of attention due to the key central role that this receptor plays in inflammatory conditions. Recently, several CXCR2 receptor antagonists have demonstrated promising proof of activity in early pulmonary clinical trials, which has stimulated additional efforts to identify new CXCR2 receptor antagonists. AREAS COVERED During the period 2009 - 2013, there were numerous patent publications from various companies claiming the discovery of novel CXCR2 receptor antagonists. Herein, an interpretation of these new patent publications combined with emerging disclosures from the peer-reviewed literature during this time frame is given. This review highlights the preferred or representative compounds from the patent applications along with relevant biological characterization. EXPERT OPINION Many of the new CXCR2 receptor antagonists described in this review represent closely related analogs to previously disclosed clinical candidates. With the recent discontinuation of several CXCR2 receptor antagonists in the clinic, additional clinical trial information for CXCR2 receptor antagonists, both past and present, will determine the long-term therapeutic potential of these compounds for the treatment of a variety of inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Dwyer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories , 126 E. Lincoln Ave, RY800-D101, Rahway, NJ 07065-0900 , USA +1 732 594 1733 ; +1 732 594 9490 ;
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6
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Karlström S, Nordvall G, Sohn D, Hettman A, Turek D, Åhlin K, Kers A, Claesson M, Slivo C, Lo-Alfredsson Y, Petersson C, Bessidskaia G, Svensson PH, Rein T, Jerning E, Malmberg Å, Ahlgen C, Ray C, Vares L, Ivanov V, Johansson R. Substituted 7-amino-5-thio-thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidines as potent and selective antagonists of the fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1). J Med Chem 2013; 56:3177-90. [PMID: 23516963 DOI: 10.1021/jm3012273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have developed two parallel series, A and B, of CX3CR1 antagonists for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. By modifying the substituents on the 7-amino-5-thio-thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine core structure, we were able to achieve compounds with high selectivity for CX3CR1 over the closely related CXCR2 receptor. The structure-activity relationships showed that a leucinol moiety attached to the core-structure in the 7-position together with α-methyl branched benzyl derivatives in the 5-position displayed promising affinity, and selectivity as well as physicochemical properties, as exemplified by compounds 18a and 24h. We show the preparation of the first potent and selective orally available CX3CR1 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Karlström
- CNSP iMed Science Södertälje, AstraZeneca Research and Development, Innovative Medicines, SE-15185 Södertälje, Sweden.
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7
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Carter PH, Hynes J. N-aryl pyrazoles, indazoles and azaindazoles as antagonists of CC chemokine receptor 1: patent cooperation treaty applications WO2010/036632, WO2009/134666 and WO2009/137338. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2010; 20:1609-18. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2010.518144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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8
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Carter PH. Spiroindenes and spiroindanes as antagonists of CC chemokine receptor 2: WO 2009023754. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2010; 20:283-9. [DOI: 10.1517/13543770903490437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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9
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10
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Xia M, Hou C, DeMong D, Pollack S, Pan M, Singer M, Matheis M, Murray W, Cavender D, Wachter M. Synthesis and structure–activity relationship of 7-azaindole piperidine derivatives as CCR2 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:6468-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2008] [Revised: 10/11/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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11
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1,3,3,4-tetrasubstituted pyrrolidine CCR5 receptor antagonists. Discovery of a potent and orally bioavailable anti-HIV agent. ChemMedChem 2008; 2:187-93. [PMID: 17163560 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A series of 1,3,3,4-tetrasubstituted pyrrolidine containing CCR5 receptor antagonists were designed, which were elaborated either by condensation of a lithium salt of 3-(N,N-dibenzyl)aminopropionic acid methyl ester with ethyl benzoformate or by Baylis-Hillman reaction of ethyl acrylate with ethyl benzoformate and subsequent 1,4-addition of benzylamine, in the key steps. These compounds bearing 4-(N,N-disubstituted)amino piperidine units showed low nanomolar potency against the CCR5 receptor, whereas molecules with a 4-phenylpiperidine moiety displayed poor activity. Asymmetric synthesis of the most potent compound 23 a gave rise to the (3R,4S)-enantiomer 30 and the (3S,4R)-enantiomer 31, which showed IC(50) values of 2.9 and 385.9 nM, respectively. These results indicated that (3R,4S)-configuration in the series of compounds is favored for their interaction with the CCR5 receptor. The possible binding mode of these antagonists with the CCR5 receptor was discussed using a computer-modeling method. Compound 30 displayed excellent replication inhibition of seven genetically diverse R5 HIV-1 strains in the PBMC model, in a concentration-dependent manner with EC(50) values ranging from 0.3 nM to 30 nM. This molecule showed oral bioavailabilities of 41.2 % and 21.6 % in rats and dogs, respectively. Thus, compound 30 is a promising candidate for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.
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12
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Substituted dipiperidine alcohols as potent CCR2 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:3562-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Revised: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 05/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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Abstract
The chemokine system coordinates leukocyte migration in immunity and inflammation and is implicated in the pathogenesis of many human diseases. Although several successful strategies have been identified to develop drugs targeting chemokines and their receptors, this has not yet resulted in many new therapeutics. This is likely due to a complexity of the chemokine system, which was not initially appreciated, that is characterized by redundancy, pleiotropy, and differences among species. Nevertheless, our understanding of chemokine biology is continuing to grow and several promising drugs are currently being tested in late-stage clinical trials. In this review, we examine the role of chemokines in health and diseases and discuss strategies to target the chemokine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Viola
- Istituto Clinico Humanitas IRCCS, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
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14
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Lai G, Merritt JR, He Z, Feng D, Chao J, Czarniecki MF, Rokosz LL, Stauffer TM, Rindgen D, Taveras AG. Synthesis and structure–activity relationships of new disubstituted phenyl-containing 3,4-diamino-3-cyclobutene-1,2-diones as CXCR2 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:1864-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2007] [Revised: 02/06/2008] [Accepted: 02/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Shamovsky I, Connolly S, David L, Ivanova S, Nordén B, Springthorpe B, Urbahns K. Overcoming Undesirable hERG Potency of Chemokine Receptor Antagonists Using Baseline Lipophilicity Relationships. J Med Chem 2008; 51:1162-78. [DOI: 10.1021/jm070543k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Shamovsky
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, AstraZeneca R&D Lund, S-22187 Lund, Sweden, and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 5RH, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Connolly
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, AstraZeneca R&D Lund, S-22187 Lund, Sweden, and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 5RH, United Kingdom
| | - Laurent David
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, AstraZeneca R&D Lund, S-22187 Lund, Sweden, and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 5RH, United Kingdom
| | - Svetlana Ivanova
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, AstraZeneca R&D Lund, S-22187 Lund, Sweden, and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 5RH, United Kingdom
| | - Bo Nordén
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, AstraZeneca R&D Lund, S-22187 Lund, Sweden, and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 5RH, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Springthorpe
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, AstraZeneca R&D Lund, S-22187 Lund, Sweden, and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 5RH, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Urbahns
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, AstraZeneca R&D Lund, S-22187 Lund, Sweden, and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 5RH, United Kingdom
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16
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Thoma G, Beerli C, Bigaud M, Bruns C, Cooke NG, Streiff MB, Zerwes HG. Reduced cardiac side-effect potential by introduction of polar groups: discovery of NIBR-1282, an orally bioavailable CCR5 antagonist which is active in vivo. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:2000-5. [PMID: 18267361 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.01.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Revised: 01/26/2008] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Introduction of polar groups in a series of potent CCR5 antagonists which are very likely to adversely affect the conduction system in the heart led to the identification of NIBR-1282 which did not show adverse effects when tested in an isolated rabbit heart ex vivo model. Administration of NIBR-1282 in combination with a non-efficacious dose of CsA led to significant prolongation of kidney allograft survival in cynomolgus monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gebhard Thoma
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Forum 1, Novartis Campus, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
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17
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Synthesis and structure–activity relationships of heteroaryl substituted-3,4-diamino-3-cyclobut-3-ene-1,2-dione CXCR2/CXCR1 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:1318-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Revised: 01/07/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Blakeney JS, Reid RC, Le GT, Fairlie DP. Nonpeptidic Ligands for Peptide-Activated G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Chem Rev 2007; 107:2960-3041. [PMID: 17622179 DOI: 10.1021/cr050984g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jade S Blakeney
- Centre for Drug Design and Development, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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19
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Vischer HF, Vink C, Smit MJ. A viral conspiracy: hijacking the chemokine system through virally encoded pirated chemokine receptors. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2007; 303:121-54. [PMID: 16570859 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-33397-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Several herpesviruses and poxviruses contain genes encoding for G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) proteins that are expressed on the surface of infected host cells and/or the viral envelope. Most of these membrane-associated proteins display highest homology to the subfamily of chemokine receptors known to play a key role in the immune system. Virally encoded chemokine receptors have been modified through evolutionary selection both in chemokine binding profile and signaling capacity, ultimately resulting in immune evasion and cellular reprogramming in favor of viral survival and replication. Insight in the role of virally encoded GPCRs during the viral lifecycle may reveal their potential as future drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Vischer
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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21
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Lagu B, Gerchak C, Pan M, Hou C, Singer M, Malaviya R, Matheis M, Olini G, Cavender D, Wachter M. Potent and selective CC-chemokine receptor-2 (CCR2) antagonists as a potential treatment for asthma. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:4382-6. [PMID: 17587570 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.01.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2006] [Revised: 01/24/2007] [Accepted: 01/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A number of compounds bearing a quaternary ammonium moiety were found to be antagonists with nanomolar binding affinity for the chemokine receptor-2. The structure-activity relationships in the series are described herein along with some detailed characterization of the interesting compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Lagu
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Cranbury, NJ 08512, USA.
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22
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Dhawan L, Liu B, Blaxall BC, Taubman MB. A novel role for the glucocorticoid receptor in the regulation of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 mRNA stability. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:10146-52. [PMID: 17276989 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m605925200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) plays an important role in attracting monocytes to sites of inflammation and is the dominant mediator of macrophage accumulation in atherosclerotic plaques. We have previously shown that glucocorticoids inhibit the secretion of MCP-1 in arterial smooth muscle cells (SMC) by markedly decreasing MCP-1 mRNA stability. We now report that the destabilization of MCP-1 mRNA is mediated by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). The GR antagonist, RU486, blocked the effect of the glucocorticoid dexamethasone (Dex) on MCP-1 mRNA stability in SMC culture. Using a previously reported in vitro mRNA gel shift and stability assay, antibodies to the GR blocked the ability of cytoplasmic extracts from Dex-treated SMC to decay MCP-1 mRNA. Recombinant human GR (rhGR) bound in a concentration-dependent manner to in vitro transcribed MCP-1 mRNA, whereas other members of the steroid hormone receptor family did not. Binding of GR to MCP-1 mRNA was specific as it was not found to bind other mRNAs. Immunoprecipitation of GR in extracts from Dex-treated SMC followed by real-time reverse transcription-PCR demonstrated that endogenous GR was bound specifically to MCP-1 mRNA. The addition of exogenous rhGR blocked the ability of extracts from Dex-treated SMC to degrade MCP-1 mRNA, suggesting that exogenous rhGR can compete with an endogenous GR-containing degradative complex. These data suggest a novel role for the GR in binding to and facilitating mRNA degradation. These results provide novel insights into GR function and may provide a new approach to attenuate the inflammatory response mediated by MCP-1.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Cell-Free System/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CCL2/genetics
- Chemokine CCL2/metabolism
- Dexamethasone/pharmacology
- Hormone Antagonists/pharmacology
- Humans
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/pathology
- Male
- Mifepristone/pharmacology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- RNA Stability/drug effects
- RNA Stability/genetics
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/agonists
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/genetics
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Latika Dhawan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14620, USA
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23
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Lu SF, Chen B, Davey D, Dunning L, Jaroch S, May K, Onuffer J, Phillips G, Subramanyam B, Tseng JL, Wei RG, Wei M, Ye B. CCR5 receptor antagonists: discovery and SAR of novel 4-hydroxypiperidine derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:1883-7. [PMID: 17314043 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Revised: 01/10/2007] [Accepted: 01/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The guanylhydrazone of 2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-5-bromobenzaldehyde, 1, with an IC(50) of 840 nM against the CCR5 receptor was identified using high-throughput screening. Optimization efforts led to the discovery of a novel piperidine series of CCR5 antagonists. In particular, the 4-hydroxypiperidine derivative, 6k, had improved potency against CCR5, and was a starting point for further optimization. SAR elaboration using parallel synthesis led to the identification of 10h, a potent CCR5 antagonist with an IC(50) of 11 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Fu Lu
- Berlex Biosciences, 2600 Hilltop Drive, PO Box 4099, Richmond, CA 94804-0099, USA.
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24
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Vischer HF, Hulshof JW, de Esch IJP, Smit MJ, Leurs R. Virus-encoded G-protein-coupled receptors: constitutively active (dys)regulators of cell function and their potential as drug target. ERNST SCHERING FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS 2007:187-209. [PMID: 17703583 DOI: 10.1007/2789_2006_009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors encoded by herpesviruses such as EBV, HCMV and KSHV are very interesting illustrations of the (patho)physiological importance of constitutive GPCR activity. These viral proteins are expressed on the cell surface of infected cells and often constitutively activate a variety of G-proteins. For some virus-encoded GPCRs, the constitutive activity has been shown to occur in vivo, i.e., in infected cells. In this paper, we will review the occurrence of virus-encoded GPCRs and describe their known signaling properties. Moreover, we will also review the efforts, directed towards the discovery of small molecule antagonist, that so far have been mainly focused on the HCMV-encoded GPCR US28. This virus-encoded receptor might be involved in cardiovascular diseases and cancer and seems an interesting target for drug intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Vischer
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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25
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Chapter 14 Advances in the Discovery of CC Chemokine Receptor 2 Antagonists. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(07)42014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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26
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Yang L, Zhou C, Guo L, Morriello G, Butora G, Pasternak A, Parsons WH, Mills SG, MacCoss M, Vicario PP, Zweerink H, Ayala JM, Goyal S, Hanlon WA, Cascieri MA, Springer MS. Discovery of 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl l-arylglycinamide based potent CCR2 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:3735-9. [PMID: 16698264 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2006] [Revised: 04/19/2006] [Accepted: 04/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Systematic modification of a screening lead yielded a class of potent glycinamide based CCR2 antagonists. The best compound (55, (2S)-N-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-2-{[2-(1-piperidinyl)ethyl]amino}-2-(3-thienyl)acetamide) displayed good binding affinity (IC50=30 and 39 nM) toward human monocytes and CHO cell expressing human CCR2b, respectively. Functionally, it blocked MCP-1 (CCL2)-induced calcium mobilization (IC50=50 nM) and chemotaxis mediated through the CCR2 receptor (9.6 nM). It is selective against other chemokine receptors tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihu Yang
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065-0900, USA.
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27
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Belen’kii L, Gramenitskaya V, Evdokimenkova Y. The Literature of Heterocyclic Chemistry, Part IX, 2002–2004. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2725(06)92004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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28
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Brodmerkel CM, Huber R, Covington M, Diamond S, Hall L, Collins R, Leffet L, Gallagher K, Feldman P, Collier P, Stow M, Gu X, Baribaud F, Shin N, Thomas B, Burn T, Hollis G, Yeleswaram S, Solomon K, Friedman S, Wang A, Xue CB, Newton RC, Scherle P, Vaddi K. Discovery and Pharmacological Characterization of a Novel Rodent-Active CCR2 Antagonist, INCB3344. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:5370-8. [PMID: 16210643 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.8.5370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This report describes the characterization of INCB3344, a novel, potent and selective small molecule antagonist of the mouse CCR2 receptor. The lack of rodent cross-reactivity inherent in the small molecule CCR2 antagonists discovered to date has precluded pharmacological studies of antagonists of this receptor and its therapeutic relevance. In vitro, INCB3344 inhibits the binding of CCL2 to mouse monocytes with nanomolar potency (IC(50) = 10 nM) and displays dose-dependent inhibition of CCL2-mediated functional responses such as ERK phosphorylation and chemotaxis with similar potency. Against a panel of G protein-coupled receptors that includes other CC chemokine receptors, INCB3344 is at least 100-fold selective for CCR2. INCB3344 possesses good oral bioavailability and systemic exposure in rodents that allows in vivo pharmacological studies. INCB3344 treatment results in a dose-dependent inhibition of macrophage influx in a mouse model of delayed-type hypersensitivity. The histopathological analysis of tissues from the delayed-type hypersensitivity model demonstrates that inhibition of CCR2 leads to a substantial reduction in tissue inflammation, suggesting that macrophages play an orchestrating role in immune-based inflammatory reactions. These results led to the investigation of INCB3344 in inflammatory disease models. We demonstrate that therapeutic dosing of INCB3344 significantly reduces disease in mice subjected to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a model of multiple sclerosis, as well as a rat model of inflammatory arthritis. In summary, we present the first report on the pharmacological characterization of a selective, potent and rodent-active small molecule CCR2 antagonist. These data support targeting this receptor for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy
- Cell Line
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/drug effects
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Female
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Monocytes/drug effects
- Protein Binding/drug effects
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Pyrrolidines/pharmacokinetics
- Pyrrolidines/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Receptors, CCR2
- Receptors, Chemokine/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Chemokine/deficiency
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Structure-Activity Relationship
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29
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Moepps B, Nuesseler E, Braun M, Gierschik P. A homolog of the human chemokine receptor CXCR1 is expressed in the mouse. Mol Immunol 2005; 43:897-914. [PMID: 16084593 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2005.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two distinct genes are present in the human genome encoding receptors for human interleukin-8 (hCXCL8), referred to as hCXCR1 and hCXCR2. While it seems clear that orthologous genes are present in the genomes of several mammals, the existence of a gene encoding an ortholog of hCXCR1 in the mouse has thus far been controversial. We have isolated a cDNA that is highly similar to the cDNAs of hCXCR1 and hCXCR2, but is clearly distinct from the cDNA encoding mouse CXCR2 (mCXCR2). The encoded protein, designated mouse CXCR1-like (mCXCR1-like), shares 64, 57, 57, and 89% identical amino acids with hCXCR1, hCXCR2, mCXCR2, and rCXCR1-like, respectively. The gene encoding mCXCR1-like was mapped to mouse chromosome 1 and its genomic organization was determined to be very similar to the organization of the gene encoding hCXCR1. Like hCXCR1, mCXCR1-like was found to be expressed at the mRNA level in neutrophils. In addition, mRNA encoding mCXCR1-like was detected in liver, kidney, and spleen. In spleen, mCXCR1-like transcripts were predominantly found in CD4+ T cells. In liver, mCXCR1-like transcripts were identified in residual CD3+ T cells and macrophages, suggesting that mCXCR1-like may regulate inflammatory and immunological processes in the liver. When expressed as a recombinant protein, mCXCR1-like was not activated by a large panel of known CXC chemokines of human and murine origin. These findings suggest that a homolog or ortholog of hCXCR1 is expressed in the mouse to be activated by a hitherto unknown CXC chemokine of the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Moepps
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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30
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Ben-Shlomo I, Hsueh AJW. Three's company: two or more unrelated receptors pair with the same ligand. Mol Endocrinol 2005; 19:1097-109. [PMID: 15695369 DOI: 10.1210/me.2004-0451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular communication relies on signal transduction mediated by extracellular ligands and their receptors. Although the ligand-receptor interaction is usually a two-player event, there are selective examples of one polypeptide ligand interacting with more than one phylogenetically unrelated receptor. Likewise, a few receptors interact with more than one polypeptide ligand, and sometimes with more than one coreceptor, likely through an interlocking of unique protein domains. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that for certain triumvirates, the matching events could have taken place at different evolutionary times. In contrast to a few polypeptide ligands interacting with more than one receptor, we found that many small nonpeptide ligands have been paired with two or more plasma membrane receptors, nuclear receptors, or channels. The observation that many small ligands are paired with more than one receptor type highlights the utilitarian use of a limited number of cellular components during metazoan evolution. These conserved ligands are ubiquitous cell metabolites likely favored by natural selection to establish novel regulatory networks. They likely possess structural features useful for designing agonistic and antagonistic drugs to target diverse receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izhar Ben-Shlomo
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Biology, 300 Pasteur Drive, Room A-344, Stanford, CA 94305-5317, USA
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31
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Batt DG, Houghton GC, Roderick J, Santella JB, Wacker DA, Welch PK, Orlovsky YI, Wadman EA, Trzaskos JM, Davies P, Decicco CP, Carter PH. N-Arylalkylpiperidine urea derivatives as CC chemokine receptor-3 (CCR3) antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:787-91. [PMID: 15664858 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2004] [Revised: 10/29/2004] [Accepted: 11/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-arylalkylpiperidylmethyl ureas as antagonists of the CC chemokine receptor-3 (CCR3) are presented. These compounds displayed potent binding to the receptor as well as functional antagonism of eotaxin-elicited effects on eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas G Batt
- dBristol-Myers Squibb, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, USA.
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32
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Burrows JN, Cumming JG, Fillery SM, Hamlin GA, Hudson JA, Jackson RJ, McLaughlin S, Shaw JS. Modulators of the human CCR5 receptor. Part 1: Discovery and initial SAR of 1-(3,3-diphenylpropyl)-piperidinyl amides and ureas. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:25-8. [PMID: 15582404 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2004] [Revised: 10/11/2004] [Accepted: 10/14/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Investigation of weak screening hits led to the identification of N-alkyl-N-[1-(3,3-diphenylpropyl)piperidin-4-yl]-2-phenylacetamides and N-alkyl-N-[1-(3,3-diphenylpropyl)piperidin-4-yl]-N'-benzylureas as potent, selective ligands for the human CCR5 chemokine receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy N Burrows
- Respiratory and Inflammation Research Area, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK
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