1
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Anglada JM, Martins-Costa MTC, Francisco JS, Ruiz-López MF. Triplet State Radical Chemistry: Significance of the Reaction of 3SO 2 with HCOOH and HNO 3. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:14297-14306. [PMID: 38722613 PMCID: PMC11117184 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
The triplet excited states of sulfur dioxide can be accessed in the UV region and have a lifetime large enough that they can react with atmospheric trace gases. In this work, we report high level ab initio calculations for the reaction of the a3B1 and b3A2 excited states of SO2 with weak and strong acidic species such as HCOOH and HNO3, aimed to extend the chemistry reported in previous studies with nonacidic H atoms (water and alkanes). The reactions investigated in this work are very versatile and follow different kinds of mechanisms, namely, proton-coupled electron transfer (pcet) and conventional hydrogen atom transfer (hat) mechanisms. The study provides new insights into a general and very important class of excited-state-promoted reactions, opening up interesting chemical perspectives for technological applications of photoinduced H-transfer reactions. It also reveals that atmospheric triplet chemistry is more significant than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep M. Anglada
- Departament
de Química Biològica (IQAC − CSIC), c/Jordi Girona 18, Barcelona E-08034, Spain
| | - Marilia T. C. Martins-Costa
- Laboratoire
de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, UMR CNRS 7019, University of Lorraine, CNRS, BP 70239, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy 54506, France
| | - Joseph S. Francisco
- Department
of Earth and Environmental Science and Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6316, United States
| | - Manuel F. Ruiz-López
- Laboratoire
de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, UMR CNRS 7019, University of Lorraine, CNRS, BP 70239, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy 54506, France
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2
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Kumar A, Kumar P. Dissociation of H 2O 2 on water surfaces (ice and water droplets). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:11331-11339. [PMID: 38563356 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04107g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
OH radicals are an important constituent of the atmosphere. Therefore, all reactions that act as a source of OH radicals are important. It is known that photo-dissociation of H2O2 is an important source of OH radicals in the atmosphere. In the present study, using Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics simulations, we have shown that the H2O2 molecule can dissociate thermally on water droplets, as well as on the surface of ice, to form OH radicals. Furthermore, the dissociation of H2O2 was found to be very fast (less than 50 fs) on the ice surface compared with on the water droplets. We believe this route for the formation of OH radicals could be more critical than photo-dissociation, as it can take place both during the day and at night, but further studies with more sophisticated theoretical approaches or experiments are required to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur, 302017, India.
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur, 302017, India.
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3
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Xian M, Bi J, Hu L, Xie Y, Zhao Y, Jin X. Synergistic mechanism of steam blanching and freezing conditions on the texture of frozen yellow peaches based on macroscopic and microscopic properties. J Texture Stud 2024; 55:e12830. [PMID: 38581175 DOI: 10.1111/jtxs.12830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Freezing and blanching are essential processing steps in the production of frozen yellow peaches, inevitably leading to texture softening of the fruit. In this study, the synergistic mechanism of stem blanching, freezing conditions (-20°C, -40°C, -80°C, and liquid nitrogen [-173°C]), and sample sizes (cubes, slices, and half peaches) on macroscopic properties of texture, cellular structure, and ice crystal size distribution of frozen yellow peaches were measured. Blanching enhanced the heat and mass transfer rates in the subsequent freezing process. For nonblanched samples, cell membrane integrity was lost at any freezing rate, causing a significant reduction in textural quality. Slow freezing further exacerbated the texture softening, while the ultra-rapid freezing caused structural rupture. For blanched samples, the half peaches softened the most. The water holding capacity and fracture stress were not significantly affected by changes in freezing rate, although the ice crystal size distribution was more susceptible to the freezing rate. Peach cubes that had undergone blanching and rapid freezing (-80°C) experienced 4% less drip loss than nonblanched samples. However, blanching softened yellow peaches more than any freezing conditions. The implementation of uniform and shorter duration blanching, along with rapid freezing, has been proven to be more effective in preserving the texture of frozen yellow peaches. Optimization of the blanching process may be more important than increasing the freezing rate to improve the textural quality of frozen yellow peaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilin Xian
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Jinfeng Bi
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Lina Hu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Yitong Xie
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Yinuo Zhao
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Jin
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
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4
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Lei Z, Chen B, Brooks SD. Effect of Acidity on Ice Nucleation by Inorganic-Organic Mixed Droplets. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2023; 7:2562-2573. [PMID: 38148991 PMCID: PMC10749479 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.3c00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol acidity significantly influences heterogeneous chemical reactions and human health. Additionally, acidity may play a role in cloud formation by modifying the ice nucleation properties of inorganic and organic aerosols. In this work, we combined our well-established ice nucleation technique with Raman microspectroscopy to study ice nucleation in representative inorganic and organic aerosols across a range of pH conditions (pH -0.1 to 5.5). Homogeneous nucleation was observed in systems containing ammonium sulfate, sulfuric acid, and sucrose. In contrast, droplets containing ammonium sulfate mixed with diethyl sebacate, poly(ethylene glycol) 400, and 1,2,6-hexanetriol were found to undergo liquid-liquid phase separation, exhibiting core-shell morphologies with observed initiation of heterogeneous freezing in the cores. Our experimental findings demonstrate that an increased acidity reduces the ice nucleation ability of droplets. Changes in the ratio of bisulfate to sulfate coincided with shifts in ice nucleation temperatures, suggesting that the presence of bisulfate may decrease the ice nucleation efficiency. We also report on how the morphology and viscosity impact ice nucleation properties. This study aims to enhance our fundamental understanding of acidity's effect on ice nucleation ability, providing context for the role of acidity in atmospheric ice cloud formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Lei
- Department of Atmospheric
Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Atmospheric
Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Sarah D. Brooks
- Department of Atmospheric
Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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5
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Joliat J, Picaud S, Jedlovszky P. Competitive Adsorption of Trace Gases on Ice at Tropospheric Temperatures: A Grand Canonical Monte Carlo Simulation Study. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:10223-10232. [PMID: 38000079 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
The coadsorption of two atmospheric trace gases on ice is characterized by using, for the first time, grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations performed in conditions similar to those of the corresponding experiments. Adsorption isotherms are simulated at tropospheric temperatures by considering two different gas mixtures of 1-butanol and acetic acid molecules, and selectivity of the ice surface with respect to these species is interpreted at the molecular scale as resulting from a competition process between these molecules for being adsorbed at the ice surface. It is thus shown that the trapping of acetic acid molecules on ice is always favored with respect to that of 1-butanol at low pressures, corresponding to low coverage of the surface, whereas the adsorption of the acid species is significantly modified by the presence of the alcohol molecules in the saturated portion of the adsorption isotherm, in accordance with the experimental observations. The present GCMC simulations thus confirm that competitive adsorption effects have to be taken into consideration in real situations when gas mixtures present in the troposphere interact with the surface of ice particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Joliat
- Institut UTINAM─UMR 6213, CNRS/Université de Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Sylvain Picaud
- Institut UTINAM─UMR 6213, CNRS/Université de Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Pál Jedlovszky
- Department of Chemistry, Eszterházy Károly Catholic University, Leányka U. 6, H-3300 Eger, Hungary
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6
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Hong A, Ulrich T, Thomson ES, Trachsel J, Riche F, Murphy JG, Donaldson DJ, Schneebeli M, Ammann M, Bartels-Rausch T. Uptake of Hydrogen Peroxide from the Gas Phase to Grain Boundaries: A Source in Snow and Ice. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:11626-11633. [PMID: 37497736 PMCID: PMC10413943 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide is a primary atmospheric oxidant significant in terminating gas-phase chemistry and sulfate formation in the condensed phase. Laboratory experiments have shown an unexpected oxidation acceleration by hydrogen peroxide in grain boundaries. While grain boundaries are frequent in natural snow and ice and are known to host impurities, it remains unclear how and to which extent hydrogen peroxide enters this reservoir. We present the first experimental evidence for the diffusive uptake of hydrogen peroxide into grain boundaries directly from the gas phase. We have machined a novel flow reactor system featuring a drilled ice flow tube that allows us to discern the effect of the ice grain boundary content on the uptake. Further, adsorption to the ice surface for temperatures from 235 to 258 K was quantified. Disentangling the contribution of these two uptake processes shows that the transfer of hydrogen peroxide from the atmosphere to snow at temperatures relevant to polar environments is considerably more pronounced than previously thought. Further, diffusive uptake to grain boundaries appears to be a novel mechanism for non-acidic trace gases to fill the highly reactive impurity reservoirs in snow's grain boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela
C. Hong
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Thomas Ulrich
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, Villigen
PSI CH-5232, Switzerland
| | - Erik S. Thomson
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Atmospheric Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-41296, Sweden
| | - Jürg Trachsel
- WSL
Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos Dorf CH-7260, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Riche
- WSL
Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos Dorf CH-7260, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer G. Murphy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - D. James Donaldson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department
of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Martin Schneebeli
- WSL
Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos Dorf CH-7260, Switzerland
| | - Markus Ammann
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, Villigen
PSI CH-5232, Switzerland
| | - Thorsten Bartels-Rausch
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, Villigen
PSI CH-5232, Switzerland
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7
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Leininger WR, Peng Z, Zhang B. Transient Adsorption Behavior of Single Fluorophores on an Electrode-Supported Nanobubble. CHEMICAL & BIOMEDICAL IMAGING 2023; 1:380-386. [PMID: 37528965 PMCID: PMC10389806 DOI: 10.1021/cbmi.3c00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the use of a Langmuir isotherm model to analyze and better understand the dynamic adsorption and desorption behavior of single fluorophore molecules at the surface of a hydrogen nanobubble supported on an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode. Three rhodamine dyes, rhodamine 110 (R110, positively charged), rhodamine 6G (R6G, positively charged), and sulforhodamine G (SRG, negatively charged) were chosen for this study. The use of the Langmuir isotherm model allows us to determine the equilibrium constant and the rate constants for the adsorption and desorption processes. Of the three fluorophores used in this study, SRG was found to have the greatest equilibrium constant. No significant potential dependence was observed on the adsorption characteristics, which suggests the nanobubble size, geometry, and surface properties are relatively constant within the range of potentials used in this study. Our results suggest that the use of the Langmuir isotherm model is a valid and useful means for probing and better understanding the unique adsorption behavior of fluorophores at surface-supported nanobubbles.
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8
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Kumar A, Kumar P. Effect of (H 2O) n ( n = 1 and 2) on HOCl + Cl reaction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:8948-8960. [PMID: 36917446 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04044a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, we investigate the effect of water molecules (H2O and (H2O)2) on HOCl + Cl˙ → ClO˙ + HCl (R1), and HOCl + Cl˙ → OH˙ + Cl2 (R2) reactions using quantum chemical and kinetics calculations. The present investigation suggests that a water molecule decreases the energy barrier of both reactions significantly, compared to uncatalyzed reaction. However, the effective rate constants for the water catalyzed path for both channels (R1 and R2) were found to be lower than the bimolecular rate constant of the uncatalyzed path. Further, it was found that the R2 reaction will dominate over the R1 reaction, with or without catalyst. Interestingly, the uncatalyzed title reaction was found to be two times faster than the HOCl + OH˙ reaction, but in the presence of water, HOCl + OH˙ becomes the dominant reaction compared to the HOCl + Cl˙ reaction in the atmosphere. In addition, the concentration of bimolecular complexes formed in the presence of a catalyst are found to be higher than the precursor molecule of the uncatalyzed reaction, which suggests that in the presence of catalyst, the HOCl + Cl˙ reaction would favor the catalyzed path rather than the uncatalyzed path.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur, 302017, India.
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur, 302017, India.
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9
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Mousazadehkasin M, Mitchell N, Asenath-Smith E, Tsavalas JG. Ice Nucleation Promotion Impact on the Ice Recrystallization Inhibition Activity of Polyols. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:678-689. [PMID: 36648113 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous ice nucleation occurs vis-à-vis nucleating agents already present in solution yet can occur within a rather broad range of temperatures (0 to ca. -38 °C). Controlling this temperature and the subsequent growth of resulting ice crystals is crucial for the survival of biological organisms (certain insects, fish, and plants that endure subzero temperatures), as well as in the context of medical cryopreservation and food science. In these environments, uncontrolled crystal shape and size can rupture the cell membrane causing irreversible and catastrophic damage. Antifreeze (AF) proteins and synthetic AF analogs address this issue to restrict crystal growth and to shape ice crystals. Yet, if the nucleation temperature is not controlled and occurs in a lower temperature range, nascent ice crystals will have grown to a significantly larger size before the AF agents can be active on their surface to halt or slow the Ostwald ripening process during recrystallization. At a higher nucleation temperature, diffusion of AF macromolecules is enhanced, and dynamic crystal shaping can start earlier, producing smaller crystals overall. While antifreeze proteins, the inspiration for these synthetic analogs, are always applied in a salt buffer aqueous environment (most typically phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) buffer), the heterogeneous nucleation events are stochastic and occur within a wide temperature range. Silver iodide (AgI), however, is a highly effective ice nucleation promoter as its crystal lattice structure is a 98% lattice match to the basal plane of hexagonal ice (Ih) crystals acting as a template for water molecule orientation and decreasing the interfacial free energy. Here, we expose the advantage of purposely seeding such nascent ice crystals with AgI at a defined and higher temperature (-7 °C) in ultrapure water (UPW) such that nucleation can only come from AgI (and also in AgI/PBS), resulting in the most potent synthetic IRI observed to date (at concentrations as low as 0.001 mg·mL-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mousazadehkasin
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
| | - Nick Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
| | - Emily Asenath-Smith
- Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - John G Tsavalas
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States.,Materials Science Program, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
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10
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Zhang S, Zhang C, Fu Y, Li L, Huang C, Lin Y, Zhu C, Francisco JS, He Z, Zhou X, Wang J. Role of an Ice Surface in the Photoreaction of Coumarins. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:11346-11353. [PMID: 36066243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ice affects many chemical reactions in nature, which greatly influences the atmosphere, climate, and life. However, the exact mechanism of ice in these chemical reactions remains elusive. For example, it is still an open question as to whether ice can act as a catalyst to greatly enhance the reactivity and selectivity, which is essential for the production of some natural compounds in our planet. Here, we discover that ice can lead to high efficiency and stereoselectivity of the [2 + 2] photodimerization of coumarin and its derivatives. The conversion of the [2 + 2] photodimerization of coumarins enhanced by ice is dozens of times higher than that in the unfrozen saturated solution, and the reaction displays a high syn-head-head stereoselectivity (>95%) in comparison with those in the absence of the ice. Note that almost no reaction occurs in the crystal powder and melt of the coumarins, indicating that the role of ice in the photodimerization reaction is not simply due to the usual mechanisms found in the freezing concentration. We further reveal that the reaction rate is found to be proportional to the total area of the ice surface and follows Michaelis-Menten-like kinetics, indicating that the ice surface catalyzes the reaction. Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate that ice surfaces can induce reactants to form a two-dimensional liquid-crystal-ordered layer with a suitable intermolecular distance and unique side-by-side packing, facilitating stereoselective photodimerization for syn-head-head dimers. These findings give evidence that ice-surface-induced molecular assembly may play an important role in atmospheric heterogeneous photoreaction processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Printing, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Chuanbiao Zhang
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Heze University, Heze 274015, P. R. China
| | - Yang Fu
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Linhai Li
- Key Laboratory for Green Printing, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Chuanbing Huang
- Key Laboratory for Green Printing, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yang Lin
- Key Laboratory for Green Printing, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Chongqin Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Department of Earth & Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Joseph S Francisco
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan He
- Key Laboratory for Green Printing, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | | | - Jianjun Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Printing, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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11
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Berrens ML, Bononi FC, Donadio D. Effect of sodium chloride adsorption on the surface premelting of ice. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:20932-20940. [PMID: 36040383 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02277j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We characterise the structural properties of the quasi-liquid layer (QLL) at two low-index ice surfaces in the presence of sodium chloride (Na+/Cl-) ions by molecular dynamics simulations. We find that the presence of a high surface density of Na+/Cl- pairs changes the surface melting behaviour from step-wise to gradual melting. The ions lead to an overall increase of the thickness and the disorder of the QLL, and to a low-temperature roughening transition of the air-ice interface. The local molecular structure of the QLL is similar to that of liquid water, and the differences between the basal and primary prismatic surface are attenuated by the presence of Na+/Cl- pairs. These changes modify the crystal growth rates of different facets and the solvation environment at the surface of sea-water ice with a potential impact on light scattering and environmental chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret L Berrens
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Fernanda C Bononi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Davide Donadio
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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12
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Nada H. Effect of nitrogen molecules on the growth kinetics at the interface between a (111) plane of cubic ice and water. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:124701. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0106842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular-scale growth kinetics of ice from water in the presence of air molecules are still poorly understood, despite their importance for understanding ice particle formation in nature. In this study, a molecular dynamics simulation is conducted to elucidate the molecular-scale growth kinetics at the interface between a (111) plane of cubic ice and water in the presence of N2 molecules. Two potential models of N2 molecules with and without atomic charges are examined. For both models, N2 molecules bind stably to the interface for a period of 1 ns or longer, and the stability of the binding is higher for the charged model than for the noncharged model. Free-energy surfaces of an N2 molecule along the interface and along an ideal (111) plane surface of cubic ice suggest that for both models, the position where an N2 molecule binds stably is different at the interface and on the ideal plane surface, and the stability of the binding is much higher for the interface than for the ideal plane surface. For both models, stacking-disordered ice grows at the interface, and the formation probability of a hexagonal ice layer in the stacking-disordered ice is higher for the charged model than for the uncharged model. The formation probability for the hexagonal ice layer in the stacking-disordered ice depends not only on the stability of binding but also on the positions where N2 molecules bind on the underlying ice, and the number of N2 molecules that bind stably to the underlying ice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Nada
- Environmental Management Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Japan
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13
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Opoku RA, Toubin C, Gomes ASP. Simulating core electron binding energies of halogenated species adsorbed on ice surfaces and in solution via relativistic quantum embedding calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:14390-14407. [PMID: 35647703 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05836c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we investigate the effects of the environment on the X-ray photoelectron spectra of hydrogen chloride and chloride ions adsorbed on ice surfaces, as well as of chloride ions in water droplets. In our approach, we combine a density functional theory (DFT) description of the ice surface with that of halogen species using the recently developed relativistic core-valence separation equation of motion coupled cluster (CVS-EOM-IP-CCSD) via the frozen density embedding formalism (FDE), to determine the K and L1,2,3 edges of chlorine. Our calculations, which incorporate temperature effects through snapshots from classical molecular dynamics simulations, are shown to reproduce experimental trends in the change of the core binding energies of Cl- upon moving from a liquid (water droplets) to an interfacial (ice quasi-liquid layer) environment. Our simulations yield water valence band binding energies in good agreement with experiment, which vary little between the droplets and the ice surface. For halide core binding energies there is an overall trend for overestimating experimental values, though good agreement between theory and experiment is found for Cl- in water droplets and on ice. For HCl on the other hand there are significant discrepancies between experimental and calculated core binding energies when we consider structural models that maintain the H-Cl bond more or less intact. An analysis of models that allow for pre-dissociated and dissociated structures suggests that experimentally observed chemical shifts in binding energies between Cl- and HCl would require that H+ (in the form of H3O+) and Cl- are separated by roughly 4-6 Å.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Opoku
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523 - PhLAM - Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Céline Toubin
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523 - PhLAM - Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France.
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14
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Joliat J, Picaud S, Patt A, Jedlovszky P. Adsorption of C2-C5 alcohols on ice. A grand canonical Monte Carlo simulation study. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:224702. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0096013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we report Grand Canonical Monte Carlo simulations performed to characterize the adsorption of four linear alcohol molecules, comprising between 2 and 5 carbon atoms (namely, ethanol, n-propanol, n-butanol, and n-pentanol) on crystalline ice in a temperature range typical of the Earth's troposphere.The adsorption details analysed at 228 K show that, at low coverage of the ice surface, the polar head of the adsorbed molecules tend to optimize its hydrogen bonding with the surrounding water, whereas the aliphatic chain lie more or less parallel to the ice surface. With increasing coverage, the lateral interactions between the adsorbed alcohol molecules lead to the reorientation of the aliphatic chains which tend to become perpendicular to the surface, the adsorbed molecules pointing thus their terminal methyl group up to the gas phase. When compared to the experimental data, the simulated and measured isotherms show a very good agreement, although a small temperature shift between simulations and experiments could be inferred from simulations at various temperatures. In addition, this agreement appears to be better for ethanol and n-propanol than for n-butanol and n-pentanol, especially at the highest pressures investigated, pointing to a possible slight underestimation of the lateral interactions between the largest alcohol molecules by the interaction potential model used. Nevertheless, the global accuracy of the approach used, as tested in tropospheric conditions, opens the way for its use in modeling studies also relevant to another (e.g., astrophysical) context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sylvain Picaud
- U.F.R. des Sciences et des techniques, Institut UTINAM, France
| | | | - Pál Jedlovszky
- Department of Chemistry, Eszterhazy Karoly University, Hungary
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15
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Yu J, Wania F, Abbatt JPD. A New Approach to Characterizing the Partitioning of Volatile Organic Compounds to Cotton Fabric. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:3365-3374. [PMID: 35230819 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chemical partitioning to surfaces can influence human exposure by various pathways, resulting in adverse health consequences. Clothing can act as a source, a barrier, or a transient reservoir for chemicals that can affect dermal and inhalation exposure rates. A few clothing-mediated exposure studies have characterized the accumulation of a select number of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), but systematic studies on the partitioning behavior for classes of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and SVOCs are lacking. Here, the cloth-air equilibrium partition ratios (KCA) for carbonyl, carboxylic acid, and aromatic VOC homologous series were characterized for cellulose-based cotton fabric, using timed exposures in a real indoor setting followed by online thermal desorption and nontargeted mass spectrometric analysis. The analyzed VOCs exhibit rapid equilibration within a day. Homologous series generally show linear correlations of the logarithm of KCA with carbon number and the logarithms of the VOC vapor pressure and octanol-air equilibrium partition ratio (KOA). When expressed as a volume-normalized partition ratio, log KCA_V values are in a range of 5-8, similar to the values for previously measured SVOCs which have lower volatility. When expressed as surface area-normalized adsorption constants, KCA_S values suggest that equilibration corresponds to a saturated surface coverage of adsorbed species. Aqueous solvation may occur for the most water-soluble species such as formic and acetic acids. Overall, this new experimental approach facilitates VOC partitioning studies relevant to environmental exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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16
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Kumar A, Kumar P. OH + HCl Reaction on the Surface of Ice: An Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Study. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:1504-1510. [PMID: 35212220 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c10837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the OH + HCl reaction on the surface of ice using Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics (BOMD) simulation. The present work revealed that the OH + HCl reaction becomes ∼1 order of magnitude faster on the ice surface compared to the bare reaction. The BOMD simulation also indicates that the Cl radical formed on the ice surface through the title reaction can form two hydrogen bonds at a time with the water molecules present on the ice surface; hence, the Cl radical cannot escape from the ice surface easily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur 302017, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur 302017, India
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17
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Nakamura T, Yokaichiya T, Fedorov DG. Analysis of Guest Adsorption on Crystal Surfaces Based on the Fragment Molecular Orbital Method. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:957-969. [PMID: 35080391 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c10229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
For gaining insights into interactions in periodic systems, an analysis is developed based on the fragment molecular orbital method combined with periodic boundary conditions. The adsorption energy is decomposed into guest and surface polarization and deformation energy, guest-surface and guest-guest interactions, and the vibrational free energy. The analysis is applied to the adsorption of guest molecules to Ih (001) ice surface. The cooperativity effects result in a non-linear change in the adsorption energy with coverage due to many-body effects. The role of dispersion is found to be dominant for guests with long hydrophobic tails. A rule is proposed relating the length of the alkyl tail with the formation of the guest layer. The computed binding enthalpies are in good agreement with experimental values. For high coverage, adsorbed molecules can form an ordered layer known as self-assembled monolayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiji Nakamura
- Research Center for Computational Design of Advanced Functional Materials (CD-FMat), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 2, Umezono 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8568, Japan
| | - Tomoko Yokaichiya
- Research Center for Computational Design of Advanced Functional Materials (CD-FMat), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 2, Umezono 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8568, Japan
| | - Dmitri G Fedorov
- Research Center for Computational Design of Advanced Functional Materials (CD-FMat), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 2, Umezono 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8568, Japan
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18
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Ahmed M, Blum M, Crumlin EJ, Geissler PL, Head-Gordon T, Limmer DT, Mandadapu KK, Saykally RJ, Wilson KR. Molecular Properties and Chemical Transformations Near Interfaces. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:9037-9051. [PMID: 34365795 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c03756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The properties of bulk water and aqueous solutions are known to change in the vicinity of an interface and/or in a confined environment, including the thermodynamics of ion selectivity at interfaces, transition states and pathways of chemical reactions, and nucleation events and phase growth. Here we describe joint progress in identifying unifying concepts about how air, liquid, and solid interfaces can alter molecular properties and chemical reactivity compared to bulk water and multicomponent solutions. We also discuss progress made in interfacial chemistry through advancements in new theory, molecular simulation, and experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Monika Blum
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ethan J Crumlin
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Phillip L Geissler
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Teresa Head-Gordon
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - David T Limmer
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kranthi K Mandadapu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Richard J Saykally
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kevin R Wilson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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19
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Abstract
Excess protons play a key role in the chemical reactions of ice because of their exceptional mobility, even when the diffusion of atoms and molecules is suppressed in ice at low temperatures. This article reviews the current state of knowledge on the properties of excess protons in ice, with a focus on the involvement of protons in chemical reactions. The mechanism of efficient proton transport in ice, which involves a proton-hopping relay along the hydrogen-bond ice network and the reorientation of water, is discussed and compared with the inefficient transport of hydroxide in ice. Distinctly different properties of protons residing in the ice interior and on the ice surface are emphasized. Recent observations of the spontaneous occurrence of reactions in ice at low temperatures, which include the dissociation of protic acids and the hydrolysis of acidic oxides, are discussed with regard to the kinetic and thermodynamic effects of mobile protons on the promotion of unique chemical processes of ice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du Hyeong Lee
- Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Incheon 21990, South Korea
| | - Heon Kang
- Department of Chemistry and The Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, South Korea
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20
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Joliat J, Patt A, Simon JM, Picaud S. Adsorption of organic compounds at the surface of Enceladus’ ice grains. A grand canonical Monte Carlo simulation study. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2021.1900571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Joliat
- Institut UTINAM, UMR 6213, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Antoine Patt
- Institut UTINAM, UMR 6213, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Jean Marc Simon
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, UMR 6303, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Cedex Dijon, France
| | - Sylvain Picaud
- Institut UTINAM, UMR 6213, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
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21
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Niblett SP, Limmer DT. Ion Dissociation Dynamics in an Aqueous Premelting Layer. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:2174-2181. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c11286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel P. Niblett
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - David T. Limmer
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy Nanosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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22
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Sibley DN, Llombart P, Noya EG, Archer AJ, MacDowell LG. How ice grows from premelting films and water droplets. Nat Commun 2021; 12:239. [PMID: 33431836 PMCID: PMC7801427 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20318-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Close to the triple point, the surface of ice is covered by a thin liquid layer (so-called quasi-liquid layer) which crucially impacts growth and melting rates. Experimental probes cannot observe the growth processes below this layer, and classical models of growth by vapor deposition do not account for the formation of premelting films. Here, we develop a mesoscopic model of liquid-film mediated ice growth, and identify the various resulting growth regimes. At low saturation, freezing proceeds by terrace spreading, but the motion of the buried solid is conveyed through the liquid to the outer liquid-vapor interface. At higher saturations water droplets condense, a large crater forms below, and freezing proceeds undetectably beneath the droplet. Our approach is a general framework that naturally models freezing close to three phase coexistence and provides a first principle theory of ice growth and melting which may prove useful in the geosciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Sibley
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Pablo Llombart
- Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano, CSIC, Calle Serrano 119, Madrid, 28006, Spain
- Departamento de Química Física (Unidad de I+D+i Asociada al CSIC), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Eva G Noya
- Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano, CSIC, Calle Serrano 119, Madrid, 28006, Spain
| | - Andrew J Archer
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Luis G MacDowell
- Departamento de Química Física (Unidad de I+D+i Asociada al CSIC), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain.
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23
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Zhong J, Zhang W, Wu S, An T, Francisco JS. Molecular Interaction and Orientation of HOCl on Aqueous and Ice Surfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:17329-17333. [PMID: 32997935 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c08994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The interaction and orientation of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) on the ice surface has been of great interest as it has important implications to ozone depletion. As HOCl interacts with the ice surface, previous classical molecular dynamics simulations suggest its OH moiety orients to the outside of the ice surface, whereas the quantum calculations performed at 0 K indicate its Cl atom is exposed. To resolve this contradiction, herein, Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics simulations are adopted, and the results suggest that at ambient temperature, the interaction between HOCl with interfacial water is dominated by the robust H-bond of (HOCl)H-O(H2O). As a result, the HOCl mainly acts as the proton donor to the water surface, which thus can participate in proton transfer reactions via the promotion of interfacial water. Moreover, the Cl atom of HOCl is found to be exposed to the outside of the water surface. Therefore, during the heterogeneous reactions of HOCl on the water surface, the Cl atom becomes the reactive site and is easily attacked by other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhong
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science and Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104-6316, United States
| | - Weina Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Si Wu
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science and Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104-6316, United States
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Joseph S Francisco
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science and Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104-6316, United States
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24
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Mallick S, Roy B, Kumar P. A comparison of DLPNO-CCSD(T) and CCSD(T) method for the determination of the energetics of hydrogen atom transfer reactions. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2020.112934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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25
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Hara K, Osada K, Yabuki M, Matoba S, Hirabayashi M, Fujita S, Nakazawa F, Yamanouchi T. Atmospheric sea-salt and halogen cycles in the Antarctic. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:2003-2022. [PMID: 32749425 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00092b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric sea-salt and halogen cycles play important roles in atmospheric science and chemistry including cloud processes and oxidation capacity in the Antarctic troposphere. This paper presents a review and summarizes current knowledge related to sea-salt and halogen chemistry in the Antarctic. First, presented are the seasonal variations and size distribution of sea-salt aerosols (SSAs). Second, SSA origins and sea-salt fractionation on sea-ice and ice sheets on the Antarctic continent are presented and discussed. Third, we discuss SSA release from the cryosphere. Fourth, we present SSA dispersion in the Antarctic troposphere and transport into inland areas. Fifth, heterogeneous reactions on SSAs as a source of reactive halogen species and their relationship with atmospheric chemistry are shown and discussed. Finally, we attempt to propose an outlook for obtaining better knowledge related to sea-salt and halogen chemistry and their effects on the Antarctic and the Arctic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichiro Hara
- Department of Earth System Science, Faculty of Science, Fukuoka University, Nanakuma, Jyonan, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan.
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice de Koning
- Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, 13083-859 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil and Center for Computing in Engineering and Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, 13083-861 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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27
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Llombart P, Noya EG, Sibley DN, Archer AJ, MacDowell LG. Rounded Layering Transitions on the Surface of Ice. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:065702. [PMID: 32109130 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.065702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the wetting properties of premelting films requires knowledge of the film's equation of state, which is not usually available. Here we calculate the disjoining pressure curve of premelting films and perform a detailed thermodynamic characterization of premelting behavior on ice. Analysis of the density profiles reveals the signature of weak layering phenomena, from one to two and from two to three water molecular layers. However, disjoining pressure curves, which closely follow expectations from a renormalized mean field liquid state theory, show that there are no layering phase transitions in the thermodynamic sense along the sublimation line. Instead, we find that transitions at mean field level are rounded due to capillary wave fluctuations. We see signatures that true first order layering transitions could arise at low temperatures, for pressures between the metastable line of water-vapor coexistence and the sublimation line. The extrapolation of the disjoining pressure curve above water-vapor saturation displays a true first order phase transition from a thin to a thick film consistent with experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Llombart
- Departamento de Química-Física (Unidad de I+D+i Asociada al CSIC), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano, CSIC, Calle Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva G Noya
- Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano, CSIC, Calle Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - David N Sibley
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Archer
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Luis G MacDowell
- Departamento de Química-Física (Unidad de I+D+i Asociada al CSIC), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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28
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29
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Llombart P, Bergua RM, Noya EG, MacDowell LG. Structure and water attachment rates of ice in the atmosphere: role of nitrogen. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:19594-19611. [PMID: 31464318 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03728d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work we perform computer simulations of the ice surface in order to elucidate the role of nitrogen in the crystal growth rates and crystal habits of snow in the atmosphere. In pure water vapor at temperatures typical of ice crystal formation in cirrus clouds, we find that basal and primary prismatic facets exhibit a layer of premelted ice, with thickness in the subnanometer range. For partial pressures of 1 bar, well above the expected values in the troposphere, we find that only small amounts of nitrogen are adsorbed. The adsorption takes place onto the premelted surface, and hardly any nitrogen dissolves within the premelting film. The premelting film thickness does not change either. We quantify the resulting change of the ice/vapor surface tension to be in the hundredth of mN m-1 and find that the structure of the pristine ice surface is not changed in a significant manner. We perform a trajectory analysis of colliding water molecules, and find that the attachment rates from direct ballistic collision are very close to unity irrespective of the nitrogen pressure. Nitrogen is however at sufficient density to deflect a fraction of trajectories with smaller distance than the mean free path. Our results show explicitly that the reported differences in growth rates measured in pure water vapor and a controlled nitrogen atmosphere are not related to a significant disruption of the ice surface due to nitrogen adsorption. On the contrary, we show clearly from our trajectory analysis that nitrogen slows down the crystal growth rates due to collisions between water molecules with bulk nitrogen gas. This clarifies the long standing controversy of the role of inert gases on crystal growth rates and demonstrates their influence is solely related to the diffusion limited flow of water vapor across the gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Llombart
- Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano, CSIC, Calle Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain and Departamento de Química-Física (Unidad de I+D+i Asociada al CSIC), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ramon M Bergua
- Departamento de Química-Física (Unidad de I+D+i Asociada al CSIC), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Eva G Noya
- Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano, CSIC, Calle Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis G MacDowell
- Departamento de Química-Física (Unidad de I+D+i Asociada al CSIC), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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30
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Clapp CE, Anderson JG. Modeling the Effect of Potential Nitric Acid Removal During Convective Injection of Water Vapor Over the Central United States on the Chemical Composition of the Lower Stratosphere. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2019; 124:9743-9770. [PMID: 31763110 PMCID: PMC6853249 DOI: 10.1029/2018jd029703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tropopause-penetrating convection is a frequent seasonal feature of the Central United States climate. This convection presents the potential for consistent transport of water vapor into the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) through the lofting of ice, which then sublimates. Water vapor enhancements associated with convective ice lofting have been observed in both in situ and satellite measurements. These water vapor enhancements can increase the probability of sulfate aerosol-catalyzed heterogeneous reactions that convert reservoir chlorine (HCl and ClONO2) to free radical chlorine (Cl and ClO) that leads to catalytic ozone loss. In addition to water vapor transport, lofted ice may also scavenge nitric acid and further impact the chlorine activation chemistry of the UTLS. We present a photochemical model that resolves the vertical chemical structure of the UTLS to explore the effect of water vapor enhancements and potential additional nitric acid removal. The model is used to define the response of stratospheric column ozone to the range of convective water vapor transported and the temperature variability of the lower stratosphere currently observed over the Central United States in conjunction with potential nitric acid removal and to scenarios of elevated sulfate aerosol surface area density representative of possible future volcanic eruptions or solar radiation management. We find that the effect of HNO3 removal is dependent on the magnitude of nitric acid removal and has the greatest potential to increase chlorine activation and ozone loss under UTLS conditions that weakly favor the chlorine activation heterogeneous reactions by reducing NOx sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. E. Clapp
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | - J. G. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
- Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
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31
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Picaud S, Jedlovszky P. Molecular-scale simulations of organic compounds on ice: application to atmospheric and interstellar sciences. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2018.1502428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Picaud
- Institut UTINAM (CNRS UMR 6213), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Pál Jedlovszky
- Department of Chemistry, Eszterházy Károly University, Eger, Hungary
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32
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How Adsorption Affects the Gas–Ice Partitioning of Organics Erupted from Enceladus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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33
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Ryazanov M, Nesbitt DJ. Quantum-state-resolved studies of aqueous evaporation dynamics: NO ejection from a liquid water microjet. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:044201. [PMID: 30709290 DOI: 10.1063/1.5083050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This work presents the first fully quantum-state-resolved measurements of a solute molecule evaporating from the gas-liquid interface in vacuum. Specifically, laser-induced fluorescence detection of NO(2Π1/2, 3/2, v = 0, J) evaporating from an ∼5 mM NO-water solution provides a detailed characterization of the rotational and spin-orbit distributions emerging from a ⌀4-5 μm liquid microjet into vacuum. The internal-quantum-state populations are found to be well described by Boltzmann distributions, but corresponding to temperatures substantially colder (up to 50 K for rotational and 30 K for spin-orbit) than the water surface. The results therefore raise the intriguing possibility of non-equilibrium dynamics in the evaporation of dissolved gases at the vacuum-liquid-water interface. In order to best interpret these data, we use a model for evaporative cooling of the liquid microjet and develop a model for collisional cooling of the nascent NO evaporant in the expanding water vapor. In particular, the collisional-cooling model illustrates that, despite the 1/r drop-off in density near the microjet greatly reducing the probability of collisions in the expanding water vapor, even small inelastic cross sections (≲ 20 Å2) could account for the experimentally observed temperature differences. The current results do not rule out the possibility of non-equilibrium evaporation dynamics, but certainly suggest that correct interpretation of liquid-microjet studies, even under conditions previously considered as "collision-free," may require more careful consideration of residual collisional dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Ryazanov
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - David J Nesbitt
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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34
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Anglada JM, Martins-Costa MTC, Francisco JS, Ruiz-López MF. Triplet state promoted reaction of SO2 with H2O by competition between proton coupled electron transfer (pcet) and hydrogen atom transfer (hat) processes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:9779-9784. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01105f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The excited triplet electronic state of SO2 (a3B1) reacts with water through a proton coupled electron transfer (pcet) mechanism rather than via a conventional hydrogen atom transfer (hat) process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep M. Anglada
- Departament de Química Biològica (IQAC – CSIC)
- E-08034 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Marilia T. C. Martins-Costa
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques
- UMR CNRS 7019
- University of Lorraine
- CNRS
- 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy
| | - Joseph S. Francisco
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science and Department of Chemistry
- University of Pennsylvania
- Philadelphia
- USA
| | - Manuel F. Ruiz-López
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques
- UMR CNRS 7019
- University of Lorraine
- CNRS
- 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy
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35
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Bakradze G, Morgenstern K. Temperature-dependent Shape Changes of Ice Nanoclusters on Ag(100). Chemphyschem 2018; 19:2858-2862. [PMID: 30159998 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the influence of the annealing temperature on the evolution of the ice nanoclusters' geometry by means of low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy. The clusters, grown at 110 K on Ag(100), gradually increase in height and their shape becomes more compact during annealing at 120 K, 125 K, and 130 K. The increase in height indicates an upward mass transport and reflects a stronger water-water than water-surface bonding. The change in shape, quantitatively expressed as an increase in fractal dimension, is driven by a reduction of the total energy of the step edge. The significant changes in geometry induced by a relatively mild temperature increase underline the importance of temperature for the shape and all properties influenced by this shape of hydrogen-bonded clusters of water ice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgijs Bakradze
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für physikalische Chemie I, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Karina Morgenstern
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für physikalische Chemie I, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44801, Bochum, Germany
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36
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Dubosq C, Zanuttini D, Gervais B. RASPT2 Analysis of the F–(H2O)n=1–7 and OH–(H2O)n=1–7 CTTS States. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:7033-7041. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b04970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Dubosq
- Normandie University, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, CIMAP, UMR 6252, BP 5133, F-14070 Caen Cedex 05, France
| | - D. Zanuttini
- Normandie University, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, CIMAP, UMR 6252, BP 5133, F-14070 Caen Cedex 05, France
| | - B. Gervais
- Normandie University, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, CIMAP, UMR 6252, BP 5133, F-14070 Caen Cedex 05, France
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37
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Heidorn SC, Lucht K, Bertram C, Morgenstern K. Preparation-Dependent Orientation of Crystalline Ice Islands on Ag(111). J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:479-484. [PMID: 28537397 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b03431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We observe the transformation of fractal ice islands grown at 96 K to compact ones annealed at 118 K and compare those to compact islands grown directly at 118 K. The low-temperature grown islands form a four bilayer high wetting layer. The annealing causes a crystallization and reshaping of the islands and a substantial increase in height and roughness in particular at higher coverage. Moreover, it leads to a dewetting of the ice film. The islands grown at the higher temperature show qualitative similarities to the annealed ones at smaller nucleation density. However, their orientation with respect to the surface differs by 30° as compared to the annealed islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah-Charlotta Heidorn
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Leibniz Universität Hannover , Appelstrasse 2, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Karsten Lucht
- Lehrstuhl für physikalische Chemie I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Universitätsstrasse 150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Cord Bertram
- Lehrstuhl für physikalische Chemie I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Universitätsstrasse 150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Karina Morgenstern
- Lehrstuhl für physikalische Chemie I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Universitätsstrasse 150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
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38
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Troiani A, Rosi M, Garzoli S, Salvitti C, de Petris G. Sulphur dioxide cooperation in hydrolysis reactions of vanadium oxide and hydroxide cluster dianions. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj05011a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Gas-phase hydrolysis takes place due to the synergistic action of SO2 and vanadium-containing dianions that succeeds in tightening hydrogen bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Troiani
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco
- “Sapienza” University of Rome
- 00185 Roma
- Italy
| | - Marzio Rosi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Ambientale
- University of Perugia and CNR-ISTM
- 06125 Perugia
- Italy
| | - Stefania Garzoli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco
- “Sapienza” University of Rome
- 00185 Roma
- Italy
| | - Chiara Salvitti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco
- “Sapienza” University of Rome
- 00185 Roma
- Italy
| | - Giulia de Petris
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco
- “Sapienza” University of Rome
- 00185 Roma
- Italy
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39
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Dependence of the adsorption of halogenated methane derivatives at the ice surface on their chemical structure. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.05.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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40
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Bang Y, Kim SH, Kim Y. Direct dynamics calculations of multiple proton transfer through hydrogen-bonded wire and the role of micro-solvation in ClONO2 + H2O → HNO3 + HOCl reactions. Theor Chem Acc 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-017-2163-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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41
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Barsotti F, Bartels-Rausch T, De Laurentiis E, Ammann M, Brigante M, Mailhot G, Maurino V, Minero C, Vione D. Photochemical Formation of Nitrite and Nitrous Acid (HONO) upon Irradiation of Nitrophenols in Aqueous Solution and in Viscous Secondary Organic Aerosol Proxy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:7486-7495. [PMID: 28581723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Irradiated nitrophenols can produce nitrite and nitrous acid (HONO) in bulk aqueous solutions and in viscous aqueous films, simulating the conditions of a high-solute-strength aqueous aerosol, with comparable quantum yields in solution and viscous films (10-5-10-4 in the case of 4-nitrophenol) and overall reaction yields up to 0.3 in solution. The process is particularly important for the para-nitrophenols, possibly because their less sterically hindered nitro groups can be released more easily as nitrite and HONO. The nitrophenols giving the highest photoproduction rates of nitrite and HONO (most notably, 4-nitrophenol and 2-methyl-4-nitrophenol) could significantly contribute to the occurrence of nitrite in aqueous phases in contact with the atmosphere. Interestingly, dew-water evaporation has shown potential to contribute to the gas-phase HONO levels during the morning, which accounts for the possible importance of the studied process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Barsotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino , Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | | | - Elisa De Laurentiis
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino , Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Markus Ammann
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Marcello Brigante
- Université Clermont Auvergne , CNRS, Sigma Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Gilles Mailhot
- Université Clermont Auvergne , CNRS, Sigma Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Valter Maurino
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino , Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Claudio Minero
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino , Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Davide Vione
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino , Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Centro Interdipartimentale NatRisk, Università di Torino , Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
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42
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Hudait A, Allen MT, Molinero V. Sink or Swim: Ions and Organics at the Ice–Air Interface. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:10095-10103. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b05233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arpa Hudait
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States
| | - Michael T. Allen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States
| | - Valeria Molinero
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States
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43
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Kanji ZA, Ladino LA, Wex H, Boose Y, Burkert-Kohn M, Cziczo DJ, Krämer M. Overview of Ice Nucleating Particles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1175/amsmonographs-d-16-0006.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Ice particle formation in tropospheric clouds significantly changes cloud radiative and microphysical properties. Ice nucleation in the troposphere via homogeneous freezing occurs at temperatures lower than −38°C and relative humidity with respect to ice above 140%. In the absence of these conditions, ice formation can proceed via heterogeneous nucleation aided by aerosol particles known as ice nucleating particles (INPs). In this chapter, new developments in identifying the heterogeneous freezing mechanisms, atmospheric relevance, uncertainties, and unknowns about INPs are described. The change in conventional wisdom regarding the requirements of INPs as new studies discover physical and chemical properties of these particles is explained. INP sources and known reasons for their ice nucleating properties are presented. The need for more studies to systematically identify particle properties that facilitate ice nucleation is highlighted. The atmospheric relevance of long-range transport, aerosol aging, and coating studies (in the laboratory) of INPs are also presented. Possible mechanisms for processes that change the ice nucleating potential of INPs and the corresponding challenges in understanding and applying these in models are discussed. How primary ice nucleation affects total ice crystal number concentrations in clouds and the discrepancy between INP concentrations and ice crystal number concentrations are presented. Finally, limitations of parameterizing INPs and of models in representing known and unknown processes related to heterogeneous ice nucleation processes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zamin A. Kanji
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luis A. Ladino
- Cloud Physics and Severe Weather Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Heike Wex
- Department of Experimental Aerosol and Cloud Microphysics, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yvonne Boose
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Monika Burkert-Kohn
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel J. Cziczo
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Martina Krämer
- f Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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Abstract
Ice is a fundamental solid with important environmental, biological, geological, and extraterrestrial impact. The stable form of ice at atmospheric pressure is hexagonal ice, Ih. Despite its prevalence, Ih remains an enigmatic solid, in part due to challenges in preparing samples for fundamental studies. Surfaces of ice present even greater challenges. Recently developed methods for preparation of large single-crystal samples make it possible to reproducibly prepare any chosen face to address numerous fundamental questions. This review describes preparation methods along with results that firmly establish the connection between the macroscopic structure (observed in snowflakes, microcrystallites, or etch pits) and the molecular-level configuration (detected with X-ray or electron scattering techniques). Selected results of probing interactions at the ice surface, including growth from the melt, surface vibrations, and characterization of the quasi-liquid layer, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jane Shultz
- Laboratory for Water and Surface Studies, Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155
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45
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Burkholder JB, Abbatt JPD, Barnes I, Roberts JM, Melamed ML, Ammann M, Bertram AK, Cappa CD, Carlton AG, Carpenter LJ, Crowley JN, Dubowski Y, George C, Heard DE, Herrmann H, Keutsch FN, Kroll JH, McNeill VF, Ng NL, Nizkorodov SA, Orlando JJ, Percival CJ, Picquet-Varrault B, Rudich Y, Seakins PW, Surratt JD, Tanimoto H, Thornton JA, Tong Z, Tyndall GS, Wahner A, Weschler CJ, Wilson KR, Ziemann PJ. The Essential Role for Laboratory Studies in Atmospheric Chemistry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:2519-2528. [PMID: 28169528 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory studies of atmospheric chemistry characterize the nature of atmospherically relevant processes down to the molecular level, providing fundamental information used to assess how human activities drive environmental phenomena such as climate change, urban air pollution, ecosystem health, indoor air quality, and stratospheric ozone depletion. Laboratory studies have a central role in addressing the incomplete fundamental knowledge of atmospheric chemistry. This article highlights the evolving science needs for this community and emphasizes how our knowledge is far from complete, hindering our ability to predict the future state of our atmosphere and to respond to emerging global environmental change issues. Laboratory studies provide rich opportunities to expand our understanding of the atmosphere via collaborative research with the modeling and field measurement communities, and with neighboring disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Burkholder
- Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Ian Barnes
- University of Wuppertal , School of Mathematics and Natural Science, Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Gauss Strasse 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - James M Roberts
- Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Megan L Melamed
- IGAC Executive Officer, University of Colorado/CIRES , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0216 United States
| | - Markus Ammann
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute , Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Allan K Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Christopher D Cappa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Annmarie G Carlton
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | - Lucy J Carpenter
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York , York, United Kingdom , YO10 5DD
| | | | - Yael Dubowski
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering Technion, Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Christian George
- Université Lyon 1CNRS, UMR5256, IRCELYON, Institut de recherches sur la catalyse et l'environnement de Lyon , Villeurbanne F-69626, France
| | - Dwayne E Heard
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds , Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung (TROPOS), D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Frank N Keutsch
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02128, United States
| | - Jesse H Kroll
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - V Faye McNeill
- Chemical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York, United States
| | - Nga Lee Ng
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering and School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Sergey A Nizkorodov
- Department of Chemistry University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - John J Orlando
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory , Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Carl J Percival
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester , Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Bénédicte Picquet-Varrault
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA), UMR 7583 CNRS, Universités Paris-Est Créteil et Paris Diderot, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace , Créteil Cedex, France
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Paul W Seakins
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds , Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Jason D Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Hiroshi Tanimoto
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
| | - Joel A Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Zhu Tong
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University , Beijing, China
| | - Geoffrey S Tyndall
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory , Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Andreas Wahner
- Institue of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Charles J Weschler
- Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Kevin R Wilson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Paul J Ziemann
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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46
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Experimental and theoretical evidence for bilayer-by-bilayer surface melting of crystalline ice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 114:227-232. [PMID: 27956637 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1612893114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
On the surface of water ice, a quasi-liquid layer (QLL) has been extensively reported at temperatures below its bulk melting point at 273 K. Approaching the bulk melting temperature from below, the thickness of the QLL is known to increase. To elucidate the precise temperature variation of the QLL, and its nature, we investigate the surface melting of hexagonal ice by combining noncontact, surface-specific vibrational sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy and spectra calculated from molecular dynamics simulations. Using SFG, we probe the outermost water layers of distinct single crystalline ice faces at different temperatures. For the basal face, a stepwise, sudden weakening of the hydrogen-bonded structure of the outermost water layers occurs at 257 K. The spectral calculations from the molecular dynamics simulations reproduce the experimental findings; this allows us to interpret our experimental findings in terms of a stepwise change from one to two molten bilayers at the transition temperature.
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47
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Hou S, Tong S, Zhang Y, Tan F, Guo Y, Ge M. Heterogeneous Uptake of Gas-Phase Acetic Acid on the Surface of α-Al 2 O 3 Particles: Temperature Effects. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:2749-2755. [PMID: 27251942 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201600402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneous reactions are thought to play a significant role in the formation of haze, especially in wintertime, which suggests that temperature may affect the heterogeneous formation of organic aerosols. As the most-abundant carboxylic acid in the Earth's atmosphere, we chose acetic acid to study the effect of temperature on its heterogeneous reaction with α-Al2 O3 between 248 and 298 K. The products were characterized by in situ DRIFTS, which indicated that lowering the temperature slowed the formation of acetate, but promoted the formation of crystalline acetic acid. Moreover, low temperatures promoted a different reaction mechanism to that at room temperature. Owing to the formation of chain structures at low temperatures, crystalline acetic acid molecules covered the surface active sites on α-Al2 O3 , thereby inhibiting the formation of acetate. However, crystalline acetic acid reacted with α-Al2 O3 itself in a sequential manner. Furthermore, the reactive uptake coefficients, active energies, and acetic acid lifetimes at different temperatures were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable, Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Shengrui Tong
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable, Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable, Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Fang Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable, Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yucong Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable, Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Maofa Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable, Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.
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48
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Zimmermann S, Kippenberger M, Schuster G, Crowley JN. Adsorption isotherms for hydrogen chloride (HCl) on ice surfaces between 190 and 220 K. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:13799-810. [PMID: 27142478 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp01962e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of hydrogen chloride (HCl) with ice surfaces at temperatures between 190 and 220 K was investigated using a coated-wall flow-tube connected to a chemical ionization mass spectrometer. Equilibrium surface coverages of HCl were determined at gas phase concentrations as low as 2 × 10(9) molecules cm(-3) (∼4 × 10(-8) Torr at 200 K) to derive Langmuir adsorption isotherms. The data are described by a temperature independent partition coefficient: KLang = (3.7 ± 0.2) × 10(-11) cm(3) molecule(-1) with a saturation surface coverage Nmax = (2.0 ± 0.2) × 10(14) molecules cm(-2). The lack of a systematic dependence of KLang on temperature contrasts the behaviour of numerous trace gases which adsorb onto ice via hydrogen bonding and is most likely related to the ionization of HCl at the surface. The results are compared to previous laboratory studies, and the equilibrium partitioning of HCl to ice surfaces under conditions relevant to the atmosphere is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zimmermann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Division of Atmospheric Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - M Kippenberger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Division of Atmospheric Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - G Schuster
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Division of Atmospheric Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - J N Crowley
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Division of Atmospheric Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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Li Z, Kozbial A, Nioradze N, Parobek D, Shenoy GJ, Salim M, Amemiya S, Li L, Liu H. Water Protects Graphitic Surface from Airborne Hydrocarbon Contamination. ACS NANO 2016; 10:349-359. [PMID: 26673269 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b04843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic wettability of graphitic materials, such as graphene and graphite, can be readily obscured by airborne hydrocarbon within 5-20 min of ambient air exposure. We report a convenient method to effectively preserve a freshly prepared graphitic surface simply through a water treatment technique. This approach significantly inhibits the hydrocarbon adsorption rate by a factor of ca. 20×, thus maintaining the intrinsic wetting behavior for many hours upon air exposure. Follow-up characterization shows that a nanometer-thick ice-like water forms on the graphitic surface, which remains stabilized at room temperature for at least 2-3 h and thus significantly decreases the adsorption of airborne hydrocarbon on the graphitic surface. This method has potential implications in minimizing hydrocarbon contamination during manufacturing, characterization, processing, and storage of graphene/graphite-based devices. As an example, we show that a water-treated graphite electrode maintains a high level of electrochemical activity in air for up to 1 day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiting Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Andrew Kozbial
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Nikoloz Nioradze
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - David Parobek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Ganesh Jagadeesh Shenoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Muhammad Salim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Shigeru Amemiya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Haitao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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Presti D, Pedone A, Mancini G, Duce C, Tiné MR, Barone V. Insights into structural and dynamical features of water at halloysite interfaces probed by DFT and classical molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:2164-74. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp05920h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory calculations and classical molecular dynamics simulations have been used to investigate the structure and dynamics of water molecules on kaolinite surfaces and confined in the interlayer of a halloysite model of nanometric dimension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Presti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche
- Università di Modena e Reggio-Emilia
- I-41125 Modena
- Italy
| | - Alfonso Pedone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche
- Università di Modena e Reggio-Emilia
- I-41125 Modena
- Italy
| | | | - Celia Duce
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale
- Università di Pisa
- Pisa
- Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Tiné
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale
- Università di Pisa
- Pisa
- Italy
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