1
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Ma Z, Chatzichristodoulou C, Dacayan WL, Mølhave KS, Chiabrera FM, Smitshuysen TEL, Damsgaard CD, Simonsen SB. Experimental Requirements for High-Temperature Solid-State Electrochemical TEM Experiments. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2301356. [PMID: 38195885 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
The ability to perform both electrochemical and structural/elemental characterization in the same experiment and at the nanoscale allows to directly link electrochemical performance to the material properties and their evolution over time and operating conditions. Such experiments can be important for the further development of solid oxide cells, solid-state batteries, thermal electrical devices, and other solid-state electrochemical devices. The experimental requirements for conducting solid-state electrochemical TEM experiments in general, including sample preparation, electrochemical measurements, failure factors, and possibilities for optimization, are presented and discussed. Particularly, the methodology of performing reliable electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements in reactive gases and at elevated temperatures for both single materials and solid oxide cells is described. The presented results include impedance measurements of electronic conductors, an ionic conductor, and a mixed ionic and electronic conductor, all materials typically applied in solid oxide fuel and electrolysis cells. It is shown that how TEM and impedance spectroscopy can be synergically integrated to measure the transport and surface exchange properties of materials with nanoscale dimensions and to visualize their structural and elemental evolution via TEM/STEM imaging and spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongtao Ma
- DTU Energy, Fysikvej, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Francesco Maria Chiabrera
- DTU Energy, Fysikvej, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
- Catalonia Institute for Energy Research (IREC), Jardins de les Dones de Negre 1, 2ª pl., Sant Adrià del Besòs Barcelona, 08930, Spain
| | | | - Christian Danvad Damsgaard
- DTU Nanolab, Ørsteds Plads, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
- DTU Physics, Fysikvej, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
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2
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Hata S, Ihara S, Saito H, Murayama M. In-situ heating-and-electron tomography for materials research: from 3D (in-situ 2D) to 4D (in-situ 3D). Microscopy (Oxf) 2024; 73:133-144. [PMID: 38462986 PMCID: PMC11000667 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfae008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In-situ observation has expanded the application of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and has made a significant contribution to materials research and development for energy, biomedical, quantum, etc. Recent technological developments related to in-situ TEM have empowered the incorporation of three-dimensional observation, which was previously considered incompatible. In this review article, we take up heating as the most commonly used external stimulus for in-situ TEM observation and overview recent in-situ TEM studies. Then, we focus on the electron tomography (ET) and in-situ heating combined observation by introducing the authors' recent research as an example. Assuming that in-situ heating observation is expanded from two dimensions to three dimensions using a conventional TEM apparatus and a commercially available in-situ heating specimen holder, the following in-situ heating-and-ET observation procedure is proposed: (i) use a rapid heating-and-cooling function of a micro-electro-mechanical system holder; (ii) heat and cool the specimen intermittently and (iii) acquire a tilt-series dataset when the specimen heating is stopped. This procedure is not too technically challenging and can have a wide range of applications. Essential technical points for a successful 4D (space and time) observation will be discussed through reviewing the authors' example application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Hata
- Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasugakoen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
- The Ultramicroscopy Research Center, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shiro Ihara
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasugakoen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Hikaru Saito
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasugakoen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
- Pan-Omics Data-Driven Research Innovation Center, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasugakoen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Murayama
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasugakoen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, 445 Old Turner St., Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
- Reactor Materials and Mechanical Design Group, Energy and Environmental Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, PO Box 999, Richland, WA 99352, USA
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3
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Chee SW, Lunkenbein T, Schlögl R, Roldán Cuenya B. Operando Electron Microscopy of Catalysts: The Missing Cornerstone in Heterogeneous Catalysis Research? Chem Rev 2023; 123:13374-13418. [PMID: 37967448 PMCID: PMC10722467 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous catalysis in thermal gas-phase and electrochemical liquid-phase chemical conversion plays an important role in our modern energy landscape. However, many of the structural features that drive efficient chemical energy conversion are still unknown. These features are, in general, highly distinct on the local scale and lack translational symmetry, and thus, they are difficult to capture without the required spatial and temporal resolution. Correlating these structures to their function will, conversely, allow us to disentangle irrelevant and relevant features, explore the entanglement of different local structures, and provide us with the necessary understanding to tailor novel catalyst systems with improved productivity. This critical review provides a summary of the still immature field of operando electron microscopy for thermal gas-phase and electrochemical liquid-phase reactions. It focuses on the complexity of investigating catalytic reactions and catalysts, progress in the field, and analysis. The forthcoming advances are discussed in view of correlative techniques, artificial intelligence in analysis, and novel reactor designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- See Wee Chee
- Department
of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute
of the Max-Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Lunkenbein
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institute
of the Max-Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Schlögl
- Department
of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute
of the Max-Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Beatriz Roldán Cuenya
- Department
of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute
of the Max-Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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4
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Shen M, Rackers WH, Sadtler B. Getting the Most Out of Fluorogenic Probes: Challenges and Opportunities in Using Single-Molecule Fluorescence to Image Electro- and Photocatalysis. CHEMICAL & BIOMEDICAL IMAGING 2023; 1:692-715. [PMID: 38037609 PMCID: PMC10685636 DOI: 10.1021/cbmi.3c00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Single-molecule fluorescence microscopy enables the direct observation of individual reaction events at the surface of a catalyst. It has become a powerful tool to image in real time both intra- and interparticle heterogeneity among different nanoscale catalyst particles. Single-molecule fluorescence microscopy of heterogeneous catalysts relies on the detection of chemically activated fluorogenic probes that are converted from a nonfluorescent state into a highly fluorescent state through a reaction mediated at the catalyst surface. This review article describes challenges and opportunities in using such fluorogenic probes as proxies to develop structure-activity relationships in nanoscale electrocatalysts and photocatalysts. We compare single-molecule fluorescence microscopy to other microscopies for imaging catalysis in situ to highlight the distinct advantages and limitations of this technique. We describe correlative imaging between super-resolution activity maps obtained from multiple fluorogenic probes to understand the chemical origins behind spatial variations in activity that are frequently observed for nanoscale catalysts. Fluorogenic probes, originally developed for biological imaging, are introduced that can detect products such as carbon monoxide, nitrite, and ammonia, which are generated by electro- and photocatalysts for fuel production and environmental remediation. We conclude by describing how single-molecule imaging can provide mechanistic insights for a broader scope of catalytic systems, such as single-atom catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meikun Shen
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - William H. Rackers
- Department
of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Bryce Sadtler
- Department
of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
- Institute
of Materials Science & Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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5
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Araújo TP, Morales-Vidal J, Giannakakis G, Mondelli C, Eliasson H, Erni R, Stewart JA, Mitchell S, López N, Pérez-Ramírez J. Reaction-Induced Metal-Metal Oxide Interactions in Pd-In 2 O 3 /ZrO 2 Catalysts Drive Selective and Stable CO 2 Hydrogenation to Methanol. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202306563. [PMID: 37395462 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Ternary Pd-In2 O3 /ZrO2 catalysts exhibit technological potential for CO2 -based methanol synthesis, but developing scalable systems and comprehending complex dynamic behaviors of the active phase, promoter, and carrier are key for achieving high productivity. Here, we show that the structure of Pd-In2 O3 /ZrO2 systems prepared by wet impregnation evolves under CO2 hydrogenation conditions into a selective and stable architecture, independent of the order of addition of Pd and In phases on the zirconia carrier. Detailed operando characterization and simulations reveal a rapid restructuring driven by the metal-metal oxide interaction energetics. The proximity of InPdx alloy particles decorated by InOx layers in the resulting architecture prevents performance losses associated with Pd sintering. The findings highlight the crucial role of reaction-induced restructuring in complex CO2 hydrogenation catalysts and offer insights into the optimal integration of acid-base and redox functions for practical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaylan Pinheiro Araújo
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jordi Morales-Vidal
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Catalunya 35, 43002, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Georgios Giannakakis
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cecilia Mondelli
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Henrik Eliasson
- Electron Microscopy Center, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Erni
- Electron Microscopy Center, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Joseph A Stewart
- TotalEnergies OneTech Belgium, Zone Industrielle Feluy C, 7181, Seneffe, Belgium
| | - Sharon Mitchell
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Núria López
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Javier Pérez-Ramírez
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
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6
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Yang WCD, Carter M, Sharma R. Direct Observation of Carbon Dioxide Adsorption in Sorbents Consisting of Porous Silicas. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:1744-1745. [PMID: 37613986 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chang David Yang
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Marcus Carter
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Renu Sharma
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
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7
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Chao HY, Venkatraman K, Moniri S, Jiang Y, Tang X, Dai S, Gao W, Miao J, Chi M. In Situ and Emerging Transmission Electron Microscopy for Catalysis Research. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37327473 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Catalysts are the primary facilitator in many dynamic processes. Therefore, a thorough understanding of these processes has vast implications for a myriad of energy systems. The scanning/transmission electron microscope (S/TEM) is a powerful tool not only for atomic-scale characterization but also in situ catalytic experimentation. Techniques such as liquid and gas phase electron microscopy allow the observation of catalysts in an environment conducive to catalytic reactions. Correlated algorithms can greatly improve microscopy data processing and expand multidimensional data handling. Furthermore, new techniques including 4D-STEM, atomic electron tomography, cryogenic electron microscopy, and monochromated electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) push the boundaries of our comprehension of catalyst behavior. In this review, we discuss the existing and emergent techniques for observing catalysts using S/TEM. Challenges and opportunities highlighted aim to inspire and accelerate the use of electron microscopy to further investigate the complex interplay of catalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yun Chao
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, One Bethel Valley Road, Building 4515, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6064, United States
| | - Kartik Venkatraman
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, One Bethel Valley Road, Building 4515, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6064, United States
| | - Saman Moniri
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yongjun Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xuan Tang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Sheng Dai
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wenpei Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Jianwei Miao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Miaofang Chi
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, One Bethel Valley Road, Building 4515, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6064, United States
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8
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Ma Z, Dacayan WL, Chatzichristodoulou C, Mølhave KS, Chiabrera FM, Zhang W, Simonsen SB. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Integrated with Environmental Transmission Electron Microscopy. SMALL METHODS 2023:e2201713. [PMID: 37035947 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202201713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The concept of combining electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) with environmental transmission electron microscopy (ETEM) is demonstrated by testing a specially designed micro gadolinia-doped ceria (CGO) sample in reactive gasses (O2 and H2 /H2 O), at elevated temperatures (room temperature-800 °C) and with applied electrical potentials. The EIS-TEM method provides structural and compositional information with direct correlation to the electrochemical performance. It is demonstrated that reliable EIS measurements can be achieved in the TEM for a sample with nanoscale dimensions. Specifically, the ionic and electronic conductivity, the surface exchange resistivity, and the volume-specific chemical capacitance are in good agreement with results from more standardized electrochemical tests on macroscopic samples. CGO is chosen as a test material due to its relevance for solid oxide electrochemical reactions where its electrochemical performance depends on temperature and gas environment. As expected, the results show increased conductivity and lower surface exchange resistance in H2 /H2 O gas mixtures where the oxygen partial pressure is low compared to experiments in pure O2 . The developed EIS-TEM platform is an important tool in promoting the understanding of nanoscale processes for green energy technologies, e.g., solid oxide electrolysis/fuel cells, batteries, thermoelectric devices, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongtao Ma
- DTU Energy, Fysikvej, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | - Wenjing Zhang
- DTU Environment, Bygningstorvet, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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9
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Pu Y, He B, Niu Y, Liu X, Zhang B. Chemical Electron Microscopy (CEM) for Heterogeneous Catalysis at Nano: Recent Progress and Challenges. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 6:0043. [PMID: 36930759 PMCID: PMC10013794 DOI: 10.34133/research.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chemical electron microscopy (CEM), a toolbox that comprises imaging and spectroscopy techniques, provides dynamic morphological, structural, chemical, and electronic information about an object in chemical environment under conditions of observable performance. CEM has experienced a revolutionary improvement in the past years and is becoming an effective characterization method for revealing the mechanism of chemical reactions, such as catalysis. Here, we mainly address the concept of CEM for heterogeneous catalysis in the gas phase and what CEM could uniquely contribute to catalysis, and illustrate what we can know better with CEM and the challenges and future development of CEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Pu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Bowen He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, In-situ Center for Physical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yiming Niu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xi Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, In-situ Center for Physical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Bingsen Zhang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
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10
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Data Synchronization in Operando Gas and Heating TEM. Ultramicroscopy 2022; 238:113549. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2022.113549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Atomic level fluxional behavior and activity of CeO 2-supported Pt catalysts for CO oxidation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5789. [PMID: 34608153 PMCID: PMC8490411 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26047-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Reducible oxides are widely used catalyst supports that can increase oxidation reaction rates by transferring lattice oxygen at the metal-support interface. There are many outstanding questions regarding the atomic-scale dynamic meta-stability (i.e., fluxional behavior) of the interface during catalysis. Here, we employ aberration-corrected operando electron microscopy to visualize the structural dynamics occurring at and near Pt/CeO2 interfaces during CO oxidation. We show that the catalytic turnover frequency correlates with fluxional behavior that (a) destabilizes the supported Pt particle, (b) marks an enhanced rate of oxygen vacancy creation and annihilation, and (c) leads to increased strain and reduction in the CeO2 support surface. Overall, the results implicate the interfacial Pt-O-Ce bonds anchoring the Pt to the support as being involved also in the catalytically-driven oxygen transfer process, and they suggest that oxygen reduction takes place on the highly reduced CeO2 surface before migrating to the interfacial perimeter for reaction with CO.
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12
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Kim J, Choi H, Kim D, Park JY. Operando Surface Studies on Metal-Oxide Interfaces of Bimetal and Mixed Catalysts. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeongjin Kim
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanseul Choi
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeho Kim
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Young Park
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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13
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Computer vision AC-STEM automated image analysis for 2D nanopore applications. Ultramicroscopy 2021; 231:113249. [PMID: 33902953 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2021.113249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has led to important discoveries in atomic imaging and as an atom-by-atom fabrication tool. Using electron beams, atomic structures can be patterned, annealed and crystallized, and nanopores can be drilled in thin membranes. We review current progress in TEM analysis and implement a computer vision nanopore-detection algorithm that achieves a 96% pixelwise precision in TEM images of nanopores in 2D membranes (WS2), and discuss parameter optimization including a variation on the traditional grid search and gradient ascent. Such nanopores have applications in ion detection, water filtration, and DNA sequencing, where ionic conductance through the pore should be concordant with its TEM-measured size. Standard computer vision methods have their advantages as they are intuitive and do not require extensive training data. For completeness, we briefly comment on related machine learning for 2D materials analysis and discuss relevant progress in these fields. Image analysis alongside TEM allows correlated fabrication and analysis done simultaneously in situ to engineer devices at the atomic scale.
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14
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Chee SW, Lunkenbein T, Schlögl R, Cuenya BR. In situand operandoelectron microscopy in heterogeneous catalysis-insights into multi-scale chemical dynamics. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:153001. [PMID: 33825698 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/abddfd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This review features state-of-the-artin situandoperandoelectron microscopy (EM) studies of heterogeneous catalysts in gas and liquid environments during reaction. Heterogeneous catalysts are important materials for the efficient production of chemicals/fuels on an industrial scale and for energy conversion applications. They also play a central role in various emerging technologies that are needed to ensure a sustainable future for our society. Currently, the rational design of catalysts has largely been hampered by our lack of insight into the working structures that exist during reaction and their associated properties. However, elucidating the working state of catalysts is not trivial, because catalysts are metastable functional materials that adapt dynamically to a specific reaction condition. The structural or morphological alterations induced by chemical reactions can also vary locally. A complete description of their morphologies requires that the microscopic studies undertaken span several length scales. EMs, especially transmission electron microscopes, are powerful tools for studying the structure of catalysts at the nanoscale because of their high spatial resolution, relatively high temporal resolution, and complementary capabilities for chemical analysis. Furthermore, recent advances have enabled the direct observation of catalysts under realistic environmental conditions using specialized reaction cells. Here, we will critically discuss the importance of spatially-resolvedoperandomeasurements and the available experimental setups that enable (1) correlated studies where EM observations are complemented by separate measurements of reaction kinetics or spectroscopic analysis of chemical species during reaction or (2) real-time studies where the dynamics of catalysts are followed with EM and the catalytic performance is extracted directly from the reaction cell that is within the EM column or chamber. Examples of current research in this field will be presented. Challenges in the experimental application of these techniques and our perspectives on the field's future directions will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- See Wee Chee
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Lunkenbein
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Schlögl
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, 45413 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Beatriz Roldan Cuenya
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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15
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Miller BK, Crozier PA. Linking Changes in Reaction Kinetics and Atomic-Level Surface Structures on a Supported Ru Catalyst for CO Oxidation. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin K. Miller
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-6106, United States
| | - Peter A. Crozier
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-6106, United States
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16
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Tang M, Yuan W, Ou Y, Li G, You R, Li S, Yang H, Zhang Z, Wang Y. Recent Progresses on Structural Reconstruction of Nanosized Metal Catalysts via Controlled-Atmosphere Transmission Electron Microscopy: A Review. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Tang
- Center of Electron Microscopy and State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Wentao Yuan
- Center of Electron Microscopy and State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yang Ou
- Center of Electron Microscopy and State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Guanxing Li
- Center of Electron Microscopy and State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ruiyang You
- Center of Electron Microscopy and State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Songda Li
- Center of Electron Microscopy and State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Hangsheng Yang
- Center of Electron Microscopy and State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ze Zhang
- Center of Electron Microscopy and State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Center of Electron Microscopy and State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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17
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Boniface M, Plodinec M, Schlögl R, Lunkenbein T. Quo Vadis Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems for the Study of Heterogeneous Catalysts Inside the Electron Microscope? Top Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-020-01398-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AbstractDuring the last decade, modern micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technology has been used to create cells that can act as catalytic nanoreactors and fit into the sample holders of transmission electron microscopes. These nanoreactors can maintain atmospheric or higher pressures inside the cells as they seal gases or liquids from the vacuum of the TEM column and can reach temperatures exceeding 1000 °C. This has led to a paradigm shift in electron microscopy, which facilitates the local characterization of structural and morphological changes of solid catalysts under working conditions. In this review, we outline the development of state-of-the-art nanoreactor setups that are commercially available and are currently applied to study catalytic reactions in situ or operando in gaseous or liquid environments. We also discuss challenges that are associated with the use of environmental cells. In catalysis studies, one of the major challenge is the interpretation of the results while considering the discrepancies in kinetics between MEMS based gas cells and fixed bed reactors, the interactions of the electron beam with the sample, as well as support effects. Finally, we critically analyze the general role of MEMS based nanoreactors in electron microscopy and catalysis communities and present possible future directions.
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18
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Chemical kinetics for operando electron microscopy of catalysts: 3D modeling of gas and temperature distributions during catalytic reactions. Ultramicroscopy 2020; 218:113080. [PMID: 32795882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2020.113080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In situ environmental transmission electron microscopy (ETEM) is a powerful tool for observing structural modifications taking place in heterogeneous catalysts under reaction conditions. However, to strengthen the link between catalyst structure and functionality, an operando measurement must be performed in which reaction kinetics and catalyst structure are simultaneously determined. To determine chemical kinetics for gas-phase catalysis, it is necessary to develop a reliable chemical engineering model to describe catalysis as well as heat and mass transport processes within the ETEM cell. Here, we establish a finite element model to determine the gas and temperature profiles during catalysis in an open-cell operando ETEM experiment. The model is applied to a SiO2-supported Ru catalyst performing CO oxidation. Good agreement is achieved between simulated compositions and those measured experimentally across a temperature range of 25 - 350 °C. In general, for lower conversions, the simulations show that the temperature and gas are relatively homogeneous within the hot zone of the TEM holder where the catalyst is located. The uniformity of gas and temperature indicates that the ETEM reactor system behavior approximates that of a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR). The large degree of gas-phase uniformity also allows one to estimate the catalytic conversion of reactants in the cell to within 10% using electron energy-loss spectroscopy. Moreover, the findings indicate that for reactant conversions below 35%, one can reliably evaluate the steady-state reaction rate of catalyst nanoparticles that are imaged on the TEM grid.
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19
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Abstract
For decades, differentially pumped environmental transmission electron microscopy has been a powerful tool to study dynamic structural evolution of catalysts under a gaseous environment. With the advancement of micro-electromechanical system-based technologies, windowed gas cell became increasingly popular due to its ability to achieve high pressure and its compatibility to a wide range of microscopes with minimal modification. This enables a series of imaging and analytical technologies such as atomic resolution imaging, spectroscopy, and operando, revealing details that were unprecedented before. By reviewing some of the recent work, we demonstrate that the windowed gas cell has the unique ability to solve complicated catalysis problems. We also discuss what technical difficulties need to be addressed and provide an outlook for the future of in situ environmental transmission electron microscopy (TEM) technologies and their application to the field of catalysis development.
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20
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Plodinec M, Nerl HC, Farra R, Willinger MG, Stotz E, Schlögl R, Lunkenbein T. Versatile Homebuilt Gas Feed and Analysis System for Operando TEM of Catalysts at Work. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2020; 26:220-228. [PMID: 32115001 DOI: 10.1017/s143192762000015x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how catalysts work during chemical reactions is crucial when developing efficient catalytic materials. The dynamic processes involved are extremely sensitive to changes in pressure, gas environment and temperature. Hence, there is a need for spatially resolved operando techniques to investigate catalysts under working conditions and over time. The use of dedicated operando techniques with added detection of catalytic conversion presents a unique opportunity to study the mechanisms underlying the catalytic reactions systematically. Herein, we report on the detailed setup and technical capabilities of a modular, homebuilt gas feed system directly coupled to a quadrupole mass spectrometer, which allows for operando transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies of heterogeneous catalysts. The setup is compatible with conventional, commercially available gas cell TEM holders, making it widely accessible and reproducible by the community. In addition, the operando functionality of the setup was tested using CO oxidation over Pt nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milivoj Plodinec
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hannah C Nerl
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ramzi Farra
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marc G Willinger
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eugen Stotz
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Schlögl
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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21
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Plodinec M, Nerl HC, Girgsdies F, Schlögl R, Lunkenbein T. Insights into Chemical Dynamics and Their Impact on the Reactivity of Pt Nanoparticles during CO Oxidation by Operando TEM. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b03692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Milivoj Plodinec
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hannah C. Nerl
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Girgsdies
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Schlögl
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Thomas Lunkenbein
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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22
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Surface Chemistry of Carbon Dioxide on Copper Model Catalysts Studied by Ambient-Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. E-JOURNAL OF SURFACE SCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2019.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Yang WCD, Wang C, Fredin LA, Lin PA, Shimomoto L, Lezec HJ, Sharma R. Site-selective CO disproportionation mediated by localized surface plasmon resonance excited by electron beam. NATURE MATERIALS 2019; 18:614-619. [PMID: 30988449 PMCID: PMC6644007 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-019-0342-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent reports of hot-electron-induced dissociation of small molecules, such as hydrogen, demonstrate the potential application of plasmonic nanostructures for harvesting light to initiate catalytic reactions. Theories have assumed that plasmonic catalysis is mediated by the energy transfer from nanoparticles to adsorbed molecules during the dephasing of localized surface plasmon (LSP) modes optically excited on plasmonic nanoparticles. However, LSP-induced chemical processes have not been resolved at a sub-nanoparticle scale to identify the active sites responsible for the energy transfer. Here, we exploit the LSP resonance excited by electron beam on gold nanoparticles to drive CO disproportionation at room temperature in an environmental scanning transmission electron microscope. Using in situ electron energy-loss spectroscopy with a combination of density functional theory and electromagnetic boundary element method calculations, we show at the subparticle level that the active sites on gold nanoparticles are where preferred gas adsorption sites and the locations of maximum LSP electric field amplitude (resonance antinodes) superimpose. Our findings provide insight into plasmonic catalysis and will be valuable in designing plasmonic antennas for low-temperature catalytic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chang D Yang
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
- Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Canhui Wang
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
- Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Lisa A Fredin
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Pin Ann Lin
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
- Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Lisa Shimomoto
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Henri J Lezec
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Renu Sharma
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
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24
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De Sousa Duarte M, Rolland M, Sagnard C, Suire D, Flacher F, Delpoux O, Lienemann CP. High‐Pressure High‐Temperature Transparent Fixed‐Bed Reactor for Operando Gas‐Liquid Reaction Follow‐up. Chem Eng Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201800090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthieu Rolland
- IFP Energies nouvelles Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize, BP3 69360 Solaize France
| | - Corinne Sagnard
- IFP Energies nouvelles Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize, BP3 69360 Solaize France
| | - Didier Suire
- IFP Energies nouvelles Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize, BP3 69360 Solaize France
| | - Frederic Flacher
- IFP Energies nouvelles Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize, BP3 69360 Solaize France
| | - Olivier Delpoux
- IFP Energies nouvelles Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize, BP3 69360 Solaize France
| | - Charles P. Lienemann
- IFP Energies nouvelles Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize, BP3 69360 Solaize France
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25
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Katsukura H, Miyata T, Shirai M, Matsumoto H, Mizoguchi T. Estimation of the molecular vibration of gases using electron microscopy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16434. [PMID: 29234014 PMCID: PMC5727207 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16423-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactions in gaseous phases and at gas/solid interfaces are widely used in industry. Understanding of the reaction mechanism, namely where, when, and how these gaseous reactions proceed, is crucial for the development of further efficient reaction systems. To achieve such an understanding, it is indispensable to grasp the dynamic behavior of the gaseous molecules at the active site of the chemical reaction. However, estimation of the dynamic behavior of gaseous molecules in specific nanometer-scale regions is always accompanied by great difficulties. Here, we propose a method for the identification of the dynamic behavior of gaseous molecules using an electron spectroscopy observed with a transmission electron microscope in combination with theoretical calculations. We found that our method can successfully identify the dynamic behavior of some gaseous molecules, such as O2 and CH4, and the sensitivity of the method is affected by the rigidity of the molecule. The method has potential to measure the local temperature of gaseous molecules as well. The knowledge obtained from this technique is fundamental for further high resolution studies of gaseous reactions using electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Katsukura
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Miyata
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Manabu Shirai
- Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation, 24-14, Nishi-shimbashi 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8717, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Matsumoto
- Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation, 24-14, Nishi-shimbashi 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8717, Japan
| | - Teruyasu Mizoguchi
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan.
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26
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27
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Taheri ML, Stach EA, Arslan I, Crozier PA, Kabius BC, LaGrange T, Minor AM, Takeda S, Tanase M, Wagner JB, Sharma R. Current status and future directions for in situ transmission electron microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 2016; 170:86-95. [PMID: 27566048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This review article discusses the current and future possibilities for the application of in situ transmission electron microscopy to reveal synthesis pathways and functional mechanisms in complex and nanoscale materials. The findings of a group of scientists, representing academia, government labs and private sector entities (predominantly commercial vendors) during a workshop, held at the Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology- National Institute of Science and Technology (CNST-NIST), are discussed. We provide a comprehensive review of the scientific needs and future instrument and technique developments required to meet them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra L Taheri
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, USA
| | - Eric A Stach
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, National Laboratory, Brookhaven, USA
| | - Ilke Arslan
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, 902 Battelle Blvd, Richland, WA, USA
| | - P A Crozier
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Bernd C Kabius
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Thomas LaGrange
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Physical and Life Science Directorate, Condensed Matter and Materials Division, 7000 East Avenue, P.O. 808 L-356, USA
| | - Andrew M Minor
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of California, Berkeley and National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, MS 72, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Seiji Takeda
- Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Mihaela Tanase
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-6203, USA
| | - Jakob B Wagner
- Center for Electron Nanoscopy, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Renu Sharma
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-6203, USA.
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28
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Tao F(F, Crozier PA. Atomic-Scale Observations of Catalyst Structures under Reaction Conditions and during Catalysis. Chem Rev 2016; 116:3487-539. [DOI: 10.1021/cr5002657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Franklin (Feng) Tao
- Department
of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Peter A. Crozier
- School
of Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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29
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Koh AL, Gidcumb E, Zhou O, Sinclair R. Oxidation of Carbon Nanotubes in an Ionizing Environment. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:856-63. [PMID: 26726919 PMCID: PMC4859757 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present systematic studies on how an illuminating electron beam which ionizes molecular gas species can influence the mechanism of carbon nanotube oxidation in an environmental transmission electron microscope (ETEM). We found that preferential attack of the nanotube tips is much more prevalent than for oxidation in a molecular gas environment. We establish the cumulative electron doses required to damage carbon nanotubes from 80 keV electron beam irradiation in gas versus in high vacuum. Our results provide guidelines for the electron doses required to study carbon nanotubes within or without a gas environment, to determine or ameliorate the influence of the imaging electron beam. This work has important implications for in situ studies as well as for the oxidation of carbon nanotubes in an ionizing environment such as that occurring during field emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Leen Koh
- Stanford Nano Shared Facilities, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Emily Gidcumb
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Otto Zhou
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Robert Sinclair
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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30
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Pan YT, Wu J, Yin X, Yang H. In situ
ETEM study of composition redistribution in Pt-Ni octahedral catalysts for electrochemical reduction of oxygen. AIChE J 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.15070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Tin Pan
- Dept. of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; 206 Roger Adams Laboratory, MC-712, 600 South Mathews Avenue Urbana IL 61801
| | - Jianbo Wu
- Dept. of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; 206 Roger Adams Laboratory, MC-712, 600 South Mathews Avenue Urbana IL 61801
| | - Xi Yin
- Dept. of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; 206 Roger Adams Laboratory, MC-712, 600 South Mathews Avenue Urbana IL 61801
| | - Hong Yang
- Dept. of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; 206 Roger Adams Laboratory, MC-712, 600 South Mathews Avenue Urbana IL 61801
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31
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Zhao S, Li Y, Stavitski E, Tappero R, Crowley S, Castaldi MJ, Zakharov DN, Nuzzo RG, Frenkel AI, Stach EA. Operando Characterization of Catalysts through use of a Portable Microreactor. ChemCatChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201500688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shen Zhao
- Department of Chemistry; University of Illinois; Urbana IL 61801 USA
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton NY 11793 USA
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Physics; Yeshiva University; New York NY 10016 USA
| | - Eli Stavitski
- Photon Sciences Division; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton NY 11973 USA
| | - Ryan Tappero
- Photon Sciences Division; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton NY 11973 USA
| | - Stephen Crowley
- Department of Chemical Engineering; City College of New York; New York NY 10031 USA
| | - Marco J. Castaldi
- Department of Chemical Engineering; City College of New York; New York NY 10031 USA
| | - Dmitri N. Zakharov
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton NY 11793 USA
| | - Ralph G. Nuzzo
- Department of Chemistry; University of Illinois; Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | | | - Eric A. Stach
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton NY 11793 USA
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32
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Miller BK, Barker TM, Crozier PA. Novel sample preparation for operando TEM of catalysts. Ultramicroscopy 2015; 156:18-22. [PMID: 25974880 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A new TEM sample preparation method is developed to facilitate operando TEM of gas phase catalysis. A porous Pyrex-fiber pellet TEM sample was produced, allowing a comparatively large amount of catalyst to be loaded into a standard Gatan furnace-type tantalum heating holder. The increased amount of catalyst present inside the environmental TEM allows quantitative determination of the gas phase products of a catalytic reaction performed in-situ at elevated temperatures. The product gas concentration was monitored using both electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and residual gas analysis (RGA). Imaging of catalyst particles dispersed over the pellet at atomic resolution is challenging, due to charging of the insulating glass fibers. To overcome this limitation, a metal grid is placed into the holder in addition to the pellet, allowing catalyst particles dispersed over the grid to be imaged, while particles in the pellet, which are assumed to experience identical conditions, contribute to the overall catalytic conversion inside the environmental TEM cell. The gas within the cell is determined to be well-mixed, making this assumption reasonable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin K Miller
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-6106 USA
| | - Trevor M Barker
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-6106 USA
| | - Peter A Crozier
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-6106 USA.
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33
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Su DS, Zhang B, Schlögl R. Electron microscopy of solid catalysts--transforming from a challenge to a toolbox. Chem Rev 2015; 115:2818-82. [PMID: 25826447 DOI: 10.1021/cr500084c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dang Sheng Su
- †Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.,‡Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bingsen Zhang
- †Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Robert Schlögl
- ‡Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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34
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Chan CK, Tüysüz H, Braun A, Ranjan C, La Mantia F, Miller BK, Zhang L, Crozier PA, Haber JA, Gregoire JM, Park HS, Batchellor AS, Trotochaud L, Boettcher SW. Advanced and In Situ Analytical Methods for Solar Fuel Materials. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2015; 371:253-324. [PMID: 26267386 DOI: 10.1007/128_2015_650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In situ and operando techniques can play important roles in the development of better performing photoelectrodes, photocatalysts, and electrocatalysts by helping to elucidate crucial intermediates and mechanistic steps. The development of high throughput screening methods has also accelerated the evaluation of relevant photoelectrochemical and electrochemical properties for new solar fuel materials. In this chapter, several in situ and high throughput characterization tools are discussed in detail along with their impact on our understanding of solar fuel materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace K Chan
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
| | - Harun Tüysüz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | - Artur Braun
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Chinmoy Ranjan
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470, Muelheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | - Fabio La Mantia
- Semiconductor and Energy Conversion - Center for Electrochemical Sciences, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Benjamin K Miller
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Liuxian Zhang
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Peter A Crozier
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
| | - Joel A Haber
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 9112, USA
| | - John M Gregoire
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 9112, USA.
| | - Hyun S Park
- Fuel Cell Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 39-1 Hawolgok-dong, Seoul, 136-791, Republic of Korea.
| | - Adam S Batchellor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Lena Trotochaud
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Shannon W Boettcher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA.
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35
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Vendelbo SB, Elkjær CF, Falsig H, Puspitasari I, Dona P, Mele L, Morana B, Nelissen BJ, van Rijn R, Creemer JF, Kooyman PJ, Helveg S. Visualization of oscillatory behaviour of Pt nanoparticles catalysing CO oxidation. NATURE MATERIALS 2014; 13:884-90. [PMID: 25038730 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Many catalytic reactions under fixed conditions exhibit oscillatory behaviour. The oscillations are often attributed to dynamic changes in the catalyst surface. So far, however, such relationships were difficult to determine for catalysts consisting of supported nanoparticles. Here, we employ a nanoreactor to study the oscillatory CO oxidation catalysed by Pt nanoparticles using time-resolved high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, mass spectrometry and calorimetry. The observations reveal that periodic changes in the CO oxidation are synchronous with a periodic refacetting of the Pt nanoparticles. The oscillatory reaction is modelled using density functional theory and mass transport calculations, considering the CO adsorption energy and the oxidation rate as site-dependent. We find that to successfully explain the oscillations, the model must contain the phenomenon of refacetting. The nanoreactor approach can thus provide atomic-scale information that is specific to surface sites. This will improve the understanding of dynamic properties in catalysis and related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Vendelbo
- ChemE, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | - C F Elkjær
- Haldor Topsøe A/S, Nymøllevej 55, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - H Falsig
- Haldor Topsøe A/S, Nymøllevej 55, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - I Puspitasari
- ChemE, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | - P Dona
- FEI Company, Achtseweg Noord 5, 5651 GG Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - L Mele
- FEI Company, Achtseweg Noord 5, 5651 GG Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - B Morana
- DIMES-ECTM, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5053, 2600 GB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - B J Nelissen
- Albemarle Catalyst Company BV, PO Box 37650, 1030 BE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R van Rijn
- Leiden Probe Microscopy BV, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J F Creemer
- DIMES-ECTM, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5053, 2600 GB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - P J Kooyman
- ChemE, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | - S Helveg
- Haldor Topsøe A/S, Nymøllevej 55, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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36
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Miller BK, Crozier PA. Analysis of catalytic gas products using electron energy-loss spectroscopy and residual gas analysis for operando transmission electron microscopy. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2014; 20:815-824. [PMID: 24815065 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927614000749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Operando transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of catalytic reactions requires that the gas composition inside the TEM be known during the in situ reaction. Two techniques for measuring gas composition inside the environmental TEM are described and compared here. First, electron energy-loss spectroscopy, both in the low-loss and core-loss regions of the spectrum was utilized. The data were quantified using a linear combination of reference spectra from individual gasses to fit a mixture spectrum. Mass spectrometry using a residual gas analyzer was also used to quantify the gas inside the environmental cell. Both electron energy-loss spectroscopy and residual gas analysis were applied simultaneously to a known 50/50 mixture of CO and CO2, so the results from the two techniques could be compared and evaluated. An operando TEM experiment was performed using a Ru catalyst supported on silica spheres and loaded into the TEM on a specially developed porous pellet TEM sample. Both techniques were used to monitor the conversion of CO to CO2 over the catalyst, while simultaneous atomic resolution imaging of the catalyst was performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin K Miller
- School for Engineering of Matter,Transport and Energy,Arizona State University,Tempe,AZ 85287-6106,USA
| | - Peter A Crozier
- School for Engineering of Matter,Transport and Energy,Arizona State University,Tempe,AZ 85287-6106,USA
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37
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Hansen TW, Wagner JB. Catalysts under Controlled Atmospheres in the Transmission Electron Microscope. ACS Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/cs401148d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W. Hansen
- Center for Electron Nanoscopy, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jakob B. Wagner
- Center for Electron Nanoscopy, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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38
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Jinschek JR. Advances in the environmental transmission electron microscope (ETEM) for nanoscale in situ studies of gas–solid interactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:2696-706. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc49092k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights how ETEM technology advances have enabled new essential (structural) information that improve our understanding of nanomaterials' structure–property–function relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. R. Jinschek
- FEI Company
- Materials Science BU
- Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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39
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Miller BK, Crozier PA. System for in situ UV-visible illumination of environmental transmission electron microscopy samples. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2013; 19:461-469. [PMID: 23312072 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927612014122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A system for illuminating a sample in situ with visible and ultraviolet light inside a transmission electron microscope was devised to study photocatalysts. There are many mechanical and optical factors that must be considered when designing and building such a system. Some of the restrictions posed by the electron microscope column are significant, and care must be taken not to degrade the microscope's electron-optical performance or to unduly restrict the other capabilities of the microscope. We discuss the nature of the design considerations, as well as the practical implementation and characterization of a solution. The system that has been added to an environmental transmission electron microscope includes a high brightness broadband light source with optical filters, a fiber to guide the light to the sample, and a mechanism for precisely aligning the fiber tip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin K Miller
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-6106, USA
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40
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Deka U, Lezcano-Gonzalez I, Weckhuysen BM, Beale AM. Local Environment and Nature of Cu Active Sites in Zeolite-Based Catalysts for the Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx. ACS Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/cs300794s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Upakul Deka
- Materials Innovation Institute (M2i), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
Group, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg
99, 3584 CA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ines Lezcano-Gonzalez
- Materials Innovation Institute (M2i), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
Group, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg
99, 3584 CA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
Group, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg
99, 3584 CA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew M. Beale
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
Group, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg
99, 3584 CA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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41
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Electron Tweezers as a Tool for High-Precision Manipulation of Nanoobjects. ADVANCES IN IMAGING AND ELECTRON PHYSICS 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407700-3.00003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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