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Gonzalez JL, Amouroux I, Guesdon S, Menet-Nedelec F, Ponzevera E, Montero N, Marras B, Schintu M, Caetano M, Correia Dos Santos M, Rodrigo Sanz M, Millán Gabet V, Rodríguez Jose G, Belzunce-Segarra MJ, Larreta J, Menchaca I, Bersuder P, Bolam T, Regan F, White B, Zhang H. An international intercomparison exercise on passive samplers (DGT) for monitoring metals in marine waters under a regulatory context. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 847:157499. [PMID: 35870601 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In order to move forward in the acceptance of a novel contaminant monitoring technique (Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films: DGT) for assessment of marine water bodies, sensu the WFD, an Inter-Laboratories Comparison (ILC) exercise (nine Europeans laboratories) was organized in the framework of the Interreg Atlantic Area MONITOOL project, which focused on the use of the DGT technique for the measurement of WFD priority metals (Cd, Ni and Pb). Reproducible results were obtained for each metal by several laboratories, supporting the assertion that DGT analysis can be performed satisfactorily by laboratories experienced in measuring metals at trace levels in marine environments, even if they have limited practice in DGT analysis. According to the Z-score analysis, among the 9 participating laboratories, 3 had 100 % of satisfactory results for Cd, Ni, and Pb, 3 had >80 % satisfactory results and 2 had about 60 % satisfactory results. This work highlights the need to clearly describe the DGT method in order to control sources of contamination during analytical steps, in particular the resin gel retrieval and the elution steps. Such international intercomparison exercise is an important step to develop the laboratory network involved in DGT analysis and contributes to the improvement of data quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Gonzalez
- Ifremer, LITTORAL, Environmental Resources Laboratory (Provence-Azur-Corse), Zone Portuaire de Brégaillon, 83507 La Seyne/mer, France.
| | - Isabelle Amouroux
- Ifremer, Unit of Biogeochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44300 Nantes, France
| | - Stephane Guesdon
- Ifremer, LITTORAL, Environmental Resources Laboratory (Pertuis Charentais), Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Florence Menet-Nedelec
- Ifremer, LITTORAL, Environmental Resources Laboratory (Normandie), Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 14520 Port-en-Bessin, France
| | - Emmanuel Ponzevera
- Ifremer, Unit of Biogeochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44300 Nantes, France
| | - Natalia Montero
- UNICA, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica, Università degli studi di Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Barbara Marras
- UNICA, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica, Università degli studi di Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marco Schintu
- UNICA, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica, Università degli studi di Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Miguel Caetano
- IPMA, Portuguese Institute of Sea and Atmosphere, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-165 Algés, Portugal
| | - Margarida Correia Dos Santos
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marta Rodrigo Sanz
- ITC, Instituto Tecnológico de Canarias, Playa de Pozo Izquierdo, s/n, CP: 35119 Sta. Lucía, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Vanessa Millán Gabet
- ITC, Instituto Tecnológico de Canarias, Playa de Pozo Izquierdo, s/n, CP: 35119 Sta. Lucía, Las Palmas, Spain
| | | | | | - Joana Larreta
- AZTI, Marine Research Division, Herrera Kaia Portualdea z/g, 20110 Pasaia, Spain
| | - Iratxe Menchaca
- AZTI, Marine Research Division, Herrera Kaia Portualdea z/g, 20110 Pasaia, Spain
| | - Philippe Bersuder
- CEFAS, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, United Kingdom
| | - Thi Bolam
- CEFAS, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Regan
- DCU Water Institute, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Blánaid White
- DCU Water Institute, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Hao Zhang
- Lancaster University, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
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Qin C, Xu X, Peck E. Metal Removal by a Free Surface Constructed Wetland and Prediction of Metal Bioavailability and Toxicity with Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films (DGT) and Biotic Ligand Model (BLM). ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 69:994-1004. [PMID: 34811569 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-021-01567-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The H-02 constructed wetland is a free water surface wetland to remove copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) from the industrial wastewater. In this study, we evaluated the performance of the wetland from 2018 to 2019 and coupled the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGTs) and biotic ligand model (BLM) to explore metal speciation and bioavailability in wetland waters. Surface water samples were collected and piston DGTs were deployed in different sites of the wetland. The H-02 wetland functioned well during the sampling period with high removal efficiencies (Cu: 73.8 ± 1.2% and Zn: 75.2 ± 16.0%). In our study, with the assumption that the combination of BLM predicted inorganic metals species, BLM Cu(II) and BLM Zn(II), were the bioavailable and toxic species, DGT-Cu did not correlate to BLM Cu(II) (P = 0.47), but DGT-Zn positively correlated to BLM Zn(II) (R2 = 0.35, P < 0.001). Compared to the modeling results of BLM, DGT-indicated labile and/or bioavailable Cu included not only free Cu ions and inorganic Cu complexes but also a high percentage of Cu-labile organic matter complexes. DGT-indicated Zn included free Zn ion, inorganic Zn, and only a low percentage of Zn-labile organic matter complexes. Our findings illustrated the appropriate use of passive sampling techniques and geological modeling when biomonitoring could be substituted. The close monitoring of metal concentrations, speciation, and bioavailability helps us understand metal biogeochemistry and metal removal processes and ensure the long-term sustainability of the constructed wetland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongyang Qin
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia. PO Drawer E, Aiken, SC, 29802, USA.
| | - Xiaoyu Xu
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia. PO Drawer E, Aiken, SC, 29802, USA
| | - Erin Peck
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia. PO Drawer E, Aiken, SC, 29802, USA
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Lagerström M, Ferreira J, Ytreberg E, Eriksson-Wiklund AK. Flawed risk assessment of antifouling paints leads to exceedance of guideline values in Baltic Sea marinas. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:27674-27687. [PMID: 32394257 PMCID: PMC7334261 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08973-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The seasonal variations of dissolved and bioavailable copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) were studied in two recreational marinas in Sweden and Finland. The time series from the two marinas were characterized by rising concentrations during the spring boat launching, elevated concentrations all through the peak boating season, and decreasing concentrations in autumn when boats were retrieved for winter storage. This pattern shows a clear link between Cu and Zn concentrations and boating activity, with antifouling paints as the principal source. The leaching from antifouling paints was also found to significantly alter the speciation of dissolved Cu and Zn in marina waters, with an increase of the proportion of metals that may be considered bioavailable. This change in speciation, which occurred without any change in dissolved organic carbon (DOC), further increases the environmental risk posed by antifouling paints. In the Swedish marina, dissolved Cu and Zn exceed both Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) and Predicted No Effect Concentrations (PNEC), indicating that the current Swedish risk assessment (RA) of antifouling paints is failing to adequately protect the marine environment. An evaluation of the RA performance showed the underlying cause to be an underestimation of the predicted environmental concentration (PEC) by factors of 2 and 5 for Cu and Zn, respectively. For both metals, the use of inaccurate release rates for the PEC derivation was found to be either mainly (Cu) or partly (Zn) responsible for the underestimation. For Zn, the largest source of error seems to be the use of an inappropriate partitioning coefficient (KD) in the model. To ensure that the use of antifouling coatings does not adversely impact the sensitive Baltic Sea, it is thus recommended that the KD value for Zn is revised and that representative release rates are used in the RA procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lagerström
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - João Ferreira
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Ytreberg
- Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Kristin Eriksson-Wiklund
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Cindrić AM, Marcinek S, Garnier C, Salaün P, Cukrov N, Oursel B, Lenoble V, Omanović D. Evaluation of diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique for speciation of trace metals in estuarine waters - A multimethodological approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 721:137784. [PMID: 32172124 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the potential bioavailability of trace metals (TM) in marine systems is of prime importance to implement adapted regulations and efficiently protect our coastal and estuarine waters. In this study Diffusive Gradients in Thin films (DGT) technique with two different pore size was used to evaluate the potentially bioavailable fractions (DGT-labile) of Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn at various depths of a highly stratified estuary (the Krka River estuary, Croatia) both in winter and summer. DGT-labile concentrations were compared to (1) total dissolved concentrations, (2) concentrations of labile species measured by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV-labile) for Cu and (3) concentrations derived by chemical speciation modelling. High correlation between dissolved and DGT-labile concentrations was found for all metals, except for Zn where contamination problems prevented reliable conclusions. Percentages of DGT-labile fractions over total dissolved concentrations were (AVG ± SD): 92 ± 3%, 64 ± 2%, 23 ± 5%, 61 ± 3% and 57 ± 6% for Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni and Co, respectively. No significant difference was found between trace metal concentrations measured with an open pore and restricted pore devices, implying the predominance of kinetically labile metal complexes smaller than 1 nm. For Cu, ASV-labile and DGT labile concentrations were highly correlated (0.97) with ASV-labile concentration being around 35% lower than that of the DGT-labile. Modelling of chemical speciation reliably predicted dynamic (free, inorganic and part of organic complexes) concentration of Cd, whereas dynamic concentrations of Cu and Pb were underestimated by 32% and 65%, respectively. In view of the relative simplicity of DGT devices, they are well suited for the monitoring effort of coastal waters, informing on potentially bioavailable concentrations of TM and thereby, helping to achieve good environmental status of coastal waters, as stipulated within the EU Water Framework Directive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Marija Cindrić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Center for Marine and Environmental Research, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Saša Marcinek
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Center for Marine and Environmental Research, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Cédric Garnier
- Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS/INSU, IRD, MIO UM 110, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, La Garde, France
| | - Pascal Salaün
- Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GP, UK
| | - Neven Cukrov
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Center for Marine and Environmental Research, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Benjamin Oursel
- Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS/INSU, IRD, MIO UM 110, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, La Garde, France
| | - Véronique Lenoble
- Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS/INSU, IRD, MIO UM 110, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, La Garde, France
| | - Dario Omanović
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Center for Marine and Environmental Research, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Tan F, Jiang X, Qiao X, Sun D, Gao J, Quan X, Chen J, Ren S, Wang Y. Development of cerium oxide-based diffusive gradients in thin films technique for in-situ measurement of dissolved inorganic arsenic in waters. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1052:65-72. [PMID: 30685043 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) method using a new high-capacity cerium oxide (CeO2) binding gel, for the first time, was developed for measuring dissolved inorganic arsenic in freshwater and seawater. The capacities of the new CeO2 binding gel were 682 μg and 375 μg for AsIII and AsV, respectively. The masses of AsIII and AsV accumulated by CeO2-DGT device increased linearly with time and agreed well with the theoretical value calculated by DGT equation. The arsenic accumulation by CeO2-DGT was independent of pH (4.05-9.04) and ionic strength (0.1-750 mM), and common anions including CO32-, SO42-, Cl- and PO43- had no obvious interference. CeO2-DGT showed excellent long-term deployment performance in freshwater and synthetic seawater. Field trials with CeO2-DGT achieved successfully the time-weighted-average concentrations of total inorganic arsenic in reservoir water (1.38 ± 0.09 μg/L) and coastal seawater (0.45 ± 0.06 μg/L). The results were comparable to those measured by grab sampling. The proposed method was reliable and robust for in-situ measurements of dissolved inorganic arsenic in environmental waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Tan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Xiao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xianliang Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Daming Sun
- Dalian Hydrological Bureau of Liaoning Province, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jinsuo Gao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xie Quan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Suyu Ren
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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Copper Complexation by Dissolved Organic Matter in arid Soils: A Voltametric Study. ENVIRONMENTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/environments5110125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A voltammetric method was used to estimate the complexing capacity of water extracts from both desert soils sampled at the root zone of creosote and salt cedar plants, and in soils from interspace or background regions where no vegetative influence was apparent. The copper complexing capacity of water extracts of these desert soils was influenced by contact time and pH. In soils from the root zones of creosote and salt cedar plant, copper complexation capacities at pH 8 were from 5 µM to 60 µM after five min contact periods, while 18 h contact periods yielded copper complexation capacities of 40 µM–80 µM. Soils with no vegetative influence had copper complexing capacities of less the 2 µM. The copper complexing capacities of these soils are well correlated with the concentration of organic carbon in the water extract (r2 = 0.86). The abundance of soluble organic matter in the root zone of desert shrubs has the potential to control the solution speciation of Cu2+. The formation of soluble complexes should also have an important influence on the plant uptake and transport of copper, as well as other heavy metals in the root zones of desert shrubs and beyond.
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7
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Bouchoucha M, Brach-Papa C, Gonzalez JL, Lenfant P, Darnaude AM. Growth, condition and metal concentration in juveniles of two Diplodus species in ports. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 126:31-42. [PMID: 29421103 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.10.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
High abundances of juvenile fish in certain ports suggest they might provide alternative nursery habitats for several species. To further investigate this possibility, post-settlement growth, metal uptake and body condition were estimated in 127 juveniles of two seabream species, collected in 2014-15, inside and outside the highly polluted ports of the Bay of Toulon. This showed that differences in local pollution levels (here in Hg, Cu, Pb and Zn) are not consistently mirrored within fish flesh. Muscle metal concentrations, below sanitary thresholds for both species, were higher in ports for Cu, Pb and V only. Otherwise, fish muscle composition principally differed by species or by year. Juvenile growth and condition were equivalent at all sites. Higher prey abundance in certain ports might therefore compensate the deleterious effects of pollution, resulting in similar sizes and body conditions for departing juvenile fish than in nearby natural habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bouchoucha
- Lab. Environnement Ressources Provence Azur Corse, Centre Ifremer de Méditerranée ZP de Brégaillon, CS 20330, 83507 La Seyne-sur-Mer, France; Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditerranéens, UMR 5110, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, F-66860 Perpignan, France; CNRS, Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditerranéens, UMR 5110, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, F-66860 Perpignan, France; UMR MARBEC 9190 CNRS-UM-IRD-Ifremer, CC093, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France.
| | - C Brach-Papa
- Lab. Environnement Ressources Provence Azur Corse, Centre Ifremer de Méditerranée ZP de Brégaillon, CS 20330, 83507 La Seyne-sur-Mer, France
| | - J-L Gonzalez
- Lab. Biogéochimie des Contaminants Métalliques, Centre Ifremer de Méditerranée ZP de Brégaillon, CS 20330, 83507 La Seyne-sur-Mer, France
| | - P Lenfant
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditerranéens, UMR 5110, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, F-66860 Perpignan, France; CNRS, Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditerranéens, UMR 5110, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - A M Darnaude
- UMR MARBEC 9190 CNRS-UM-IRD-Ifremer, CC093, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
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Improving elution strategies for Chelex®-DGT passive samplers. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:7183-7189. [PMID: 29026944 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0680-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Elution of Chelex® binding layers, commonly used for the diffusive gradients in thin films technique (DGT), is recognized as the most important contributor to the uncertainty of DGT measurements. Limiting uncertainty requires the use of optimized procedures and suitable elution recoveries (f e ). This work therefore investigated elution robustness to propose improved strategies. A wide range of conditions were investigated for the main elution parameters (Chelex® particle size, elution time, Chelex® loading, and eluent concentration and volume) on Al(III), Cd(II), Co(II), Cr(III), Cu(II), Ni(II), Pb(II), and Zn(II). Results showed that the choice of elution conditions should be a compromise driven by study constrains in terms of accuracy, repeatability, sensitivity, and targeted elements. Using experimentally determined recoveries should improve accuracy by approximately 5 to 10% compared to the use of recoveries from the literature. Fast elution of 1 h can be achieved without significant loss of recovery and repeatability except for Cr(III) (8 h minimum). Elution recovery depended on Chelex® loading for Zn and Cr and introducing recoveries adapted to the loading could improve accuracy up to, respectively, 11 and 27%. When standard recoveries are used, a 0.85 f e value would be more appropriate than the common value of 0.8 to minimize inaccuracy (except for Cr). Some flexibility can be applied to elution conditions without a significant change in recovery for most elements: HNO3 concentration of 1-15 M, volume of 1-2 mL, duration of 8-48 h. Cr(III) was unique in its sensitivity to elution condition variations; thus, choice is more restricted for this element. Graphical abstract Decisional tree for choosing elution procedure and recoveries for Chelex®-DGT.
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Menegário AA, Yabuki LNM, Luko KS, Williams PN, Blackburn DM. Use of diffusive gradient in thin films for in situ measurements: A review on the progress in chemical fractionation, speciation and bioavailability of metals in waters. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 983:54-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Shiva AH, Teasdale PR, Welsh DT, Bennett WW. Evaluation of the DGT technique for selective measurement of aluminium and trace metal concentrations in an acid drainage-impacted coastal waterway. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2017; 19:742-751. [PMID: 28426038 DOI: 10.1039/c6em00276e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The performance of DGT-Chelex, DGT-Metsorb and DGT-MBL (Chelex-Metsorb mixed binding layer) with open and restricted diffusive layers for trace metal (Al, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) and oxyanion (As, Mo, Sb, V) measurements, was evaluated in four natural waters with different pH (range 3.29-7.81). In moderately acidic (pH ≈ 5) and circumneutral (pH ≈ 6.3) waters, all three binding layers measured relatively similar concentrations of Al, while in more alkaline waters (pH ≈ 8) DGT-MBL measured higher concentrations than the other two binding layers. The measurements of DGT-Chelex and DGT-MBL for Co, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn, and DGT-Metsorb and DGT-MBL for As, Sb and V were within 82-119% and not statistically different (p > 0.05) over the pH range 5-8. Mn measurements by DGT-Chelex and DGT-MBL were quite similar (95%) at pH 6.3, while DGT-MBL measured higher concentrations than DGT-Chelex at other pHs. The ratios of measured concentrations with different diffusive layers (Crestricted/Copen) were between 0.78 and 1.12 for all binding layers and no statistical differences (p > 0.05) were observed, except for Al at pH 7.81 and Cu at pH 6.28. DGT-MBL was comparable to DGT-Chelex for the measurement of most trace metals, and to DGT-Metsorb for the measurement of most oxyanions, over the pH range 5.05-7.81. Overall, DGT-MBL is superior to the other tested binding layers because it can simultaneously measure cations and anions, and accurately measure dissolved Al, across the greatest range of environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Houshang Shiva
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4215, Australia.
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11
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Noh S, Hong YS, Han S. Application of diffusive gradients in thin films and core centrifugation methods to determine inorganic mercury and monomethylmercury profiles in sediment porewater. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:348-356. [PMID: 26250361 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A diffusive gradient in thin films (DGT) is an in situ sampling technique for the quantitative analysis of contaminant concentrations that is based on the diffusion and adsorption of contaminants on to resin gels. In the present study, a DGT technique was applied to measure total mercury (Hg) and monomethylmercury (MMHg) concentrations in lake and coastal sediment porewaters and compare them with those from ex situ sediment centrifugation. To calculate the total Hg and MMHg concentrations in porewater using the DGT method, the diffusion coefficients of Hg species in a diffusive gel medium was first determined, and then total Hg and MMHg depth profiles were measured using the experimentally determined diffusion coefficients. Using the diffusion coefficients for artificial lake and estuarine waters containing inorganic salts, rather than those for lake and estuarine waters containing Suwannee River humic acid (∼5 mg C L(-1) ), the DGT method demonstrated similar Hg and MMHg profiles to those using the centrifugation method. Based on the need for fine vertical resolution and high metal concentrations to be collected, DGT is suggested to be a reliable method for determining Hg(II) and MMHg depth profiles in sediment porewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seam Noh
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Seok Hong
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Daegu University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghee Han
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Daegu University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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12
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Shiva AH, Bennett WW, Welsh DT, Teasdale PR. In situ evaluation of DGT techniques for measurement of trace metals in estuarine waters: a comparison of four binding layers with open and restricted diffusive layers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2016; 18:51-63. [PMID: 26678534 DOI: 10.1039/c5em00550g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Four different DGT binding layers were used to make selective measurements of trace metals in coastal waters within The Broadwater (Gold Coast, Queensland). Chelex and PAMPAA (polyacrylamide-polyacrylic acid) binding layers were used to measure cations (Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn), and Metsorb was used to measure anions (Al, As, Mo, Sb, V, W). A mixed binding layer (MBL) containing both Chelex and Metsorb was used to measure each of the trace metals and determine diffusive boundary layer (DBL) thicknesses. DGT measurements that were not corrected for the DBL thickness (0.049-0.087) were underestimated by 70% on average. Good agreement was observed between DGT-MBL and DGT-Chelex for measurement of Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn, and between DGT-MBL and DGT-Metsorb for As, Sb and V. DGT-MBL measured significantly higher concentrations for Mn (compared with DGT-Chelex) and Al (compared with DGT-Metsorb). DGT-Chelex measured only 6-8% of Al species measured by either DGT-MBL or DGT-Metsorb. DGT-PAMPAA measurements of Cu, Pb and Al were lower than those of either DGT-MBL or DGT-Chelex varying from 74-81% for Cu to 54-70% for Pb and 51-55% for anionic Al(OH)4(-), suggesting that this binding layer may make more selective measurements. All measured trace metal concentrations were well below ANZECC water quality guidelines, except for Cu which was 2 to 10 times higher than trigger values. Each of the DGT techniques was deployed using both open and restricted diffusive layers (ODL and RDL). Most trace metal measurements were not significantly different with ODL and RDL for all binding layers. However, concentrations of Cu (CRDL/CODL = 0.68-0.75) and Al (CRDL/CODL = 0.73-0.79) were significantly different with DGT-MBL, DGT-Chelex and DGT-Metsorb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Houshang Shiva
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4215, Australia.
| | - William W Bennett
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4215, Australia.
| | - David T Welsh
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4215, Australia.
| | - Peter R Teasdale
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4215, Australia.
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Shiva AH, Teasdale PR, Bennett WW, Welsh DT. A systematic determination of diffusion coefficients of trace elements in open and restricted diffusive layers used by the diffusive gradients in a thin film technique. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 888:146-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Dong Z, Lewis CG, Burgess RM, Shine JP. The Gellyfish: An in situ equilibrium-based sampler for determining multiple free metal ion concentrations in marine ecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:983-992. [PMID: 25598362 PMCID: PMC4731866 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Free metal ions are usually the most bioavailable and toxic metal species to aquatic organisms, but they are difficult to measure because of their extremely low concentrations in the marine environment. Many of the current methods for determining free metal ions are complicated and time-consuming, and they can only measure 1 metal at a time. The authors developed a new version of the "Gellyfish," an in situ equilibrium-based sampler, with significantly reduced equilibration time and the capability of measuring multiple free metal ions simultaneously. By calibrating the Gellyfish to account for its uptake of cationic metal complexes and validating them in multi-metal competition experiments, the authors were able to determine free metal ion concentrations previously collected over 10 mo at 5 locations in Boston Harbor for Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, and Cd. This generated 1 of the largest free metal ion datasets and demonstrated the applicability of the Gellyfish as an easy-to-use and inexpensive tool for monitoring free ion concentrations of metal mixtures in marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Dong
- Exposure, Epidemiology and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health. 665 Huntington Avenue, Building 1, B27 Boston, MA 02115, U.S.A
| | - Christopher G. Lewis
- Exposure, Epidemiology and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health. 665 Huntington Avenue, Building 1, B27 Boston, MA 02115, U.S.A
| | - Robert M. Burgess
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ORD/NHEERL - Atlantic Ecology Division. Narragansett, RI, U.S.A
| | - James P. Shine
- Exposure, Epidemiology and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health. 665 Huntington Avenue, Building 1, B27 Boston, MA 02115, U.S.A
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15
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Omanović D, Pižeta I, Vukosav P, Kovács E, Frančišković-Bilinski S, Tamás J. Assessing element distribution and speciation in a stream at abandoned Pb-Zn mining site by combining classical, in-situ DGT and modelling approaches. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 511:423-34. [PMID: 25569578 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The distribution and speciation of elements along a stream subjected to neutralised acid mine drainage (NAMD) effluent waters (Mátra Mountain, Hungary; Toka stream) were studied by a multi-methodological approach: dissolved and particulate fractions of elements were determined by HR-ICPMS, whereas speciation was carried out by DGT, supported by speciation modelling performed by Visual MINTEQ. Before the NAMD discharge, the Toka is considered as a pristine stream, with averages of dissolved concentrations of elements lower than world averages. A considerable increase of element concentrations caused by effluent water inflow is followed by a sharp or gradual concentration decrease. A large difference between total and dissolved concentrations was found for Fe, Al, Pb, Cu, Zn and As in effluent water and at the first downstream site, with high correlation factors between elements in particulate fraction, indicating their common behaviour, governed by the formation of ferri(hydr)oxides (co)precipitates. In-situ speciation by the DGT technique revealed that Zn, Cd, Ni, Co, Mn and U were predominantly present as a labile, potentially bioavailable fraction (>90%). The formation of strong complexes with dissolved organic matter (DOM) resulted in a relatively low DGT-labile concentration of Cu (42%), while low DGT-labile concentrations of Fe (5%) and Pb (12%) were presumably caused by their existence in colloidal (particulate) fraction which is not accessible to DGT. Except for Fe and Pb, a very good agreement between DGT-labile concentrations and those predicted by the applied speciation model was obtained, with an average correlation factor of 0.96. This study showed that the in-situ DGT technique in combination with model-predicted speciation and classical analysis of samples could provide a reasonable set of data for the assessment of the water quality status (WQS), as well as for the more general study of overall behaviour of the elements in natural waters subjected to high element loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Omanović
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, P.O. Box 180, HR-10002 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ivanka Pižeta
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, P.O. Box 180, HR-10002 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Petra Vukosav
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, P.O. Box 180, HR-10002 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Elza Kovács
- Institute of Water and Environmental Management, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi 138, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | | | - János Tamás
- Institute of Water and Environmental Management, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi 138, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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Destro Colaço C, Nozomi Marques Yabuki L, Marta Rolisola A, Antonio Menegário A, de Almeida E, Alfredo Suárez C, Gao Y, Corns WT, do Nascimento Filho VF. Determination of mercury in river water by diffusive gradients in thin films using P81 membrane as binding layer. Talanta 2014; 129:417-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Greenberg MS, Chapman PM, Allan IJ, Anderson KA, Apitz SE, Beegan C, Bridges TS, Brown SS, Cargill JG, McCulloch MC, Menzie CA, Shine JP, Parkerton TF. Passive sampling methods for contaminated sediments: risk assessment and management. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2014; 10:224-36. [PMID: 24343931 PMCID: PMC4070852 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This paper details how activity-based passive sampling methods (PSMs), which provide information on bioavailability in terms of freely dissolved contaminant concentrations (Cfree ), can be used to better inform risk management decision making at multiple points in the process of assessing and managing contaminated sediment sites. PSMs can increase certainty in site investigation and management, because Cfree is a better predictor of bioavailability than total bulk sediment concentration (Ctotal ) for 4 key endpoints included in conceptual site models (benthic organism toxicity, bioaccumulation, sediment flux, and water column exposures). The use of passive sampling devices (PSDs) presents challenges with respect to representative sampling for estimating average concentrations and other metrics relevant for exposure and risk assessment. These challenges can be addressed by designing studies that account for sources of variation associated with PSMs and considering appropriate spatial scales to meet study objectives. Possible applications of PSMs include: quantifying spatial and temporal trends in bioavailable contaminants, identifying and evaluating contaminant source contributions, calibrating site-specific models, and, improving weight-of-evidence based decision frameworks. PSM data can be used to assist in delineating sediment management zones based on likelihood of exposure effects, monitor remedy effectiveness, and, evaluate risk reduction after sediment treatment, disposal, or beneficial reuse after management actions. Examples are provided illustrating why PSMs and freely dissolved contaminant concentrations (Cfree ) should be incorporated into contaminated sediment investigations and study designs to better focus on and understand contaminant bioavailability, more accurately estimate exposure to sediment-associated contaminants, and better inform risk management decisions. Research and communication needs for encouraging broader use are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc S Greenberg
- USEPA Office of Superfund Remediation & Technology InnovationEdison, New Jersey
| | | | - Ian J Allan
- Norwegian Institute for Water ResearchOslo, Norway
| | | | - Sabine E Apitz
- SEA Environmental Decisions LtdHertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Beegan
- California State Water Resources BoardSacramento, California, USA
| | - Todd S Bridges
- US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research & Development CenterVicksburg, Mississippi
| | - Steve S Brown
- The Dow Chemical Company, Spring HousePennsylvania, USA
| | - John G Cargill
- Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental ControlNew Castle, Delaware, USA
| | - Megan C McCulloch
- Sediment Management Work GroupDetroit, Michigan, USA
- Present address:The Dow Chemical CompanyMidland, Michigan, USA
| | | | - James P Shine
- Harvard University School of Public HealthBoston, Massachusetts, USA
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Han S, Naito W, Hanai Y, Masunaga S. Evaluation of trace metals bioavailability in Japanese river waters using DGT and a chemical equilibrium model. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:4880-4892. [PMID: 23870434 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To develop efficient and effective methods of assessing and managing the risk posed by metals to aquatic life, it is important to determine the effects of water chemistry on the bioavailability of metals in surface water. In this study, we employed the diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) to determine the bioavailability of metals (Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb) in Japanese water systems. The DGT results were compared with a chemical equilibrium model (WHAM 7.0) calculation to examine its robustness and utility to predict dynamic metal speciation. The DGT measurements showed that biologically available fractions of metals in the rivers impacted by mine drainage and metal industries were relatively high compared with those in urban rivers. Comparison between the DGT results and the model calculation indicated good agreement for Zn. The model calculation concentrations for Ni and Cu were higher than the DGT concentrations at most sites. As for Pb, the model calculation depended on whether the precipitated iron(III) hydroxide or precipitated aluminum(III) hydroxide was assumed to have an active surface. Our results suggest that the use of WHAM 7.0 combined with the DGT method can predict bioavailable concentrations of most metals (except for Pb) with reasonable accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Han
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan.
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Montero N, Belzunce-Segarra MJ, Gonzalez JL, Larreta J, Franco J. Evaluation of diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGTs) as a monitoring tool for the assessment of the chemical status of transitional waters within the Water Framework Directive. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2012; 64:31-39. [PMID: 22099960 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this contribution, the potential use of diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGTs) for the chemical evaluation of transitional water bodies within the Water Framework Directive (WFD) has been studied. The water metal concentration has been evaluated in 13 estuaries in the southeastern Bay of Biscay. The DGTs were deployed in triplicate at two stations in each estuary, delimiting the tidal influence. The DGT results were in the ranges of 2-1570 ng L(-1) for cadmium, 66-515 ng L(-1) for copper, 30-3650 ng L(-1) for nickel and 0.8-95.5 μg L(-1) for zinc. The DGTs provided reliable average labile metal concentrations in highly dynamic systems that were comparable with DGT measurements in coastal and estuarine waters worldwide. In addition, it was possible to discriminate those estuaries more susceptible to environmental impacts, being consistent with the historical contamination of each estuary. Based on the obtained results, a sampling strategy for the monitoring of transitional water bodies using DGTs is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Montero
- AZTI-Tecnalia, Marine Research Division, Herrera Kaia, Portualdea s/n, 20110 Pasaia, Spain.
| | - M J Belzunce-Segarra
- AZTI-Tecnalia, Marine Research Division, Herrera Kaia, Portualdea s/n, 20110 Pasaia, Spain
| | - J-L Gonzalez
- IFREMER, Département Biogéochimie et Ecotoxicologie, B.P. 330 Zone Portuaire de Brégaillon, 83507 La Seyne/mer cedex, France
| | - J Larreta
- AZTI-Tecnalia, Marine Research Division, Herrera Kaia, Portualdea s/n, 20110 Pasaia, Spain
| | - J Franco
- AZTI-Tecnalia, Marine Research Division, Herrera Kaia, Portualdea s/n, 20110 Pasaia, Spain
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20
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Investigation of DGT as a metal speciation tool in artificial human gastrointestinal fluids. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 699:177-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Bennett WW, Teasdale PR, Panther JG, Welsh DT, Jolley DF. New Diffusive Gradients in a Thin Film Technique for Measuring Inorganic Arsenic and Selenium(IV) Using a Titanium Dioxide Based Adsorbent. Anal Chem 2010; 82:7401-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac101543p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William W. Bennett
- Environmental Futures Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast campus, Queensland 4222, Australia, and School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Peter R. Teasdale
- Environmental Futures Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast campus, Queensland 4222, Australia, and School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Jared G. Panther
- Environmental Futures Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast campus, Queensland 4222, Australia, and School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - David T. Welsh
- Environmental Futures Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast campus, Queensland 4222, Australia, and School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Dianne F. Jolley
- Environmental Futures Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast campus, Queensland 4222, Australia, and School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
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22
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Assessment of accuracy and precision in speciation analysis by competitive ligand equilibration–cathodic stripping voltammetry (CLE–CSV) and application to Antarctic samples. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 675:116-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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23
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Schintu M, Marras B, Durante L, Meloni P, Contu A. Macroalgae and DGT as indicators of available trace metals in marine coastal waters near a lead-zinc smelter. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2010; 167:653-61. [PMID: 19603278 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-009-1081-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The levels of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were determined in the commonest species of green, red, and brown algae collected from five coastal sites in south-western Sardinia (Italy), an area with a long history of mining and smelting. The usefulness of employing Enteromorpha sp. and Padina pavonica (L.) Thivy to monitor metal pollution was evaluated, while diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) devices were used to measure dissolved metals in seawater. Levels of Cd and Pb were high enough to be of environmental concern in the whole study area. A significant relationship was found between the content of Pb in P. pavonica and DGT-labile Pb in seawater, suggesting that gross elemental concentrations of nonessential metals such as Pb in algal tissues are apparently controlled by the abundance of dissolved metal species in the ambient seawater. The results pointed out the usefulness of using both DGT and algal methods for a better understanding of trace metal availability in coastal waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Schintu
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Università di Cagliari, Via GT Porcell, 4-09124, Cagliari, Italy.
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Sherwood JE, Barnett D, Barnett NW, Dover K, Howitt J, Ii H, Kew P, Mondon J. Deployment of DGT units in marine waters to assess the environmental risk from a deep sea tailings outfall. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 652:215-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2009] [Revised: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Slaveykova VI, Karadjova IB, Karadjov M, Tsalev DL. Trace metal speciation and bioavailability in surface waters of the Black Sea coastal area evaluated by HF-PLM and DGT. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:1798-1803. [PMID: 19368174 DOI: 10.1021/es802544n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Trace metal speciation in seawater from the Bulgarian Black Sea coast was studied in situ by hollow fiber permeation liquid membrane (HF-PLM) and by diffusion gradients in thin-film gels (DGT). The concentrations of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Pb determined by HF-PLM were lower than those measured by DGT, in agreement with their analytical windows, e.g., free metal ions provided by the HF-PLM and dynamic (mobile and labile) species by the DGT. The obtained suite of data was further used to evaluate the bioavailability of these metals to the microorganisms, which was then compared with experimental results of metal uptake to green microalga Chlorella salina. Uptake fluxes of the Cd, Cu, Ni, and Pb to C. salina, were predicted from the measured HF-PLM concentrations and laboratory experimentation in artificial seawater, in agreement with theoretical considerations. The HF-PLM and DGT appear to be promising analytical techniques for speciation and bioavailability studies in complex environmental media and allow improved understanding of the role of different chemical species in metal bioavailability (and impact) in seawaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera I Slaveykova
- Environmental Biophysical Chemistry, ISTE-ENAC, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Station 2, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Yapici T, Fasfous II, Murimboh J, Chakrabarti CL. Investigation of DGT as a metal speciation technique for municipal wastes and aqueous mine effluents. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 622:70-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Revised: 05/22/2008] [Accepted: 05/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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27
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Allan IJ, Knutsson J, Guigues N, Mills GA, Fouillac AM, Greenwood R. Chemcatcher® and DGT passive sampling devices for regulatory monitoring of trace metals in surface water. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 10:821-9. [DOI: 10.1039/b802581a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Seethapathy S, Górecki T, Li X. Passive sampling in environmental analysis. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1184:234-53. [PMID: 17719053 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.07.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2007] [Revised: 07/26/2007] [Accepted: 07/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Since its invention more than three decades ago, passive sampling technology has been widely used for environmental monitoring throughout the world. In many cases, it is the only practical means of determining pollution levels caused by numerous anthropogenic chemicals. Passive sampling technology today is used in various areas ranging from workplace exposure monitoring to global issues of climate change arising due to the presence of various chemicals in the atmosphere. In this review, the present status of the technology and its applications will be discussed along with aspects related to its regulatory acceptance and recent trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Seethapathy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue W., Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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Dunn RJK, Teasdale PR, Warnken J, Jordan MA, Arthur JM. Evaluation of the in situ, time-integrated DGT technique by monitoring changes in heavy metal concentrations in estuarine waters. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2007; 148:213-20. [PMID: 17150291 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2006] [Revised: 09/22/2006] [Accepted: 10/19/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Various natural and anthropogenic processes influence heavy metal concentrations within estuaries. In situ, time-integrated DGT measurements made over concurrent tidal phases found significantly higher concentrations of Cu (probability p=0.017), Zn (p=0.003) and Ni (p=0.003) during the flood phase, because the incoming tide passes several point sources. DGT-reactive Cu concentrations significantly decreased with increased tidal-flushing and vice versa within a marina (correlation r=-0.788, p=0.02). DGT measurements also recorded significant increases in Cu (4 out of 4 sites, p<0.001) and Zn (3 out of 4 sites, p< or =0.015) after a 24 mm rainfall event. Finally, DGT-reactive Cu increased significantly (p<0.001) during peak boating times, due to increased numbers of Cu-antifouled boats. This study demonstrates that, with judicious selection of deployment times, DGT measurements enable changes in heavy metal concentrations to be related to various cycles and events within estuaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J K Dunn
- School of Environmental and Applied Science, Griffith University Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, Australia
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30
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Merritt KA, Amirbahman A. Mercury mobilization in estuarine sediment porewaters: a diffusive gel time-series study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2007; 41:717-22. [PMID: 17328174 DOI: 10.1021/es061659t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
To assess the lability of porewater and sediment solid-phase mercury (Hg), mercapto-substituted siloxane gels were deployed within the sediments of the Penobscot estuary in Maine. Gel deployments occurred in time series and at discrete sediment depths. A sediment distribution coefficient (K(D)) was estimated by modeling the resultant gel Hg uptake. For deployments > 1 day, depth-averaged gel Hg uptake was significantly greater at depth (Zone B 6-20 cm) than in the vicinity of the sediment-water interface (Zone A 0-5 cm), with uptake ultimately reaching 16.7 +/- 4.9 ng Hg g(-1) gel versus 35.5 +/- 3.8 ng Hg g(-1) gel for Zone A versus Zone B, respectively. For Zone A, a simple diffusive model adequately describes gel mass flux, suggesting that Hg repartitioning from the solid phase does not generate a net Hg source term within the time frame of gel deployment. For Zone B, model-determined values of K(D) (K(D) = 25-75) were considerably smaller than literature values typically based on total sediment Hg concentration. The magnitude of the modeled K(D) suggests that it is a small fraction of total sediment-sequestered Hg that is likely sensitive, via interaction with porewater ligands, to the presence of an external sink. These observations of low general Hg reactivity suggest that the net porewater Hg pool may be properly defined as a function of porewater ligand production. Such a definition highlights the importance of microbially mediated diagenesis in controlling Hg cycling within estuarine sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Merritt
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, USA.
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Divis P, Docekalová H, Brulík L, Pavlis M, Hekera P. Use of the diffusive gradients in thin films technique to evaluate (bio)available trace metal concentrations in river water. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 387:2239-44. [PMID: 17203248 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0996-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2006] [Revised: 10/11/2006] [Accepted: 11/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Concentrations of Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb, Ni and Zn were monitored in the Svitava River (the Czech Republic) during April and September 2005. Total concentrations and total dissolved concentrations were obtained through regular water sampling, and the diffusive gradients in thin films technique (DGT) were used to gain information on the kinetically labile metal concentrations. Each measured concentration was compared with the corresponding average (bio)available concentration calculated from the mass of metal accumulated by the moss species Fontinalis antipyretica. The concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cr and Zn measured using DGT corresponded well with those obtained after the deployment of Fontinalis antipyretica moss bags in the Svitava River, but the concentrations of Cu and Ni did not. The calculated (bio)available Cu concentration correlated well with the total dissolved concentration of Cu, whereas no correlation was found to exist between the concentrations of Ni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Divis
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Environmental Protection, Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Purkynova 118, 61200, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Warnken KW, Zhang H, Davison W. Chapter 11 In situ monitoring and dynamic speciation measurements in solution using DGT. PASSIVE SAMPLING TECHNIQUES IN ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(06)48011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Wu RSS, Lau TC, Fung WKM, Ko PH, Leung KMY. An 'artificial mussel' for monitoring heavy metals in marine environments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2007; 145:104-10. [PMID: 16815610 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2006] [Revised: 03/22/2006] [Accepted: 03/28/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A new chemical sampling device, artificial mussel (AM), has been developed for monitoring metals in marine environments. This device consists of a polymer ligand suspended in artificial seawater within a Perspex tubing, and enclosed with semi-permeable gel at both ends. Laboratory and field experiments were carried out to examine the uptake of five metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn) by the AM. Uptake of metals by AM was proportional to the exposure metal concentrations, and the AM was able to accumulate the ASV labile fractions of metals. Uptake and release of the metals of AM are similar to those of the mussel Perna viridis, but less affected by salinity and temperature. Field studies demonstrated that the AM can not only provide a time-integrated estimate of metals concentrations, but also allows comparisons of metal levels in different environments and geographical areas beyond the natural distribution limits of biomonitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf S S Wu
- Centre for Coastal Pollution and Conservation, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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Allan IJ, Knutsson J, Guigues N, Mills GA, Fouillac AM, Greenwood R. Evaluation of the Chemcatcher and DGT passive samplers for monitoring metals with highly fluctuating water concentrations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 9:672-81. [PMID: 17607387 DOI: 10.1039/b701616f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Passive sampling devices accumulate chemicals continuously from water and can provide time weighted average (TWA) concentrations of pollutants over the exposure period. Hence, they offer a number of advantages over other conventional monitoring techniques such as spot or grab sampling. The diffusive gradient in thin film (DGT) and the Chemcatcher passive samplers can be used to provide TWA concentrations of labile metals, but the approaches to their calibration differ. DGT uses diffusion coefficients of metals in the hydrogel layer, whereas Chemcatcher uses metal specific uptake rates, with both sets of values obtained under controlled laboratory conditions with constant aqueous metal concentrations. However, little is known of how such samplers respond to fluctuating concentrations. We evaluated the responsiveness of these two passive sampling devices to rapidly changing concentrations of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in natural freshwater, over a relatively short deployment time. Maximum metal concentrations in water were varied between 70 and 140 microg L(-1). Experiments were carried out in a tank with a rotating carousel system and filled with Meuse river water, allowing a degree of control over experimental conditions while using natural river water. Fluctuating concentrations were obtained by stepwise addition of standard solutions of the metals. The reliability and accuracy of the TWA concentrations measured by the samplers were assessed by comparison with concentrations of the metals in spot samples of water taken regularly over the deployment period. The spot samples of water were either unfiltered (total), filtered (0.45 microm) or ultrafiltered (5 kDa). Predictive speciation modelling using the visual MINTEQ programme was also undertaken. There was reasonable agreement between the TWA concentrations of Cd and Ni obtained with Chemcatcher and DGT and the total Cd and Ni concentrations measured in repeated unfiltered spot samples. For elements (i.e. Cu, Pb, Zn) that associate to a significant degree with suspended solids, colloids or dissolved organic carbon, or form complexes with large organic ligands, optimum agreement was with the filtered or ultrafiltered fractions and with the predicted inorganic and inorganic-fulvic acid associated fractions. While Chemcatcher-based TWA concentration ranges for Cu and Zn were in best agreement with the total filtered fraction, there was lack of agreement for Pb. The combined use of DGT devices with open pore (OP) and restricted pore (RP) gels allowed the labile fraction of metal associated with large organic ligands or DOC to be differentiated and quantified, since this is available to DGT OP but unable to diffuse into the DGT RP. This evaluation of the two sampling devices clearly demonstrated their ability to react reliably to transient peaks in concentration of metal pollutants in water and indicated where future efforts are needed to improve calibration data. Such samplers may prove valuable in responding to the monitoring requirements of the European Union's Water Framework Directive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Allan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, King Henry Building, Portsmouth, UK.
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Garmo OA, Naqvi KR, Røyset O, Steinnes E. Estimation of diffusive boundary layer thickness in studies involving diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT). Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 386:2233-7. [PMID: 17086387 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0885-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2006] [Accepted: 09/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent laboratory experiments and field investigations involving diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) have shown that the thickness (delta) of the diffusive boundary layer (DBL), which can affect the accuracy of the technique, is generally not negligible. Accordingly, the determination of delta has become a matter of considerable practical importance. Though the problem has been addressed in the recent literature, there is room for some improvement. An expression for estimation of delta is presented here, and a practical procedure for determining delta and the concentration of DGT-labile species from sparse experimental data is proposed and illustrated by analyzing data from four experiments with DGT samplers of different diffusive gel thicknesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Garmo
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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Larner BL, Seen AJ, Snape I. Evaluation of diffusive gradients in thin film (DGT) samplers for measuring contaminants in the Antarctic marine environment. CHEMOSPHERE 2006; 65:811-20. [PMID: 16709425 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2005] [Revised: 02/28/2006] [Accepted: 03/16/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This work has been the first application of DGT samplers for measuring metals in water and sediment porewater in the Antarctic environment, and whilst DGT water sampling was restricted to quantification of Cd, Fe and Ni, preconcentration using Empore chelating disks provided results for an additional nine elements (Sn, Pb, Al, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, As). Although higher concentrations were measured for some metals (Cd, Ni, Pb) using the Empore technique, most likely due to particulate-bound or colloidal species becoming entrapped in the Empore chelating disks, heavy metal concentrations in the impacted Brown Bay were found to be comparable with the non-impacted O'Brien Bay. Sediment porewater sampling using DGT also indicated little difference between Brown Bay and O'Brien Bay for many metals (Cd, Al, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu), however, greater amounts of Pb, Mn, Fe and As were accumulated in DGT probes deployed in Brown Bay compared with O'Brien Bay, and a higher accumulation of Sn was observed in Brown Bay inner than any of the other three sites sampled. Comparison of DGT derived porewater concentrations with actual porewater concentrations showed limited resupply of Cd, Pb, Al, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and As from the solid phase to porewater, with these metals appearing to be strongly bound to the sediment, however, resupply of Fe and Sn was apparent. Based upon our observations here, we suggest that Sn, and to a lesser extent Pb, are critical contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn L Larner
- School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1371, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
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Forsberg J, Dahlqvist R, Gelting-Nyström J, Ingri J. Trace metal speciation in brackish water using diffusive gradients in thin films and ultrafiltration: comparison of techniques. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2006; 40:3901-5. [PMID: 16830559 DOI: 10.1021/es0600781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) and ultrafiltration were used to measure trace metal concentrations in the Baltic Sea. The results provide the first comparison of these two fundamentally different speciation methods for trace metals. Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, and Zn were measured at two sites with different total trace metal concentrations. DGT units prepared with APA-gel as diffusive layer and Chelex 100 resin as binding agent were used throughout the study. The ultrafiltration was performed with Millipore Prep/Scale modules with cutoffs of 1 and 10 kDa. Concentration levels of Mn, Zn, and Cd measured by DGT agreed with the concentrations measured in 1 kDa ultrafiltered samples. For Cu and Ni the ultrafiltered concentrations exceeded the DGT-labile concentrations. The ability of DGT to preconcentrate metals was found to be an analytical advantage compared with ultrafiltration. DGT appears to be a good alternative to 1 kDa ultrafiltration for measurement of truly dissolved Mn, Cd, and Zn in the Baltic Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Forsberg
- Division of Applied Geology, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87 Luleå, Sweden.
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Scally S, Davison W, Zhang H. Diffusion coefficients of metals and metal complexes in hydrogels used in diffusive gradients in thin films. Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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van Leeuwen HP, Town RM, Buffle J, Cleven RFMJ, Davison W, Puy J, van Riemsdijk WH, Sigg L. Dynamic speciation analysis and bioavailability of metals in aquatic systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2005; 39:8545-56. [PMID: 16323747 DOI: 10.1021/es050404x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic metal speciation analysis in aquatic ecosystems is emerging as a powerful basis for development of predictions of bioavailability and reliable risk assessment strategies. A given speciation sensor is characterized by an effective time scale or kinetic window that defines the measurable metal species via their labilities. Here we review the current state of the art for the theory and application of dynamic speciation sensors. We show that a common dynamic interpretation framework, based on rigorous flux expressions incorporating the relevant diffusion and reaction steps, is applicable for a suite of sensors that span a range of time scales. Interpolation from a kinetic spectrum of speciation data is proposed as a practical strategy for addressing questions of bioavailability. Case studies illustrate the practical significance of knowledge on the dynamic features of metal complex species in relation to biouptake, and highlight the limitations of equilibrium-based models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman P van Leeuwen
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Colloid Science, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 6, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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40
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Van Leeuwen HP, Town RM. Kinetic limitations in measuring stabilities of metal complexes by competitive ligand exchange-adsorptive stripping voltammetry (CLE-AdSV). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2005; 39:7217-25. [PMID: 16201651 DOI: 10.1021/es050367+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The kinetic limitations of Competitive Ligand Exchange-Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry, CLE-AdSV, for the determination of very stable metal complexes are explained in detail. For a given type of metal, from a certain lower limit of the complex stability constant, K, the usual simple equilibrium interpretation of CLE-AdSV measurements is not generally valid. By critical assessment of data for natural waters we show that in many cases the reported stability constants appearto derive from nonequilibrium conditions in the bulk sample and hence overestimate the real values. Fe(II) is a special case due to the particular kinetic features of hydroxide as a ligand. Our results call for validation of such data by analysis on the basis of the kinetics involved and/or by independent kinetic-free experimental approaches. Earlier speculations from CLE-AdSV results on very strong ligands and derived features such as the potential bioavailability of trace metals in natural waters require reconsideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman P Van Leeuwen
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Colloid Science, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 6, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Ndungu K, Hurst MP, Bruland KW. Comparison of copper speciation in estuarine water measured using analytical voltammetry and supported liquid membrane techniques. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2005; 39:3166-75. [PMID: 15926567 DOI: 10.1021/es0483948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The supported liquid membrane (SLM) is a promising separation and preconcentration technique that is well-suited for trace metal speciation in natural waters. The technique is based on the selective complexation of metal ions by a hydrophobic ligand (carrier) dissolved in a water-immiscible organic solvent immobilized in a porous, inert membrane. This membrane separates two aqueous solutions: the test (or donor) solution and the strip (or acceptor) solution. The metal carrier complex is transported by diffusion across the membrane from the source to the strip solution where metal ions are back-extracted. The technique offers great potential to tune the selectivity by incorporating different complexing ligands in the membrane. A SLM was used to analyze the dissolved (<0.45 microm) copper speciation from two sites in the San Francisco Bay estuary; Dumbarton Bridge, [Cu]total approximately 27 nM, and San Bruno Shoals, [Cu]total approximately 23 nM. The sites were also characterized independently by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) using a Nafion-coated thin mercury film electrode (NCTMFE). The SLM employed 10 mM lasalocid, a naturally occurring carboxylic polyether ionophore, in nitrophenyl octyl ether (NPOE) asthe membrane complexing ligand, supported by a microporous, polypropylene, hydrophobic membrane. This is the first study where SLM technique has been compared with an independent speciation technique in marine waters. Results of copper speciation measurements from Dumbarton Bridge, a site in South San Francisco Bay where copper speciation has been well-characterized in previous studies using various voltammetric techniques, indicated that only about 3% (0.9 nM) of the total dissolved copper was SLM labile. The corresponding DPASV labile copper fraction was <0.4% (<0.1 nM) of total dissolved copper. The concentration of total copper binding ligands measured by the membrane technique was 471 nM as compared to 354 nM measured by DPASV, more than 1 order of magnitude higher than the total dissolved copper concentration. The SLM measurements were consistent with earlier copper speciation measurements that were made in South San Francisco Bay using other voltammetric stripping techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuria Ndungu
- Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Romero R, Jönsson JA. Determination of free copper concentrations in natural waters by using supported liquid membrane extraction under equilibrium conditions. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 381:1452-9. [PMID: 15759138 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-3116-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2004] [Revised: 12/26/2004] [Accepted: 01/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A method is described for measurement of freely dissolved copper concentrations in natural water samples using supported liquid membrane (SLM) extraction under equilibrium conditions, a technique denoted "equilibrium sampling through membranes" (ESTM). For this purpose, 1,10-dibenzyl-1,10-diaza-18-crown-6 as neutral carrier and oleic acid were used in the membrane phase. The main variables optimised were the carrier used to form the metal complexes, the organic solvent used in the membrane, the countercation, pH, the ligand used in the acceptor phase, the extraction time, and the flow rate of the donor phase. After the optimisation process an enrichment factor of 18.5 was obtained. Equilibrium conditions were reached after extraction for 60 min if a flow rate of 1.0 mL min(-1) or greater was used. When different ligands such as humic acids, phthalic acid, and EDTA were added to the sample solution, and sample pH ranged from 6 to 8, the results obtained for freely dissolved copper concentrations were in a good agreement with results from speciation calculations performed with Visual Minteq V 2.30, Cheaqs V L20.1, and WinHumic V. The developed technique was applied to analysis of stream and leachate water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Romero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
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43
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Metal speciation measurement by diffusive gradients in thin films technique with different binding phases. Anal Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Warnken J, Dunn RJK, Teasdale PR. Investigation of recreational boats as a source of copper at anchorage sites using time-integrated diffusive gradients in thin film and sediment measurements. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2004; 49:833-43. [PMID: 15530527 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Antifouling paints on small to medium recreational vessels were first recognized as an important source of pollution in the 1970s. One of the principle biocides in these paints is Cu. Results from a field program in the Gold Coast Broadwater, Queensland, demonstrate a clear correlation between recreational boat numbers at anchorage sites and water column Cu concentrations, for both time-integrated 24 h DGT measurements (n=14, r=0.815, p<0.001) and measurements on composite 0.45 mum-filtered grab samples (n=14, r=0.698, p<0.01) collected every 4 h over 24 h. At boat numbers above 30 the 0.45 microm-filterable Cu concentrations were mostly above the relevant guideline value (1.3 microgl(-1)) but the DGT-reactive Cu concentrations were well below this value at all boat numbers studied. For three-day DGT deployments in Moreton Bay, Queensland, correlations between Cu levels and vessel numbers were not observed, possibly because of uncertain estimates of boat numbers. However, using a multi-factorial ANOVA, DGT-reactive Cu concentrations showed a significant effect for 'sites with vessels vs. sites without vessels' (alpha=0.10, p=0.077) and for 'sampling period' (non-holiday weekdays, weekends, holiday weekdays, holiday weekends) at alpha=0.10, p=0.02. Cu levels in sediments at the same sites were strongly influenced by fraction of clay (<63 microm) material but also by whether the samples were collected at an anchorage or control site. Results from this study further support the view that Cu emissions from antifouling paints may become an important source in waters with high boat numbers and should be taken into account when designing management instruments for coastal waterways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Warnken
- Centre for Aquatic Processes and Pollution, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, PMB 50 Gold Coast Mail Centre, Qld. 9726, Australia.
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Abstract
While epidemiological studies indicate an association between adverse health effects and ambient ultrafine particle concentrations in susceptible individuals, toxicological studies aim to identify mechanisms which are causal for the gradual transition from the physiological status towards patho-physiological disease. Impressive progress has been made in recent years when objectives changed from classical tests like lung function, etc. to endpoints comprising of particle induced oxidative stress, cell signaling and activation, release of mediators initiating inflammatory processes not only in the respiratory tract but also in the cardio-vascular system. Particularly, the large surface area of ultrafine particles provides a unique interface for catalytic reactions of surface-located agents with biological targets like proteins, cells, etc. However, toxicological studies are hampered by a number of imminent complications when simulating long-term exposure of humans in urban environments with inherited and/or acquired susceptibility (e.g., acute exposure studies at high concentrations either in human subjects or animal models). Yet, based on a conservative estimate results available begin to show an adverse health risk for susceptible individuals and support the epidemiological evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang G Kreyling
- Institute of Inhalation Biology, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Munich, Germany.
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Shafer MM, Hoffmann SR, Overdier JT, Armstrong DE. Physical and kinetic speciation of copper and zinc in three geochemically contrasting marine estuaries. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2004; 38:3810-3819. [PMID: 15298187 DOI: 10.1021/es0306765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The physical and kinetic speciation of Cu and Zn in three impacted marine estuaries was examined. Contrasts in sources of metal-binding ligands, solution chemistry, and hydrologic forcing between and withinthethree study systems (Cape Fear River Estuary, North Carolina; Norfolk-Hampton Roads-Elizabeth River, Virginia; San Diego Bay, California) were exploited to enhance our understanding of Cu and Zn speciation. Trace metal-optimized tangential-flow ultrafiltration at 1 kDa nominal molecular weight limit (NMWL) was used to fractionate <0.4 microm species into colloidal and "dissolved" pools. Colloidal species of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and copper were significant and often the dominant pools in each of the three study systems. Characteristic colloidal fractions of both DOM and Cu ranged from near 70% of <0.4 microm concentrations in Cape Fear to 50% in San Diego Bay. Colloidal Cu and DOM were strongly coupled, and variability in observed <0.4 microm Cu concentrations was closely related to the concentrations of colloidal-associated metal. Colloidal fractions were much smaller for Zn than that of Cu; ranging from 10-30% in Cape Fear to less than 5% in San Diego Bay, and no relationship to DOM was observed. Kinetic separations on Chelex resin revealed the presence of large nonlabile pools of Cu in each of the study systems, with the highest fractions (70-100%) in Cape Fear and Norfolk and lowest (30-50%) in San Diego Bay. A close relationship was observed between colloidal and nonlabile Cu species, implying slow reactivity of colloidal-bound Cu. The fraction of filterable Zn labile to Chelex averaged 97%, 85%, and 60% in San Diego, Norfolk, and Cape Fear, respectively. Anthropogenic Zn appeared almost exclusively in the <1 kDa fraction, while anthropogenic Cu was distributed between dissolved and colloidal pools. Copper particle-partition coefficients (Kd) followed the trend: San Diego >> Norfolk > Cape Fear and were inversely correlated with DOC concentrations. Colloid-based partition coefficients were significantly greater, in many cases an order of magnitude greater, than particle-based partition coefficients. The partitioning data suggest the presence of metal-enriched bacterial-derived exudates and/or discrete metal phases in colloidal-sized particles in impacted regions of these estuaries. The strong relationships observed between Cu and DOC indicate that Cu partitioning behavior over a range of estuarine environments may be modeled effectively with a limited set of coefficients. Our measurements of metal lability and size distribution imply that the fraction of <0.4 microm Zn that is likely to be bioavailable is greater than that for Cu, especially in impacted regions of the study systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin M Shafer
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 660 North Park Street, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
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Senn DB, Griscom SB, Lewis CG, Galvin JP, Chang MW, Shine JP. Equilibrium-based sampler for determining Cu2+ concentrations in aquatic ecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2004; 38:3381-3386. [PMID: 15260338 DOI: 10.1021/es0353614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The bioavailability of potentially toxic metals in aquatic systems is frequently related to the dissolved free metal ion (M2+) concentration. However, typical methods used to determine M2+ are labor intensive or require sophisticated equipment. We developed an inexpensive, in situ sampling device--the "gellyfish"--that simplifies Cu2+ determinations in seawater. The gellyfish is a thin disk of polyacrylamide gel embedded with iminodiacetate (Id) groups bound to immobile beads. The sampler operates on the principle that the immobilized Id groups equilibrate with the Cu2+ concentration of the surrounding solution. Cu is then back-extracted into a known volume of 10% HNO3 and measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). In laboratory tests, we varied Cu2+ concentrations between 10(-12) and 10(-8) M and salinity between 5 and 35 ppt. Id-bound Cu (CuId(measured)) did not respond to changes in total Cu. However, CuId(measured) does increase in a predictable manner with increasing Cu2+, and prototype gellyfish precision (average coefficient of variation = 10%) is sufficient to resolve small differences in Cu2+ (+/-30%). Modeled Cu uptake, based on thermodynamic equilibrium speciation of Id within gellyfish, is a good predictor of CuId(measured) (r2 = 0.96 and n = 45).
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Senn
- Exposure, Epidemiology, and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Speciation of copper and zinc in natural freshwater: comparison of voltammetric measurements, diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) and chemical equilibrium models. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2003.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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49
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Performance characteristics of suspended particulate reagent-iminodiacetate as a binding agent for diffusive gradients in thin films. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2003.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zhang H. In-situ speciation of Ni and Zn in freshwaters: comparison between DGT measurements and speciation models. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2004; 38:1421-1427. [PMID: 15046343 DOI: 10.1021/es034654u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The technique of DGT (diffusive gradients in thin films) was used for the first time to measure in situ the distribution of Zn and Ni between inorganic species and complexes with fulvic and humic acids in natural waters. With DGT, metals are bound to a resin embedded in a layer of hydrogel after diffusive transport through an adjacent layer of hydrogel. The metal concentrations in the waters can be quantified using simple diffusion equations. By using devices with hydrogels of different pore size, large and small complex species were discriminated. Inorganic species diffuse freely through all gels, but larger organic complexes with fulvic and humic acids diffuse less freely through more restricted gels (gels with smaller pore size). Systematic differences between DGT devices containing gels of different pore size were obtained. Their calibration for the diffusion of fulvic and humic complexes allowed calculation of the concentrations of labile inorganic (Zn, 34.6 +/- 2.5 nM; Ni, 23.5 +/- 0.9 nM) and labile organic (Zn, 43.1 +/- 2.9 nM; Ni, 11.2 +/- 0.7 nM) complexes. The concentration of Zn measured by anodic stripping voltammetry in samples returned to the laboratory lay between the DGT-measured inorganic concentration and the total dissolved concentration, consistent with partial measurement of organic complexes of Zn. The speciation model WHAM successfully predicted the species distribution of Ni, Zn, and Cu, provided that competitive binding by Fe(III) was considered. Using the speciation models WHAM and ECOSAT, free ion activities of Zn and Ni were calculated from (1) the total inorganic species measured by DGT and (2) the total dissolved species and dissolved organic carbon. The calculations confirmed the good model predictions of metal-humic binding but highlighted problems with default databases used for the speciation of inorganic components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Environmental Sciences, IENS, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom.
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