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Nakajima T, Kuragano M, Yamada M, Sugimoto R. Comparing nearshore and embayment scale assessments of submarine groundwater discharge: Significance of offshore groundwater discharge as a nutrient pathway. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168068. [PMID: 37914127 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) can influence biogeochemical cycles in coastal seas by delivering nutrients from the seafloor. Comparison between the nearshore and embayment scale assessments of SGD against river water discharge would be crucial for understanding biogeochemical impacts on the coastal seas because the discharge pattern (non-point or point pathway) is different. Here, we quantified SGD contribution to rivers in nutrient budgets at two scales within a coastal embayment (Obama Bay, Japan) by mass balance models of radon and radium isotopes. We then compared the SGD contribution between the two scales by the meta-analysis for regional data sets conducted in nearshore and embayment scales. The estimated SGD rates in the nearshore and embayment scales in the bay were 7.8 cm d-1 and 20.0 cm d-1, indicating that offshore SGD was more significant than nearshore. The ratios of nutrient fluxes derived from SGD to rivers (SGD:River) in the nearshore scale were 1.7 for dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), 3.0 for phosphorus (DIP), and 0.5 for silica (DSi), while those in the embayment scale increased to 10.4 for DIN, 18.5 for DIP, and 3.9 for DSi. This result indicates that SGD-derived nutrients become more important at larger spatial scales. Meta-analysis revealed that the difference in the contribution of SGD to rivers was affected by the seafloor size and there was no significant difference in SGD rates between nearshore and embayment scale studies. However, our regional study shows the site-specific pattern that SGD rates in the embayment scale were higher than those in the nearshore scale. Overall, we clarified that SGD can be a crucial nutrient pathway for coastal embayments regardless of the spatial scales and contribute to coastal nutrient biogeochemistry in more offshore areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimi Nakajima
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Fukui, Japan.
| | - Mao Kuragano
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Fukui, Japan.
| | - Makoto Yamada
- Faculty of Economics, Ryukoku University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Ryo Sugimoto
- Faculty of Marine Biosciences and Technology, Fukui Prefectural University, Fukui, Japan.
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2
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Xue Y, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Wang X, Xiao K, Luo M, Li H. Submarine groundwater discharge and associated metal elements into an urbanized bay. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 192:115092. [PMID: 37285609 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, geochemical tracers (radium isotopes) and heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr and As) were analyzed to derive the submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) and associated metal fluxes during four seasons in an urbanized bay (Daya Bay, China). Results showed that Pb and Zn were the main pollutants in bay water. SGD was found to exhibit an obvious seasonal trend (autumn > summer > spring > winter). Such seasonal patterns may be related to the hydraulic gradient between groundwater level and sea level, storm surges and tidal range. SGD was a dominant source of marine metal elements, contributing 19 %-51 % of the total inputs of metals into Daya Bay. The bay water was classified as slight pollution to heavy pollution, which could be linked to SGD-derived metal fluxes. This study provides a better understanding of the important role that SGD plays in metal budgets and ecological environments of coastal waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xue
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation & Environment Evolution and School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation & Environment Evolution and School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Meng Zhang
- Beijing Boyuan Huanqing Technology Co., Ltd, 100053, China
| | - Xuejing Wang
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Kai Xiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Manhua Luo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hailong Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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3
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Zemour Y, Mebrouk N, Mayer A, Mekebret I, Sherif MI. Hydrochemical and geological controls on dissolved radium and radon in northwestern Algeria hydrothermal groundwaters. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137573. [PMID: 36535504 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the results of the first investigation on natural occurrence of radium and radon in Algerian thermal water systems. Activity concentrations of Rn and Ra isotopes were measured in sixteen hydrothermal springs of northwestern Algeria. Samples displayed high activities, especially for 222Rn, 224Ra and 226Ra (up to 377 × 103 Bq/m3, 730 Bq/m3 and 4470 Bq/m3, respectively). Approximately, 50% of the investigated springs displayed activities of combined long-lived Ra (226Ra + 228Ra) in excess of the maximum contaminant level (MCL) of the WHO and EPA for drinking water. Factors controlling the distribution of radionuclides in the aquifer system are investigated. The observed correlation between Ra isotope and TDS suggests that adsorption/desorption is not the dominant process controlling the distribution of Ra in waters. Our results indicate that the excess SO42- limits the concentration of dissolved Ba2+ and thereby, the elevated Ra activities in these hydrothermal systems are not simply limited by co-precipitation with BaSO4 (barite). The data shows that Ra activities are likely dominated by the recoil process of parent isotopes in the aquifer solids. The minimal abundance of clay minerals and oxides in the aquifer, in addition to thermal activities in northwestern Algeria, significantly enhances the mobilization of Ra into waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youcef Zemour
- University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed, GEOREN Laboratory, Géoressources, Environnement & Risques Naturels, B.P. 1015 El M'naouer, 31000, Oran, Algeria.
| | - Naïma Mebrouk
- University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed, GEOREN Laboratory, Géoressources, Environnement & Risques Naturels, B.P. 1015 El M'naouer, 31000, Oran, Algeria
| | - Adriano Mayer
- Avignon University, UMR 1114 EMMAH, UAPV, 301 Rue Baruch de Spinoza, BP 21239, F-84916, Avignon, France
| | - Imane Mekebret
- University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed, GEOREN Laboratory, Géoressources, Environnement & Risques Naturels, B.P. 1015 El M'naouer, 31000, Oran, Algeria; Paris-Saclay University, Geosciences Laboratory (GEOPS) - CNRS. Rue du Belvédère, Bât. 504, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Mahmoud I Sherif
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA; Department of Geology, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
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Liu J, Chen Y, Wang Y, Du M, Wu Z. Greenhouse gases emissions and dissolved carbon export affected by submarine groundwater discharge in a maricultural bay, Hainan Island, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159665. [PMID: 36302414 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions in coastal areas are influenced by both mariculture and submarine groundwater discharge (SGD). In this study, we first conducted a comprehensive investigation on carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) emissions affected by SGD in a typical maricultural bay in north-eastern Hainan Island, China. A radon (222Rn) mass balance model revealed considerable high SGD rates (179 ± 92 cm d-1) in the bay, and the fluxes of SGD-derived dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were 150.36 and 3.65 g C m-2 d-1, respectively. Time-series measurement results, including those for 222Rn, CH4, CO2, and physicochemical parameters, indicated that GHG dynamics in the maricultural bay mainly varied with tidal fluctuations, and isotopic evidence further revealed that acetate fermentation was the main mechanism of methanogenesis in the maricultural waters. The water-air fluxes in the maricultural area were 1.05 ± 0.32 and 9.49 ± 3.96 mmol m-2 day-1 for CH4 and CO2, respectively, implying that Qinglan Bay was a potential source of GHG released into the atmosphere. At the bay-scale, the CO2 emissions followed a spatial pattern, and the CH4 emissions were mainly affected by mariculture. The high CH4 emissions in the maricultural waters caused by maricultural activities, SGD, high temperature, and special hydrology resulted in the formation of the CH4-dominated total CO2-equivalent emissions model. Our study highlights the importance of considering the link between SGD and GHG emissions in maricultural bays when constraining global GHG fluxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yuanqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yiqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Mengran Du
- Deep Sea Science Division, Institute of Deep Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China
| | - Zijun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Selvam S, Muthukumar P, Roy PD, Venkatramanan S, Chung SY, Elzain HE, Muthusamy S, Jesuraja K. Submarine groundwater discharge and associated nutrient influx in surroundings of the estuary region at Gulf of Mannar coast, Indian Ocean. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 305:135271. [PMID: 35705142 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The influx of fresh groundwater and re-circulated sea water into coastal ecosystem occurs through the submarine groundwater discharge (SGD). Measurement of salinity, radium tracers (224Ra, and 226Ra isotopes) and nutrients in estuarine water, coastal surface water and groundwater during December 2019 estimated the SGD and associated nutrient fluxes near the Karameniyar estuary (Gulf of Mannar) and surroundings of the Manapad region at southern part of Tamil Nadu state in India. The presence of excessive radium tracers revealed that the SGD was contributing to Ra desorption from the sediments and enrichment in the coastal waters. We estimated SGD of approximately 0.03-0.59 m3 m-2 d-1 for the Manapad region and relatively more homogeneous but comparatively less values in the Karameniyar estuary (0.03-0.34 m3 m-2 d-1). Higher average values of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN; 43.62 μmol L-1) and soluble reactive phosphate (SRP; 1.848 μmol L-1) suggested greater influence of SGD on the overall coastal water nutrient budget. This study also indicated simultaneous occurrence of fresh and saline SGD in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Selvam
- Department of Geology, V.O. Chidambaram College, Thoothukudi, 628008, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - P Muthukumar
- Department of Geology, V.O. Chidambaram College, Thoothukudi, 628008, Tamilnadu, India; Registration No: 19212232221045, Affiliated to Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, 627 012, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Priyadarsi D Roy
- Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, CP 04510, Mexico
| | - S Venkatramanan
- Department of Disaster Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Y Chung
- Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Institute of Environmental Geosciences, Pukyong National University, Busan, 608-737, South Korea
| | - Hussam Eldin Elzain
- Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Institute of Environmental Geosciences, Pukyong National University, Busan, 608-737, South Korea
| | - S Muthusamy
- Department of Geology, V.O. Chidambaram College, Thoothukudi, 628008, Tamilnadu, India
| | - K Jesuraja
- Department of Geology, V.O. Chidambaram College, Thoothukudi, 628008, Tamilnadu, India
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6
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Murgulet D, Lopez CV, Douglas AR. Radioactive and stable isotopes reveal variations in nearshore submarine groundwater discharge composition and magnitude across low inflow northwestern Gulf of Mexico estuaries. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 823:153814. [PMID: 35157869 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To determine how submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) magnitudes and composition (fresh or saline/recirculated) vary in nearshore low inflow estuaries across ⁓125 km of a semiarid coastline, this study assessed three south Texas estuaries, using radon [222Rn], radium [226Ra and 224Ra], and water isotopes [δ18O and δD]. Mass balance models of time-series 222Rn, found to be representative of total SGD in this study, revealed much higher SGD inputs to the Nueces Estuary (average [x̅] Nueces, Corpus Christi and Oso Bays: 120, 83, and 44 cm·d-1, respectively), attributed to anthropogenically-disturbed substrates and potentially surfacing growth-faults. The lowest 222Rn-derived SGD occurred in the Upper Laguna Madre Estuary (x̅: Upper Laguna Madre and Baffin Bay: 21 and 18 cm·d-1, respectively), explained by the drier climate, lower anthropogenic disturbance, and neighboring groundwater cone of depression. Aransas Bay in the Mission Aransas Estuary received greater average annual precipitation but exhibited low total SGD rates (x̅: 23 cm·d-1). Seasonally, average 222Rn-derived SGD rates increased following Hurricane Harvey (43 cm·d-1 in spring to 64 cm·d-1 in summer). In the Nueces Estuary, the overall 222Rn-derived SGDs were substantially higher than SGDs from 224Ra and 226Ra. The closer agreement between 224Ra and 222Rn-derived SGD and larger 224Ra rates in the Upper Laguna Madre Estuary, Aransas Bay and Oso Bay indicate that saline/recirculated SGD contributions were significant. Values of δ18O and δD confirm these types of inputs, with effects of evaporation/salinization more pronounced where recirculation was predominant and the opposite where terrestrial/222Rn-derived SGD inputs dominate. 226Ra-derived SGDs were lower than the 224Ra due to different behavior of the two isotopes while released into water following transport through saline and fine-grained estuarine sediments or due to wind-driven disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorina Murgulet
- Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA.
| | - Cody V Lopez
- Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA
| | - Audrey R Douglas
- Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA
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7
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Sadat-Noori M, Rutlidge H, Andersen MS, Glamore W. Quantifying groundwater carbon dioxide and methane fluxes to an urban freshwater lake using radon measurements. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 797:149184. [PMID: 34346371 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater lakes can play a significant role in greenhouse gas budgets as they can be sources or sinks of carbon to the atmosphere. However, there is limited information on groundwater discharge being a source of carbon to freshwater lakes. Here, we measure CO2 and CH4 in the largest urban freshwater lake in the metropolitan area of Sydney (Australia) and quantify groundwater discharge rates into the lake using radon (222Rn, a natural groundwater tracer). We also assess the spatial variability of radon, CO2 and CH4 in the lake, in addition to surface water and groundwater nutrient and carbon concentrations. Results revealed that the lake system was a source of CO2 and CH4 to the atmosphere with fluxes of 113 ± 81 and 0.3 ± 0.1 mmol/m2/d, respectively. These calculated CO2 fluxes were larger than commonly observed lake fluxes and the global average flux from lakes. However, CH4 fluxes were lower than the average global value. Based on the radon mass balance model, groundwater discharge to the lake was 16 ± 10 cm/d, which resulted in groundwater-derived CO2 and CH4 fluxes contributing 25 and 13% to the overall greenhouse gas emissions from the lake, respectively. Radon, CO2 and CH4 maps showed similar spatial distribution trends in the lake and a strong relationship between radon, NO3 and NH4 suggested groundwater flow was also a driver of nitrogen into the lake from the western side of the lake, following the general regional groundwater flow. This work provides insights into groundwater and greenhouse gas dynamics in Sydney's largest urban freshwater lake with two implications for carbon budgets: to incorporate urban lakes in global carbon budgets and to account for, the often ignored, groundwater discharge as a source of carbon to lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Sadat-Noori
- Water Research Laboratory, School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Helen Rutlidge
- Water Research Laboratory, School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Martin S Andersen
- Water Research Laboratory, School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - William Glamore
- Water Research Laboratory, School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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8
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Wang W, Evans RD, Newman K, Toms A. Automated separation and measurement of 226Ra and trace metals in freshwater, seawater and fracking water by online ion exchange chromatography coupled with ICP-MS. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Aljaloud KB, ElBatouti M. Statistical analysis of 222Rn concentration in Zamzam and other water sources in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06057. [PMID: 33659723 PMCID: PMC7892809 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, six water samples were collected from different locations in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and another sample from the Zamzam site in Makkah city. The concentration of the radioactive isotope 222Rn was measured using the electronic radon detector (RAD7). The comparative analysis study on these samples showed that the average concentration value in all samples was 0.504Bq/L. The data analysis showed that the concentration of 222Rn was ranged from 0.43 ± 0.06 Bq/L to 0.57 ± 0.060 Bq/L for all samples. These levels are below the contamination threshold (11.1 Bq/L) recommended by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Interestingly, Radon radioactivity levels were lower than those harmful to human health. The principal component analysis (PCA) using (SPSS version 15) was used to reduce the four variables influencing the 222Rn activity concentration to two variables: temperature (correlation coefficient, R2: 0.984) and the relative humidity (RH%) (R2:-0.987). The increase in temperature reduces the solubility of 222Rn gas activity water and facilitates its detection, whereas increased the RH% increases its solubility and decreases the detection level of 222Rn activity concentration. The interaction between temperature and RH% does not affect the concentration of 222Rn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaltham B Aljaloud
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Qassim University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Thakur P, Ward AL, González-Delgado AM. Optimal methods for preparation, separation, and determination of radium isotopes in environmental and biological samples. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2021; 228:106522. [PMID: 33360557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2020.106522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, radium has attracted considerable attention primarily because of the rapid increase in unconventional (fracking) drilling technology in the United States and around the world. One of the major radionuclides of interest in unconventional drilling wastes is radium isotopes (224Ra, 226Ra, 228Ra). To access long-term risks associated with radium isotopes entering into the environment, accurate measurements of radium isotopes in environmental and biological samples are crucial. This article reviews many aspects of radium chemistry, which includes recent developments in radiochemical separations methods, advancements in analytical techniques followed by a more detailed discussion on the recent trends in radium determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punam Thakur
- Carlsbad Environmental Monitoring & Research Center, 1400 University Drive, Carlsbad, NM, 88220, USA.
| | - Anderson L Ward
- U.S. Department of Energy, Carlsbad Field Office, 4021 National Parks Highway, Carlsbad, NM, 88221, USA
| | - Amir M González-Delgado
- Carlsbad Environmental Monitoring & Research Center, 1400 University Drive, Carlsbad, NM, 88220, USA
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Elevated radium levels in Nubian Aquifer groundwater of Northeastern Africa. Sci Rep 2021; 11:78. [PMID: 33420203 PMCID: PMC7794551 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80160-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System in Northeast Africa and the Middle East is a huge water resource of inestimable value to the population. However, natural radioactivity impairs groundwater quality throughout the aquifer posing a radiological health risk to millions of people. Here we present measurements of radium isotopes in Nubian Aquifer groundwater from population centers in the Western Desert of Egypt. Groundwater has 226Ra and 228Ra activities ranging from 0.01 to 2.11 and 0.03 to 2.31 Bq/L, respectively. Most activities (combined 226Ra + 228Ra) exceed U.S. EPA drinking water standards. The estimated annual radiation doses associated with ingestion of water having the highest measured Ra activities are up to 138 and 14 times the WHO-recommended maxima for infants and adults, respectively. Dissolved Ra activities are positively correlated with barium and negatively correlated with sulfate, while barite is approximately saturated. In contrast, Ra is uncorrelated with salinity. These observations indicate the dominant geochemical mechanisms controlling dissolved Ra activity may be barite precipitation and sulfate reduction, along with input from alpha-recoil and dissolution of aquifer minerals and loss by radioactive decay. Radium mitigation measures should be adopted for water quality management where Nubian Aquifer groundwater is produced for agricultural and domestic consumption.
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Marmonier P, Creuzé des Châtelliers M, Dole-Olivier MJ, Radakovitch O, Mayer A, Chapuis H, Graillot D, Re-Bahuaud J, Johannet A, Cadilhac L. Are surface water characteristics efficient to locate hyporheic biodiversity hotspots? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 738:139930. [PMID: 32531611 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Location of river-groundwater exchange zones and biodiversity hotspot is essential for a river management plan, especially for Mediterranean karstic rivers. This location is often difficult and time-consuming when long river sectors are considered. We studied a 13 km-long sector of the Cèze River (Southern France) located in a karstic canyon. We compared five indicators of river-groundwater exchanges: longitudinal profiles of temperature, electrical conductivity and 222Rn concentrations in the surface water of the river, chemical characteristics of the hyporheic water and hyporheic biodiversity. Upwelling zones occurred downstream of geomorphological heterogeneities (here at the tail of gravel bars). Surface water chemistry, especially electrical conductivity and 222Rn concentrations, clearly traces large scale gaining sections, which were not associated to valley narrowing but with lateral springs, suggesting a crucial role of the geological structuration of the karstic plateau of Méjanne-le-Clap. Hyporheic water chemistry fits with the large-scale hydrological pattern, but with a high variability corresponding to local heterogeneities. The stygobite fauna (obligate groundwater organisms) and benthic EPTC (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera and Coleoptera) occurred preferentially in the gaining sections fed by groundwater, likely because of oligotrophic water and cooler temperature. The spatial distribution of river-groundwater exchange zone and hyporheic biodiversity may be thus predicted using changes in surface water chemistry, especially for electrical conductivity and 222Rn concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Marmonier
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, 43 boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - M Creuzé des Châtelliers
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, 43 boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - M J Dole-Olivier
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, 43 boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - O Radakovitch
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Coll France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France; Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SRTE-LRTA, CADARACHE, France
| | - A Mayer
- Université d'Avignon - EMMAH, UFR-ip Sciences, Technologies, Santé - Campus Jean-Henri Fabre, 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza, BP 21239, 84916 AVIGNON Cedex 9, France
| | - H Chapuis
- École Nationale des Mines de Saint-Étienne, UMR-CNRS 5600 EVS, 158 cours Fauriel, 42023 Saint-Étienne, France
| | - D Graillot
- École Nationale des Mines de Saint-Étienne, UMR-CNRS 5600 EVS, 158 cours Fauriel, 42023 Saint-Étienne, France
| | - J Re-Bahuaud
- IMT Mines Alès, Université de Montpellier, 6 avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès, France
| | - A Johannet
- IMT Mines Alès, Université de Montpellier, 6 avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès, France
| | - L Cadilhac
- Agence de l'Eau Rhône Méditerranée et Corse, 2 allée de Lodz, 69007 Lyon, France
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Nguyen VT, Huynh NPT, Le CH. Levels of 226Ra in groundwater samples collected in Phu Yen province, Vietnam associated with health risks to local population and impacts on the maize (Zea mays L.) soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:31812-31826. [PMID: 32504433 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09538-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater is a major source of drinking water and agricultural water in some regions of the world. However, it contains a high level of 226Ra that is potentially hazardous to human health and the environment. Normally, the activity concentration of 226Ra in groundwater is determined to assess the quality of groundwater that can be used as drinking water. There are few studies on the accumulation of 226Ra in the agricultural soil due to irrigation with groundwater. In this study, levels of 226Ra were determined on over 60 groundwater samples collected from the public water supply wells in Phu Yen province, Vietnam. Besides assessment of the health risks to population due to drinking groundwater samples, the impact of groundwater irrigation to the maize field in the study area was studied. For this purpose, two chemical fate models were applied and the comparison of their results was performed. Based on the model assessments, we predicted that the present agricultural practices increased the 226Ra activity concentration in the maize soil, and the level of 226Ra activity concentration in the topsoil can exceed the recommended level at 11.4 years of the present agricultural practices on the maize soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Thang Nguyen
- Nuclear Technique Laboratory, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- Department of Nuclear Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Faculty of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Nguyen Phong Thu Huynh
- Nuclear Technique Laboratory, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Department of Nuclear Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Faculty of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Cong Hao Le
- Nuclear Technique Laboratory, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Department of Nuclear Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Faculty of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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14
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Wang X, Li H, Zhang Y, Zheng C, Gao M. Investigation of submarine groundwater discharge and associated nutrient inputs into Laizhou Bay (China) using radium quartet. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 157:111359. [PMID: 32658708 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Radium is widely used to estimate flushing time, submarine groundwater discharge (SGD), and submarine fresh groundwater discharge (SFGD), however there are important sources of uncertainty in current methods. Here an improved method is proposed, incorporating all radium quartet information to estimate flushing time, SFGD, SGD, and associated nutrient fluxes during wet and dry seasons in Laizhou Bay, China. Both SGD and SFGD in dry season are comparable to that in wet season, likely due to higher groundwater hydraulic gradients resulting from higher groundwater table and lower mean sea level in dry season. Estimated dry and wet season SFGD are of the same order of magnitude as the annually-averaged Yellow River discharge, highlighting SFGD's importance to the bay environment. Nutrient inputs into Laizhou Bay were estimated for the wet season, suggesting that SGD-derived nutrients are indeed important and significant for coastal environments compared to local river discharge estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejing Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Hailong Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chunmiao Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Maosheng Gao
- Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, Qingdao 266071, China
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15
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Xiao K, Li G, Li H, Zhang Y, Wang X, Hu W, Zhang C. Combining hydrological investigations and radium isotopes to understand the environmental effect of groundwater discharge to a typical urbanized estuary in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 695:133872. [PMID: 31422322 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pollution of urbanized rivers with excess nutrients due to groundwater discharge is an increasing environmental concern worldwide. Dan'ao river, a typical urbanized river in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, is experiencing heavy water pollution. However, the groundwater-derived nutrient loads had not yet been thoroughly quantified. In order to quantify the contribution of groundwater-derived nutrient inputs, we combined the methods of hydrological investigations and radium isotopes. Groundwater and river water samples were collected from the river upstream to the estuary for the analyses of radium quartets and nutrients including DIN, DIP and DSi. The results showed that the radium activities in both surface water and groundwater decreased from the estuary to the upstream. The groundwater discharge rate was estimated by the radium mass balance model using short-lived radium isotopes (223Ra and 224Ra). The estimated groundwater discharge rate ranged from 1.99 × 105 to 6.67 × 105 m3 d-1, comparable to the upstream river discharge rate of 4.23 × 105 m3 d-1. The groundwater-derived nutrient fluxes were 165.66-554.98 mmol m-2 d-1 for DIN, 2.47-8.26 mmol m-2 d-1 for DIP and 63.73-213.49 mmol m-2 d-1 for DSi, respectively. They contributed 19%~44% DIN, 16%~39% DIP, and 31%~60% DSi of all the nutrient inputs into the Dan'ao River, respectively. In addition, the nutrient inputs by groundwater discharge has an average DIN:DIP ratio of as high as 190, which is able to potentially affect the riverine and marine nutrient structures. These findings may provide useful information for designing control strategies for reducing massive nutrient inputs to Dan'ao River in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xiao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Gang Li
- China Institute of Geo-Environment Monitoring, Beijing 100081, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Geological Resources and Environment Monitoring and Protection,Shijiazhuang 050021, PR China
| | - Hailong Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Water Resources and Environmental Science, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Xuejing Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Wenli Hu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xian 710024, PR China
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16
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Submarine groundwater discharge data at meter scale ( 223Ra, 224Ra, 226Ra, 228Ra and 222Rn) in Indian River Bay (Delaware, US). Data Brief 2019; 27:104728. [PMID: 31737766 PMCID: PMC6849126 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2019.104728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) was sampled at high-spatial resolution in Indian River Bay, DE, USA, in July 2016 to characterize the spatial variability of the activity of the radium and radon isotopes commonly used to estimate SGD. These data were part of an investigation into the methods and challenges of characterizing SGD rates and variability, especially in the coastal aquifer transition from freshwater to saltwater (Hydrogeological processes and near shore spatial variability of radium and radon isotopes for the characterization of submarine groundwater discharge (Duque et al., 2019)). Samples were collected with seepage meters and minipiezometers to obtain sufficient volumes for analytical characterization. Seepage meter samples (for 223Ra, 224Ra, 226Ra, and 228Ra) were collected at two-hour intervals over a semi-diurnal tidal cycle from 30 seepage meters. Samples for 222Rn characterization were collected with a minipiezometer from 25 cm below the bay bed at each seepage meter location. All samples were analyzed with standard and state of the art procedures.
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Kwon HK, Kim G, Han Y, Seo J, Lim WA, Park JW, Park TG, Han IS. Tracing the sources of nutrients fueling dinoflagellate red tides occurring along the coast of Korea using radium isotopes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15319. [PMID: 31653896 PMCID: PMC6814798 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51623-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
It is a well held concept that the magnitude of red-tide occurrence is dependent on the amount of nutrient supply if the conditions are same for temperature, salinity, light, interspecific competition, etc. However, nutrient sources fueling dinoflagellate red-tides are difficult to identify since red tides usually occur under very low inorganic-nutrient conditions. In this study, we used short-lived Ra isotopes (223Ra and 224Ra) to trace the nutrient sources fueling initiation and spread of Cochlodinium polykrikoides blooms along the coast of Korea during the summers of 2014, 2016, and 2017. Horizontal and vertical distributions of nutrient concentrations correlated well with 224Ra activities in nutrient-source waters. The offshore red-tide areas showed high 224Ra activities and low-inorganic and high-organic nutrient concentrations, which are favorable for blooming C. polykrikoides in competition with diatoms. Based on Ra isotopes, the nutrients fueling red-tide initiation (southern coast of Korea) are found to be transported horizontally from inner-shore waters. However, the nutrients in the spread region (eastern coast of Korea), approximately 200 km from the initiation region, are supplied continuously from the subsurface layer by vertical mixing or upwelling. Our study highlights that short-lived Ra isotopes are excellent tracers of nutrients fueling harmful algal blooms in coastal waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong Kyu Kwon
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences/Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Guebuem Kim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences/Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yongjin Han
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences/Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhyeong Seo
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences/Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Weol Ae Lim
- Ocean Climate and Ecology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Woo Park
- Ocean Climate and Ecology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Gyu Park
- Southeast Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Tongyeong, 53085, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Seong Han
- Ocean Climate and Ecology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
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18
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Sadat-Noori M, Glamore W. Porewater exchange drives trace metal, dissolved organic carbon and total dissolved nitrogen export from a temperate mangrove wetland. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 248:109264. [PMID: 31398678 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Porewater exchange is usually the least quantified process in delivering dissolved material from wetlands to coastal waters, although it has been recognised as an important pathway for the transport of trace metal, carbon and nutrient to the ocean. Here, surface water fluxes of dissolved manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), dissolved organic/inorganic carbon (DOC/DIC), total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) and phosphorous (TDP) were estimated from a temperate mangrove wetland (Kooragang Island, Newcastle, Australia). Radon (222Rn, a natural groundwater tracer) was used to develop a mass balance model to quantify porewater exchange rates and evaluate the contribution of porewater-derived dissolved material to the overall wetland surface water export. A 25-h time series dataset depicted a clear peak of Mn, Fe, TDN, DOC and radon during ebb tides which related to porewater discharge. Porewater exchange rates were estimated to be 14.0 ± 6.3 cm/d (0.18 ± 0.08 m3/s), mainly driven by tidal pumping, and facilitated by a large number of crab burrows at the site. Results showed that the wetland was a source of Mn, Fe, TDN and DOC to the adjacent river system and a sink for TDP and DIC. Surface water Mn, Fe, TDN and DOC exports were 4.0 ± 0.6, 6.6 ± 1.6, 23.9 ± 3.6 and 197.7 ± 29.7 mmol/m2 wetland/d, respectively. Porewater-derived Mn, Fe, TDN and DOC accounted for ~95, 100, 89 and 54% of the wetland surface water exports demonstrating its significant contribution. Our study indicates that temperate mangrove wetlands can be a major source of dissolved metal, carbon and nutrient delivery to coastal waters and that mangrove porewater exchange significantly contributes to this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Sadat-Noori
- Water Research Laboratory, School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - William Glamore
- Water Research Laboratory, School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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19
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Yang D, Xu B, Burnett W, Yu Z, Jiang X, Zhang X, Zhao S, Xia D. Radium isotopes-suspended sediment relationships in a muddy river. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 214:250-258. [PMID: 30265932 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Radium isotopes are known to be excellent geochemical tracers for study of oceanographic processes. We show here that radium isotopes can also be used to assess adsorption/desorption and transport processes in rivers. The Yellow River (Huanghe), one of the longest, most turbid and heavily regulated rivers in the world, is used as an example. We first investigated the temporal and spatial behavior of radium isotopes (224Ra and 226Ra) in the lower reaches of the river, and found that this zone displayed some of the highest known riverine radium concentrations and fluxes in the world. Suspended particulate matter (SPM) is shown to be the dominant factor controlling radium activities. Laboratory simulation experiments showed that radium desorption from SPM obeys an exponential relationship in fresh water (S = 0). When salinities are >10, the increase in radium concentration follows a linear increase with respect to the amounts of SPM added. Significantly higher radium concentrations (3-5 times), especially for short-lived 224Ra, were observed during the "Water-Sediment Regulation Scheme" (WSRS), an annual management event when ∼15%-55% of the annual water discharge and ∼30%-75% of the annual sediment load are released from a reservoir to control sedimentation in the Yellow River. The radium fluxes during WSRS periods (∼2 weeks long) accounted for more than half of the entire annual load during the periods studied. Sediment erosion and pore water release are also thought to be important processes supplying radium to the river. After a WSRS, Ra desorption from SPM increases and becomes the prevailing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Disong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Bochao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - William Burnett
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Zhigang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Xueyan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Xiaojie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Shibin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Dong Xia
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
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20
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Fresh and Recirculated Submarine Groundwater Discharge Evaluated by Geochemical Tracers and a Seepage Meter at Two Sites in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. HYDROLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/hydrology5040061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) consists of fresh submarine groundwater discharge (FSGD) and recirculated submarine groundwater discharge (RSGD). In this study, we conducted simultaneous 25-hour time-series measurements of short-lived 222Rn and 224Ra activities at two sites with differing SGD rates in the central Seto Inland Sea of Japan to evaluate SGD rates and their constituents. At both sites, we also quantified the total SGD, FSGD, and RSGD using a seepage meter to verify the water fluxes estimated with 222Rn and 224Ra. SGD rates estimated using 222Rn and 224Ra at the site with significant SGD approximated the total SGD and RSGD measured by the seepage meter. However, SGD rates derived using 222Rn at the site with minor SGD were overestimated, since 222Rn activity at the nearshore mooring site was lower than that in the offshore area. These results suggest that the coupling of short-lived 222Rn and 224Ra is a powerful tool for quantification of FSGD and RSGD, although it is important to confirm that tracer activities in coastal areas are higher than those in offshore.
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21
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Luo X, Jiao JJ, Moore WS, Cherry JA, Wang Y, Liu K. Significant chemical fluxes from natural terrestrial groundwater rival anthropogenic and fluvial input in a large-river deltaic estuary. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 144:603-615. [PMID: 30096687 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The shores of the Pearl River estuary are home to 35 million people. Their wastes are discharged into the large river delta-front estuary (LDE), one of the most highly polluted systems in the world. Here we construct a radium reactive transport model to estimate the terrestrial groundwater discharge (TGD) into the highly urbanized Pearl River LDE. We find the TGD comprises only approximately 0.9% in term of water discharge compared to the river discharge. The TGD in the Pearl River LDE delivers significant chemical fluxes to the coast, which are comparable to the fluvial loadings from Pearl River and other world major rivers. Of particular importance is the flux of ammonium because of its considerable role in Pearl River estuary eutrophication and hypoxia. Unlike the ammonium in many other aquifers, the ammonium in the Pearl River aquifer system is natural and originated from organic matter remineralization by sulfate reduction in the extremely reducing environment. The TGD derived NH4+ is as much as 5% of the upstream Pearl River fluvial loading and 42% of the anthropogenic inputs. This high groundwater NH4+ flux may greatly intensify the eutrophication, shift the trophic states, and lead to alarming hypoxia within the affected ecosystems in the Pearl River LDE. The large TGD derived chemical fluxes will lead to deterioration of water and will potentially affect human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Luo
- Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, PR China; The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute (SRI), Shenzhen, PR China; The University of Hong Kong-Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-ZIRI), Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jiu Jimmy Jiao
- Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, PR China; The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute (SRI), Shenzhen, PR China; The University of Hong Kong-Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-ZIRI), Hangzhou, PR China.
| | - Willard S Moore
- Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, 29208, SC, USA
| | - John A Cherry
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Ya Wang
- School of Earth Science and Geological Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Kun Liu
- China Institute of Geo-Environment Monitoring, China Geological Survey, PR China
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22
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Rapid 224Ra measurements in water via multiple radon detectors. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-018-5981-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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23
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Zhang Y, Li H, Wang X, Wang C, Xiao K, Qu W. Submarine groundwater discharge and chemical behavior of tracers in Laizhou Bay, China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2018; 189:182-190. [PMID: 29679819 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring radon (222Rn) and radium isotopes are widely used to trace water mixing and submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) in the coastal zones. However, their activities in groundwater are variable both spatially and temporally. Here, time series sampling of 222Rn and radium was conducted to investigate their behavior in intertidal groundwater of Laizhou Bay, China. The result shows that groundwater redox conditions have an important impact on the behavior of tracers. The activities of tracers will decrease under oxidizing conditions and increase under reducing conditions. Radon and radium mass balance models were used to evaluate the flushing time and SGD based on spatial surveys in Laizhou Bay. The flushing time is estimated to be 32.9-55.3 d with coupled models, which agrees well with the result of tidal prism model. The trace-derived SGD in the whole bay ranges from 6.1 × 108 to 9.0 × 108 m3/d and the re-circulated seawater (RSGD) ranges from 5.5 × 108 to 8.5 × 108 m3/d. The average SGD and RSGD fluxes are 22.8 and 21.1 times greater than the Yellow River discharge in April 2014, respectively. The study provides a better understanding of the dynamics of coastal groundwater and behavior of tracers in a well-studied bay system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environment Evolution and School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hailong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Xuejing Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chaoyue Wang
- School of Water Resources & Environment, Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang 050031, China
| | - Kai Xiao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environment Evolution and School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wenjing Qu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environment Evolution and School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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24
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Murgulet D, Trevino M, Douglas A, Spalt N, Hu X, Murgulet V. Temporal and spatial fluctuations of groundwater-derived alkalinity fluxes to a semiarid coastal embayment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 630:1343-1359. [PMID: 29554754 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a comprehensive analysis of a variety of geochemical data including total alkalinity (TA), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), major ions, stable isotopes, and submarine groundwater discharge, to understand biogeochemical and hydrologic processes driving the seasonal to annual estuarine buffering capacity in Nueces Bay, Texas. These measurements, together with statistical analysis and geochemical modeling, show large variability of freshwater influence. TA consumption, common to spring seasons, was mainly driven by CaCO3 precipitation and, to some extent, by aerobic respiration. TA production occurred in some parts of the bay during summer, fall and winter, likely driven by denitrification. CaCO3 dissolution is stimulated by input of undersaturated river waters following significant flooding events. Since consumption and production of TA was not necessarily associated with different salinity zones, SGD, identified to be significant year-round, likely offsets the effects of salinity changes. Net DIC and TA fluxes exceeded dissolved organic carbon flux by an order of magnitude, except for winter 2014 when it was in the same order of magnitude. In addition to generally larger SGD rates when compared to other studies, production of TA (DIC and DOC) in the bottom sediments, as observed in this study, leads to larger fluxes, especially for the driest season (winter 2014), in the mid-bay area (6.27·106μMm-2d-1). Consistently larger inputs occur along the shoreline stations (6.14·106μMm-2d-1) following the flood recession, when compared to mid-bay (1.26·106μMm-2d-1) and are associated with lower SGD following the summer 2015 flooding. This study demonstrates that the carbonate chemistry of estuaries in semiarid areas is affected by non-conservative processes because of seasonal variability of hydroclimatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorina Murgulet
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA; Center for Water Supply Studies, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA.
| | - Melissa Trevino
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA; Center for Water Supply Studies, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA
| | - Audrey Douglas
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA; Center for Water Supply Studies, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA
| | - Nicholas Spalt
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA; Center for Water Supply Studies, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA
| | - Xinping Hu
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA
| | - Valeriu Murgulet
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA
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Sherif MI, Lin J, Poghosyan A, Abouelmagd A, Sultan MI, Sturchio NC. Geological and hydrogeochemical controls on radium isotopes in groundwater of the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 613-614:877-885. [PMID: 28942321 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Radium isotopes (226Ra and 228Ra) were analyzed in 18 groundwater samples from the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System (NSAS) and the shallow alluvial aquifers overlying the basement complex of the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt. Groundwater samples from deep Nubian aquifer wells (total depths 747 to 1250m) have 226Ra and 228Ra activities ranging from 0.168 to 0.802 and 0.056 to 1.032Bq/L, respectively. The shallower Nubian aquifer wells (63 to 366m) have 226Ra and 228Ra activities ranging from 0.033 to 0.191 and 0.029 to 0.312Bq/L, respectively. The basement shallow alluvial aquifers have 226Ra and 228Ra activities ranging from 0.014 to 0.038 and 0.007 to 0.051Bq/L, respectively. Combined Ra activities in most wells were generally in excess of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the European Union (EU), and the World Health Organization (WHO) maximum contaminant levels (MCL) for drinking water. Radium in groundwater is produced mainly by decay of parent nuclides in the aquifer solids, and observed activities of dissolved Ra isotopes result from a combination of alpha-recoil, adsorption/desorption, co-precipitation/dissolution processes. The observed correlation between Ra activities and salinity indicates that adsorption/desorption processes may be the dominant factor controlling Ra mobility in Sinai groundwater. Radium activities in central and northern Sinai are generally higher than those in southern Sinai, consistent with a gradual increase in salinity and water-rock interaction with increasing groundwater age. Barite is approximately saturated in the groundwater and may limit maximum dissolved Ra concentration. The results of this study indicate that Sinai groundwater should be used with caution, possibly requiring Ra removal from water produced for domestic and agricultural consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud I Sherif
- Dept. of Geological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Jiajia Lin
- Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Armen Poghosyan
- Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Abdou Abouelmagd
- Dept. of Geosciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA
| | - Mohamed I Sultan
- Dept. of Geosciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA
| | - Neil C Sturchio
- Dept. of Geological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
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26
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Eleftheriou G, Tsabaris C, Patiris DL, Androulakaki EG, Vlastou R. Estimation of coastal residence time of submarine groundwater discharge using radium progenies. Appl Radiat Isot 2016; 121:44-50. [PMID: 28024218 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2016.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A methodology based on γ-spectrometry measurements of untreated coastal water samples is proposed for the direct estimation of coastal residence time of submarine discharged groundwater. The method was applied to a submarine spring at Stoupa Bay covering all seasons. The estimated residence time exhibited an annual mean of 4.6±1.7 d. An additional measurement using the in situ underwater γ-spectrometry technique was performed, in the same site. The in situ method yielded a value of 2.8±0.2 d that was found consistent with the corresponding value derived using the developed lab-based method (3.4±2.0 d) for the same period.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Eleftheriou
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Oceanography, P.O. Box 712, GR-19013 Anavyssos, Greece.
| | - C Tsabaris
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Oceanography, P.O. Box 712, GR-19013 Anavyssos, Greece
| | - D L Patiris
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Oceanography, P.O. Box 712, GR-19013 Anavyssos, Greece
| | - E G Androulakaki
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Oceanography, P.O. Box 712, GR-19013 Anavyssos, Greece; National Technical University of Athens, Department of Physics, Zografou Campus, GR-15780 Athens, Greece
| | - R Vlastou
- National Technical University of Athens, Department of Physics, Zografou Campus, GR-15780 Athens, Greece
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27
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Luo X, Jiao JJ. Submarine groundwater discharge and nutrient loadings in Tolo Harbor, Hong Kong using multiple geotracer-based models, and their implications of red tide outbreaks. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 102:11-31. [PMID: 27318300 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple tracers, including radium quartet, (222)Rn and silica are used to quantify submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) into Tolo Harbor, Hong Kong in 2005 and 2011. Five geotracer models based on the end member model of (228)Ra and salinity and mass balance models of (226)Ra, (228)Ra, (222)Rn, and silica were established and all the models lead to an estimate of the SGD rate of the same order of magnitude. In 2005 and 2011, respectively, the averaged SGD based on these models is estimated to be ≈ 5.42 cm d(-1) and ≈2.66 cm d(-1), the SGD derived DIN loadings to be 3.5 × 10(5) mol d(-1) and 1.5 × 10(5) mol d(-1), and DIP loadings to be 6.2 × 10(3) mol d(-1) and 1.1 × 10(3) mol d(-1). Groundwater borne nutrients are 1-2 orders of magnitude larger than other nutrient sources and the interannual variation of nutrient concentration in the embayment is more influenced by the SGD derived loadings. Annual DIP concentrations in the harbor water is positively correlated with the precipitation and annual mean tidal range, and negatively correlated with evapotranspiration from 2000 to 2013. Climatologically driven SGD variability alters the SGD derived DIP loadings in this phosphate limited environment and may be the causative factor of interannual variability of red tide outbreaks from 2000 to 2013. Finally, a conceptual model is proposed to characterize the response of red tide outbreaks to climatological factors linked by SGD. The findings from this study shed light on the prediction of red tide outbreaks and coastal management of Tolo Harbor and similar coastal embayments elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Luo
- Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, PR China; The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute (SRI), Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Jiu Jimmy Jiao
- Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, PR China; The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute (SRI), Shenzhen, PR China.
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28
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Liatsou I, Pashalidis I. Radium concentration in uranium-bearing rocks and minerals by radon emanation after acidic sample dissolution. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-016-4737-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Determination of radium by radon emanation after EDTA-mediated sample dissolution. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-015-4095-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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30
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Copia L, Nisi S, Plastino W, Ciarletti M, Povinec PP. Low-level 226Ra determination in groundwater by SF-ICP-MS: optimization of separation and pre-concentration methods. J Anal Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1186/s40543-015-0062-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) techniques have been widely used for analysis of long-lived environmental radionuclides. In this paper, we present an optimization of the sector field (SF)-ICP-MS technique for the analysis of 226Ra in groundwater samples using a method of pre-concentration of radium in water samples.
Methods
The separation protocol and a sequential application of ion exchange and extraction chromatography have been optimized, and related polyatomic interferences and matrix effects affecting the 226Ra signal were investigated.
Results
Analyzing 12 replicates (water spiking at 22 fg g−1 of 226Ra), the 226Ra recovery efficiency close to 100 % has been obtained. The instrumental 226Ra detection limit of 0.09 fg g−1 (3σ criterion) and the absolute detection limit of 0.05 fg in a 25-mL groundwater sample have been reached.
Conclusions
An optimization of the radium separation method and a pre-concentration of radium in groundwater samples led to high radium recoveries, almost up to 100 %. The same could be said with respect to the separation of the interfering elements, important for the quantitative 226Ra analysis by SF-ICP-MS. The improvements in the separation and pre-concentration techniques also helped to improve the 226Ra detection limit down to 0.05 fg/25 mL of groundwater sample.
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31
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Voltaggio M, Spadoni M, Sacchi E, Sanam R, Pujari PR, Labhasetwar PK. Assessment of groundwater pollution from ash ponds using stable and unstable isotopes around the Koradi and Khaperkheda thermal power plants (Maharashtra, India). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 518-519:616-625. [PMID: 25783943 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The impact on local water resources due to fly ash produced in the Koradi and Khaperkheda thermal power plants (district of Nagpur, Maharashtra - India) and disposed in large ponds at the surface was assessed through the study of environmental variation of ratios of stable and unstable isotopes. Analyses of oxygen and hydrogen isotopes suggest scarce interaction between the water temporarily stored in the ponds and the groundwater in the study area. Data also highlight that the high salinity of groundwater measured in the polluted wells is not due to evaporation, but to subsequent infiltration of stream waters draining from the ponds to the local aquifer. (87)Sr/(86)Sr values, when associated with Sr/Ca ratios, demonstrate the dominant role of waste waters coming from tens of brick kilns surrounding the pond sulfate pollution. Uranium isotopic analyses clearly show evidence of the interaction between groundwater and aquifer rocks, and confirm again the low influence of ash ponds. A new conceptual model based on the study of the isotopes of radium is also proposed and used to estimate residence times of groundwater in the area. This model highlights that high salinity cannot be in any case attributed to a prolonged water-rock interaction, but is due to the influence of untreated waste water of domestic or brick kiln origin on the shallow and vulnerable aquifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Voltaggio
- CNR - Istituto di Geologia Ambientale e Geoingegneria, Via Salaria km. 29.300, 00010 Montelibretti, Roma, Italy
| | - M Spadoni
- CNR - Istituto di Geologia Ambientale e Geoingegneria, Via Salaria km. 29.300, 00010 Montelibretti, Roma, Italy
| | - E Sacchi
- Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia and CNR-IGG, Via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - R Sanam
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440020, India
| | - P R Pujari
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440020, India
| | - P K Labhasetwar
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440020, India
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Wang X, Li H, Jiao JJ, Barry DA, Li L, Luo X, Wang C, Wan L, Wang X, Jiang X, Ma Q, Qu W. Submarine fresh groundwater discharge into Laizhou Bay comparable to the Yellow River flux. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8814. [PMID: 25742712 PMCID: PMC4649716 DOI: 10.1038/srep08814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Near- and off-shore fresh groundwater resources become increasingly important with the social and economic development in coastal areas. Although large scale (hundreds of km) submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) to the ocean has been shown to be of the same magnitude order as river discharge, submarine fresh groundwater discharge (SFGD) with magnitude comparable to large river discharge is never reported. Here, we proposed a method coupling mass-balance models of water, salt and radium isotopes based on field data of (223)Ra, (226)Ra and salinity to estimate the SFGD, SGD. By applying the method in Laizhou Bay (a water area of ~6000 km(2)), we showed that the SFGD and SGD are 0.57 ~ 0.88 times and 7.35 ~ 8.57 times the annual Yellow River flux in August 2012, respectively. The estimate of SFGD ranges from 4.12 × 10(7) m(3)/d to 6.36 × 10(7) m(3)/d, while SGD ranges from 5.32 × 10(8) m(3)/d to 6.20 × 10(8) m(3)/d. The proportion of the Yellow River input into Laizhou Bay was less than 14% of the total in August 2012. Our method can be used to estimate SFGD in various coastal waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejing Wang
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China [2] MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation &Environment Evolution and School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hailong Li
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China [2] MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation &Environment Evolution and School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jiu Jimmy Jiao
- Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - D A Barry
- Laboratoire de technologie écologique, Institut d'ingénierie de l'environnement, Faculté de l'environnement naturel, architectural et construit, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ling Li
- 1] School of Civil Engineering, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland [2] State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Luo
- Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chaoyue Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation &Environment Evolution and School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Li Wan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation &Environment Evolution and School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xusheng Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation &Environment Evolution and School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaowei Jiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation &Environment Evolution and School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qian Ma
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation &Environment Evolution and School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wenjing Qu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation &Environment Evolution and School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
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Medley P, Martin P, Bollhöfer A, Parry D. 228Ra and 226Ra measurement on a BaSO 4 co-precipitation source. Appl Radiat Isot 2014; 95:200-207. [PMID: 25464199 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2014.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
One of the most commonly-used methods for determination of 226Ra, particularly in water samples, utilises co-precipitation of Ra with BaSO4, followed by microfiltration to produce a source for alpha counting. This paper describes two extensions to BaSO4 co-precipitation methods which enable determination of 228Ra using the same source. The adaptations presented here do not introduce any contaminants that will affect the separation of radium or alpha counting for 226Ra, and can be used for re-analysis of already existing sources prepared by BaSO4 co-precipitation. The first adaptation uses detection of 228Ac on the source by gamma spectrometry. The detection efficiency is high, allowing analysis of water samples at sufficiently low activity to be suitable in testing for compliance with drinking water quality standards. As 228Ac grows in quickly, taking less than 2 days to reach equilibrium with the 228Ra parent, this can also be useful in radiological emergency response situations. The second adaptation incorporates a method for the digestion of BaSO4 sources, allowing separation of thorium and subsequent determination of 228Th activity. Although ingrowth periods for 228Th can be lengthy, very low detection limits for 228Ra can be achieved with this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Medley
- Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist (eriss), Darwin, NT 0810, Australia.
| | - Paul Martin
- Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA), Yallambie, Vic. 3085, Australia
| | - Andreas Bollhöfer
- Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist (eriss), Darwin, NT 0810, Australia
| | - David Parry
- Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
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34
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Warner NR, Christie CA, Jackson RB, Vengosh A. Impacts of shale gas wastewater disposal on water quality in western Pennsylvania. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:11849-57. [PMID: 24087919 DOI: 10.1021/es402165b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The safe disposal of liquid wastes associated with oil and gas production in the United States is a major challenge given their large volumes and typically high levels of contaminants. In Pennsylvania, oil and gas wastewater is sometimes treated at brine treatment facilities and discharged to local streams. This study examined the water quality and isotopic compositions of discharged effluents, surface waters, and stream sediments associated with a treatment facility site in western Pennsylvania. The elevated levels of chloride and bromide, combined with the strontium, radium, oxygen, and hydrogen isotopic compositions of the effluents reflect the composition of Marcellus Shale produced waters. The discharge of the effluent from the treatment facility increased downstream concentrations of chloride and bromide above background levels. Barium and radium were substantially (>90%) reduced in the treated effluents compared to concentrations in Marcellus Shale produced waters. Nonetheless, (226)Ra levels in stream sediments (544-8759 Bq/kg) at the point of discharge were ~200 times greater than upstream and background sediments (22-44 Bq/kg) and above radioactive waste disposal threshold regulations, posing potential environmental risks of radium bioaccumulation in localized areas of shale gas wastewater disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel R Warner
- Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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Lee CM, Jiao JJ, Luo X, Moore WS. Estimation of submarine groundwater discharge and associated nutrient fluxes in Tolo Harbour, Hong Kong. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 433:427-433. [PMID: 22819893 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Tolo Harbour, located in the northeastern part of Hong Kong's New Territories, China, has a high frequency of algal blooms and red tides. An attempt was made to first quantify the submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) into Tolo Harbour using (226)Ra, and then to estimate the nutrient fluxes into the Harbour by this pathway. The total SGD was estimated to be 8.28×10(6) m(3) d(-1), while the fresh submarine groundwater discharge (FSGD) was estimated to be 2.31×10(5) m(3) d(-1). This showed that a large amount of SGD was contributed by recirculated seawater rather than fresh groundwater in the Harbour. Using the SGD and groundwater nutrient information around Tolo Harbour, the nutrient loading through SGD was estimated to be 1.1×10(6) mold(-1) for DIN, 1.4×10(4) mold(-1) for PO(4)(3-)-P and 1.4×10(6) mold(-1) for SiO(2)-Si, which was much more significant than its counterpart through the river discharge. Despite uncertainties in the estimation, the nutrient loading to Tolo Harbour by SGD is clearly significant. Thus, the current efforts for management of red tides in Tolo Harbour have to be reviewed and control of groundwater contamination is obviously required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Ming Lee
- Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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36
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Geochemical evidence for possible natural migration of Marcellus Formation brine to shallow aquifers in Pennsylvania. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:11961-6. [PMID: 22778445 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1121181109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The debate surrounding the safety of shale gas development in the Appalachian Basin has generated increased awareness of drinking water quality in rural communities. Concerns include the potential for migration of stray gas, metal-rich formation brines, and hydraulic fracturing and/or flowback fluids to drinking water aquifers. A critical question common to these environmental risks is the hydraulic connectivity between the shale gas formations and the overlying shallow drinking water aquifers. We present geochemical evidence from northeastern Pennsylvania showing that pathways, unrelated to recent drilling activities, exist in some locations between deep underlying formations and shallow drinking water aquifers. Integration of chemical data (Br, Cl, Na, Ba, Sr, and Li) and isotopic ratios ((87)Sr/(86)Sr, (2)H/H, (18)O/(16)O, and (228)Ra/(226)Ra) from this and previous studies in 426 shallow groundwater samples and 83 northern Appalachian brine samples suggest that mixing relationships between shallow ground water and a deep formation brine causes groundwater salinization in some locations. The strong geochemical fingerprint in the salinized (Cl > 20 mg/L) groundwater sampled from the Alluvium, Catskill, and Lock Haven aquifers suggests possible migration of Marcellus brine through naturally occurring pathways. The occurrences of saline water do not correlate with the location of shale-gas wells and are consistent with reported data before rapid shale-gas development in the region; however, the presence of these fluids suggests conductive pathways and specific geostructural and/or hydrodynamic regimes in northeastern Pennsylvania that are at increased risk for contamination of shallow drinking water resources, particularly by fugitive gases, because of natural hydraulic connections to deeper formations.
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Hosono T, Ono M, Burnett WC, Tokunaga T, Taniguchi M, Akimichi T. Spatial distribution of submarine groundwater discharge and associated nutrients within a local coastal area. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:5319-5326. [PMID: 22502591 DOI: 10.1021/es2043867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
To understand the local-scale distribution of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) and dissolved nutrients, a multiple-detector (222)Rn monitoring survey was undertaken along the Mt. Chokai volcanic coast in northern Japan. The surveys revealed that the highest SGD (calculated to be 6.2 × 10(4) m(3) d(-1), within an area of 2 × 10(4) m(2)) with the greatest nutrient fluxes (sum of NO(3)(-), NO(2)(-), and NH(4)(+) (DIN): 9.2 × 10(2) mol d(-1); PO(4)(3-) (DIP): 56 mol d(-1)) is present at the edge of the youngest volcanic lava flow in the area. Recharged groundwater transports nutrients through porous volcanic flows and discharges as SGD near shore. Our results demonstrate that the spatial distribution of SGD in the study area is closely regulated by the local geology and topography. Furthermore, we show that continuous (222)Rn monitoring with a multidetector system at boat speeds of 1-2 knots provides details at a scale one order of magnitude greater than has been reported previously. In addition, the results of our study suggest that SGD-borne DIP may play an important role in the important local oyster production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Hosono
- Priority Organization for Innovation and Excellence, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan.
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38
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Jia G, Jia J. Determination of radium isotopes in environmental samples by gamma spectrometry, liquid scintillation counting and alpha spectrometry: a review of analytical methodology. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2012; 106:98-119. [PMID: 22245211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Radium (Ra) isotopes are important from the viewpoints of radiation protection and environmental protection. Their high toxicity has stimulated the continuing interest in methodology research for determination of Ra isotopes in various media. In this paper, the three most routinely used analytical techniques for Ra isotope determination in biological and environmental samples, i.e. low-background γ-spectrometry, liquid scintillation counting and α-spectrometry, were reviewed, with emphasis on new methodological developments in sample preparation, preconcentration, separation, purification, source preparation and measurement techniques. The accuracy, selectivity, traceability, applicability and minimum detectable activity (MDA) of the three techniques were discussed. It was concluded that the MDA (0.1mBqL(-1)) of the α-spectrometry technique coupled with chemical separation is about two orders of magnitude lower than that of low-background HPGe γ-spectrometry and LSC techniques. Therefore, when maximum sensitivity is required, the α-spectrometry technique remains the first choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guogang Jia
- China Institute of Atomic Energy, PO Box 275-24, Beijing 102413, China.
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39
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Cozzella ML, Leila A, Hernandez RS. Determination of 226Ra in urine samples by Q-ICP-MS: A method for routine analyses. RADIAT MEAS 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2010.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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40
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Xu BC, Burnett WC, Lane-Smith D, Yu ZG. A simple laboratory-based radon calibration system. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-009-0427-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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41
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Lee YW, Hwang DW, Kim G, Lee WC, Oh HT. Nutrient inputs from submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) in Masan Bay, an embayment surrounded by heavily industrialized cities, Korea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2009; 407:3181-3188. [PMID: 18538821 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In order to estimate the magnitude of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) and the associated nutrient fluxes in Masan Bay on the southern coast of Korea, we measured the concentrations of 226Ra and nutrients in seawater, brackish groundwater, and stream water in May and August 2006. Gauging unidentified nutrient fluxes through SGD is very important in this bay since diatom red tides have been occurring from April to October every year since the 1980s. Based on a 226Ra mass balance model, the submarine inputs of coastal groundwater were estimated to be 4.8x10(6) and 5.7x10(6) m3 d(-1) (61 and 71 L m(-2) d(-1)) in May and August, respectively, which were approximately 840% and 540% of the surface water discharge into the bay. The fluxes of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) and silicate (DSi) through SGD were 2-3 fold higher than those via stream water, while the fluxes of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) were comparable to those from surface waters during both sampling periods. Nutrient fluxes through stream waters relative to those from SGD were more significant in the inner part of the bay, which appears to be due to the direct influence of heavily polluted stream waters. Our study shows that the large and continuous supply of inorganic nutrients through SGD may play an important role in eutrophication and the occurrence of red tides in this bay, which should be taken into consideration in the environmental management of the bay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Woo Lee
- School of Earth & Environmental Sciences/RIO, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea
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42
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Vengosh A, Hirschfeld D, Vinson D, Dwyer G, Raanan H, Rimawi O, Al-Zoubi A, Akkawi E, Marie A, Haquin G, Zaarur S, Ganor J. High naturally occurring radioactivity in fossil groundwater from the Middle East. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:1769-1775. [PMID: 19368170 DOI: 10.1021/es802969r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
High levels of naturally occurring and carcinogenic radium isotopes have been measured in low-saline and oxic groundwater from the Rum Group of the Disi sandstone aquifer in Jordan. The combined 228Ra and 226Ra activities are up to 2000% higher than international drinking water standards. Analyses of the host sandstone aquifer rocks show 228Ra and 226Ra activities and ratios that are consistent with previous reports of sandstone rocks from different parts of the world. A compilation of previous data in groundwater from worldwide sandstone aquifers shows large variations in Ra activities regardless of the groundwater salinity. On the basis of the distribution of the four Ra isotopes and the ratios of the short- to long-lived Ra isotopes, we postulate that Ra activity in groundwater is controlled by the balance of radioactive decay of parent Th isotopes on aquifer solids, decay of the dissolved radium isotopes, and adsorption of dissolved Ra on solid surfaces. The availability of surface adsorption sites, which depends on the clay content in the aquifer rocks, is therefore an important constraint for Ra activity in sandstone aquifers. These findings raise concerns about the safety of this and similar nonrenewable groundwater reservoirs, exacerbating the already severe water crisis in the Middle East.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avner Vengosh
- Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Nicholas School of the Environment, 205 Old Chemistry Building, Box 90227, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
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43
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Waska H, Kim S, Kim G, Peterson RN, Burnett WC. An efficient and simple method for measuring (226)Ra using the scintillation cell in a delayed coincidence counting system (RaDeCC). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2008; 99:1859-1862. [PMID: 18950907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2008.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Revised: 08/22/2008] [Accepted: 08/28/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A delayed coincidence counter (RaDeCC), developed to determine ultra-low levels of (223)Ra (half life = 11.1 days) and (224)Ra (half life = 3.6 days) in seawater, was adapted to measure (226)Ra (half life = 1622 years). After pre-concentration of Ra from seawater onto MnO(2)-coated fiber we show in this study that the (226)Ra activity can be determined using the RaDeCC's ability to record alpha decay of its daughters as total counts. For sufficient ingrowth of (222)Rn, the Mn-fiber is hermetically sealed in a column for a few days. Then, the ingrown (222)Rn is circulated through the RaDeCC air-loop system followed by shutting down of the pump and closure of the scintillation cell for equilibration. Counting may be completed within a few hours for seawater samples. Sample measurements with this method agreed well with data obtained using gamma-ray spectrometry. This proves that a set of Ra isotopes ((223)Ra, (224)Ra, and (226)Ra), commonly used for geophysical studies such as mixing rates of different water masses and submarine groundwater discharge, can be efficiently and rapidly measured using the RaDeCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannelore Waska
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea
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44
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Peterson RN, Burnett WC, Taniguchi M, Chen J, Santos IR, Ishitobi T. Radon and radium isotope assessment of submarine groundwater discharge in the Yellow River delta, China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jc004776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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45
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Varga Z. Ultratrace-level radium-226 determination in seawater samples by isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 390:511-9. [PMID: 17593357 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1394-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2007] [Revised: 05/18/2007] [Accepted: 05/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An improved and novel sample preparation method for 226Ra determination in liquid samples by isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma sector field mass spectrometry using laboratory-prepared 228Ra tracer has been developed. The procedure involves a selective preconcentration achieved by applying laboratory-prepared MnO2 resin followed by cation exchange chromatographic separation. In order to completely eliminate possible molecular interferences, medium mass resolution (R = 4,000) combined with chemical separation was found to be a good compromise that enhanced the reliability of the method. The detection limit of 0.084 fg g(-1) (3.1 mBq kg(-1)) achieved is comparable to that of the emanation method or alpha spectrometry and is suitable for low-level environmental measurements. The chemical recovery of the sample preparation method ranged from 72 to 94%. The proposed method enables a rapid, accurate and less labor-intensive approach to routine environmental 226Ra determination than the radioanalytical techniques conventionally applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Varga
- Radiation Safety Department, Institute of Isotopes, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Konkoly-Thege utca 29-33, 1121, Budapest, Hungary.
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46
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Dimova N, Burnett WC, Horwitz EP, Lane-Smith D. Automated measurement of 224Ra and 226Ra in water. Appl Radiat Isot 2007; 65:428-34. [PMID: 17126023 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2006.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2006] [Revised: 09/29/2006] [Accepted: 10/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We present a new simple approach for automated, non-destructive measurement of the alpha-emitting radium isotopes ((223)Ra, (224)Ra, and (226)Ra) in water based on the emanation of their respective radon daughters ((219)Rn, (220)Rn, and (222)Rn). The method combines the high adsorption uptake of MnO(2) Resin for radium (K(d)=2.4 x 10(4)ml/g) over a wide pH range with the simplicity of the activity registration using a commercial radon-in-air analyzer (RAD7, DURRIDGE Company, Inc). Radium is first adsorbed onto the MnO(2) Resin by passing a water sample through the resin packed in a gas-tight glass cartridge. The same cartridge is then connected to the radon analyzer via a simple tubing system to circulate air through the resin and a drying system. The efficiency of the proposed system is determined by running standards prepared in the same manner. Our results indicate that the efficiency for (226)Ra is >22% if both (218)Po and (214)Po counts are collected. This is comparable with typical efficiencies for alpha spectrometry but with much less sample preparation. We estimate that an MDA of 0.8 pCi/L for (226)Ra may be obtained with this new approach using a 1L water sample and less than 4h of counting.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Dimova
- Department of Oceanography, Environmental Radioactivity Measurement Facility, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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47
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Nour S, El-Sharkawy A, Burnett WC, Horwitz EP. Radium-228 determination of natural waters via concentration on manganese dioxide and separation using Diphonix ion exchange resin. Appl Radiat Isot 2004; 61:1173-8. [PMID: 15388106 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2004.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2004] [Revised: 03/23/2004] [Accepted: 04/02/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to establish a new procedure for 228Ra determination of natural waters via preconcentration of radium on MnO2 and separation of its daughter, 228Ac, using Diphonix ion exchange resin. Following removal of potential interferences via passage through an initial Diphonix Resin column, the first daughter of 228Ra, 228Ac, is isolated by chromatographic separation via a second Diphonix column. A holding time of > 30 h for 228Ac ingrowth in between the two column separations ensures secular equilibrium. Barium-133 is used as a yield tracer. Actinium-228 is eluted from the second Diphonix Resin with 5 ml 1M 1-Hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDPA) and quantified by addition of scintillation cocktail and LSC counting. Radium (and 133Ba) from the load and rinse solutions from the 2nd Diphonix column may be prepared for alpha spectrometry (for determination of 223Ra, 224Ra, and 226Ra) by BaSO4 microprecipitation and filtration. Decontamination tests indicate that U, Th, and Ra series nuclides do not interfere with these measurements, although high contents of 90Sr (90Y) require additional treatment for accurate measurement of 228Ra. Addition of stable Sr as a "hold back" carrier during the initial MnO2 preconcentration step was shown to remove most 90Sr interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nour
- Department of Oceanography, Environmental Radioactivity Measurement Facility, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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48
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Moon DS, Burnett WC, Nour S, Horwitz P, Bond A. Preconcentration of radium isotopes from natural waters using MnO2 Resin. Appl Radiat Isot 2003; 59:255-62. [PMID: 14522233 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-8043(03)00193-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We have characterized "MnO2 Resin," a new resin developed by the PG Research Foundation, for radium adsorption over wide ranges of pH, reaction times and salt concentrations. We show that the sorption of 133Ba (used as a proxy for Ra) is highly dependent on pH with the most useful range from pH 4 to 8. The surface layers of the Mn oxides apparently become more positively charged under acidic conditions (below pH 4), which prevents diffusion of positively charged alkaline earth species (e.g. Ba2+, Ra2+) into the sorption sites. Adsorption at higher pH is thought to be inhibited because of carbonate complexation. We found that the sorption characteristics for radium onto MnO2 Resin are especially favorable for low-salinity waters but the sorption is still very satisfactory for highly salted solutions (KD=2.8x10(4) in both cases) but with slower kinetics. For analytical purposes, both column and pump experiments showed high recoveries with no measurable discrimination between Ra and Ba regardless of flow rates in fresh water. Seawater tests showed that recoveries of Ra and Ba are lower than fresh water at elevated flow rates with Ra adsorption higher than Ba at flow rates above 10 ml/min.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Moon
- Department of Oceanography, Environmental Radioactivity Measurement Facility, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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