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Witt CC, Gadek CR, Cartron JLE, Andersen MJ, Campbell ML, Castro-Farías M, Gyllenhaal EF, Johnson AB, Malaney JL, Montoya KN, Patterson A, Vinciguerra NT, Williamson JL, Cook JA, Dunnum JL. Extraordinary levels of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in vertebrate animals at a New Mexico desert oasis: Multiple pathways for wildlife and human exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 249:118229. [PMID: 38325785 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the environment pose persistent and complex threats to human and wildlife health. Around the world, PFAS point sources such as military bases expose thousands of populations of wildlife and game species, with potentially far-reaching implications for population and ecosystem health. But few studies shed light on the extent to which PFAS permeate food webs, particularly ecologically and taxonomically diverse communities of primary and secondary consumers. Here we conducted >2000 assays to measure tissue-concentrations of 17 PFAS in 23 species of mammals and migratory birds at Holloman Air Force Base (AFB), New Mexico, USA, where wastewater catchment lakes form biodiverse oases. PFAS concentrations were among the highest reported in animal tissues, and high levels have persisted for at least three decades. Twenty of 23 species sampled at Holloman AFB were heavily contaminated, representing middle trophic levels and wetland to desert microhabitats, implicating pathways for PFAS uptake: ingestion of surface water, sediments, and soil; foraging on aquatic invertebrates and plants; and preying upon birds or mammals. The hazardous long carbon-chain form, perfluorooctanosulfonic acid (PFOS), was most abundant, with liver concentrations averaging >10,000 ng/g wet weight (ww) in birds and mammals, respectively, and reaching as high 97,000 ng/g ww in a 1994 specimen. Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) averaged thousands of ng/g ww in the livers of aquatic birds and littoral-zone house mice, but one order of magnitude lower in the livers of upland desert rodent species. Piscivores and upland desert songbirds were relatively uncontaminated. At control sites, PFAS levels were strikingly lower on average and different in composition. In sum, legacy PFAS at this desert oasis have permeated local aquatic and terrestrial food webs across decades, severely contaminating populations of resident and migrant animals, and exposing people via game meat consumption and outdoor recreation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Witt
- Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA; Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
| | - Chauncey R Gadek
- Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA; Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA; Environmental Stewardship, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Jean-Luc E Cartron
- Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA; Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA; Daniel B. Stephens & Associates, Inc., 6020 Academy Road NE, Suite 100, Albuquerque, NM, 87109, USA
| | - Michael J Andersen
- Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA; Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Mariel L Campbell
- Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA; Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Marialejandra Castro-Farías
- Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA; Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Ethan F Gyllenhaal
- Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA; Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Andrew B Johnson
- Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA; Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Jason L Malaney
- Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA; New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Albuquerque, NM, 87104, USA
| | - Kyana N Montoya
- Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA; Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Andrew Patterson
- Eurofins Environment Testing America, West Sacramento, CA, 95605, USA
| | - Nicholas T Vinciguerra
- Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA; Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Jessie L Williamson
- Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA; Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA; Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Joseph A Cook
- Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA; Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Jonathan L Dunnum
- Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA; Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
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Li ZM, Roos A, Serfass TL, Lee C, Kannan K. Concentrations of 45 Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in North American River Otters ( Lontra canadensis) from West Virginia, USA. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:2089-2101. [PMID: 38231021 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c09467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
North American river otters (Lontra canadensis) are top predators in riverine ecosystems and are vulnerable to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) exposure. Little is known about the magnitude of exposure and tissue distribution of PFAS in river otters. We measured 45 PFAS in various tissues of 42 river otters collected from several watersheds in the state of West Virginia, USA. The median concentrations of ∑All (sum concentration of 45 PFAS) varied among tissues in the following decreasing order: liver (931 ng/g wet weight) > bile > pancreas > lung > kidney > blood > brain > muscle. Perfluoroalkylsulfonates (PFSAs) were the predominant compounds accounting for 58-75% of the total concentrations, followed by perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs; 21-35%). 8:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (8:2 FTS), 10:2 FTS, and 6:2 chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonate were frequently found in the liver (50-90%) and bile (96-100%), whereas hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA) was rarely found. The hepatic concentrations of ∑All in river otters collected downstream of a fluoropolymer production facility located along the Ohio River were 2-fold higher than those in other watersheds. The median whole body burden of ∑All was calculated to be 1580 μg. PFOS and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) concentrations in whole blood of some river otters exceeded the human toxicity reference values, which warrant further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Min Li
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, Albany, New York 12237, United States
| | - Anna Roos
- Department of Environmental Monitoring and Research, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm SE-10405, Sweden
| | - Thomas L Serfass
- Department of Biology and Natural Resources, Frostburg State University, Frostburg, Maryland 21532, United States
| | - Conner Lee
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, Albany, New York 12237, United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, Albany, New York 12237, United States
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Zhuang Y, Qin X, Shi B. Interface hydrogen bonding dominated perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) accumulation by iron particles in drinking water pipes. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 312:137211. [PMID: 36368546 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Iron particle is one of the key factors inducing discoloration in drinking water distribution system (DWDS), but the mechanism of iron particles on the accumulation of trace organic pollutants in DWDS is not clear. Here, iron-based pipes from real DWDS were used to investigate the perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) accumulation mechanisms in DWDS. Results showed that old unlined pipes had a much higher accumulation capacity for PFOA than new pipes. Among the corrosion products in old pipes, Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 did not have obvious accumulation for PFOA, while FeOOH exhibited a strong accumulation effect for PFOA. Furthermore, the in-situ formed iron particles contributed more to PFOA accumulation than pre-formed iron particles. Interestingly, PFOA caused an increase in turbidity and particle size of in-situ formed iron particles. Mulliken charge of F-bonded Fe increased from +1.28 e to +1.30 e, which indicated that the oxidation state of Fe-center was strengthened by PFOA. When dissolved oxygen existed, a PFOA-FeOOH-O2 linkage could form through COO-Fe coordination and O2 interface adsorption, which enhanced cytotoxicity due to the generation of •OH radicals. These findings implied that interface hydrogen bonding dominated PFOA accumulation by iron particles in DWDS, which would increase the risks of discoloration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Xinyi Qin
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Baoyou Shi
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Qi Y, Cao H, Pan W, Wang C, Liang Y. The role of dissolved organic matter during Per- and Polyfluorinated Substance (PFAS) adsorption, degradation, and plant uptake: A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 436:129139. [PMID: 35605500 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The negative effects of polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) on the environment and health have recently attracted much attention. This article reviews the influence of soil- and water-derived dissolved organic matter (DOM) on the environmental fate of PFAS. In addition to being co-adsorped with PFAS to increase the adsorption capacity, DOM competes with PFAS for adsorption sites on the surface of the material, thereby reducing the removal rate of PFAS or increasing water solubility, which facilitates desorption of PFAS in the soil. It can quench some active species and inhibit the degradation of PFAS. In contrast, before DOM in water self-degrades, DOM has a greater promoting effect on the degradation of PFAS because DOM can complex with iron, iodine, among others, and act as an electron shuttle to enhance electron transfer. In soil aggregates, DOM can prevent microorganisms from being poisoned by direct exposure to PFAS. In addition, DOM increases the desorption of PFAS in plant root soil, affecting its bioavailability. In general, DOM plays a bidirectional role in adsorption, degradation, and plant uptake of PFAS, which depends on the types and functional groups of DOM. It is necessary to enhance the positive role of DOM in reducing the environmental risks posed by PFAS. In future, attention should be paid to the DOM-induced reduction of PFAS and development of a green and efficient continuous defluorination technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Qi
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Huimin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Weijie Pan
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Cuiping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Yanna Liang
- Department of Environmental and Sustainable Engineering, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY 12222, USA
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Veciana M, Bräunig J, Farhat A, Pype ML, Freguia S, Carvalho G, Keller J, Ledezma P. Electrochemical oxidation processes for PFAS removal from contaminated water and wastewater: fundamentals, gaps and opportunities towards practical implementation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 434:128886. [PMID: 35436757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical oxidation (EO) is emerging as one of the most promising methods for the degradation of recalcitrant per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in water and wastewater, as these compounds cannot be effectively treated with conventional bio- or chemical approaches. This review examines the state of the art of EO for PFASs destruction, and comprehensively compares operating parameters and treatment performance indicators for both synthetic and real contaminated water and wastewater media. The evaluation shows the need to use environmentally-relevant media to properly quantify the effectiveness/efficiency of EO for PFASs treatment. Additionally, there is currently a lack of quantification of sorption losses, resulting in a likely over-estimation of process' efficiencies. Furthermore, the majority of experimental results to date indicate that short-chain PFASs are the most challenging and need to be prioritized as environmental regulations become more stringent. Finally, and with a perspective towards practical implementation, several operational strategies are proposed, including processes combining up-concentration followed by EO destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mersabel Veciana
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Jennifer Bräunig
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Ali Farhat
- GHD Pty Ltd, Brisbane QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Marie-Laure Pype
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Stefano Freguia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Gilda Carvalho
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jürg Keller
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Pablo Ledezma
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia.
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Brase RA, Schwab HE, Li L, Spink DC. Elevated levels of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in freshwater benthic macroinvertebrates from the Hudson River Watershed. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132830. [PMID: 34762886 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are contaminants of global concern due to their persistence and associated negative health effects. Considerable attention has been given to monitoring PFAS in the aquatic environment, however, few investigations have done so using freshwater benthic macroinvertebrates (BMIs). As these bottom-dwelling animals are known to bioconcentrate exogenous pollutants to a high degree, studying their PFAS levels may provide a more integrated view of PFAS contamination in the aquatic environment. In this study, BMIs, sediment, and surface water were collected from two streams in the Hudson River Watershed (one historically-impacted by PFAS) and analyzed for 44 PFAS using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) was used to confirm the identities of quantitated analytes. Across all matrices, 17 analytes were detected with PFOA dominating in surface water and PFOS in sediment/BMIs. PFOS bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) were approximately one order of magnitude higher than those of PFOA and ranged from 857 to 5151 L kg-1 across different BMI taxa. While PFAS concentrations in surface water and sediment were not excessively high, elevated levels were still measured in most BMI taxa. This observation suggests that the extent of PFAS contamination in a local system may be severely underestimated if only surface water and sediment are used for monitoring. Moreover, these findings have relevance for human exposure assessment considering BMIs are the primary food source of many fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Brase
- Laboratory of Organic Analytical Chemistry, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12237, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY, 12144, USA
| | - Holly E Schwab
- Advanced Genomic Technologies Cluster, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12237, USA
| | - Lingyun Li
- Laboratory of Organic Analytical Chemistry, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12237, USA
| | - David C Spink
- Laboratory of Organic Analytical Chemistry, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12237, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY, 12144, USA.
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7
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Taylor S, Terkildsen M, Stevenson G, de Araujo J, Yu C, Yates A, McIntosh RR, Gray R. Per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) at high concentrations in neonatal Australian pinnipeds. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 786:147446. [PMID: 33971603 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Per and polyfluorinated substances (PFAS) exposure was investigated in Australian pinnipeds. Concentrations of 16 PFAS were measured in the livers of Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea), Australian fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) and a long-nosed Fur Seal (Arctocephalus forsteri) pup sampled between 2017 and 2020 from colonies in South Australia and Victoria. Findings reported in this study are the first documented PFAS concentrations in Australian pinnipeds. Median and observed range of values in ng/g wet weight were highest for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) in the liver of N. cinerea (PFOS = 7.14, 1.00-16.9; PFOA = 2.73, 0.32-11.2; PFNA = 2.96, 0.61-8.22; n = 28), A. forsteri (PFOS = 15.98, PFOA = 2.02, PFNA = 7.86; n = 1) and A. p. doriferus (PFOS = 27.4, 10.5-2119; PFOA = 0.98, 0.32-52.2; PFNA = 2.50, 0.91-44.2; n = 20). PFAS concentrations in A. p. doriferus pups were significantly greater (p < 0.05) than in N. cinerea pups for all PFAS except PFOA and were of similar magnitude to those reported in northern hemisphere marine animals. These results demonstrate exposure differences in both magnitude and PFAS profiles for N. cinerea in South Australia and A. p. doriferus in Victoria. This study reports detectable PFAS concentrations in Australian pinniped pups indicating the importance of maternal transfer of these toxicants. As N. cinerea are endangered and recent declines in pup production has been reported for A. p. doriferus at the colony sampled, investigation of potential health impacts of these toxicants on Australian pinnipeds is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Taylor
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | | | - Gavin Stevenson
- Australian Ultra-Trace Laboratory, National Measurement Institute, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia.
| | - Jesuina de Araujo
- Australian Ultra-Trace Laboratory, National Measurement Institute, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia
| | - Chunhai Yu
- Australian Ultra-Trace Laboratory, National Measurement Institute, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia
| | - Alan Yates
- Australian Ultra-Trace Laboratory, National Measurement Institute, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia.
| | - Rebecca R McIntosh
- Conservation Department, Phillip Island Nature Parks, PO Box 97, Cowes, Victoria 3922, Australia.
| | - Rachael Gray
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Legacy and Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances: Analytical Techniques, Environmental Fate, and Health Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22030995. [PMID: 33498193 PMCID: PMC7863963 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22030995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their unique chemical properties, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been used extensively as industrial surfactants and processing aids. While several types of PFAS have been voluntarily phased out by their manufacturers, these chemicals continue to be of ecological and public health concern due to their persistence in the environment and their presence in living organisms. Moreover, while the compounds referred to as “legacy” PFAS remain in the environment, alternative compounds have emerged as replacements for their legacy predecessors and are now detected in numerous matrices. In this review, we discuss the historical uses of PFAS, recent advances in analytical techniques for analysis of these compounds, and the fate of PFAS in the environment. In addition, we evaluate current biomonitoring studies of human exposure to legacy and emerging PFAS and examine the associations of PFAS exposure with human health impacts, including cancer- and non-cancer-related outcomes. Special focus is given to short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and ether-substituted, polyfluoroalkyl alternatives including hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA; tradename GenX), 4,8-dioxa-3H-perfluorononanoic acid (DONA), and 6:2 chlorinated polyfluoroethersulfonic acid (6:2 Cl-PFESA; tradename F-53B).
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9
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Shane HL, Baur R, Lukomska E, Weatherly L, Anderson SE. Immunotoxicity and allergenic potential induced by topical application of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in a murine model. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 136:111114. [PMID: 31904477 PMCID: PMC7753950 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) once used as a surfactant in the polymerization of chemicals. Because of its ubiquitous nature and long half-life, PFOA is commonly detected in the environment, wildlife, and humans. While skin exposure to PFOA is of concern, studies evaluating the immunotoxicity of dermal exposure are lacking. These studies evaluated the immunotoxicity of PFOA (0.5-2% w/v, or 12.5-50 mg/kg/dose) following dermal exposure using a murine model. PFOA (0.5-2%) was not identified to be an irritant or sensitizer using the local lymph node assay. The IgM antibody response to sheep red blood cell. was significantly reduced in the spleen following 4-days of dermal exposure (2%). PFOA exposure produced a significant decrease in thymus (1 and 2%) and spleen (0.5-2%) weight along with an increase in liver weight (0.5-2%). Immune cell phenotyping identified a reduction in the frequency (1 and 2%) and number (0.5-2%) of splenic B-cells. To further define the mechanism of immunotoxicity, gene expression was also evaluated in the skin. The findings support a potential involvement of the nuclear receptor PPARα. These results demonstrate that dermal exposure to PFOA is immunotoxic and raise concern about potential adverse effects from dermal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary L Shane
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
| | - Rachel Baur
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Ewa Lukomska
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Lisa Weatherly
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Stacey E Anderson
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
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Wu JY, Liu WX, He W, Xu FL. Comparisons of tissue distributions and health risks of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in two fish species with different trophic levels from Lake Chaohu, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 185:109666. [PMID: 31542645 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are a type of persistent organic pollutants that are widely distributed in multiple environmental media and organisms and have a teratogenic effect on and toxicity to animals and humans. The residual levels of seventeen PFAAs in the tissues of two regular consumption fish species, Culter erythropterus and Aristichthys nobilis in Lake Chaohu were measured by a high-performance liquid chromatograph - mass spectrometer (HPLC-MS). The distributions of PFAAs and the effect of the lipid contents were analyzed, and the health risks of typical PFAAs were evaluated. The results showed that perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) was the predominant contaminant (80.50 ± 58.31 ng/g and 19.17 ± 12.57 ng/g wet weight, ww), followed by perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) (55.02 ± 34.82 and 14.79 ± 6.24 ng/g, ww) in both fish. The level of total PFAAs was the highest in the liver tissues of Culter erythropterus (359.87 ng/g, ww) and the lowest in the kidney tissues in A. nobilis (10.06 ng/g, ww). Due to the higher trophic level of C. erythropteru, the total PFAA concentrations were significantly higher in all tissues than those in A. nobilis. Liver muscle ratio of C. erythropteru was the highest, indicating the most accumulation in the liver. The concentrations of PFAAs in fish tissues were influenced by the lipid content, resulting in a difference between the lipid-normalized concentrations and the wet weight concentrations of the PFAAs. The non-carcinogenic risks of PFOS were higher than those of PFOA through the ingestion of C. erythropterus and A. nobilis. Both the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of C. erythropterus were greater than those of A. nobilis, and fish tissue intake could cause an increasing of risks up to 60%, indicating that long-term and large amount ingestion of carnivorous fish and related tissues with higher trophic level, such as C. erythropterus should be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yi Wu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wen-Xiu Liu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; Center for Enviornmental Health Risk Assessment and Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environment Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Wei He
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Fu-Liu Xu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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11
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Remucal CK. Spatial and temporal variability of perfluoroalkyl substances in the Laurentian Great Lakes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:1816-1834. [PMID: 31347638 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00265k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a diverse group of fluorinated organic chemicals that have been used in industrial and consumer applications since the 1950s. PFAS are resistant to chemical and biological degradation and are ubiquitous in the environment, including in water, sediment, and biota in the Laurentian Great Lakes. This critical review evaluates the spatial and temporal variability of commonly studied perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSAs) and perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) in the Great Lakes by synthesizing data collected in water, surface sediment, sediment cores, lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), and herring gull (Larus argentatus) eggs. The lowest PFAS concentrations in all matrices are detected in Lake Superior, which is located in the most pristine region of the Great Lakes Basin. In contrast, higher concentrations are observed in Lakes Erie and Ontario, which are more impacted by industrial activity and wastewater discharge. The distribution of individual PFAS compounds also varies across the lakes in response to changes in PFAS sources, with higher proportions of PFSAs in the eastern lakes. Sediment and biota are enriched in long chain PFSAs and PFCAs relative to concentrations in the water column, as expected based on predicted partitioning behavior. Sediment cores and bioarchives consistently demonstrate that PFAS concentrations increased in the Great Lakes from the initial time points until the early 2000s. The available data indicate that PFOS and PFOA concentrations decline after this period in the upper Great Lakes, but are stable in Lake Ontario. However, these trends depend on the lake, the individual compound, and the organism considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina K Remucal
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 660 N. Park St., Madison, WI 53706, Wisconsin, USA
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12
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Abercrombie SA, de Perre C, Choi YJ, Tornabene BJ, Sepúlveda MS, Lee LS, Hoverman JT. Larval amphibians rapidly bioaccumulate poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 178:137-145. [PMID: 31002968 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous contaminants that can bioaccumulate in aquatic taxa. Amphibians are particularly vulnerable to contaminants and sensitive to endocrine disruptors during their aquatic larval stage. However, few studies have explored PFAS uptake rates in amphibians, which is critical for designing ecotoxicology studies and assessing the potential for bioaccumulation. Uptake rates of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were measured for larval northern leopard frogs (Rana pipiens), American toads (Anaxyrus americanus), and eastern tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum) during a 240-h exposure to 10 and 1000 μg/L concentrations. We measured body burden and calculated bioconcentration factor (BCF) every 48 h during the experiments. For all species and exposures, body burdens often reached steady state within 48-96 h of exposure. Steady-state body burdens for PFOA and PFOS ranged from 3819 to 16,481 ng/g dry weight (BCF = 0.46-2.5) and 6955-489,958 ng/g dry weight (47-259 BCFs), respectively. Therefore, PFAS steady state occurs rapidly in the larval amphibians we studied and particularly for PFOS. This result reflects a high potential for PFAS trophic transfer because amphibians are often low in trophic position and are important prey for many aquatic and terrestrial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Abercrombie
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, 715 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States.
| | - Chloe de Perre
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States
| | - Youn Jeong Choi
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois Street, Golden, CO, 80401, United States
| | - Brian J Tornabene
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, 715 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States; Wildlife Biology Program, W.A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT, 59802, United States
| | - Maria S Sepúlveda
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, 715 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States
| | - Linda S Lee
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States
| | - Jason T Hoverman
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, 715 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States
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13
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Fort DJ, Mathis MB, Fort CE, Fort HM, Fort TD, Guiney PD, Weeks JA. Effect of perfluorooctanesulfonate exposure on steroid hormone levels and steroidogenic enzyme activities in juvenile Silurana tropicalis. J Appl Toxicol 2019; 39:1066-1078. [PMID: 30847954 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The impact of the perfluoro-chemical, perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), on gonadal steroidogenesis during sexual differentiation in Silurana tropicalis was examined because of its ubiquity in the environment, bioaccumulative nature and potential to disturb endocrine activity. A partial life cycle study exposing S. tropicalis to varying concentrations of PFOS 0.06, 0.13, 0.25, 0.50 and 1.0 mg PFOS/L [nominal]) was conducted. Gonad and plasma samples were collected from juvenile control specimens and organisms exposed to PFOS from early embryo through 150 days post-metamorphosis. Gonad CYP17, aromatase and 5α-reductase activities were measured. Plasma estradiol, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and gonadal testosterone were measured in both males and females. Increased plasma DHT and gonadal testosterone were found in PFOS-treated juvenile male S. tropicalis compared to controls. Decreased plasma estradiol, but not testosterone, was detected in PFOS-treated female S. tropicalis compared to controls. Plasma DHT was not detected and an increase in gonadal testosterone was detected in PFOS-treated female frogs. Female S. tropicalis exposed to PFOS exhibited a concentration-related decrease in the mean aromatase activity, but not 5α-reductase. PFOS exposure in male frogs induced a concentration-related increase in 5α-reductase activity, but did not alter aromatase activity compared to control frogs. A concentration-related increase in CYP 17,20-lyase activity, but not 17-hydroxylase activity, was found in both female and male S. tropicalis exposed to PFOS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hayley M Fort
- Fort Environmental Laboratories, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Troy D Fort
- Fort Environmental Laboratories, Stillwater, OK, USA
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Rotondo JC, Giari L, Guerranti C, Tognon M, Castaldelli G, Fano EA, Martini F. Environmental doses of perfluorooctanoic acid change the expression of genes in target tissues of common carp. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:942-948. [PMID: 29105837 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the effects of environmental doses of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) on bioconcentration and gene expression in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Adult male and female carp were exposed to environmental (200 ng/L) and experimental (2 mg/L) doses of PFOA for 56 d. Carp exposed to 200 ng/L had levels of PFOA below the level of detection in all tissue samples analyzed, whereas variable concentrations were measurable in various tissues from carp exposed to 2 mg/L. The expression level of the glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene, coding for a detoxifying enzyme, increased in a PFOA dose-dependent manner in liver tissues from 200 ng/L to 2 mg/L exposure (p < 0.05). The expression levels of CYP19A gene, coding for the enzyme that converts testosterone into estrogen, were altered in gonadal tissues from male and female carp exposed to either 200 ng/L or 2 mg/L; expression increased in male gonads and decreased in female gonads. Unexpectedly, the expression levels of CYP19A in male and female gonads from carp exposed to 200 ng/L or 2 mg/L were similar (p > 0.05). Therefore, even though environmental doses of PFOA did not accumulate in tissues of the common carp, they did affect the gene expression levels of GST in the liver and CYP19A in the gonads. These observations raise concerns that exposure to environmental doses of PFOA may affect gene expression in animals and possibly in humans, with important health consequences. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:942-948. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Charles Rotondo
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luisa Giari
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Cristiana Guerranti
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- BRC Bioscience Research Center, Orbetello (GR), Italy
| | - Mauro Tognon
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Castaldelli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elisa Anna Fano
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fernanda Martini
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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15
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Chen WL, Bai FY, Chang YC, Chen PC, Chen CY. Concentrations of perfluoroalkyl substances in foods and the dietary exposure among Taiwan general population and pregnant women. J Food Drug Anal 2018; 26:994-1004. [PMID: 29976417 PMCID: PMC9303023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study quantified five perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) and two perfluorosulfonic acids in cereals, meats, seafood, eggs, pork liver, and milk in Taiwan using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and evaluated the dietary exposure of the general population and pregnant women using per capita consumption and a questionnaire, respectively. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and PFCAs of 10–12 carbons were found in almost all of the samples in considerable concentrations in rice and pork liver, reaching as high as 283 ng/g (PFOA in pork liver); the levels are two to three orders of magnitude higher than previous reports. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), the most frequently mentioned perfluoroalkyl substance, was rarely detected in many food items (detection frequencies <20% in rice, flour, pork, chicken, salmon, squid, eggs, and milk) at <0.4 ng/g, except for beef, pork liver and some seafood (detection frequencies: 100%, GMs: 0.05–3.52 ng/g). Compared to populations in Western countries, people in Taiwan are exposed to much more perfluorohexanoic acid, PFOA, perfluorodecanoic acid, and perfluoroundecanoic acid (11.2, 85.1, 44.2, and 4.45 ng/kg b.w./day, respectively), mainly due to the higher contaminations in food. The exposure of 8.0 μg PFOA/person/day in the 95 percentile of pregnant women was due to their frequent consumption of pork liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ling Chen
- Institute of Environmental Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Yu Bai
- Institute of Environmental Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chia Chang
- Institute of Environmental Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pau-Chung Chen
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yang Chen
- Institute of Environmental Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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16
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Xiao F. Emerging poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in the aquatic environment: A review of current literature. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 124:482-495. [PMID: 28800519 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) comprise a group of synthetic organic surfactants with a wide range of industrial and commercial applications. A few PFASs such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) are now known to be ubiquitously present in the aquatic environment. They have become a global concern because of the toxicity and bioaccumulative properties. With the increasing availability of high-resolution mass spectrometers, many novel PFASs have been identified. Studies published between 2009 and 2017 have discovered 455 new PFASs (including nine fully and 446 partially fluorinated compounds), 45%, 29%, 17%, and 8% of which are anions, zwitterions, cations, and neutrals, respectively. They have been identified in natural waters, fish, sediments, wastewater, activated sludge, soils, aqueous film-forming foams, and commercial fluoropolymer surfactants. This article integrates and critically evaluates what is known about these newly identified PFASs. It discusses the different aspects of detection methodologies. It also surveys the removal of these compounds during conventional and advanced drinking-water and wastewater treatment, predicts the relevant physicochemical properties by means of four software programs, and identifies major knowledge gaps. Notably, a number of these newly identified PFASs are potential precursor compounds of PFOS and PFOA. Studies are critically needed to understand the removal and transformation of these compounds in natural and engineered environmental systems and their contribution, if any, to the secondary formation of PFOS and PFOA in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xiao
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202-8115, United States.
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17
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Lee YC, Chen YP, Chen MJ, Kuo J, Lo SL. Reductive defluorination of perfluorooctanoic acid by titanium(III) citrate with vitamin B 12 and copper nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 340:336-343. [PMID: 28728112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is widespread in the environment, which causes serious health and safety concerns. A mechanistic study on reductive defluorination of PFOA by titanium(III) citrate in the presence of catalysts was conducted. Vitamin B12 was used to catalyze reduction reactions by shuttling electrons from a reducing agent (electron donor) to PFOA to produce a Co-carbon bond intermediates. In the presence of copper nanoparticles, a precursor complex, B12-C7F14COOH, adsorbed on the metal surface, followed by a hydrogenolytic reaction to form less-fluorinated products. The synergistic effect between vitamin B12 and copper nanoparticles enhances the reductive activities by electron-transfer reactions and hydrogenolysis. The efficient reduction of PFOA to less-noxious compounds was demonstrated with a copper dose of 2gL-1, titanium(III) citrate (45mM), and vitamin B12 (0.2mM) with an initial pH of 9.0 and 70°C. In this anoxic aqueous solution, the biomimetic reductive system effectively removed 65% of PFOA. The mass balance on fluoride matched the observed degradation of PFOA, while no short-chain intermediates were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chi Lee
- Research Center for Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control Technology, Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Pei Chen
- Research Center for Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control Technology, Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Meng-Jia Chen
- Research Center for Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control Technology, Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jeff Kuo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, California State University, 800 N. State College Blvd., Fullerton, USA
| | - Shang-Lien Lo
- Research Center for Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control Technology, Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC.
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18
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Arakaki A, Nakata S, Tokuhisa T, Ogawa Y, Sato K, Sonoi T, Donachie SP, Matsunaga T. Quantitative and time-course analysis of microbial degradation of 1H,1H,2H,2H,8H,8H-perfluorododecanol in activated sludge. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:8259-8266. [PMID: 28971243 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8538-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A methylene group in the fluorinated carbon backbone of 1H,1H,2H,2H,8H,8H-perfluorododecanol (degradable telomer fluoroalcohol, DTFA) renders the molecule cleavable by microbial degradation into two fluorinated carboxylic acids. Several biodegradation products of DTFA are known, but their rates of conversion and fates in the environment have not been determined. We used liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) to quantitatively investigate DTFA biodegradation by the microbial community in activated sludge in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) flasks, which we also determined here showed least adsorption of DTFA. A reduction in DTFA concentration in the medium was accompanied by rapid increases in the concentrations of 2H,2H,8H,8H-perfluorododecanoic acid (2H,2H,8H,8H-PFDoA), 2H,8H,8H-2-perfluorododecenoic acid (2H,8H,8H-2-PFUDoA), and 2H,2H,8H-7-perfluorododecenoic acid and 2H,2H,8H-8-perfluorododecenoic acid (2H,2H,8H-7-PFUDoA/2H,2H,8H-8-PFUDoA), which were in turn followed by an increase in 6H,6H-perfluorodecanoic acid (6H,6H-PFDeA) concentration, and decreases in 2H,2H,8H,8H-PFDoA, 2H,8H,8H-2-PFUDoA, and 2H,2H,8H-7-PFUDoA/2H,2H,8H-8-PFUDoA concentrations. Accumulation of perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), a presumed end product of DTFA degradation, was also detected. Our quantitative and time-course study of the concentrations of these compounds reveals main routes of DTFA biodegradation, and the presence of new biodegradation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Arakaki
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan.
| | - Shintaro Nakata
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Takahito Tokuhisa
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Yuta Ogawa
- UNIMATEC Co. LTD, 831-2 Kamisohda, Isohara-machi, Kitaibaraki, Ibaraki, 319-1593, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Sato
- UNIMATEC Co. LTD, 831-2 Kamisohda, Isohara-machi, Kitaibaraki, Ibaraki, 319-1593, Japan
| | - Takehiro Sonoi
- UNIMATEC Co. LTD, 831-2 Kamisohda, Isohara-machi, Kitaibaraki, Ibaraki, 319-1593, Japan
| | - Stuart P Donachie
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Snyder Hall, 2538 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96822, USA
| | - Tadashi Matsunaga
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
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19
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Eccles KM, Thomas PJ, Chan HM. Predictive meta-regressions relating mercury tissue concentrations of freshwater piscivorous mammals. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:2377-2384. [PMID: 28224658 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is a pollutant of global concern. Sentinel species such as river otter (Lontra canadensis) and mink (Neovison vison) are often used to monitor environmental concentrations in freshwater ecosystems. Tissue total Hg (THg) concentrations are frequently used as biomarkers of exposure. However, there is no comprehensive model relating Hg tissue concentrations in different tissues, making interstudy comparisons challenging. Our objective was to establish conversion factors relating fur, brain, liver, kidney, and muscle THg concentrations using mean concentrations and standard errors reported in the literature. We used data from more than 6000 samples, pooled across 16 studies and 96 sampling sites in North America and Europe. Sixteen regressions were derived for the river otter and mink models, which were statistically significant at a 95% confidence interval and yielded high explained variances. The models were validated using an external data set of individually measured THg tissue concentrations. The validated conversions were used to evaluate the current fur Hg screening guidelines of 20 µg/g and 30 µg/g. At both of these fur concentrations, brain concentrations are of concern for altering brain neurochemistry. We suggest a more conservative fur Hg screening guideline of 15 µg/g to protect sensitive furbearers. The conversion factors can be used to predict internal organ THg concentrations from fur measurements, eliminating the need for invasive tissue sampling. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2377-2384. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Eccles
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philippe J Thomas
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Science and Technology Branch, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hing Man Chan
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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20
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Arrieta-Cortes R, Farias P, Hoyo-Vadillo C, Kleiche-Dray M. Carcinogenic risk of emerging persistent organic pollutant perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS): A proposal of classification. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 83:66-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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21
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Tian H, Gao J, Li H, Boyd SA, Gu C. Complete Defluorination of Perfluorinated Compounds by Hydrated Electrons Generated from 3-Indole-acetic-acid in Organomodified Montmorillonite. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32949. [PMID: 27608658 PMCID: PMC5017190 DOI: 10.1038/srep32949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we describe a unique process that achieves complete defluorination and decomposition of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) which comprise one of the most recalcitrant and widely distributed classes of toxic pollutant chemicals found in natural environments. Photogenerated hydrated electrons derived from 3-indole-acetic-acid within an organomodified clay induce the reductive defluorination of co-sorbed PFCs. The process proceeds to completion within a few hours under mild reaction conditions. The organomontmorillonite clay promotes the formation of highly reactive hydrated electrons by stabilizing indole radical cations formed upon photolysis, and prevents their deactivation by reaction with protons or oxygen. In the constrained interlayer regions of the clay, hydrated electrons and co-sorbed PFCs are brought in close proximity thereby increasing the probability of reaction. This novel green chemistry provides the basis for in situ and ex situ technologies to treat one of the most troublesome, recalcitrant and ubiquitous classes of environmental contaminants, i.e., PFCs, utilizing innocuous reagents, naturally occurring materials and mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoting Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Juan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P. R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Stephen A Boyd
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Cheng Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
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22
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Jantzen CE, Annunziato KA, Bugel SM, Cooper KR. PFOS, PFNA, and PFOA sub-lethal exposure to embryonic zebrafish have different toxicity profiles in terms of morphometrics, behavior and gene expression. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 175:160-70. [PMID: 27058923 PMCID: PMC5204304 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Polyfluorinated compounds (PFC) are a class of anthropogenic, persistent and toxic chemicals. PFCs are detected worldwide and consist of fluorinated carbon chains of varying length, terminal groups, and industrial uses. Previous zebrafish studies in the literature as well as our own studies have shown that exposure to these chemicals at a low range of concentrations (0.02-2.0μM; 20-2000ppb) resulted in chemical specific developmental defects and reduced post hatch survival. It was hypothesized that sub-lethal embryonic exposure to perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), or perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) would result in different responses with regard to morphometric, behavior, and gene expression in both yolk sac fry and larval zebrafish. Zebrafish were exposed to PFOS, PFOA, and PFNA (0.02, 0.2, 2.0μM) for the first five days post fertilization (dpf) and analyzed for morphometrics (5 dpf, 14 dpf), targeted gene expression (5 dpf, 14 dpf), and locomotive behavior (14 dpf). All three PFCs commonly resulted in a decrease in total body length, increased tfc3a (muscle development) expression and decreased ap1s (protein transport) expression at 5dpf, and hyperactive locomotor activity 14 dpf. All other endpoints measured at both life-stage time points varied between each of the PFCs. PFOS, PFNA, and PFOA exposure resulted in significantly altered responses in terms of morphometric, locomotion, and gene expression endpoints, which could be manifested in field exposed teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie E Jantzen
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Environmental Sciences, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
| | - Kate A Annunziato
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Sean M Bugel
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Keith R Cooper
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Environmental Sciences, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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23
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Wang F, Shih K, Ma R, Li XY. Influence of cations on the partition behavior of perfluoroheptanoate (PFHpA) and perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS) on wastewater sludge. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 131:178-183. [PMID: 25841073 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The effects of different cations on the sorption behavior of PFHpA and PFHxS on two types of sludge were investigated in this study. The sodium and potassium ions did not significantly affect PFHpA and PFHxS sorption on different sludge. For calcium and magnesium, the sorption amount of PFAS increased with calcium and magnesium concentration increasing from 1 to 30 mM and then decreased with those increasing from 30 to 100 mM. The sorption level of PFHxS or PFHpA greatly increased with increasing Al3+ and Fe3+ cation concentrations due to the strong sorption and coagulation effects by the formation of aluminum hydroxide (or ferric hydroxide) colloids or precipitates. After the organics in sludge has been removed by thermal treatment, the PFAS sorption on sludge was greatly reduced. Such finding indicated that sorption to organic matter is more important for anionic PFASs than adsorption to mineral surfaces. However, due to the higher content of biological organics, a secondary activated sludge has higher affinity toward PFAS species than chemically enhanced primary treatment sludge. It indicated that the organic types in sludge were also crucial to the sorption levels of PFASs by sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong.
| | - Kaimin Shih
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Ruowei Ma
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Xiao-yan Li
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
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24
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Ma Q, Liu L, Cui W, Li R, Song T, Cui Z. Electrochemical degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) by Yb-doped Ti/SnO2–Sb/PbO2anodes and determination of the optimal conditions. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra14299g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Model aqueous solutions of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, 100 mg L−1) were electro-oxidized in a homemade container.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianchi Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- China
| | - Lei Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- China
| | - Wei Cui
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- China
| | - Ruifeng Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- China
| | - Tingting Song
- Shandong Province Guohe Circular Economy Research Center
- China
| | - Zhaojie Cui
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- China
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25
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Pan CG, Zhao JL, Liu YS, Zhang QQ, Chen ZF, Lai HJ, Peng FJ, Liu SS, Ying GG. Bioaccumulation and risk assessment of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in wild freshwater fish from rivers in the Pearl River Delta region, South China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 107:192-199. [PMID: 25011114 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are used in various industries, which results in their ubiquitous occurrence in the environment. This study determined the concentrations of eighteen PFASs in muscle and liver of nine wild freshwater fish species collected from rivers in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, South China, and assessed their bioaccumulation and potential health risks to local people. The results showed that eight and twelve PFASs were detected in the fish muscle and liver samples, respectively. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was found to be the predominant PFAS both in muscle and liver with its highest concentrations of 79ng/g wet weight (ww) in muscle and 1500ng/g ww in liver, followed by Perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) and Perfluorotridecanoic acid (PFTrDA) with trace concentrations. The mean PFOS concentrations in fish muscle and liver tissues of the nine collected species ranged from 0.40ng/g in mud carp to 25ng/g in snakehead, and from 5.6ng/g in mud carp to 1100ng/g in snakehead, respectively. Significant positive correlations were found among PFASs both in water and fish, indicating a similar pollution source for these PFASs. In tilapia samples, PFOS concentrations showed an increasing trend with increasing length and weight, but no significant difference between genders. Bioaccumulation factors (logBAF) in fish for the PFASs were in the range from 2.1 to 5.0. The calculated hazard ratios (HR) of PFOS for all fishes were in the range of 0.05-2.8, with four out of nine species (tilapia, chub, leather catfish and snakehead) having their HR values more than 1.0. The results suggest that frequent consumption of these four fish species may pose health risks to local population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Gui Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jian-Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - You-Sheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qian-Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hua-Jie Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Feng-Jiao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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26
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Zhu Z, Wang T, Wang P, Lu Y, Giesy JP. Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in sediments from South Bohai coastal watersheds, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 85:619-627. [PMID: 24411724 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the concentrations and distribution of Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in sediments of 12 rivers from South Bohai coastal watersheds. The highest concentrations of ΣPFAS (31.920 ng g(-1) dw) and PFOA (29.021 ng g(-1) dw) were found in sediments from the Xiaoqing River, which was indicative of local point sources in this region. As for other rivers, concentrations of ΣPFAS ranged from 0.218 to 1.583 ng g(-1) dw were found in the coastal sediments and from 0.167 to 1.953 ng g(-1) dw in the riverine sediments. Predominant PFAS from coastal and riverine areas were PFOA and PFBS, with percentages of 30% and 35%, respectively. Partitioning analysis showed the concentrations of PFNA, PFDA and PFHxS were significantly correlated with organic carbon. The results of a preliminary environmental hazard assessment showed that PFOS posed the highest hazard in the Mi River, while PFOA posed a relative higher hazard in the Xiaoqing River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyun Zhu
- State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tieyu Wang
- State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Pei Wang
- State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yonglong Lu
- State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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27
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Carpenter SK, Mateus-Pinilla NE, Singh K, Lehner A, Satterthwaite-Phillips D, Bluett RD, Rivera NA, Novakofski JE. River otters as biomonitors for organochlorine pesticides, PCBs, and PBDEs in Illinois. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 100:99-104. [PMID: 24119654 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) is a biomonitor for organohalogenated compounds (OHCs) associated with a wide range of deleterious health effects in wildlife and humans. We determined concentrations of twenty OHCs in livers of 23 river otters salvaged by the Illinois Department of Natural Resources from 2009 to 2011, determined sex-dependent distribution of OHCs, and compared our results to the reported concentrations of four OHCs in Illinois river otters from 1984 to 1989. Since these contaminants have been banned for over 30 years, we predicted smaller mean concentrations than those previously reported in Illinois otters. We detected eleven of twenty OHCs; PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), dieldrin, and 4,4'-DDE (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene) were present in the greatest mean concentrations. We report the largest mean concentration of dieldrin to date in the liver of North American river otters (mean: 174, range: 14.4-534 parts per billion wet wt [ppb]). Mean PCB concentrations were significantly higher in males (mean: 851; range: 30-3450 ppb) than females (mean: 282; range: 40-850 ppb; p=0.04). Mean concentrations of dieldrin were greater than those detected in otters from 1984 to 1989 (mean: 90; range: 30-130 ppb; p<0.05). Our results suggest OHC exposure remains a concern. Future research in Illinois should focus on evaluating OHCs exposures, particularly dieldrin, at the watershed level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha K Carpenter
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1816 South Oak St., Champaign IL 61820, United States.
| | - Nohra E Mateus-Pinilla
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1816 South Oak St., Champaign IL 61820, United States.
| | - Kuldeep Singh
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 2001 South Lincoln Ave., Urbana, IL 61802, United States.
| | - Andreas Lehner
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Rd., Lansing, MI 48910, United States.
| | - Damian Satterthwaite-Phillips
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1816 South Oak St., Champaign IL 61820, United States.
| | - Robert D Bluett
- Illinois Department of Natural Resources, One Natural Resources Way, Springfield, IL 62702-1271, United States.
| | - Nelda A Rivera
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1816 South Oak St., Champaign IL 61820, United States.
| | - Jan E Novakofski
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 205 Meat Science Lab 1503S Maryland Dr M/C 010, Urbana, IL 61801, United States.
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28
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Dramé A, Taffin de Givenchy E, Dieng SY, Amigoni S, Oumar M, Diouf A, Darmanin T, Guittard F. One F-octyl versus two F-butyl chains in surfactant aggregation behavior. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:14815-14822. [PMID: 24188050 DOI: 10.1021/la403173v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
An easy synthetic procedure in two or three steps from perfluoroalkylethyl iodide derivatives led to six novel fluorinated carboxylates monomeric and gemini surfactants with one or two hydrophobic tails, respectively: RF(C2H4)CH(CO2(-))2,2Na(+) and [RF(C2H4)]2C(CO2(-)),Na(+), where RF = C4F9, C6F13, and C8F17. These anionic surfactants exhibited very low surface tension from 15 to 33 mN/m as well as low critical micelle concentration until 1.3 × 10(-4) mol/L. Furthermore, the surface properties of the gemini compound with two short fluoroalkyl chains (RF = C4F9) were found to be almost equal to those of the monomeric surfactant with one long fluoroalkyl chain (RF = C8F17), which could provide an interesting alternative to the bioaccumulative long-chain perfluorinated surfactant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdoulaye Dramé
- Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, LPMC, UMR 7336 , Parc Valrose, 06100 Nice, France
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29
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Martin JW, Mabury SA, Solomon KR, Muir DCG. Progress toward understanding the bioaccumulation of perfluorinated alkyl acids. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2013; 32:2421-2423. [PMID: 24115121 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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30
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Roos A, Berger U, Järnberg U, van Dijk J, Bignert A. Increasing concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids in Scandinavian otters (Lutra lutra) between 1972 and 2011: a new threat to the otter population? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:11757-65. [PMID: 24033312 DOI: 10.1021/es401485t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Liver samples from 140 otters (Lutra lutra) from Sweden and Norway were analyzed for 10 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs; C6-C15), 4 perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs; C4,C6,C8,C10) and perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA). Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) was the dominant compound accounting for approximately 80% of the fluorinated contaminants and showing concentrations up to 16 μg/g wet weight. Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) was the dominant PFCA (up to 640 ng/g wet weight) closely followed by the C10 and C11 homologues. A spatial comparison between otters from southwestern Norway, southern and northern Sweden sampled between 2005 and 2011 revealed that the samples from southern Sweden had generally the largest contaminant load, but two PFCAs and FOSA were higher concentrated in the Norwegian samples. A temporal trend study was performed on otters from southern Sweden collected between 1972 and 2011. Seven PFCAs (C8-C14), PFOS and perfluorodecane sulfonic acid (PFDS) showed significantly increasing trends with doubling times between 5.5 and 13 years. The PFCAs also showed significantly increasing trends over the period 2002 to 2011. These findings together with the exceptionally high liver concentrations of PFOS are of great concern for the Scandinavian otter populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Roos
- Department of Contaminant Research, Swedish Museum of Natural History , PO Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
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31
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Persson S, Rotander A, Kärrman A, van Bavel B, Magnusson U. Perfluoroalkyl acids in subarctic wild male mink (Neovison vison) in relation to age, season and geographical area. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 59:425-30. [PMID: 23928036 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the influence of biological and environmental factors on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in a top predator; the American mink. Perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) with C8-C13 perfluorinated carbon chains were analyzed in livers from wild male mink liver (n=101) from four areas in Sweden representing two inland environments (rural and highly anthropogenic, respectively) and two different coastal environments. Mean PFOS concentrations were 1250ng/g wet weight and some mink from the urban inland area had among the highest PFOS concentrations ever recorded in mink (up to 21 800ng/g wet weight). PFBS was detected in 89% of the samples, but in low concentrations (mean 0.6ng/g ww). There were significant differences in PFAA concentrations between the geographical areas (p<0.001-0.01). Age, body condition and body weight did not influence the concentrations significantly, but there was a seasonal influence on the concentrations of perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively), with lower concentrations in autumn samples than in samples taken in the winter and spring. It is thus recommended to take possible seasonal differences into account when using mink exposure data. The overall results suggest that the mink is a suitable sentinel species for assessing and monitoring environmental levels of PFAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Persson
- Division of Reproduction, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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32
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Wang J, Zhang Y, Zhang F, Yeung LWY, Taniyasu S, Yamazaki E, Wang R, Lam PKS, Yamashita N, Dai J. Age- and gender-related accumulation of perfluoroalkyl substances in captive Chinese alligators (Alligator sinensis). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 179:61-7. [PMID: 23660395 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Fourteen perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were measured in serum of the highly endangered captive Chinese alligators, whole body homogenates of six kinds of fish (alligator prey species), and pond water (alligator habitat) in the Anhui Research Center for Chinese Alligator Reproduction. Six PFASs, including PFOS and five perfluorinated carboxylates, were detected in all alligator samples. The most dominant PFAS was PFUnDA, with a mean value of 31.4 ng/mL. Significant positive correlations were observed among the six PFASs, suggesting that they shared similar sources of contamination. Significantly higher PFOS and PFUnDA levels were observed in males, but the other four PFCAs did not differ between genders. An age related PFAS bioaccumulation analysis showed a significant negative correlation of the concentrations for five PFCAs to age, which means that higher concentrations were found in younger animals. Bioaccumulation factors (BAF) in fish for PFASs ranged from 21 to 28,000, with lower BAF for PFOA than that for longer carbon chain PFCAs, including PFUnDA, PFDA, and PFNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianshe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
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The adsorption kinetics of a fluorinated surfactant – Heptadecafluoro-1-nonanol. J Colloid Interface Sci 2013; 402:131-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2013.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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Greaves AK, Letcher RJ, Sonne C, Dietz R. Brain region distribution and patterns of bioaccumulative perfluoroalkyl carboxylates and sulfonates in east greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2013; 32:713-722. [PMID: 23280712 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the comparative accumulation of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in eight brain regions of polar bears (Ursus maritimus, n = 19) collected in 2006 from Scoresby Sound, East Greenland. The PFAAs studied were perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs, C(6) -C(15) chain lengths) and sulfonates (C(4) , C(6) , C(8) , and C(10) chain lengths) as well as selected precursors including perfluorooctane sulfonamide. On a wet-weight basis, blood-brain barrier transport of PFAAs occurred for all brain regions, although inner regions of the brain closer to incoming blood flow (pons/medulla, thalamus, and hypothalamus) contained consistently higher PFAA concentrations compared to outer brain regions (cerebellum, striatum, and frontal, occipital, and temporal cortices). For pons/medulla, thalamus, and hypothalamus, the most concentrated PFAAs were perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), ranging from 47 to 58 ng/g wet weight, and perfluorotridecanoic acid, ranging from 43 to 49 ng/g wet weight. However, PFOS and the longer-chain PFCAs (C(10) -C(15) ) were significantly (p < 0.002) positively correlated with lipid content for all brain regions. Lipid-normalized PFOS and PFCA (C(10) -C(15) ) concentrations were not significantly (p > 0.05) different among brain regions. The burden of the sum of PFCAs, perfluoroalkyl sulfonates, and perfluorooctane sulfonamide in the brain (average mass, 392 g) was estimated to be 46 µg. The present study demonstrates that both PFCAs and perfluoroalkyl sulfonates cross the blood-brain barrier in polar bears and that wet-weight concentrations are brain region-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana K Greaves
- National Wildlife Research Centre and Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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35
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Degradation of a Fluorine-Free Perfluorooctane Sulfonate Substitute in Chromium Plating Solutions. Chem Eng Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201200357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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36
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Greaves AK, Letcher RJ, Sonne C, Dietz R, Born EW. Tissue-specific concentrations and patterns of perfluoroalkyl carboxylates and sulfonates in East Greenland polar bears. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:11575-83. [PMID: 23057644 DOI: 10.1021/es303400f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Several perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) and perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSAs) of varying chain length are bioaccumulative in biota. However, wildlife reports have focused on liver and with very little examination of other tissues, and thus there is a limited understanding of their distribution and potential effects in the mammalian body. In the present study, the comparative accumulation of C(6) to C(15) PFCAs, C(4), C(6), C(8) and C(10) PFSAs, and select precursors were examined in the liver, blood, muscle, adipose, and brain of 20 polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from Scoresby Sound, Central East Greenland. Overall, PFSA and PFCA concentrations were highest in liver followed by blood > brain > muscle ≈ adipose. Liver and blood samples contained proportionally more of the shorter/medium chain length (C(6) to C(11)) PFCAs, whereas adipose and brain samples were dominated by longer chain (C(13) to C(15)) PFCAs. PFCAs with lower lipophilicities accumulated more in the liver, whereas the brain accumulated PFCAs with higher lipophilicities. The concentration ratios (±SE) between perfluorooctane sulfonate and its precursor perfluorooctane sulfonamide varied among tissues from 9 (±1):1 (muscle) to 36 (±7):1 (liver). PFCA and PFSA patterns in polar bears indicate that the pharmacokinetics of these compounds are to some extent tissue-specific, and are the result of several factors that may include differing protein interactions throughout the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana K Greaves
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada , National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada
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Determination of perfluorocarboxylic acids in water by ion-pair dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry with injection port derivatization. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 726:28-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Stahl T, Falk S, Failing K, Berger J, Georgii S, Brunn H. Perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate in liver and muscle tissue from wild boar in Hesse, Germany. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2012; 62:696-703. [PMID: 22108952 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-011-9726-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 15,000 tons of wild boar meats (Sus scrofa) are consumed per year in Germany. Boar meat therefore plays a definite role in regard to human diet. Because they are omnivores and because of their high body fat quotient, wild boar may accumulate large concentrations of persistent organic compounds, such as halogenated hydrocarbons, and could thus possibly serve as bioindicators for persistent xenobiotics. In addition, consumption of wild boar meat and liver could lead to increased contaminant levels in humans. Between 2007 and 2009, we tested a total of 529 livers and 506 muscle tissue samples from wild boar for the presence of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). PFOA concentrations ≤45 μg/kg and PFOS concentrations ≤1,780 μg/kg were detected in the liver samples. PFOA concentrations ≤7.4 μg/kg and PFOS concentrations ≤28.6 μg/kg were detected in muscle tissue. Our results show that PFOS may be detected in considerably greater concentrations than PFOA in organs and tissues, which is in agreement with results from other published studies. The comparisons between both organs for the same substance, as well as the comparisons between the substances within an organ, showed clear and statistically significant differences at P < 0.0001. Assuming a tolerable daily intake value of PFOA (1.5 μg/kg bw/d) and PFOS (0.15 μg/kg bw/d) as recommended by the European Food Safety Authority, the results of model calculations based on the maximum concentrations of PFOA and PFOS found in wild boar indicate that there should be no PFC-related health danger resulting from moderate consumption of wild boar meat or liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Stahl
- Hessian State Laboratory, Wiesbaden, Germany.
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Courtier-Murias D, Farooq H, Masoom H, Botana A, Soong R, Longstaffe JG, Simpson MJ, Maas WE, Fey M, Andrew B, Struppe J, Hutchins H, Krishnamurthy S, Kumar R, Monette M, Stronks HJ, Hume A, Simpson AJ. Comprehensive multiphase NMR spectroscopy: basic experimental approaches to differentiate phases in heterogeneous samples. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2012; 217:61-76. [PMID: 22425441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous samples, such as soils, sediments, plants, tissues, foods and organisms, often contain liquid-, gel- and solid-like phases and it is the synergism between these phases that determine their environmental and biological properties. Studying each phase separately can perturb the sample, removing important structural information such as chemical interactions at the gel-solid interface, kinetics across boundaries and conformation in the natural state. In order to overcome these limitations a Comprehensive Multiphase-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (CMP-NMR) probe has been developed, and is introduced here, that permits all bonds in all phases to be studied and differentiated in whole unaltered natural samples. The CMP-NMR probe is built with high power circuitry, Magic Angle Spinning (MAS), is fitted with a lock channel, pulse field gradients, and is fully susceptibility matched. Consequently, this novel NMR probe has to cover all HR-MAS aspects without compromising power handling to permit the full range of solution-, gel- and solid-state experiments available today. Using this technology, both structures and interactions can be studied independently in each phase as well as transfer/interactions between phases within a heterogeneous sample. This paper outlines some basic experimental approaches using a model heterogeneous multiphase sample containing liquid-, gel- and solid-like components in water, yielding separate (1)H and (13)C spectra for the different phases. In addition, (19)F performance is also addressed. To illustrate the capability of (19)F NMR soil samples, containing two different contaminants, are used, demonstrating a preliminary, but real-world application of this technology. This novel NMR approach possesses a great potential for the in situ study of natural samples in their native state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Courtier-Murias
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, Canada M1C 1A4
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Theobald N, Caliebe C, Gerwinski W, Hühnerfuss H, Lepom P. Occurrence of perfluorinated organic acids in the North and Baltic Seas. Part 2: distribution in sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 19:313-324. [PMID: 21739179 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-011-0559-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The distribution of polar perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in sea water of the North and Baltic Seas has been described in part 1 of this study. In part 2, their occurrence in sediments is described in order to further investigate their distribution routes and possible sinks. METHODS Sediments were extracted with methanol and PFCs with chain lengths of C(4) to C(10) analysed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Using the developed procedure, PFCs could be determined in sediments from all 15 stations which had been sampled. In most samples from the German Bight and western Baltic Sea, perfluorooctane sulphonate had the highest concentrations (0.02 to 2.4 μg/kg dry weight), followed by perfluorooctanoate at 0.06 to 1.6 μg/kg dry weight. Levels of the other PFCs were five to ten times lower. Concentrations of PFCs were similar to those of classical chlorinated hydrocarbons. The spatial distribution is strongly influenced by sediment parameters (e.g. total organic carbon (TOC)). By normalisation to TOC, regional differences were identified between the North and Baltic Sea samples. Sediment/water enrichment ratios estimated from field concentrations showed clear dependences on carbon chain length and chemical structure. Time trends of PFCs, investigated by analysing a sediment core (Skagerrak), differed clearly from those of "classical" pollutants. CONCLUSION Because of the strong influence of sediment parameters and the relatively low enrichment of PFCs in sediments, this matrix is less suited for investigating spatial distributions. Sediments should be used mainly for monitoring temporal trends, preferably using sediment cores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Theobald
- Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency, Bernhard-Nocht Str. 78, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.
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41
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Fair PA, Houde M, Hulsey TC, Bossart GD, Adams J, Balthis L, Muir DCG. Assessment of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in plasma of bottlenose dolphins from two southeast US estuarine areas: relationship with age, sex and geographic locations. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2012; 64:66-74. [PMID: 22118898 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Plasma PFCs were measured in 157 bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) sampled from two US southeast Atlantic sites (Charleston (CHS), SC and Indian River Lagoon (IRL), FL) during 2003-2005. ∑PFCs, perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (∑PFCAs), perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (∑PFSAs) and individual compounds were significantly higher in CHS dolphins for all age/sex categories compared to IRL dolphins. Highest ∑PFCs concentrations occurred in CHS juvenile dolphins (2340 ng/g w.w.); significantly higher than found in adults (1570 ng/g w.w. males; 1330 ng/g w.w. females). ∑PFCAs were much greater in CHS dolphins (≈ 21%) compared to IRL dolphins (≈ 7%); ∑PFSAs were 79% in CHS dolphins versus 93% in IRL dolphins. PFOS, the dominant compound, averaged 72% and 84%, respectively, in CHS and IRL dolphins. Decreasing PFC levels occurred with age on the bioaccumulation of PFCs in both sites. These observations suggest PFC accumulation in these two dolphin populations are influenced by site-specific exposures with significantly higher levels in CHS dolphins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Fair
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Center for Coastal Environmental Health & Biomolecular Research, 219 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412-9110, USA.
| | - Magali Houde
- Environment Canada, Centre Saint-Lauremt, 105 McGill Street, Montréal, QC, Canada H2Y 2E7
| | - Thomas C Hulsey
- Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Rutledge Avenue, Charleston, SC 25056, USA
| | - Gregory D Bossart
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution at Florida Atlantic University, 5600 U.S. 1 North, Ft. Pierce, FL 34946, USA; Georgia Aquarium, 225 Baker Street, NW Atlanta, GA 30313, USA
| | - Jeff Adams
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Len Balthis
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Center for Coastal Environmental Health & Biomolecular Research, 219 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412-9110, USA
| | - Derek C G Muir
- Aquatic Ecosystem Protection Research Division, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON, Canada L7R 4A6
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Olsen GW, Church TR, Hansen KJ, Burris JM, Butenhoff JL, Mandel JH, Zobel LR. Quantitative Evaluation of Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and Other Fluorochemicals in the Serum of Children. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3109/15417060490447378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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DeWitt JC, Peden-Adams MM, Keller JM, Germolec DR. Immunotoxicity of Perfluorinated Compounds: Recent Developments. Toxicol Pathol 2011; 40:300-11. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623311428473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie C. DeWitt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Margie M. Peden-Adams
- Harry Reid Center for Environmental Studies, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Keller
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Dori R. Germolec
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Liu WL, Hwang BH, Li ZG, Jen JF, Lee MR. Headspace solid phase microextraction in-situ supercritical fluid extraction coupled to gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for simultaneous determination of perfluorocarboxylic acids in sediments. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:7857-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Theobald N, Caliebe C, Gerwinski W, Hühnerfuss H, Lepom P. Occurrence of perfluorinated organic acids in the North and Baltic seas. Part 1: distribution in sea water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 18:1057-69. [PMID: 21301978 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-011-0451-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Due to their high water solubilities and mobilities, persistent, polar perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) such as perfluorinated carboxylates and sulfonates are likely to end up in the oceans. In part 1 of this study, their distribution in North and Baltic Sea water is reported, being of special interest because these seas are surrounded by highly industrialized countries with high population densities. METHODS A combination of solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry was used after optimisation to determine nine PFCs with chain lengths of C(4) to C(10) in water samples at ultra-trace levels. RESULTS The observed concentration distribution and gradients were explained by oceanographic mixing processes and currents. The big rivers were identified as major input sources. At the mouth of the river Elbe, concentrations of 9 ng/L were observed for perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), and 8 ng/L for perfluorooctylsulfonate (PFOS); all other PFC concentrations ranged from 0.6 to 1.7 ng/L. At coastal stations, concentrations decreased to 3.8 ng/L (PFOA) and 1.8 ng/L (PFOS), dropping to 0.13 and 0.09 ng/L, respectively, towards the open sea. Along the Dutch coast, high perfluorobutylsulfonate concentrations (3.9 ng/L) were observed as regional characteristics. In the Baltic Sea, fairly even PFC distributions with low gradients were observed. Again, PFOA and PFOS were the major compounds (up to 1.1 and 0.9 ng/L). CONCLUSION The results underline the necessity to include PFCs in marine monitoring programs. Water was found to be a good matrix for monitoring environmental levels, sources, and transport pathways of PFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Theobald
- Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency, Bernhard-Nocht Strasse 78, Hamburg, Germany,
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Jeon J, Kannan K, Lim HK, Moon HB, Kim SD. Bioconcentration of perfluorinated compounds in blackrock fish, Sebastes schlegeli, at different salinity levels. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2010; 29:2529-35. [PMID: 20853453 DOI: 10.1002/etc.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Bioconcentration of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) was studied in a biphasic (uptake and elimination) study with blackrock fish, Sebastes schlegeli. The blackrock fish was acclimated to varying salinities over a two-week period before the present study. Among the four selected PFCs: perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluoro-octanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA), PFUnDA accumulated significantly in serum, followed by PFDA, PFOS, and PFOA, in that order, while the accumulation profile in liver was PFOS > PFUnDA > PFDA > PFOA. Total PFC levels in plasma were approximately four times greater than those found in liver. The uptake and elimination rate constants (K(u) and K(e)) of PFCs decreased as salinity decreased, suggesting delayed diffusion of PFCs between water and fish, possibly associated with the osmolality gradient. A significant correlation was found between bioconcentration factors (BCF) of PFCs and salinity, except for PFOA, possibly resulting from the effects of salinity on biological responses and chemical activity of PFCs. Even though salinity did not affect the kinetics of PFC accumulation in serum and liver, the results provide useful information on the toxicokinetics of PFCs for saltwater fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junho Jeon
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
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Martin JW, Asher BJ, Beesoon S, Benskin JP, Ross MS. PFOS or PreFOS? Are perfluorooctane sulfonate precursors (PreFOS) important determinants of human and environmental perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) exposure? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 12:1979-2004. [PMID: 20944836 DOI: 10.1039/c0em00295j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The extent to which perfluorooctanesulfonate precursors (PreFOS) play a role in human or environmental exposure to perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) is not well characterized. The diversity of manufactured PreFOS and its degradation products (e.g. C(8)F(17)SO(2)R and C(8)F(17)SO(2)NR'R'', where R is H or F, and R' and R'' are various) has made it difficult to track their fate. Temporal trends of PFOS in both humans and wildlife are discrepant, thus it is difficult to predict future exposure, and hypotheses about the role of PreFOS have been raised. Although abiotic degradation of commercially important PreFOS materials requires further research, current data suggest that the yield of PFOS is negligible or minor. On the other hand, in vivo biotransformation of PreFOS yields PFOS as the major metabolite, and >32% yields have been observed. In Canadians, exposure to PreFOS was equivalent or greater than direct PFOS exposure prior to 2002. In most ocean water, PFOS is dominant to PreFOS, but in the oceans east of Greenland there may be more PreFOS than PFOS, consistent with the fact that whales and humans in this region also show evidence of substantial PreFOS exposure. Quantitative assessments of PFOS body-burdens coming from PreFOS are complicated by the fact that PreFOS partitions to the cellular fraction of blood, thus biomonitoring in serum under predicts PreFOS relative to PFOS. Many unknowns exist that prevent accurate modelling, thus analytical methods that can distinguish directly manufactured PFOS, from PFOS that has been biotransformed from PreFOS, should be applied in future human and environmental monitoring. Two new source tracking principles are presented and applied to human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Martin
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, CanadaT6G 2G3.
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Dietary exposure to perfluorooctanoate or perfluorooctane sulfonate induces hypertrophy in centrilobular hepatocytes and alters the hepatic immune status in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2010; 10:1420-7. [PMID: 20816993 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that exposure of mice to perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) or perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) induces hepatomegaly and, concurrently, immunotoxicity. However, the effects of these perfluorochemicals on the histology and immune status of the liver have not been yet investigated and we have examined these issues here. Dietary treatment of male C57BL/6 mice with 0.002% (w/w) PFOA or 0.005% (w/w) PFOS for 10 days resulted in significant reductions in serum levels of cholesterol and triglycerides, a moderate increase in the serum activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and hepatomegaly, without affecting other immune organs. This hepatomegaly was associated with marked hypertrophy of the centrilobular hepatocytes, with elevated numbers of cytoplasmic acidophilic granules and occasional mitosis. Furthermore, dietary exposure to PFOA or PFOS altered the hepatic immune status: whereas exposure to PFOA enhanced the numbers of total, as well as of phenotypically distinct subpopulations of intrahepatic immune cells (IHIC), and in particular the presumptive erythrocyte progenitor cells, treatment with PFOS enhanced only the numbers of hepatic cells that appear immunophenotypically to be erythrocyte progenitors, without affecting other types of IHIC. In addition, exposure to these compounds attenuated hepatic levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin-4 (IL-4). Furthermore, the exposed animals exhibited a significant increase in hepatic levels of erythropoietin, a hormone required for erythropoiesis. Thus, in mice, PFOA- and PFOS-induced hepatomegaly is associated with significant alterations in hepatic histophysiology and immune status, as well as induction of hepatic erythropoiesis.
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Enevoldsen R, Juhler RK. Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in groundwater and aqueous soil extracts: using inline SPE-LC-MS/MS for screening and sorption characterisation of perfluorooctane sulphonate and related compounds. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:1161-72. [PMID: 20740279 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4066-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have been recognised as emerging pollutants of global relevance. A fully automated method with inline solid-phase extraction coupled to electrospray ionisation liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-MS/MS) is presented and used for characterisation of soil adsorption and desorption for six PFCs: perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluorobutane sulphonate (PFBS), and perfluorooctane sulphonate (PFOS). The method reduces sample turnaround time and solvent consumption and is suitable for low volume sampling. The only sample preparation necessary for water samples was sedimentation by centrifugation. The method has a total runtime of 21 min including inline sample cleanup (2 min for injection and SPE, 14 min for the chromatographic separation, 5 min for reconditioning). Negative AP-ESI with selective reaction monitoring (SRM) was used and the method was documented for quantification of the six environmentally important PFCs in subsoil matrix and related aqueous matrixes (groundwater and drainage water). Linearity was demonstrated in the range 5 to 2,500 ng/l and the LOD was between 2 and 8 ng/l in groundwater. Adsorption was characterised by linear Freundlich isotherms for all six compounds in two agricultural top soils (A horizon, sandy and clayey soil).Variability in sorption characteristics for soil types as well as compound properties were found, and correlation between the organic carbon normalised sorption coefficient (K (OC)) and PFC molecular weight was demonstrated. The K (d) values were in the range 0.1 to 33 (l/kg), and 0.3 to 65 (l/kg) for sorption and desorption respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Enevoldsen
- Department of Geochemistry, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Øster Voldgade 10, 1350K, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Lee WW, Chang WH, Pyo HS, Kang TS, Hong JK. Analytical trend of perfluorinated compounds in environmental and biota samples. ANALYTICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.5806/ast.2010.23.4.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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