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Wang Y, Zhan S, Hu Y, Chen X, Yin S. Understanding the Formation and Growth of New Atmospheric Particles at the Molecular Level through Laboratory Molecular Beam Experiments. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202400108. [PMID: 38497136 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202400108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Atmospheric new particle formation (NPF), which exerts comprehensive implications for climate, air quality and human health, has received extensive attention. From molecule to cluster is the initial and most important stage of the nucleation process of atmospheric new particles. However, due to the complexity of the nucleation process and limitations of experimental characterization techniques, there is still a great uncertainty in understanding the nucleation mechanism at the molecular level. Laboratory-based molecular beam methods can experimentally implement the generation and growth of typical atmospheric gas-phase nucleation precursors to nanoscale clusters, characterize the key physical and chemical properties of clusters such as structure and composition, and obtain a series of their physicochemical parameters, including association rate coefficients, electron binding energy, pickup cross section and pickup probability and so on. These parameters can quantitatively illustrate the physicochemical properties of the cluster, and evaluate the effect of different gas phase nucleation precursors on the formation and growth of atmospheric new particles. We review the present literatures on atmospheric cluster formation and reaction employing the experimental method of laboratory molecular beam. The experimental apparatuses were classified and summarized from three aspects of cluster generation, growth and detection processes. Focus of this review is on the properties of nucleation clusters involving different precursor molecules of water, sulfuric acid, nitric acid and NxOy, respectively. We hope this review will provide a deep insight for effects of cluster physicochemical properties on nucleation, and reveal the formation and growth mechanism of atmospheric new particle at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Wang
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science & Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, P. R. China
| | - Shiyu Zhan
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science & Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, P. R. China
| | - Yongjun Hu
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science & Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, P. R. China
| | - Xi Chen
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, P. R. China
| | - Shi Yin
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science & Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, P. R. China
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2
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Das A, Musharaf Ali S. Structure and dynamics of dissociated and undissociated forms of nitric acid and their implications in interfacial mass transfer: insights from molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:6916-6938. [PMID: 38334446 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05622h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Nitric acid (HNO3) is widely used in various chemical and nuclear industries. Therefore, it is important to develop an understanding of the different forms of nitric acid for its practical applications. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is one of the best tools to investigate the behavior of concentrated nitric acid in aqueous solution with various forms together with pure nitric acid to identify a suitable model of nitric acid for use in simulations of biphasic systems for interfacial mass transfer. The Mulliken partial charge embedded OPLS-AA force field was used to model the neutral nitric acid, hydronium ion and nitrate ion, and it was found that the Mulliken partial charge embedded force field works quite well. The computed density of the dissociated and mixed-form acid was in good agreement with the experimental values. In water, the HNO3 molecule was seen to be coordinated with three water molecules in the first sphere of coordination. The distribution of water surrounding the HNO3 molecule and nitrate ion was corroborated by the DFT-optimized hydrated cluster. The calculated diffusivity values of the neutral acid and ions were significantly higher in the mixed form of nitric acid, which is an important dynamic quantity controlling the kinetics of the liquid-liquid interfacial extraction. The structural analysis revealed that the local aggregation is minimized when both forms of acid are present together in the solution. The water-ion and water-neutral acid interactions were predicted to be enhanced, as confirmed by H-bond studies. The shear viscosity of the mixed acid exhibited excellent agreement with the experimental values, which again confirms the consideration of the mixed form of nitric acid. The simulated value of surface tension for the mixed form of acid also appeared to be quite accurate based on the surface tension of water. The mixed form of nitric acid comprising both forms of acid is the best representation for nitric acid to be considered for MD simulations of biphasic systems. The mixed form of nitric acid established that the concentrated nitric acid may not be present either in the fully dissociated form or fully undissociated form in the solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arya Das
- Nuclear Recycle Board, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400094, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, 400094, India.
| | - Sk Musharaf Ali
- Chemical Engineering Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, 400094, India.
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3
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Rietig A, Langner T, Acker J. Comprehensive stoichiometric studies on the reaction of silicon in HF/HNO 3 and HF/HNO 3/H 2SiF 6 mixtures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:3094-3108. [PMID: 35040846 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05418j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The stoichiometry of the wet chemical etching of silicon in concentrated binary and ternary mixtures of HF, HNO3 and H2SiF6 was comprehensively investigated. A complete quantification of both dissolved and gaseous reaction products was carried out for a variety of different acid mixtures. It could be shown that the total nitric acid consumption is directly determined by the concentration of undissociated HNO3 in the mixture and can be attributed to the consumption in subsequent reactions with increasing concentration. Furthermore, a critical minimum concentration of undissociated HNO3 of q(HNO3, undiss) ≥ 0.35 mol kg-1 could be determined, which is required to start the reaction at 20 °C with agitation, irrespective of the composition of the mixture (binary/tertiary). The simultaneous determination of the nitrogen oxides in the gas phase supports the theory that NO is the only direct reduction product of HNO3 in the reaction with Si. Furthermore, the amount of formed hydrogen is determined by both the HF and the HNO3 concentration in the mixture. For binary mixtures, the H2 formation can be quantitatively described as a function of the concentration of HNO3, HF and H2O. The most important finding from comparative investigations between binary and ternary mixtures is that the overall reaction is largely determined by the formation of the reactive intermediate HNO2 as a result of complex reaction pathways. Both the formation and the accumulation of this intermediate are determined by the water content of the etching mixture. The consumption of HNO3 and also the formation of the reaction products NOx and H2 can therefore be functionally described on the basis of the H2O content in the etching mixture, regardless of a binary or ternary mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Rietig
- Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Department of Physical Chemistry, 01968 Senftenberg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Langner
- Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Department of Physical Chemistry, 01968 Senftenberg, Germany.
| | - Jörg Acker
- Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Department of Physical Chemistry, 01968 Senftenberg, Germany.
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4
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Mitra S, Yang N, McCaslin LM, Gerber RB, Johnson MA. Size-Dependent Onset of Nitric Acid Dissociation in Cs +·(HNO 3)(H 2O) n=0-11 Clusters at 20 K. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:3335-3342. [PMID: 33779169 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report the water-mediated charge separation of nitric acid upon incorporation into size-selected Cs+·(HNO3)(H2O)n=0-11 clusters at 20 K. Dramatic spectral changes are observed in the n = 7-9 range that are traced to the formation of many isomeric structures associated with intermediate transfer of the acidic proton to the water network. This transfer is complete by n = 10, which exhibits much simpler vibrational band patterns consistent with those expected for a tricoordinated hydronium ion (the Eigen motif) along with the NO stretching bands predicted for a hydrated NO3- anion that is directly complexed to the Cs+ cation. Theoretical analysis of the n = 10 spectrum indicates that the dissociated ions adopt a solvent-separated ion-pair configuration such that the Cs+ and H3O+ cations flank the NO3- anion in a microhydrated salt bridge. This charge separation motif is evidently assisted by the electrostatic stabilization of the product NO3-/H3O+ ion pair by the proximal metal ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayoni Mitra
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Nan Yang
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Laura M McCaslin
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - R Benny Gerber
- Institute of Chemistry and the Fritz-Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Mark A Johnson
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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5
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Xu W, Yang W, Han C, Yang H, Xue X. Significant influences of TiO 2 crystal structures on NO 2 and HONO emissions from the nitrates photolysis. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 102:198-206. [PMID: 33637244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The emissions of NO2 and HONO from the KNO3 photolysis in the presence of TiO2 were measured using a round-shape reactor coupled to a NOx analyzer. TiO2 played important roles in the emission flux density of NO2 (RNO2) and HONO (RHONO), depending on crystal structures and mass ratios of TiO2. RNO2 and RHONO significantly decreased with increasing the rutile and anatase mass ratios from 0 to 8 and 0.5 wt.%, respectively. Nevertheless, with further increasing the anatase mass ratio to 8 wt.%, there was an increase in RNO2 and RHONO. RNO2 on KNO3/TiO2/SiO2 had positive correlation with the KNO3 mass (1-20 wt.%), irradiation intensity (80-400 W/m2) and temperature (278-308 K), while it had the maximum value at the relative humidity (RH) of 55%. RHONO on KNO3/TiO2/SiO2 slightly varied with the KNO3 mass and temperature, whereas it increased with the irradiation intensity and RH. In addition, the mechanism for NO2 and HONO emissions from the nitrates photolysis and atmospheric implications were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Xu
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Wangjin Yang
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Chong Han
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
| | - He Yang
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Xiangxin Xue
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
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6
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Anglada JM, Martins-Costa MTC, Francisco JS, Ruiz-López MF. Reactivity of Undissociated Molecular Nitric Acid at the Air-Water Interface. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 143:453-462. [PMID: 33355444 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent experiments and theoretical calculations have shown that HNO3 may exist in molecular form in aqueous environments, where in principle one would expect this strong acid to be completely dissociated. Much effort has been devoted to understanding this fact, which has huge environmental relevance since nitric acid is a component of acid rain and also contributes to renoxification processes in the atmosphere. Although the importance of heterogeneous processes such as oxidation and photolysis have been evidenced by experiments, most theoretical studies on hydrated molecular HNO3 have focused on the acid dissociation mechanism. In the present work, we carry out calculations at various levels of theory to obtain insight into the properties of molecular nitric acid at the surface of liquid water (the air-water interface). Through multi-nanosecond combined quantum-classical molecular dynamics simulations, we analyze the interface affinity of nitric acid and provide an order of magnitude for its lifetime with regard to acid dissociation, which is close to the value deduced using thermodynamic data in the literature (∼0.3 ns). Moreover, we study the electronic absorption spectrum and calculate the rate constant for the photolytic process HNO3 + hν → NO2 + OH, leading to 2 × 10-6 s-1, about twice the value in the gas phase. Finally, we describe the reaction HNO3 + OH → NO3 + H2O using a cluster model containing 21 water molecules with the help of high-level ab initio calculations. A large number of reaction paths are explored, and our study leads to the conclusion that the most favorable mechanism involves the formation of a pre-reactive complex (HNO3)(OH) from which product are obtained through a coupled proton-electron transfer mechanism that has a free-energy barrier of 6.65 kcal·mol-1. Kinetic calculations predict a rate constant increase by ∼4 orders of magnitude relative to the gas phase, and we conclude that at the air-water interface, a lower limit for the rate constant is k = 1.2 × 10-9 cm3·molecule-1·s-1. The atmospheric significance of all these results is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep M Anglada
- Departament de Química Biològica, Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya (IQAC - CSIC), c/Jordi Girona 18, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marilia T C Martins-Costa
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, UMR CNRS 7019, University of Lorraine, BP 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Joseph S Francisco
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science and Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6316, United States
| | - Manuel F Ruiz-López
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, UMR CNRS 7019, University of Lorraine, BP 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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7
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Anglada JM, Martins-Costa MTC, Francisco JS, Ruiz-López MF. Photoinduced Oxidation Reactions at the Air-Water Interface. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:16140-16155. [PMID: 32833454 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chemistry on water is a fascinating area of research. The surface of water and the interfaces between water and air or hydrophobic media represent asymmetric environments with unique properties that lead to unexpected solvation effects on chemical and photochemical processes. Indeed, the features of interfacial reactions differ, often drastically, from those of bulk-phase reactions. In this Perspective, we focus on photoinduced oxidation reactions, which have attracted enormous interest in recent years because of their implications in many areas of chemistry, including atmospheric and environmental chemistry, biology, electrochemistry, and solar energy conversion. We have chosen a few representative examples of photoinduced oxidation reactions to focus on in this Perspective. Although most of these examples are taken from the field of atmospheric chemistry, they were selected because of their broad relevance to other areas. First, we outline a series of processes whose photochemistry generates hydroxyl radicals. These OH precursors include reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, and sulfur dioxide. Second, we discuss processes involving the photooxidation of organic species, either directly or via photosensitization. The photochemistry of pyruvic acid and fatty acid, two examples that demonstrate the complexity and versatility of this kind of chemistry, is described. Finally, we discuss the physicochemical factors that can be invoked to explain the kinetics and thermodynamics of photoinduced oxidation reactions at aqueous interfaces and analyze a number of challenges that need to be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep M Anglada
- Departament de Química Biològica, IQAC-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona 18, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marilia T C Martins-Costa
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, UMR CNRS 7019, University of Lorraine, CNRS, BP 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Joseph S Francisco
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science and Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-631, United States
| | - Manuel F Ruiz-López
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, UMR CNRS 7019, University of Lorraine, CNRS, BP 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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8
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Lengyel J, Ončák M, Beyer MK. Chemistry of NO x and HNO 3 Molecules with Gas-Phase Hydrated O .- and OH - Ions. Chemistry 2020; 26:7861-7868. [PMID: 32250483 PMCID: PMC7384111 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The gas‐phase reactions of O.−(H2O)n and OH−(H2O)n, n=20–38, with nitrogen‐containing atmospherically relevant molecules, namely NOx and HNO3, are studied by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT‐ICR) mass spectrometry and theoretically with the use of DFT calculations. Hydrated O.− anions oxidize NO. and NO2. to NO2− and NO3− through a strongly exothermic reaction with enthalpy of −263±47 kJ mol−1 and −286±42 kJ mol−1, indicating a covalent bond formation. Comparison of the rate coefficients with collision models shows that the reactions are kinetically slow with 3.3 and 6.5 % collision efficiency. Reactions between hydrated OH− anions and nitric oxides were not observed in the present experiment and are most likely thermodynamically hindered. In contrast, both hydrated anions are reactive toward HNO3 through proton transfer from nitric acid, yielding hydrated NO3−. Although HNO3 is efficiently picked‐up by the water clusters, forming (HNO3)0–2(H2O)mNO3− clusters, the overall kinetics of nitrate formation are slow and correspond to an efficiency below 10 %. Combination of the measured reaction thermochemistry with literature values in thermochemical cycles yields ΔHf(O−(aq.))=48±42 kJ mol−1 and ΔHf(NO2−(aq.))=−125±63 kJ mol−1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Lengyel
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany.,Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin K Beyer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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9
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Pedersen PD, Mikkelsen KV, Johnson MS. The unexpected effect of aqueous ion pairs on the forbidden n →π* transition in nitrate. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:11678-11685. [PMID: 32406445 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp00958j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous nitrate is ubiquitous in the environment, found for example in stratospheric clouds, tropospheric particulate matter, rain and snow, fertilized fields, rivers and the ocean. Its photolysis is initiated by absorption into the strongly forbidden n →π* transition. Photolysis reactivates deposited nitrate, releasing nitrogen oxides, and UV light is commonly used to break down nitrate pollution. The transition is doubly forbidden unless its symmetry is broken, giving a powerful means of probing the interactions of nitrate with its environment and of using experiment to validate the results of theory. In this study we demonstrate the remarkably different effects of the addition of a series of mono- and di-valent metal chlorides on the nitrate UV transition. While they all shift the transition to shorter wavelengths, the shift changes significantly from one to another. For the monovalent series Li+, Na+, K+, the blue shift decreases down the column being strongest for Li+ and weakest for K+. For the divalent series Mg2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, the opposite effect is observed with the energy shift of Ba2+ being an order of magnitude larger than for Mg2+. The absorption intensity also changes; the addition of Na+ and K+ decrease intensity whereas Li+ increases intensity. For the divalent cations an increase is seen for all three members of the series Mg2+, Ca2+ and Ba2+. Paradoxically, the effect of addition of CaCl2 to the solution is to decrease the environmental photolysis rate of nitrate; despite the increase in intensity, Ca2+ blue shifts the peak position above the tropospheric photolysis threshold around 300 nm. Using computational chemistry we conclude that the effects are due to the microscopic interactions of the nitrate anion and not continuum effects. Two microscopic mechanisms are investigated in detail, the formation of a nitrate monohydrate cluster and a contact ion pair. The contact ion pair shows the potential for significant impact on the energy and intensity of the transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille D Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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10
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Sangwan M, Stockwell WR, Stewart D, Zhu L. Absorption of Near UV Light by HNO3/NO3(-) on Sapphire Surfaces. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:2877-84. [PMID: 27111736 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b01648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have determined absorption of the near UV light (290-345 nm) by nitric acid (HNO3) deposition on sapphire window surfaces as a function of the HNO3 pressure, by using Brewster angle cavity ring-down spectroscopy. Apparent monolayer HNO3 surface absorption cross sections have been obtained; they range between (1.7 ± 1.1) × 10(-19) and (0.29 ± 0.03) × 10(-19) cm(2)/molecule. When nitric acid cross section values on sapphire surfaces were divided by those on fused silica surfaces for which only molecular HNO3 adsorption was reported, a new absorption band appeared in the 320-345 nm region. The shape of this absorption band is similar to that reported for surface nitrate (NO3(-)) at quartz/water interfaces, but is red-shifted by about 10 nm. Our study suggests that a small percentage (<7%) of adsorbed HNO3 formed by HNO3 deposition on sapphire surfaces is dissociated into surface nitrate on the time scale of about 5-7 min. Background transmission changes in the 320-350 nm region after exposing clean sapphire surfaces with many repeated HNO3 deposition/evacuation cycles are consistent with surface nitrate formation. We obtained nitrate surface absorption cross section data over 320-350 nm range. We also modeled photolysis rates of HNO3/NO3(-) on urban grimes. Atmospheric implications of the results are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuvesh Sangwan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health , Albany, New York 12201, United States
| | - William R Stockwell
- Department of Chemistry, Howard University , Washington, D.C. 20059, United States
| | - Devoun Stewart
- Department of Chemistry, Howard University , Washington, D.C. 20059, United States
| | - Lei Zhu
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health , Albany, New York 12201, United States.,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, SUNY-Albany , Albany, New York 12201, United States
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11
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Nishino N, Hollingsworth SA, Stern AC, Roeselová M, Tobias DJ, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Interactions of gaseous HNO3 and water with individual and mixed alkyl self-assembled monolayers at room temperature. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:2358-67. [PMID: 24352159 PMCID: PMC4000124 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp54118e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The major removal processes for gaseous nitric acid (HNO3) in the atmosphere are dry and wet deposition onto various surfaces. The surface in the boundary layer is often covered with organic films, but the interaction of gaseous HNO3 with them is not well understood. To better understand the factors controlling the uptake of gaseous nitric acid and its dissociation in organic films, studies were carried out using single component and mixtures of C8 and C18 alkyl self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) attached to a germanium (Ge) attenuated total reflectance (ATR) crystal upon which a thin layer of SiOx had been deposited. For comparison, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectrometry (DRIFTS) studies were also carried out using a C18 SAM attached to the native oxide layer on the surface of silicon powder. These studies show that the alkyl chain length and order/disorder of the SAMs does not significantly affect the uptake or dissociation/recombination of molecular HNO3. Thus, independent of the nature of the SAM, molecular HNO3 is observed up to 70-90% relative humidity. After dissociation, molecular HNO3 is regenerated on all SAM surfaces when water is removed. Results of molecular dynamics simulations are consistent with experiments and show that defects and pores on the surfaces control the uptake, dissociation and recombination of molecular HNO3. Organic films on surfaces in the boundary layer will certainly be more irregular and less ordered than SAMs studied here, therefore undissociated HNO3 may be present on surfaces in the boundary layer to a greater extent than previously thought. The combination of this observation with the results of recent studies showing enhanced photolysis of nitric acid on surfaces suggests that renoxification of deposited nitric acid may need to be taken into account in atmospheric models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Nishino
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697-2025, USA
| | - Scott A. Hollingsworth
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, CA, 92697-2025, USA
| | - Abraham C. Stern
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697-2025, USA
| | - Martina Roeselová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nam. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Douglas J. Tobias
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697-2025, USA
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12
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Nanayakkara CE, Jayaweera PM, Rubasinghege G, Baltrusaitis J, Grassian VH. Surface Photochemistry of Adsorbed Nitrate: The Role of Adsorbed Water in the Formation of Reduced Nitrogen Species on α-Fe2O3 Particle Surfaces. J Phys Chem A 2013; 118:158-66. [DOI: 10.1021/jp409017m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gayan Rubasinghege
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Jonas Baltrusaitis
- Photocatalytic
Synthesis Group, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Twente, 7500
AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Vicki H. Grassian
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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13
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Riikonen S, Parkkinen P, Halonen L, Gerber RB. Ionization of Nitric Acid on Crystalline Ice: The Role of Defects and Collective Proton Movement. J Phys Chem Lett 2013; 4:1850-1855. [PMID: 26283120 DOI: 10.1021/jz400531q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ionization of nitric acid (HNO3) on a model ice surface is studied using ab initio molecular dynamics at temperatures of 200 and 40 K with a surface slab model that consists of the ideal ice basal plane with locally optimized and annealed defects. Pico- and subpicosecond ionization of nitric acid can be achieved in the defect sites. Key features of the rapid ionization are (a) the efficient solvation of the polyatomic nitrate anion, by stealing hydrogen bonds from the weakened hydrogen bonds at defect sites, (b) formation of contact ion pairs to stable "presolvated" molecular species that are present at the defects,
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Affiliation(s)
- S Riikonen
- †Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - P Parkkinen
- †Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - L Halonen
- †Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - R B Gerber
- †Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- ‡Institute of Chemistry and the Fritz Haber Research Center, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904 Israel
- §Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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14
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Baergen AM, Donaldson DJ. Photochemical renoxification of nitric acid on real urban grime. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:815-820. [PMID: 23237269 DOI: 10.1021/es3037862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The fate of NO(x) (=NO + NO(2)) is important to understand because NO(x) is a significant player in air quality determination through its role in O(3) formation. Here we show that renoxification of the urban atmosphere may occur through the photolysis of HNO(3) deposited onto urban grime. The photolysis occurs 4 orders of magnitude faster than in water with J values at noon on July 1 in Toronto of 1.2 × 10(-3) s(-1) for nitrate on urban grime and 1.0 × 10(-7) s(-1) for aqueous nitrate. Photolysis of nitrate present on urban grime probably follows the same mechanism as aqueous nitrate photolysis, involving the formation of NO(2), OH, and possibly HONO. Thus NO(x) may be rapidly returned to the atmosphere rather than being ultimately removed from the atmosphere through film wash off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson M Baergen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Moussa SG, Stern AC, Raff JD, Dilbeck CW, Tobias DJ, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Experimental and theoretical studies of the interaction of gas phase nitric acid and water with a self-assembled monolayer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:448-58. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp42405c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Marchand P, Marcotte G, Ayotte P. Spectroscopic Study of HNO3 Dissociation on Ice. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:12112-22. [DOI: 10.1021/jp309533f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Marchand
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500, boulevard université, Sherbrooke,
Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Guillaume Marcotte
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500, boulevard université, Sherbrooke,
Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Patrick Ayotte
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500, boulevard université, Sherbrooke,
Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
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17
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Richards NK, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Production of gas phase NO₂ and halogens from the photochemical oxidation of aqueous mixtures of sea salt and nitrate ions at room temperature. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:10447-10454. [PMID: 22506935 DOI: 10.1021/es300607c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate and halide ions coexist in a number of environmental systems, including sea salt particles, the Arctic snowpack, and alkaline dry lakes. However, little is known about potential synergisms between halide and nitrate ions. The effect of sea salt on NO(3)(-) photochemistry at 311 nm was investigated at 298 K using thin films of deliquesced NaNO(3)-synthetic sea salt mixtures. Gas phase NO(2), NO, and halogen products were measured as a function of photolysis time using NO(y) chemiluminescence and atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry (API-MS). The production of NO(2) increases with the halide-to-nitrate ratio, and is similar to that for mixtures of NaCl with NaNO(3). Gas phase halogen production also increased with the halide-to-nitrate ratio, consistent with NO(3)(-) photolysis yielding OH which oxidizes halide ions in the film. Yields of gas phase halogens and NO were strongly dependent on the acidity of the solution, while that of NO(2) was not. An additional halogen formation mechanism in the dark involving molecular HNO(3) is proposed that may be important in other systems such as reactions on surfaces. These studies show that the yield of Br(2) relative to NO(2) during photolysis of halide-nitrate mixtures could be as high as 35% under some atmospheric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole K Richards
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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18
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Wren SN, Donaldson D. Glancing-angle Raman study of nitrate and nitric acid at the air–aqueous interface. Chem Phys Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2011.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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19
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Ren Y, Harold MP. NOx Storage and Reduction with H2 on Pt/Rh/BaO/CeO2: Effects of Rh and CeO2 in the Absence and Presence of CO2 and H2O. ACS Catal 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/cs200252r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Ren
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Houston Texas 77204-4404, United States
| | - Michael P. Harold
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Houston Texas 77204-4404, United States
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20
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21
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Chen H, Navea JG, Young MA, Grassian VH. Heterogeneous Photochemistry of Trace Atmospheric Gases with Components of Mineral Dust Aerosol. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:490-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp110164j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haihan Chen
- Departments of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and Chemistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Juan G. Navea
- Departments of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and Chemistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Mark A. Young
- Departments of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and Chemistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Vicki H. Grassian
- Departments of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and Chemistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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22
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Monge ME, D'Anna B, George C. Nitrogen dioxide removal and nitrous acid formation on titanium oxide surfaces—an air quality remediation process? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:8991-8. [DOI: 10.1039/b925785c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Ramesh SG, Re S, Boisson J, Hynes JT. Vibrational Symmetry Breaking of NO3− in Aqueous Solution: NO Asymmetric Stretch Frequency Distribution and Mean Splitting. J Phys Chem A 2009; 114:1255-69. [DOI: 10.1021/jp903626t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sai G. Ramesh
- Chemistry Department, École Normale Supérieure, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8640, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215
| | - Suyong Re
- Chemistry Department, École Normale Supérieure, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8640, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215
| | - Jean Boisson
- Chemistry Department, École Normale Supérieure, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8640, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215
| | - James T. Hynes
- Chemistry Department, École Normale Supérieure, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8640, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215
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24
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Chlorine activation indoors and outdoors via surface-mediated reactions of nitrogen oxides with hydrogen chloride. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:13647-54. [PMID: 19620710 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0904195106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaseous HCl generated from a variety of sources is ubiquitous in both outdoor and indoor air. Oxides of nitrogen (NO(y)) are also globally distributed, because NO formed in combustion processes is oxidized to NO(2), HNO(3), N(2)O(5) and a variety of other nitrogen oxides during transport. Deposition of HCl and NO(y) onto surfaces is commonly regarded as providing permanent removal mechanisms. However, we show here a new surface-mediated coupling of nitrogen oxide and halogen activation cycles in which uptake of gaseous NO(2) or N(2)O(5) on solid substrates generates adsorbed intermediates that react with HCl to generate gaseous nitrosyl chloride (ClNO) and nitryl chloride (ClNO(2)), respectively. These are potentially harmful gases that photolyze to form highly reactive chlorine atoms. The reactions are shown both experimentally and theoretically to be enhanced by water, a surprising result given the availability of competing hydrolysis reaction pathways. Airshed modeling incorporating HCl generated from sea salt shows that in coastal urban regions, this heterogeneous chemistry increases surface-level ozone, a criteria air pollutant, greenhouse gas and source of atmospheric oxidants. In addition, it may contribute to recently measured high levels of ClNO(2) in the polluted coastal marine boundary layer. This work also suggests the potential for chlorine atom chemistry to occur indoors where significant concentrations of oxides of nitrogen and HCl coexist.
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25
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Wang S, Bianco R, Hynes JT. Depth-Dependent Dissociation of Nitric Acid at an Aqueous Surface: Car−Parrinello Molecular Dynamics. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:1295-307. [DOI: 10.1021/jp808533y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, USA, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Chemistry Department, 24 rue Lhomond 75005 Paris, France, and CNRS UMR Pasteur
| | - Roberto Bianco
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, USA, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Chemistry Department, 24 rue Lhomond 75005 Paris, France, and CNRS UMR Pasteur
| | - James T. Hynes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, USA, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Chemistry Department, 24 rue Lhomond 75005 Paris, France, and CNRS UMR Pasteur
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26
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Bianco R, Wang S, Hynes JT. Infrared Signatures of HNO3 and NO3− at a Model Aqueous Surface. A Theoretical Study. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:9467-76. [DOI: 10.1021/jp802563g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Bianco
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, and Département de Chimie, CNRS UMR 8640 PASTEUR, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, Paris 75231, France
| | - Shuzhi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, and Département de Chimie, CNRS UMR 8640 PASTEUR, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, Paris 75231, France
| | - James T. Hynes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, and Département de Chimie, CNRS UMR 8640 PASTEUR, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, Paris 75231, France
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27
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Ramesh SG, Re S, Hynes JT. Charge Transfer and OH Vibrational Frequency Red Shifts in Nitrate−Water Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:3391-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0761012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sai G. Ramesh
- Département de Chimie, UMR 8640 PASTEUR, École Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris CEDEX 05, France
| | - Suyong Re
- Département de Chimie, UMR 8640 PASTEUR, École Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris CEDEX 05, France
| | - James T. Hynes
- Département de Chimie, UMR 8640 PASTEUR, École Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris CEDEX 05, France, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309−0215
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28
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Hayes PL, Malin JN, Konek CT, Geiger FM. Interaction of Nitrate, Barium, Strontium and Cadmium Ions with Fused Quartz/Water Interfaces Studied by Second Harmonic Generation. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:660-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp076976g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick L. Hayes
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Jessica N. Malin
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Christopher T. Konek
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Franz M. Geiger
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
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29
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Theoretical Studies of the Dissociation of Sulfuric Acid and Nitric Acid at Model Aqueous Surfaces. ADVANCES IN QUANTUM CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3276(07)00218-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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30
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Bianco R, Wang S, Hynes JT. Theoretical study of the dissociation of nitric acid at a model aqueous surface. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:11033-42. [PMID: 17918815 DOI: 10.1021/jp075054a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The issue of acid dissociation of nitric acid at an aqueous surface is relevant in various portions of the atmosphere in connection with ozone depletion. This proton-transfer reaction is studied here via electronic structure calculations at the HF/SBK+(d) level of theory on the HNO(3) x (H(2)O)(3) model reaction system embedded in clusters comprising 33, 40, 45, and 50 classical, polarizable waters with an increasing degree of solvation of the nitrate group. Free energy estimates for all the cases examined favor undissociated, molecular nitric acid over the 0-300 K temperature range, including that relevant for the upper troposphere, where it is connected to the issue of the mechanism of nitric acid uptake by water ice aerosols. The presence of molecular HNO(3) at 300 K at the surface is further supported by vibrational band assignments in good agreement with a very recent surface-sensitive vibrational spectroscopy study of diluted HNO(3)/H(2)O solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Bianco
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, USA.
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31
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Shamay ES, Buch V, Parrinello M, Richmond GL. At the Water's Edge: Nitric Acid as a Weak Acid. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:12910-1. [DOI: 10.1021/ja074811f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Shamay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, The Fritz Haber Institute for Molecular Dynamics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel, and Computational Science, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, USI Campus, Via Giuseppe Buffi 13, CH-6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Victoria Buch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, The Fritz Haber Institute for Molecular Dynamics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel, and Computational Science, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, USI Campus, Via Giuseppe Buffi 13, CH-6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Michele Parrinello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, The Fritz Haber Institute for Molecular Dynamics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel, and Computational Science, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, USI Campus, Via Giuseppe Buffi 13, CH-6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Geraldine L. Richmond
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, The Fritz Haber Institute for Molecular Dynamics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel, and Computational Science, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, USI Campus, Via Giuseppe Buffi 13, CH-6900 Lugano, Switzerland
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32
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Miller Y, Chaban GM, Finlayson-Pitts BJ, Gerber RB. Photochemical processes induced by vibrational overtone excitations: dynamics simulations for cis-HONO, trans-HONO, HNO3, and HNO3-H2O. J Phys Chem A 2007; 110:5342-54. [PMID: 16623461 DOI: 10.1021/jp0559940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Photochemical processes in HNO3, HNO3-H2O, and cis- and trans-HONO following overtone excitation of the OH stretching mode are studied by classical trajectory simulations. Initial conditions for the trajectories are sampled according to the initially prepared vibrational wave function. Semiempirical potential energy surfaces are used in "on-the-fly" simulations. Several tests indicate at least semiquantitative validity of the potential surfaces employed. A number of interesting new processes and intermediate species are found. The main results include the following: (1) In excitation of HNO3 to the fifth and sixth OH-stretch overtone, hopping of the H atom between the oxygen atoms is found to take place in nearly all trajectories, and can persist for many picoseconds. H-atom hopping events have a higher yield and a faster time scale than the photodissociation of HNO3 into OH and NO2. (2) A fraction of the trajectories for HNO3 show isomerization into HOONO, which in a few cases dissociates into HOO and NO. (3) For high overtone excitation of HONO, isomerization into the weakly bound species HOON is seen in all trajectories, in part of the events as an intermediate step on the way to dissociation into OH + NO. This process has not been reported previously. Well-established processes for HONO, including cis-trans isomerization and H hopping are also observed. (4) Only low overtone levels of HNO3-H2O have sufficiently long liftimes to be spectrocopically relevant. Excitation of these OH stretching overtones is found to result in the dissociation of the cluster H hopping, or dissociation of HNO3 does not take place. The results demonstrate the richness of processes induced by overtone excitation of HNO(x) species, with evidence for new phenomena. Possible relevance of the results to atmospheric processes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Miller
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Fritz Haber Research Center, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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33
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Handley SR, Clifford D, Donaldson DJ. Photochemical loss of nitric acid on organic films: a possible recycling mechanism for NO(x). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2007; 41:3898-903. [PMID: 17612166 DOI: 10.1021/es062044z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The films coating urban impervious surfaces have been found to be comprised of about 7% inorganic nitrate and approximately 10% organic compounds (by mass). A simple steady-state analysis of the lifetime of the nitrate in the film suggests the existence of a loss process(es) in addition to washout by rainfall. We show here that gas-phase nitric acid can be taken up in organic films and lower the film pH. Photolysis of nitrated films using actinic illumination causes loss both of protons and of nitrate anion. We argue that this is possibly due to a combination of direct and indirect (photosensitized) photochemistry involving nitrate ions, yielding gas-phase HONO and/or NO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah R Handley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
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34
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Kido Soule MC, Blower PG, Richmond GL. Nonlinear Vibrational Spectroscopic Studies of the Adsorption and Speciation of Nitric Acid at the Vapor/Acid Solution Interface. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:3349-57. [PMID: 17419597 DOI: 10.1021/jp0686994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nitric acid plays an important role in the heterogeneous chemistry of the atmosphere. Reactions involving HNO(3) at aqueous interfaces in the stratosphere and troposphere depend on the state of nitric acid at these surfaces. The vapor/liquid interface of HNO(3)-H2O binary solutions and HNO(3)-H(2)SO(4)-H2O ternary solutions are examined here using vibrational sum frequency spectroscopy (VSFS). Spectra of the NO2 group at different HNO(3) mole fractions and under different polarization combinations are used to develop a detailed picture of these atmospherically important systems. Consistent with surface tension and spectroscopic measurements from other laboratories, molecular nitric acid is identified at the surface of concentrated solutions. However, the data here reveal the adsorption of two different hydrogen-bonded species of undissociated HNO(3) in the interfacial region that differ in their degree of solvation of the nitro group. The adsorption of these undissociated nitric acid species is shown to be sensitive to the H2O:HNO(3) ratio as well as to the concentration of sulfuric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa C Kido Soule
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
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35
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Karagulian F, Rossi MJ. Heterogeneous Chemistry of the NO3 Free Radical and N2O5 on Decane Flame Soot at Ambient Temperature: Reaction Products and Kinetics. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:1914-26. [PMID: 17388277 DOI: 10.1021/jp0670891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of NO3 free radical and N2O5 with laboratory flame soot was investigated in a Knudsen flow reactor at T = 298 K equipped with beam-sampling mass spectrometry and in situ REMPI detection of NO2 and NO. Decane (C10H22) has been used as a fuel in a co-flow device for the generation of gray and black soot from a rich and a lean diffusion flame, respectively. The gas-phase reaction products of NO3 reacting with gray soot were NO, N2O5, HONO, and HNO3 with HONO being absent on black soot. The major loss of NO3 is adsorption on gray and black soot at yields of 65 and 59%, respectively, and the main gas-phase reaction product is N2O5 owing to heterogeneous recombination of NO3 with NO2 and NO according to NO3 + {C} --> NO + products. HONO was quantitatively accounted for by the interaction of NO2 with gray soot in agreement with previous work. Product N2O5 was generated through heterogeneous recombination of NO3 with excess NO2, and the small quantity of HNO3 was explained by heterogeneous hydrolysis of N2O5. The reaction products of N2O5 on both types of soot were equimolar amounts of NO and NO2, which suggest the reaction N2O5 + {C} --> N2O3(ads) + products with N2O3(ads) decomposing into NO + NO2. The initial and steady-state uptake coefficients gamma 0 and gamma ss of both NO3 and N2O5 based on the geometric surface area continuously increase with decreasing concentration at a concentration threshold for both types of soot. gamma ss of NO3 extrapolated to [NO3] --> 0 is independent of the type of soot and is 0.33 +/- 0.06 whereas gamma ss for [N2O5] --> 0 is (2.7 +/- 1.0) x 10(-2) and (5.2 +/- 0.2) x 10(-2) for gray and black soot, respectively. Above the concentration threshold of both NO3 and N2O5, gamma ss is independent of concentration with gamma ss(NO3) = 5.0 x 10(-2) and gamma ss(N2O5) = 5.0 x 10(-3). The inverse concentration dependence of gamma below the concentration threshold reveals a complex reaction mechanism for both NO3 and N2O5. The atmospheric significance of these results is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Karagulian
- Laboratoire de Pollution Atmosphérique et Sol, Station 6, CH H5, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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36
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Ramazan KA, Wingen LM, Miller Y, Chaban GM, Gerber RB, Xantheas SS, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. New Experimental and Theoretical Approach to the Heterogeneous Hydrolysis of NO2: Key Role of Molecular Nitric Acid and Its Complexes. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:6886-97. [PMID: 16722704 DOI: 10.1021/jp056426n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Although heterogeneous chemistry on surfaces in the troposphere is known to be important, there are currently only a few techniques available for studying the nature of surface-adsorbed species as well as their chemistry and photochemistry under atmospheric conditions of 1 atm pressure and in the presence of water vapor. We report here a new laboratory approach using a combination of long path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and attenuated total reflectance (ATR) FTIR that allows the simultaneous observation and measurement of gases and surface species. Theory is used to identify the surface-adsorbed intermediates and products, and to estimate their relative concentrations. At intermediate relative humidities typical of the tropospheric boundary layer, the nitric acid formed during NO2 heterogeneous hydrolysis is shown to exist both as nitrate ions from the dissociation of nitric acid formed on the surface and as molecular nitric acid. In both cases, the ions and HNO3 are complexed to water molecules. Upon pumping, water is selectively removed, shifting the NO(3-)-HNO3(H2O)y equilibria toward more dehydrated forms of HNO3 and ultimately to nitric acid dimers. Irradiation of the nitric acid-water film using 300-400 nm radiation generates gaseous NO, while irradiation at 254 nm generates both NO and HONO, resulting in conversion of surface-adsorbed nitrogen oxides into photochemically active NO(x). These studies suggest that the assumption that deposition or formation of nitric acid provides a permanent removal mechanism from the atmosphere may not be correct. Furthermore, a potential role of surface-adsorbed nitric acid and other species formed during the heterogeneous hydrolysis of NO2 in the oxidation of organics on surfaces, and in the generation of gas-phase HONO on local to global scales, should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Ramazan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
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Kleffmann J, Benter T, Wiesen P. Heterogeneous Reaction of Nitric Acid with Nitric Oxide on Glass Surfaces under Simulated Atmospheric Conditions. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp040184u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Kleffmann
- Physikalische Chemie/FB C, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, 42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Thorsten Benter
- Physikalische Chemie/FB C, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, 42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Peter Wiesen
- Physikalische Chemie/FB C, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, 42097 Wuppertal, Germany
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Stroud CA, Makar PA, Michelangeli DV, Mozurkewich M, Hastie DR, Barbu A, Humble J. Simulating organic aerosol formation during the photooxidation of toluene/NOx mixtures: comparing the equilibrium and kinetic assumption. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2004; 38:1471-1479. [PMID: 15046349 DOI: 10.1021/es030546w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Organic compounds contribute an appreciable mass to particulate matter and thus impact the hygroscopic and radiative properties of an aerosol distribution. Being able to predict the chemical and physical properties of aerosols based on their size and composition is critical to assessing their impact on air quality, visibility, and climate change. In this study, a comparison was performed between an equilibrium and a kinetic model for simulating organic aerosol formation during the photooxidation of toluene/NO/isopropyl nitrite mixtures. Both models used an explicit gas-phase toluene scheme (University of Leeds Master Chemical Mechanism version 3.0) and provided a prediction of individual products partitioned to the aerosol phase. After incorporating a heterogeneous wall reaction scheme regenerating NOx from HNO3 and HNO2, the gas-phase scheme was able to simulate the observed toluene decay within 5% and NO decay within 30% for all of the chamber experiments. The models reproduced the general magnitude of the aerosol yields but suggest a weaker trend dependence on aerosol mass loading. A few nonvolatile compounds were predicted to compose the majority of the aerosol-phase mass with multifunctional organic nitrates being the dominant organic aerosol functional group. The hygroscopic diameter growth factor for the organic phase was predicted to be 1.1 at a relative humidity of 79%. We conclude with a list of recommended laboratory experiments to help constrain and validate aerosol process models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Stroud
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Science, York University, 4700 Keele Street, North York, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney R Usher
- Department of Chemistry, and Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242. USA
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