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Characteristics of Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5)-Bound n-Alkanes and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a Hong Kong Suburban Area. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13060980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PM2.5 samples were collected at Tung Chung (TC), Hong Kong, during four nonconsecutive months in 2011/2012 to determine the concentrations, seasonal variations, and potential sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and n-alkanes (n-C15-n-C35). Samples were analyzed using the thermal desorption gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TD-GC/MS) method. The concentrations of particulate PAHs ranged from 1.26–13.93 ng/m3 with a mean value of 2.57 ng/m3, dominated by 4-ring species. Phenanthrene (Phe) and fluoranthene (Flu) were the two most abundant species, accounting for 13% and 18%, respectively. The dominant sources of PAHs were coal and biomass burning. The inhalation cancer risk value in our study exceeded 1 × 10−6 but was below 1 × 10−4, implying that the inhalation cancer risk of PAHs at the TC site is acceptable. The average concertation of n-alkanes was 103.21 ng/m3 (ranging from 38.58 to 191.44 ng/m3), and C25 was the most abundant species. Both PAHs and n-alkanes showed higher concentrations in autumn and winter whilst these values were lowest in summer. The carbon preference index (CPI) and percent contribution of wax n-alkanes showed that biogenic sources were the major sources. The annual average contributions of higher plant wax to n-alkanes at TC were over 40%.
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Yang S, Duan F, Ma Y, Li H, Wang J, Du Z, Xu Y, Zhang T, Zhu L, Huang T, Kimoto T, Zhang L, He K. Characteristics and seasonal variations of high-molecular-weight oligomers in urban haze aerosols. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 746:141209. [PMID: 32763608 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organic aerosols (OA) undergo sophisticated physiochemical processes in the atmosphere, playing a crucial role in extreme haze formations over the Northern China Plain. However, current understandings of the detailed composition and formation pathways are limited. In this study, high-molecular weight (HMW) species were observed in samples collected year-round in urban Beijing, especially in autumn and winter, during 2016-2017. The positive-ion-mode mass spectra of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) showed that higher signal intensities were obtained in the mass-to-charge (m/z) ranges of 200-500 and 800-900, with repetitive mass difference patterns of m/z 12, 14, 16, and 18. This provided sound evidence that high-molecular-weight oligomers were generated as haze episodes became exacerbated. These oligomer signal intensities were enhanced in the presence of high relative humidity, aerosol water content, and PM2.5 (particles with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm) mass, proving that the multiphase reaction processes play a fundamental role in haze formation in Beijing. Our study can form a basis for improved air pollution mitigation measures aimed at OA to improve health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fengkui Duan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yongliang Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiali Wang
- Kimoto Electric Co. Ltd, Funahashi-Cho, Tennouji-Ku, Osaka 543-0024, Japan
| | - Zhenyu Du
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yunzhi Xu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lidan Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Kimoto Electric Co. Ltd, Funahashi-Cho, Tennouji-Ku, Osaka 543-0024, Japan
| | - Takashi Kimoto
- Kimoto Electric Co. Ltd, Funahashi-Cho, Tennouji-Ku, Osaka 543-0024, Japan
| | - Lifei Zhang
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Kebin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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3
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Formation and growth of sub-3-nm aerosol particles in experimental chambers. Nat Protoc 2020; 15:1013-1040. [DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0274-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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4
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Hirvonen V, Myllys N, Kurtén T, Elm J. Closed-Shell Organic Compounds Might Form Dimers at the Surface of Molecular Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:1771-1780. [PMID: 29364673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b11970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The role of covalently bound dimer formation is studied using high-level quantum chemical methods. Reaction free energy profiles for dimer formation between common oxygen-containing functional groups are calculated, and based on the Gibbs free energy differences between transition states and reactants, we show that none of the studied two-component gas-phase reactions are kinetically feasible at 298.15 K and 1 atm. Therefore, the catalyzing effect of water, base, or acid molecules is calculated, and sulfuric acid is identified to lower the activation free energies significantly. We find that the reactions yielding hemiacetal, peroxyhemiacetal, α-hydroxyester, and geminal diol products occur with activation free energies of less than 10 kcal/mol with sulfuric acid as a catalyst, indicating that these reactions could potentially take place on the surface of sulfuric acid clusters. Additionally, the formed dimer products bind stronger onto the pre-existing cluster than the corresponding reagent monomers do. This implies that covalent dimerization reactions stabilize the existing cluster thermodynamically and make it less likely to evaporate. However, the studied small organic compounds, which contain only one functional group, are not able to form dimer products that are stable against evaporation at atmospheric conditions. Calculations of dimer formation onto a cluster surface and the clustering ability of dimer products should be extended to large terpene oxidation products in order to estimate the real atmospheric significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viivi Hirvonen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki , 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nanna Myllys
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki , 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Theo Kurtén
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki , 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University , 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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5
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Perspectives on the Future of Ice Nucleation Research: Research Needs and Unanswered Questions Identified from Two International Workshops. ATMOSPHERE 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos8080138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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6
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Li K, Li J, Liggio J, Wang W, Ge M, Liu Q, Guo Y, Tong S, Li J, Peng C, Jing B, Wang D, Fu P. Enhanced Light Scattering of Secondary Organic Aerosols by Multiphase Reactions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:1285-1292. [PMID: 28052190 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) plays a pivotal role in visibility and radiative forcing, both of which are intrinsically linked to the refractive index (RI). While previous studies have focused on the RI of SOA from traditional formation processes, the effect of multiphase reactions on the RI has not been considered. Here, we investigate the effects of multiphase processes on the RI and light-extinction of m-xylene-derived SOA, a common type of anthropogenic SOA. We find that multiphase reactions in the presence of liquid water lead to the formation of oligomers from intermediate products such as glyoxal and methylglyoxal, resulting in a large enhancement in the RI and light-scattering of this SOA. These reactions will result in increases in light-scattering efficiency and direct radiative forcing of approximately 20%-90%. These findings improve our understanding of SOA optical properties and have significant implications for evaluating the impacts of SOA on the rapid formation of regional haze, global radiative balance, and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Junling Li
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - John Liggio
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Weigang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Maofa Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Qifan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yucong Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shengrui Tong
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jiangjun Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Chao Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Bo Jing
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Dong Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029, China
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7
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Duan FK, He KB, Ma YL, Ihozaki T, Kawasaki H, Arakawa R, Kitayama S, Tujimoto K, Huang T, Kimoto T, Furutani H, Toyoda M. High molecular weight organic compounds (HMW-OCs) in severe winter haze: Direct observation and insights on the formation mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 218:289-296. [PMID: 27423501 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
High molecular weight organic compounds (HMW-OCs), formed as secondary organic aerosols (SOA), have been reported in many laboratory studies. However, little evidence of HMW-OCs formation, in particular during winter season in the real atmosphere, has been reported. In January 2013, Beijing faced historically severe haze pollution, in which the hourly PM2.5 concentration reached as high as 974 μg m-3. Four typical haze events (HE1 to HE4) were identified, and HE2 (Jan. 9-16) was the most serious of these. Based on the hourly observed chemical composition of PM2.5 and the daily organic composition analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), we found that abundant ion peaks in m/z 200-850 appeared on heavy haze days, whereas these were negligible on a clear day, indicating the existence of HMW-OCs in the wintertime haze. A negative nonlinear correlation between HMW-OCs and O3 suggested that gas oxidation was not likely to be the dominant mechanism for HMW-OCs formation. During the heavy haze events, the relative humidity and mass ratio of H2O/PM2.5 reached as high as 80% and 0.2, respectively. The high water content and its good positive correlation with HMW-OCs indicated that an aqueous-phase process may be a significant pathway in wintertime. The evidence that acidity was much higher during HE2 (0.37 μg m-3) than on other days, as well as its strong correlation with HMW-OCs, indicated that acid-catalyzed reactions likely resulted in HMW-OCs formation during the heavy winter haze in Beijing.
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Affiliation(s)
- F K Duan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - K B He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Y L Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - T Ihozaki
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Kansai University, Suita, 564-8680, Japan
| | - H Kawasaki
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Kansai University, Suita, 564-8680, Japan
| | - R Arakawa
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Kansai University, Suita, 564-8680, Japan
| | - S Kitayama
- Kimoto Electric Co. Ltd, Funahashi-Cho, Tennouji-Ku, Osaka, 543-0024, Japan
| | - K Tujimoto
- Kimoto Electric Co. Ltd, Funahashi-Cho, Tennouji-Ku, Osaka, 543-0024, Japan
| | - T Huang
- Kimoto Electric Co. Ltd, Funahashi-Cho, Tennouji-Ku, Osaka, 543-0024, Japan
| | - T Kimoto
- Kimoto Electric Co. Ltd, Funahashi-Cho, Tennouji-Ku, Osaka, 543-0024, Japan
| | - H Furutani
- Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan; Center for Scientific Instrument Renovation and Manufacturing Support, Osaka University, 1-2 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - M Toyoda
- Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
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8
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Chen Q, Ikemori F, Higo H, Asakawa D, Mochida M. Chemical Structural Characteristics of HULIS and Other Fractionated Organic Matter in Urban Aerosols: Results from Mass Spectral and FT-IR Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:1721-1730. [PMID: 26771766 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The chemical characteristics of complex organic matter in atmospheric aerosols remain poorly understood. Water-insoluble organic matter (WISOM) and water-soluble organic matter (WSOM) in the total suspended particulates collected in the city of Nagoya in summer/early autumn and winter were extracted using multiple solvents. Two fractions of humic-like substances, showing neutral and acidic behavior (HULIS-n and HULIS-a, respectively), and the remaining highly polar part (HP-WSOM) were fractionated from WSOM using solid phase extraction. The chemical structural characteristics and concentrations of the organic matter were investigated using mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. WISOM and HULIS-n had low O/C ratios (0.1 and 0.4, respectively) and accounted for a large fraction of the organics in aerosols (70%). HULIS-a and HP-WSOM had higher O/C ratios (0.7 and 1.0, respectively), and their concentrations in summer and early autumn were on average ∼2 times higher than those in winter. The mass spectrum and FT-IR analyses suggest the following: (1) WISOM were high-molecular-weight aliphatics (primarily C27-C32) with small proportions of -CH3, -OH, and C═O groups; (2) HULIS-n was abundant in aliphatic structures and hydroxyl groups (primarily C9-C18) and by branched structures; (3) HULIS-a and HP-WSOM contained relatively large amounts of low-molecular-weight carboxylic acids and alcohols (primarily C4-C10); and (4) WISOM and HULIS-n were relatively abundant in amines and organic nitrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingcai Chen
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University , Nagoya, Japan
| | - Fumikazu Ikemori
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University , Nagoya, Japan
- Nagoya City Institute for Environmental Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hayato Higo
- Fukuoka City HAKATA Health & Welfare Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Daichi Asakawa
- Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - Michihiro Mochida
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University , Nagoya, Japan
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Pöschl U, Shiraiwa M. Multiphase chemistry at the atmosphere-biosphere interface influencing climate and public health in the anthropocene. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4440-75. [PMID: 25856774 DOI: 10.1021/cr500487s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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10
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Wang RQ, Druckenmüller K, Elbers G, Guenther K, Croué JP. Analysis of aquatic-phase natural organic matter by optimized LDI-MS method. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2014; 49:154-160. [PMID: 24464543 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The composition and physiochemical properties of aquatic-phase natural organic matter (NOM) are most important problems for both environmental studies and water industry. Laser desorption/ionization (LDI) mass spectrometry facilitated successful examinations of NOM, as humic and fulvic acids in NOM are readily ionized by the nitrogen laser. In this study, hydrophobic NOMs (HPO NOMs) from river, reservoir and waste water were characterized by this technique. The effect of analytical variables like concentration, solvent composition and laser energy was investigated. The exact masses of small molecular NOM moieties in the range of 200-1200 m/z were determined in reflectron mode. In addition, spectra of post-source-decay experiments in this range showed that some compounds from different natural NOMs had the same fragmental ions. In the large mass range of 1200-15,000 Da, macromolecules and their aggregates were found in HPO NOMs from natural waters. Highly humic HPO exhibited mass peaks larger than 8000 Da. On the other hand, the waste water and reservoir water mainly had relatively smaller molecules of about 2000 Da. The LDI-MS measurements indicated that highly humic river waters were able to form large aggregates and membrane foulants, while the HPO NOMs from waste water and reservoir water were unlikely to form large aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Qi Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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11
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Hall WA, Pennington MR, Johnston MV. Molecular transformations accompanying the aging of laboratory secondary organic aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:2230-2237. [PMID: 23390983 DOI: 10.1021/es303891q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The aging of fresh secondary organic aerosol (SOA), formed in a flow tube reactor by α-pinene ozonolysis, was studied by passing the fresh SOA into a second chamber for reaction with high levels of the hydroxyl radical. Two types of experiments were performed: (1) injection of a short plug of fresh SOA into the second chamber, where the particle mass and average O/C mole ratio were measured as a function of time after injection, and (2) injection of a continuous stream of fresh SOA into the second chamber, where particles were collected on a filter over a period of time for off line analysis by high performance mass spectrometry. These setups allowed the chemistry of SOA aging to be elucidated. The particle mass decreased and average O/C ratio increased with increasing aging time. Aged SOA showed an oligomer distribution shifted to lower molecular weight (fragmentation) and molecular formulas with higher O/C and lower H/C ratios (functionalization). Carbon oxidation states of individual molecules were higher for aged SOA, 0 to +2, than fresh SOA, -1 to 0. Tandem mass spectrometry of oligomers from fresh SOA showed small neutral losses associated with less oxidized functional groups such as aldehydes and ketones, while oligomers from aged SOA showed losses associated with more highly oxidized groups such as acids and peroxyacids. Product ion spectra of fresh SOA showed monomer building blocks with formulas corresponding to primary ozonolysis products such as pinic and pinonic acids, whereas aged SOA monomer building blocks corresponded to extremely oxidized products such as dimethyltricarballylic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiley A Hall
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Center, Parlier, California 93648, United States
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12
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Beránek J, Kozliak E, Kubátová A. Evaluation of sequential solvent and thermal extraction followed by analytical pyrolysis for chemical characterization of carbonaceous particulate matter. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1279:27-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Qi L, Nakao S, Cocker DR. Aging of secondary organic aerosol from alpha-pinene ozonolysis: roles of hydroxyl and nitrate radicals. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2012; 62:1359-1369. [PMID: 23362755 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2012.712082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This work investigates the oxidative aging of preformed secondary organic aerosol (SOA) derived from alpha-pinene ozonolysis (-100 ppb(v) hydrocarbon [HC(x)] with excess of O3) within the University of California-Riverside Center for Environmental Research and Technology environmental chamber that occurs after introduction of additional hydroxyl (OH) and nitrate (NO3) radicals. Simultaneous measurements of SOA volume concentration, hygroscopicity, particle density, and elemental chemical composition (C:O:H) reveal increased particle wall-loss-corrected SOA formation (1.5%, 7.5%, and 15.1%), increase in oxygen-to-carbon ratio (O/C; 15.6%, 8.7%, and 8.7%), and hydrophilicity (4.2%, 7.4%, and 1.4%) after addition of NO (ultraviolet [UV] on), H2O2 (UV(on)), and N2O5 (dark), respectively. The processing observed as an increase in O/C and hydrophilicity is attributed to OH and NO3 reactions with first-generation vapor products and UV photolysis. The rate of increase in O/C appears to be only sufficient to achieve semivolatile oxygenated organic aerosol (SV-OOA) on a day time scale even at the raised chamber radical concentrations. The additional processing with UV irradiation without addition of NO, H2O2, or N2O5 is observed, adding 5.5% wall-loss-corrected volume. The photolysis-only processing is attributed to additional OH generated from photolysis of the nitrous acid (HONO) offgasing from chamber walls. This finding indicates that OH and NO3 radicals can further alter the chemical composition of SOA from alpha-pinene ozonolysis, which is proved to consist of first-generation products. IMPLICATIONS Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) may undergo aging processes once formed in the atmosphere, thereby altering the physicochemical and toxic properties of aerosol. This study discusses SOA aging of a major biogenic volatile organic compound (VOC; alpha-pinene) after it initially forms SOA. Aging of the alpha-pinene ozonolysis system by OH (through NO or H2O2 injection), NO3 (through N2O5 injection), and photolysis is observed. Although the reaction rate appears to be only sufficient to achieve semivolatile oxygenated organic aerosol (SV-OOA) level of oxygenation on a 1-day scale, it is important that SOA aging be considered in ambient air quality models. Aging in this study is attributed to further oxidation of gas-phase oxidation products of alpha-pinene ozonolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qi
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), University of California, Riverside, California, USA.
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Henry KM, Lohaus T, Donahue NM. Organic aerosol yields from α-pinene oxidation: bridging the gap between first-generation yields and aging chemistry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:12347-12354. [PMID: 23088520 DOI: 10.1021/es302060y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol formation from volatile precursors can be thought of as a succession of generations of reaction products. Here, we constrain first-generation SOA formation from the α-pinene + OH reaction and also study SOA formation from α-pinene ozonolysis carried out without an OH scavenger. SOA yields from OH oxidation of α-pinene are significantly higher than SOA yields from ozonolysis including an OH scavenger, and the SOA mass yields for unscavenged ozonolysis generally fall within the range of mass yields for α-pinene ozonolysis under various conditions. Taken together, first-generation product yields parametrized with a volatility basis set fit provide a starting point for atmospheric models designed to simulate both the production and subsequent aging of SOA from this important terpene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaytlin M Henry
- Carnegie Mellon University Department of Chemical Engineering, 5000 Forbes Ave Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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15
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Enami S, Hoffmann MR, Colussi AJ. Dry Deposition of Biogenic Terpenes via Cationic Oligomerization on Environmental Aqueous Surfaces. J Phys Chem Lett 2012; 3:3102-3108. [PMID: 26296013 DOI: 10.1021/jz301294q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Unraveling the complex interactions between the atmosphere and the biosphere is critical for predicting climate changes. Although it is well-recognized that the large amounts of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) emitted by plants must play important roles in this regard, current atmospheric models fail to account for their fate due to missing chemical sinks. Here, we applied online electrospray mass spectrometry to monitor aqueous microjets exposed to gaseous monoterpenes (α-pinene, β-pinene, and d-limonene) and found that these BVOCs are readily protonated (to C10H17(+)) and undergo oligomerization (to C20H33(+) and C30H49(+)) upon colliding with the surface of pH < 4 microjets. By considering that the yields of all products show inflection points at pH ≈ 3.5 and display solvent kinetic hydrogen isotope effects larger than 2, we conclude that the oligomerization process is initiated by weakly hydrated hydronium ions, H3O(+), present at the gas-water interface. Present results provide a universal mechanism for the dry deposition of unsaturated BVOCs and may account for recent observations on the uptake of terpenes in forest canopies and over grassland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Enami
- The Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8302, Japan, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan, and PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
- Ronald and Maxine Linde Center for Global Environmental Science, California Institute of Technology, California 91125, United States
| | - Michael R Hoffmann
- The Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8302, Japan, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan, and PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
- Ronald and Maxine Linde Center for Global Environmental Science, California Institute of Technology, California 91125, United States
| | - Agustín J Colussi
- The Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8302, Japan, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan, and PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
- Ronald and Maxine Linde Center for Global Environmental Science, California Institute of Technology, California 91125, United States
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16
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Pratt KA, Prather KA. Mass spectrometry of atmospheric aerosols--recent developments and applications. Part I: Off-line mass spectrometry techniques. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2012; 31:1-16. [PMID: 21442634 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Many of the significant advances in our understanding of atmospheric particles can be attributed to the application of mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometry provides high sensitivity with a fast response time to probe chemically complex particles. This review focuses on recent developments and applications in the field of mass spectrometry of atmospheric aerosols. In Part I of this two-part review, we concentrate on off-line mass spectrometry techniques, which require sample collection on filters but can provide detailed molecular speciation. In particular, off-line mass spectrometry techniques utilizing tandem mass spectrometry experiments and high resolution mass analyzers provide improved insight into secondary organic aerosol formation and heterogeneous reaction pathways through detailed structural elucidation at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri A Pratt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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17
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Doezema LA, Longin T, Cody W, Perraud V, Dawson ML, Ezell MJ, Greaves J, Johnson KR, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Analysis of secondary organic aerosols in air using extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EESI-MS). RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra00961g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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18
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Nguyen TB, Laskin J, Laskin A, Nizkorodov SA. Nitrogen-containing organic compounds and oligomers in secondary organic aerosol formed by photooxidation of isoprene. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:6908-6918. [PMID: 21732631 DOI: 10.1021/es201611n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (ESI HR-MS) was used to probe molecular structures of oligomers in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) generated in laboratory experiments on isoprene photooxidation at low- and high-NO(x) conditions. Approximately 80-90% of the observed products are oligomers and up to 33% by number are nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NOC). We observe oligomers with maximum 8 monomer units in length. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS(n)) confirms NOC compounds are organic nitrates and elucidates plausible chemical building blocks contributing to oligomer formation. Most organic nitrates are comprised of methylglyceric acid units. Other important multifunctional C(2)-C(5) monomer units are identified including methylglyoxal, hydroxyacetone, hydroxyacetic acid, and glycolaldehyde. Although the molar fraction of NOC in the high-NO(x) SOA is high, the majority of the NOC oligomers contain only one nitrate moiety resulting in a low average N:C ratio of 0.019. Average O:C ratios of the detected SOA compounds are 0.54 under the low-NO(x) conditions and 0.83 under the high-NO(x) conditions. Our results underscore the importance of isoprene photooxidation as a source of NOC in organic particulate matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tran B Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Hoffmann
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Kalberer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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20
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Roach PJ, Laskin J, Laskin A. Molecular characterization of organic aerosols using nanospray-desorption/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2011; 82:7979-86. [PMID: 20666445 DOI: 10.1021/ac101449p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nanospray desorption electrospray ionization (nano-DESI) combined with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS) is a promising approach for the detailed, molecular-level chemical characterization of atmospheric organic aerosols (OA) collected in laboratory and field experiments. The nano-DESI technique possesses distinct advantages of technical simplicity, enhanced sensitivity, and signal stability. In nano-DESI, analyte is desorbed into a solvent bridge formed between two capillaries and the analysis surface, which enables fast and efficient characterization of OA collected on substrates without sample preparation. Stable signals achieved using nano-DESI make it possible to obtain high-quality HR-MS data both for laboratory-generated and field-collected OA using only a small amount of material (<10 ng). Furthermore, nano-DESI enables the efficient detection of chemically labile compounds in OA, which is important for understanding chemical aging phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Roach
- Chemical and Materials Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
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Nizkorodov SA, Laskin J, Laskin A. Molecular chemistry of organic aerosols through the application of high resolution mass spectrometry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:3612-29. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02032j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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22
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Bruns EA, Perraud V, Greaves J, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Atmospheric Solids Analysis Probe Mass Spectrometry: A New Approach for Airborne Particle Analysis. Anal Chem 2010; 82:5922-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac101028j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Bruns
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| | - Véronique Perraud
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| | - John Greaves
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025
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Wang X, Gao S, Yang X, Chen H, Chen J, Zhuang G, Surratt JD, Chan MN, Seinfeld JH. Evidence for high molecular weight nitrogen-containing organic salts in urban aerosols. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:4441-4446. [PMID: 20476743 DOI: 10.1021/es1001117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
High molecular weight (M(w)) species were observed at substantial intensities in the positive-ion mass spectra in urban Shanghai aerosols collected from a single-particle time-of-flight mass spectrometer (in the m/z range 250-500) during three separate periods over 2007-2009. These species correlate well with the CN(-) mass signal, suggesting that C-N bonds are prevalent and that the observed high-M(w) species are potentially nitrogen-containing organic salts. Anti-correlation with the ambient O(3) concentration suggests that photochemical oxidants are not involved directly in the formation of these species. The Mannich reaction, among amines (or ammonia), formaldehyde, and carbonyls with an adjacent, acidic proton, is proposed as a plausible pathway leading to these organic salts. Although the high-M(w) species observed in the single-particle mass spectra appear to be nitrogen-containing organics, further chemical confirmation is desired to verify if the proposed Mannich reaction can explain the formation of these high-M(w) species in regions where ammonia, amines, and carbonyls are prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
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Heaton KJ, Sleighter RL, Hatcher PG, Hall WA, Johnston MV. Composition domains in monoterpene secondary organic aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:7797-7802. [PMID: 19921896 DOI: 10.1021/es901214p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The composition and structure of freshly formed oligomers in alpha- and beta- pinene SOA are studied with high performance mass spectrometry to provide insight into the SOA formation mechanism. Van Krevelen plots (H:C ratio vs O:C ratio) are interpreted in the context of distinct structural domains that correspond to separate oligomer formation routes. The domain containing most of the signal intensity encompasses elemental formulas that correspond to oligomerization reactions of intermediates and/or stable molecule monomers produced by ozonolysis of the precursor. While oligomers involving reactive intermediates from the hydroperoxide channel dominate the product distribution, products are also observed that uniquely map to the stable Criegee intermediate and/ or combinations of stable molecule monomers. A second domain encompasses molecules having lower H:C ratios but similar O:C ratios to the first domain. Many of the products observed in this domain have double bond equivalents greater than the maximum number possible when forming dimers by standard reaction mechanisms and are interpreted in the context of repeated self-reactions of alkoxy/peroxy radicals. A third domain encompasses molecules having very high H:C and O:C ratios consistent with polymerization of formaldehyde and/or acetaldehyde. These domains remain distinguishable from experiment to experiment and among different extraction solvents (50/50 methanol-water, 50/50 acetonitrile-water,100% water).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Heaton
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
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25
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Rincón AG, Guzmán MI, Hoffmann MR, Colussi AJ. Optical Absorptivity versus Molecular Composition of Model Organic Aerosol Matter. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:10512-20. [DOI: 10.1021/jp904644n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela G. Rincón
- W. M. Keck Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138
| | - Marcelo I. Guzmán
- W. M. Keck Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138
| | - M. R. Hoffmann
- W. M. Keck Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138
| | - A. J. Colussi
- W. M. Keck Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138
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26
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Krizner HE, De Haan DO, Kua J. Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Methylglyoxal Dimer Formation: A Computational Study. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:6994-7001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp903213k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hadley E. Krizner
- Department of Chemistry, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, California 92110
| | - David O. De Haan
- Department of Chemistry, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, California 92110
| | - Jeremy Kua
- Department of Chemistry, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, California 92110
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Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Reactions at surfaces in the atmosphere: integration of experiments and theory as necessary (but not necessarily sufficient) for predicting the physical chemistry of aerosols. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:7760-79. [DOI: 10.1039/b906540g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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28
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Alves CA. Characterisation of solvent extractable organic constituents in atmospheric particulate matter: an overview. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652008000100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of accounting for 10-70% of the atmospheric aerosol mass, particulate-phase organic compounds are not well characterised, and many aspects of aerosol formation and evolution are still unknown. The growing awareness of the impact of particulate aerosols on climate, and the incompletely recognised but serious effects of anthropogenic constituents on air quality and human health, have conducted to several scientific studies. These investigations have provided information about the behaviour of atmospheric particulate matter and the description of the character of its carbonaceous content. The compilation of such results is important as they append to the emergent global-wide dataset of the organic composition of atmospheric aerosols. The contribution of the major emission sources to regional particulate pollution can be diagnosed by using specific molecular markers. This overview is mainly focused on results obtained with gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, since it is the analytical method of choice in elucidating the solvent-extractable organic compounds in atmospheric particulate matter. A synopsis of the selection of organic tracers and the application of geochemical parameters to the analysis of organic constituents as a tool for source apportionment is shown here. Besides the assessment of current knowledge, this paper also presents the identification of further areas of concern.
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Heaton KJ, Dreyfus MA, Wang S, Johnston MV. Oligomers in the early stage of biogenic secondary organic aerosol formation and growth. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2007; 41:6129-6136. [PMID: 17937292 DOI: 10.1021/es070314n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) by reaction of ozone with monoterpenes (beta-pinene, delta3-carene, limonene, and sabinene) was studied on a short time scale of 3-22 s with a flow tube reactor. Online chemical analysis was performed with the Photoionization Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (PIAMS) to obtain molecular composition and the Nanoaerosol Mass Spectrometer (NAMS) to obtain elemental composition. Molecular composition data showed that dimers and higher order oligomers are formed within seconds after the onset of reaction, indicating that there is no intrinsic kinetic barrier to oligomer formation. Because oligomer formation is fast, it is unlikely that a large number of steps are involved in their formation. Therefore, ion distributions in the PIAMS spectra were interpreted through reactions of intermediates postulated in previous studies with monomer end products or other intermediates. Based on ion signal intensities in the mass spectra, organic peroxides appear to comprise a greater fraction of the aerosol than secondary ozonides. This conclusion is supported by elemental composition data from NAMS that gave C:O ratios in the 2.2-2.7 range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Heaton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
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30
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Denkenberger KA, Moffet RC, Holecek JC, Rebotier TP, Prather KA. Real-time, single-particle measurements of oligomers in aged ambient aerosol particles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2007; 41:5439-46. [PMID: 17822114 DOI: 10.1021/es070329l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Unique high mass negative ions in the -200 to -400 mass/charge range with repetitive spacings of 12, 14, and 16 units, representative of oligomeric species, have been detected in single ambient submicrometer aerosol particles using real-time single-particle mass spectrometry during the Study of Organic Aerosols field campaign conducted in Riverside, CA (SOAR) in August and November 2005. These oligomer-containing particles represented 33-40% of the total detected particles and contained other indicators of aging including oxidized organic carbon, amine, nitrate, and sulfate ion markers. Overall, the highest mass oligomeric patterns were observed in small acidic 140-200 nm particles in the summer. Also during the summer, increased oligomer intensities were observed when the particles were heated with a thermodenuder. We hypothesize that heat removed semivolatile species, thereby increasing particle acidity, while concentrating the oligomeric precursors and accelerating oligomer formation. Differences in oligomer behavior with respect to particle size and heating can be attributed to seasonal differences in photochemical oxidation, the relative amount of ammonium, and particle acidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri A Denkenberger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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31
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Surratt JD, Lewandowski M, Offenberg JH, Jaoui M, Kleindienst TE, Edney EO, Seinfeld JH. Effect of acidity on secondary organic aerosol formation from isoprene. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2007; 41:5363-9. [PMID: 17822103 DOI: 10.1021/es0704176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The effect of particle-phase acidity on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from isoprene is investigated in a laboratory chamber study, in which the acidity of the inorganic seed aerosol was controlled systematically. The observed enhancement in SOA mass concentration is closely correlated to increasing aerosol acidity (R2 = 0.979). Direct chemical evidence for acid-catalyzed particle-phase reactions was obtained from the SOA chemical analyses. Aerosol mass concentrations for the 2-methyltetrols, as well as the newly identified sulfate esters, both of which serve as tracers for isoprene SOA in ambient aerosols, increased significantly with enhanced aerosol acidity. Aerosol acidities, as measured in nmol of H+ m(-3), employed in the present study are in the same range as those observed in tropospheric aerosol collected from the eastern U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Surratt
- Department of Chemistry and Departments of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Science and Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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32
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Reinhardt A, Emmenegger C, Gerrits B, Panse C, Dommen J, Baltensperger U, Zenobi R, Kalberer M. Ultrahigh Mass Resolution and Accurate Mass Measurements as a Tool To Characterize Oligomers in Secondary Organic Aerosols. Anal Chem 2007; 79:4074-82. [PMID: 17411016 DOI: 10.1021/ac062425v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Organic aerosols are a major fraction, often more than 50%, of the total atmospheric aerosol mass. The chemical composition of the total organic aerosol mass is poorly understood, although hundreds of compounds have been identified in the literature. High molecular weight compounds have recently gained much attention because this class of compounds potentially represents a major fraction of the unexplained organic aerosol mass. Here we analyze secondary organic aerosols, generated in a smog chamber from alpha-pinene ozonolysis with ultra-high-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS). About 450 compounds are detected in the mass range of m/z 200-700. The mass spectrum is clearly divided into a low molecular weight range (monomer) and a high molecular weight range, where dimers and trimers are distinguishable. Using the Kendrick mass analysis, the elemental composition of about 60% of all peaks could be determined throughout the whole mass range. Most compounds have high O:C ratios between 0.4 and 0.6. Small compounds (i.e., monomers) have a higher maximum O:C ratio than dimers and trimers, suggesting that condensation reactions with, for example, the loss of water are important in the oligomer formation process. A program developed in-house was used to determine exact mass differences between peaks in the monomer, dimer, and trimer mass range to identify potential monomer building blocks, which form the co-oligomers observed in the mass spectrum. A majority of the peaks measured in the low mass region of the spectrum (m/z < 300) is also found in the calculated results. For the first time the elemental composition of the majority of peaks over a wide mass range was determined using advanced data analysis methods for the analysis of ultra-high-resolution MS data. Possible oligomer formation mechanisms in secondary organic aerosols were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Reinhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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