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Masood F, Pandey R, Singh HP, Gupta AS, Kaur S, Batish DR, Kohli RK. Cytotoxic and genotoxic assessment of agricultural soils from an industrial region. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:526. [PMID: 34322773 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09289-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Industrial effluents contain hazardous substances that can be a serious threat to the agriculture and human health. In the present study, the cytotoxic and genotoxic impacts of agricultural soil from the industrial area of Dera Bassi (Punjab, India) have been evaluated. Assays such as defects in DNA repair in K-12 mutants of Escherichia coli and chromosomal aberrations in Allium cepa were used to estimate the acute toxicity and chromosomal mutagenesis, respectively. Atomic absorption spectrometry and GC-MS analysis revealed contamination of the soil with high concentrations of heavy metals and organic compounds, respectively. Dichloromethane extract of site I soil sample caused maximum damage to 40 μL mL-1 DNA repair defective mutants and showed 38 and 49% survival in lexA and recA mutants, respectively, which was least among all the sites. In A. cepa test, an inverse relationship between soil extract concentration and the mitotic index was observed. Exposure of growing roots of A. cepa to soil extracts induced chromosomal abnormalities and alterations in mitotic phases in root tip cells. The study concludes that agricultural sites near the industrial area were contaminated with genotoxic and mutagenic compounds. Hence, adequate measures should be taken to reduce the toxicity of industrial effluents discharged onto the agricultural fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Masood
- Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Ranjan Pandey
- Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Harminder Pal Singh
- Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Aditya Sen Gupta
- Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Shalinder Kaur
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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Zhang J, Liu R, Niu L, Zhu S, Zhang Q, Zhao M, Liu W, Liu J. Determination of endocrine-disrupting potencies of agricultural soils in China via a battery of steroid receptor bioassays. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 234:846-854. [PMID: 29248852 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Pollution of agricultural soils by pesticides, such as organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), can be a significant issue since high detection rates of these compounds were reported in our previous studies. However, more uncertain kinds, quantities and density of pollutants remained in soil samples were unidentified. In this study, the total hormonal activities of complex mixtures of both known and unknown contaminants in agricultural soils in mainland China were measured by applying highly sensitive reporter gene assays for detecting agonists/antagonists for estrogen receptor (ER), androgen receptor (AR), progesterone receptor (PR), glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). High detection rates of estrogenic activities and anti-progestogenic activities were observed among the 123 soil samples, reaching 79% and 73%, respectively. More than half of the soil samples showed obvious antagonistic effects against AR and GR. Approximately a third of tested samples exhibited androgenic, progestogenic and glucocorticoidic effects. A total of 72% and 78% soil extracts had mineralocorticoid-like and anti-mineralocorticoid activities, respectively. Significant positive correlations were observed between estrogenic activity and the concentrations of Σdichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), Σendosulfans, Σchlordanes, heptachlor and Σdrins, respectively, but not other receptors. As a rapid and convenient pre-caution method, determination of endocrine-disrupting potencies of contaminated soils via bioassay could help to identify and define sites that required further attention for ecological risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyun Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Rui Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lili Niu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Siyu Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Quan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jing Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Advanced Approaches to Model Xenobiotic Metabolism in Bacterial Genotoxicology In Vitro. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017. [PMID: 27619490 DOI: 10.1007/10_2016_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
During the past 30 years there has been considerable progress in the development of bacterial test systems for use in genotoxicity testing by the stable introduction of expression vectors (cDNAs) coding for xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes into bacterial cells. The development not only provides insights into the mechanisms of bioactivation of xenobiotic compounds but also evaluates the roles of enzymes involved in metabolic activation or inactivation in chemical carcinogenesis. This review describes recent advances in bacterial genotoxicity assays and their future prospects, with a focus on the development and application of genetically engineering bacterial cells to incorporate some of the enzymatic activities involved in the bio-activation process of xenobiotics. Various genes have been introduced into bacterial umu tester strains encoding enzymes for genotoxic bioactivation, including bacterial nitroreductase and O-acetyltransferase, human cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, rat glutathione S-transferases, and human N-acetyltransferases and sulfotransferases. Their application has provided new tools for genotoxicity assays and for studying the role of biotransformation in chemical carcinogenesis in humans.
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Nie X, Liu W, Zhang L, Liu Q. Genotoxicity of drinking water treated with different disinfectants and effects of disinfection conditions detected by umu-test. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 56:36-44. [PMID: 28571868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The genotoxicity of drinking water treated with 6 disinfection methods and the effects of disinfection conditions were investigated using the umu-test. The pretreatment procedure of samples for the umu-test was optimized for drinking water analysis. The results of the umu-test were in good correlation with those of the Ames-test. The genotoxicity and production of haloacetic acids (HAAs) were the highest for chlorinated samples. UV+chloramination is the safest disinfection method from the aspects of genotoxicity, HAA production and inactivation effects. For chloramination, the effects of the mass ratio of Cl2 to N of chloramine on genotoxicity were also studied. The changes of genotoxicity were different from those of HAA production, which implied that HAA production cannot represent the genotoxic potential of water. The genotoxicity per chlorine decay of chlorination and chloramination had similar trends, indicating that the reaction of organic matters and chlorine made a great contribution to the genotoxicity. The results of this study are of engineering significance for optimizing the operation of waterworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebiao Nie
- Division of Drinking Water Safety, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Wenjun Liu
- Division of Drinking Water Safety, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Liping Zhang
- Division of Drinking Water Safety, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Division of Drinking Water Safety, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Yang Z, Luo S, Wei Z, Ye T, Spinney R, Chen D, Xiao R. Rate constants of hydroxyl radical oxidation of polychlorinated biphenyls in the gas phase: A single-descriptor based QSAR and DFT study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 211:157-164. [PMID: 26748251 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The second-order rate constants (k) of hydroxyl radical (·OH) with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the gas phase are of scientific and regulatory importance for assessing their global distribution and fate in the atmosphere. Due to the limited number of measured k values, there is a need to model the k values for unknown PCBs congeners. In the present study, we developed a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model with quantum chemical descriptors using a sequential approach, including correlation analysis, principal component analysis, multi-linear regression, validation, and estimation of applicability domain. The result indicates that the single descriptor, polarizability (α), plays an important role in determining the reactivity with a global standardized function of lnk = -0.054 × α ‒ 19.49 at 298 K. In order to validate the QSAR predicted k values and expand the current k value database for PCBs congeners, an independent method, density functional theory (DFT), was employed to calculate the kinetics and thermodynamics of the gas-phase ·OH oxidation of 2,4',5-trichlorobiphenyl (PCB31), 2,2',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB47), 2,3,4,5,6-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB116), 3,3',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB169), and 2,3,3',4,5,5',6-heptachlorobiphenyl (PCB192) at 298 K at B3LYP/6-311++G**//B3LYP/6-31 + G** level of theory. The QSAR predicted and DFT calculated k values for ·OH oxidation of these PCB congeners exhibit excellent agreement with the experimental k values, indicating the robustness and predictive power of the single-descriptor based QSAR model we developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Yang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Shuang Luo
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Zongsu Wei
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Tiantian Ye
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Richard Spinney
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Dong Chen
- Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Indiana, 46805, USA
| | - Ruiyang Xiao
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, China.
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Mincarelli L, Vischetti C, Craft J, Tiano L. DNA damage in different Eisenia andrei coelomocytes sub-populations after in vitro exposure to hydrogen peroxide. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:302. [PMID: 27064673 PMCID: PMC4783309 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-1950-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Earthworms play an essential role in providing soil fertility and may represent an important soil contamination bio-indicator. They are able to ingest soil particles, adsorb substances throughout the intestinal epithelium into the coelomic cavity, where chemicals can come in direct contact with coelomic fluid. Earthworm coelomic fluid shelters leucocytes (coelomocytes) that differ significantly both structurally and functionally. Cellular variability could lead to different susceptibility towards contaminants possibly present in soil ecosystem. In order to define population specific dose response to chemicals and to identify a homogeneous cell population to be used as a relevant biomarker, we investigated different coelomocytes subpopulation, obtained by Percoll density gradient centrifugation (5–35 %), exposed ex vivo to H2O2 in the range of concentration 15–120 µM. DNA damage levels were assessed by the comet assay on unseparated coelomocytes and on three enriched cellular fractions (light, medium and heavy density subpopulations). All tested samples showed a dose–response genotoxic effect following H2O2 exposure. Moreover, light density sub-population appeared more susceptible to oxidative insult highlighted by a significant increase in DNA damage indexes at lower concentrations of H2O2. Present data suggested that in these experimental condition coelomocytes light fraction may represent a more sensitive biomarker of genotoxic insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mincarelli
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Costantino Vischetti
- Environmental, Food and Agricultural Sciences Department, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - John Craft
- Biological and Biomedical Science Department, School of Health and Life Science, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Luca Tiano
- Department of Clinical and Dental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Song Y, Jiang B, Tian S, Tang H, Liu Z, Li C, Jia J, Huang WE, Zhang X, Li G. A whole-cell bioreporter approach for the genotoxicity assessment of bioavailability of toxic compounds in contaminated soil in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 195:178-184. [PMID: 25243386 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A whole-cell bacterial bioreporter Acinetobacter baylyi strain ADP1_recA_lux that responds to genotoxins was employed to directly assess the adverse effects of the bioavailable fraction of mitomycin C (MMC), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), chromium (VI) and lead (II) in amended soils and soil samples from two fragile areas in China without soil pre-treatment. The amended soils containing pollutants with the concentrations as low as 0.4 mg/kg MMC, 0.5 mg/kg BaP, 520 mg/kg Cr (VI) and 2072 mg/kg Pb (II) were found to be toxic. Soil particle-associated pollutants accounted for 86%, 100%, 29%, and 92% of the genotoxicity in the MMC, BaP, Cr (VI), and Pb (II) amended soil, respectively. The soils from contaminated sites were also valid to be genotoxic. The results suggest both free and soil particle-associated pollutants are bioavailable to soil organisms and a solid-phase contact bioreporter assay to soil contamination could provide a rapid screening tool for environmental risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhi Song
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Bo Jiang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Sicong Tian
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Hui Tang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Zengjun Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Chuan Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Jianli Jia
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Wei E Huang
- Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HQ, UK
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Guanghe Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Beijing, 100084, PR China.
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Ye Y, Weiwei J, Na L, Mei M, Donghong W, Zijian W, Kaifeng R. Assessing of genotoxicity of 16 centralized source-waters in China by means of the SOS/umu assay and the micronucleus test: Initial identification of the potential genotoxicants by use of a GC/MS method and the QSAR Toolbox 3.0. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2014; 763:36-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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Zheng K, Liu Z, Li Y, Cui Y, Li M. Toxicological responses of earthworm (Eisenia fetida) exposed to metal-contaminated soils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:8382-8390. [PMID: 23589267 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1689-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicological responses of earthworm (Eisenia fetida) induced by field-contaminated, metal-polluted soils. Biochemical responses and DNA damage of earthworm exposed to two multi-metal-contaminated soils in a steel industry park and a natural reference soil in Zijin Mountain for 2, 7, 14, and 28 days were studied. Results showed that three enzyme activities, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and cellulase, in earthworm in metal-contaminated soils were significantly different from those of the reference soil. Cellulase and AChE were more sensitive than SOD to soil contamination. The Olive tail moment of the comet assay after 2-day exposure increased 56.5 and 552.0 % in two contaminated soils, respectively, compared to the reference soil. Our findings show that cellulase and DNA damage levels can be used as potential biomarkers for exposure of earthworm to metal-polluted soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
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Zhu YG, Ioannidis JPA, Li H, Jones KC, Martin FL. Understanding and harnessing the health effects of rapid urbanization in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:5099-104. [PMID: 21542627 DOI: 10.1021/es2004254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
China is undergoing a rapid transition from a rural to an urban society. This societal change is a consequence of a national drive toward economic prosperity. Rapid urbanization impacts on infrastructure, environmental health and human wellbeing. Unlike many cases of urban expansion, Chinese urbanization has led to containment, rather than to increase, in the spread of infectious diseases. Conversely, the incidence of chronic conditions such as cardiovascular and metabolic diseases has risen, with higher rates occurring in urban regions. This rural-urban gradient in disease incidence seems not to be a reflection simply of more aggressive diagnosis or healthcare access. Other diseases exhibit little rural versus urban differences (e.g., liver cancer or respiratory disease), or even occur at a higher rate in the rural population (e.g., esophageal cancer). This article examines the impact of this changing demographic on environmental health and human wellbeing in China. Lessons learned from epidemiological studies mostly carried out in Europe and the U.S. may not be directly transferable to China. We advocate that there is now a need to establish robust systems of accurate data collection, a Chinese biobank network to facilitate the profiling of human health effects, and relevant randomized controlled trials to identify effective interventions in the Chinese urbanized setting. Such studies could allow for the future implementation of disease-preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Guan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment & Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
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Klobučar GIV, Stambuk A, Srut M, Husnjak I, Merkaš M, Traven L, Cvetković Z. Aporrectodea caliginosa, a suitable earthworm species for field based genotoxicity assessment? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2011; 159:841-9. [PMID: 21292364 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing interest for the application of biomakers to field-collected earthworms. Therefore we have evaluated the usability of native populations of endogeic, widely distributed earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa in the assessment of soil genotoxicity using the Comet assay. Validation of the Comet assay on earthworm coelomocytes has been established using commercially available Eisenia fetida exposed to copper, cadmium, and pentachlorophenol, along with A. caliginosa exposed to copper in a filter paper contact test. Neutral red retention time (NRRT) assay was conducted on copper exposed and field-collected earthworms. Significant DNA and lysosomal damage was measured using Comet and NRRT assays in native populations of A. caliginosa sampled from the polluted soils in the urban area in comparison to the earthworms from the reference site. The results of this study confirm the employment of A. caliginosa as a suitable species for the in situ soil toxicity and genotoxicity field surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Göran I V Klobučar
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
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12
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Zhang Z, Liu JF, Cai XQ, Jiang WW, Luo WR, Jiang GB. Sorption to dissolved humic acid and its impacts on the toxicity of imidazolium based ionic liquids. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:1688-1694. [PMID: 21235234 DOI: 10.1021/es103514s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Two typical ionic liquids (ILs), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C4MIM]Cl) and 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C8MIM]Cl), are demonstrated to associate strongly with dissolved organic matter (DOM) with distribution coefficients (KDOC) in the range of 10(4.2) to 10(4.6) for Aldrich humic acid (used as model DOM). With the increase of humic acid concentration to 11 μg/mL DOC (dissolved organic carbon), the free fraction (ratio of freely dissolved to total concentration) of [C4MIM]Cl and [C8MIM]Cl reduced to about 0.85 and 0.79, respectively. This reduction of freely dissolved concentration gave rise to remarkable reduction of bioavailability and toxicity of the two ILs. MTT assay with HepG2 cell lines showed that the EC50 values were 459 μmol/L for [C4MIM]Cl and 12 μmol/L for [C8MIM]Cl, respectively, and the cell viability increased about 50% in the presence of trace amount of humic acid (1 μg/mL DOC). The SOS/umu test indicated mutagenicity for [C4MIM]Cl at levels above 664 μmol/L, and the genotoxicity was diminished with the addition of trace humic acid (0.00000374-0.374 μg/mL DOC). The studied ILs showed acute toxicity toward model fish medaka with a 96 h median lethal concentration (LC50) of 2254 μmol/L for [C4MIM]Cl and 366 μmol/L for [C8MIM]Cl. The addition of humic acid (5.49 μg/mL DOC for [C8MIM]Cl, 1.37 μg/mL DOC for [C4MIM]Cl) to IL solutions reduced the death rate of medaka to a minimum value of ∼25% of that at zero DOC. Our results suggest that DOM may play an important role in determining the environmental fate and toxicity of imidazolium-based ILs, and its effects should be taken into account in assessing the environmental risk of ILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Liu Y, Zhou Q, Xie X, Lin D, Dong L. Oxidative stress and DNA damage in the earthworm Eisenia fetida induced by toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2010; 19:1551-1559. [PMID: 20838886 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-010-0540-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and the comet assay (SCGE) were used as biomarkers to evaluate the oxidative stress and genotoxicity of toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene in earthworms (Eisenia fetida). The results indicated that the exposure of the three pollutants caused a stress response of the three enzymes, an approximate bell-shaped change (a tendency of inducement firstly and then inhibition with increasing concentrations of the pollutants) was mostly found. The three enzymes tested differed in their sensitivity to different pollutants. While the activity of POD was not significantly changed within the concentration range, the concentration thresholds for significant (P < 0.05) responses to toluene based on SOD and CAT were 5 mg kg(-1), respectively. Similarly, the concentration thresholds for significant (P < 0.05) responses to ethylbenzene based on CAT and POD were 10 and 5 mg kg(-1), respectively, while the activity of SOD was not significantly changed within the concentration range. Significant responses to xylene based on CAT and POD were 5 mg kg(-1), respectively, while the activity of SOD was significantly (P < 0.05) induced at 10 mg kg(-1). The SCGE assay results showed that these three pollutants could significantly (P < 0.01) induce DNA damage in earthworms and the clear dose-dependent relationships were displayed, indicating potential genotoxic effects of toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene on E. fetida. The inducement of DNA damage may be attributed to the oxidative attack of toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene. Toluene seemed to be more genotoxic as it could induce the higher extent of DNA damage than ethylbenzene and xylene. The results suggest that the SCGE assay of earthworms is simple and efficient for diagnosing the genotoxicity of pollutants in terrestrial environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education/College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Espinosa-Reyes G, Ilizaliturri CA, Gonzalez-Mille DJ, Costilla R, Diaz-Barriga F, Carmen Cuevas MD, Martinez MA, Mejia-Saavedra J. DNA damage in earthworms (Eisenia spp.) as an indicator of environmental stress in the industrial zone of Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz, Mexico. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2010; 45:49-55. [PMID: 20390841 DOI: 10.1080/10934520903388731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz is one of the major industrial areas of Mexico. Presently, the Coatzacoalcos River and the areas surrounding the industrial complex are considered by various authors to be some of most polluted sites in Mexico. The objective of this study was to determine if earthworms could be used as indicators of environmental stress in the Coatzacoalcos industrial zone. Often, detritivores and decomposers such as earthworms are the first to be affected when the soil is contaminated. We collected soil samples to be used for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) quantification by gas chromatography. Concentrations of hexachlorobenzene, lindane and total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the soil were above the maximum permissible limits of the Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines (CEQG). Comet assay was conducted in coelomocytes of wild earthworms collected in Coatzacoalcos and compared with the control earthworms. We found DNA damage in earthworms from Coatzacoalcos that was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in comparison to laboratory earthworms. Earthworms are an appropriate organism to use as an indicator of environmental impact in contaminated sites. DNA damage recorded in the earthworms provides clear evidence of environmental impacts by the chemical industry on the wildlife of this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Espinosa-Reyes
- Departamento de Toxicologia Ambiental, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
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Dhawan A, Bajpayee M, Parmar D. The Comet Assay: A Versatile Tool for Assessing DNA Damage. THE COMET ASSAY IN TOXICOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/9781847559746-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alok Dhawan
- Developmental Toxicology Division Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (Formerly Industrial Toxicology Research Centre) P.O. Box 80 M.G. Marg Lucknow 226 001 India
| | - Mahima Bajpayee
- Developmental Toxicology Division Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (Formerly Industrial Toxicology Research Centre) P.O. Box 80 M.G. Marg Lucknow 226 001 India
| | - Devendra Parmar
- Developmental Toxicology Division Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (Formerly Industrial Toxicology Research Centre) P.O. Box 80 M.G. Marg Lucknow 226 001 India
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Bonnard M, Eom IC, Morel JL, Vasseur P. Genotoxic and reproductive effects of an industrially contaminated soil on the earthworm Eisenia fetida. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2009; 50:60-67. [PMID: 19031410 DOI: 10.1002/em.20436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Polluted soil sampled from a former coking plant in Lorraine (France) was studied for its genotoxicity and reproductive effects on the Eisenia fetida earthworm. Genotoxicity was investigated by means of the single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay on the coelomocytes of earthworms after 4 and 10 days of exposure to the soil. DNA damage and a decline in the number of coelomocytes extruded from earthworms were observed at coking plant soil concentrations of 20 and 40% (w/w) in ISO soil. These soil concentrations had previously been shown to significantly reduce cocoon and juvenile productions after 28 and 56 days of earthworm exposure, respectively. The results showed that genotoxic pollutants in the tested soil were still bioavailable despite the age of the contaminated soil. Similar values of the no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC) corresponding to 10% of the contaminated soil and of the lowest soil concentration tested inducing effects (LOEC) corresponding to 20% of the contaminated soil were obtained from reproductive and genotoxicity endpoints. Among the soil pollutants measured, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) appeared to be the most likely source of the genotoxicity recorded, although effects of metals could not be excluded. Measurement of genotoxicity in earthworms could complement the existing standardized tests used in the ecotoxicological assessment of the risk associated with contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Bonnard
- CNRS UMR 7146, Laboratory I.E.B.E., University Paul Verlaine, France.
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Dhawan A, Bajpayee M, Parmar D. Comet assay: a reliable tool for the assessment of DNA damage in different models. Cell Biol Toxicol 2008; 25:5-32. [PMID: 18427939 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-008-9072-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2007] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
New chemicals are being added each year to the existing burden of toxic substances in the environment. This has led to increased pollution of ecosystems as well as deterioration of the air, water, and soil quality. Excessive agricultural and industrial activities adversely affect biodiversity, threatening the survival of species in a particular habitat as well as posing disease risks to humans. Some of the chemicals, e.g., pesticides and heavy metals, may be genotoxic to the sentinel species and/or to non-target species, causing deleterious effects in somatic or germ cells. Test systems which help in hazard prediction and risk assessment are important to assess the genotoxic potential of chemicals before their release into the environment or commercial use as well as DNA damage in flora and fauna affected by contaminated/polluted habitats. The Comet assay has been widely accepted as a simple, sensitive, and rapid tool for assessing DNA damage and repair in individual eukaryotic as well as some prokaryotic cells, and has increasingly found application in diverse fields ranging from genetic toxicology to human epidemiology. This review is an attempt to comprehensively encase the use of Comet assay in different models from bacteria to man, employing diverse cell types to assess the DNA-damaging potential of chemicals and/or environmental conditions. Sentinel species are the first to be affected by adverse changes in their environment. Determination of DNA damage using the Comet assay in these indicator organisms would thus provide information about the genotoxic potential of their habitat at an early stage. This would allow for intervention strategies to be implemented for prevention or reduction of deleterious health effects in the sentinel species as well as in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Dhawan
- Developmental Toxicology Division, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (formerly Industrial Toxicology Research Centre), PO Box 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India.
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