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Dang M, Liu R, Dong F, Liu B, Hou K. Vacuum ultraviolet photoionization on-line mass spectrometry: instrumentation developments and applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Application of Vacuum Ultraviolet Single-photon Ionization Mass Spectrometer in Online Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(19)61170-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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3
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Nguyen HT, Nguyen TTT, Tung NH, Hoang AQ, Pham LH, Minh TB. Levels, profiles, and emission characteristics of chlorobenzenes in ash samples from some industrial thermal facilities in northern Vietnam. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:188-198. [PMID: 30387061 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3591-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chlorobenzenes (CBzs) are unintentionally produced organic contaminants from different thermal industrial processes, which have been scarcely surveyed in Asian developing countries including Vietnam. In this study, residue concentrations, profiles, emission factors, and annual emissions of seven chlorobenzene compounds were investigated in fly ash and bottom ash samples of some industrial facilities including brick making plant, steel and zinc production plants, and industrial and municipal waste incinerators in northern Vietnam. Total concentrations of seven CBzs in the ash samples were generally decreased in the order: industrial waste incinerator > municipal waste incinerator > steel-making plant > brick making plant. Emission pattern of CBzs varied considerably among different industrial plants, with 1,2- and 1,3-dichloro-, 1,2,3,4-tetrachloro-, and hexachlorobenzene as predominant compounds in the industrial waste incinerators and steel-making plants. Emission factors of CBzs estimated for the fly ash and bottom ash samples were in the range of 118-2020 and 5.3-22,600 μg ton-1, respectively. Average annual emissions (AEs) of total seven CBzs estimated for fly ash and bottom ash in the investigated plants were in the range of 154-54,300 and 20,160-161,400 mg year-1, respectively. The AEs of CBzs estimated for fly ash in the steel-making plant were higher than those in the waste incinerators. Meanwhile, CBz emissions for bottom ash were the highest in the steel-making plant, followed by the industrial and municipal waste incinerators. This is among the first studies on the emission characteristics of both low and highly chlorinated benzenes from industrial activities in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hue Thi Nguyen
- Institute of Environmental Technology and Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam.
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Thu Thuy Thi Nguyen
- Institute of Environmental Technology and Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Faculty of Chemistry, TNU University of Science, Thai Nguyen University, Tan Thinh Ward, Thai Nguyen City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Hoang Tung
- Institute of Environmental Technology and Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Anh Quoc Hoang
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Long Hai Pham
- Institute of Environmental Technology and Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tu Binh Minh
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Vietnam.
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Zhang M, Buekens A, Ma S, Li X. Iron chloride catalysed PCDD/F-formation: Experiments and PCDD/F-signatures. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 191:72-80. [PMID: 29031055 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Iron chloride is often cited as catalyst of PCDD/F-formation, together with copper chloride. Conversely, iron chloride catalysis has been less studied during de novo tests. This paper presents such de novo test data, derived from model fly ash incorporating iron (III) chloride and established over a vast range of temperature and oxygen concentration in the gas phase. Both PCDD/F-output and its signature are extensively characterised, including homologue and congener profiles. For the first time, a complete isomer-specific analysis is systematically established, for all samples. Special attention is paid to the chlorophenols route PCDD/F, to the 2,3,7,8-substituted congeners, and to their relationship and antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Alfons Buekens
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Siyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Giri A, Coutriade M, Racaud A, Okuda K, Dane J, Cody RB, Focant JF. Molecular Characterization of Volatiles and Petrochemical Base Oils by Photo-Ionization GC×GC-TOF-MS. Anal Chem 2017; 89:5395-5403. [PMID: 28410443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The characterization of organic mixtures by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) coupled to electron impact (EI) ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) allows the detection of thousands of compounds. However, owing to the exhaustive fragmentation following EI ionization, despite the use of mass spectral libraries, a majority of the compounds remains unidentified because of the lack of parent ion preservation. Thus, soft-ionization energies leading to organic compounds being ionized with limited or no fragmentation, retaining the molecular ion, has been of interest for many years. In this study, photoionization (PI) was evaluated as the ion source for GC×GC-TOF-MS measurements. First, capabilities and limitations of PI were tested using an authentic mixture of compounds of several chemical classes. Ionization energy exhibited by PI, equivalent to 10.8 eV, resulted in significant retention of molecular ion information; [M]+• for alkanes, ketones, FAMEs, aromatics, [M-H]+• for chloroalkanes, and [M-H2O]+• for alcohols. Second, considering the potential of PI for hydrocarbons, base oils, complex mixtures of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons blended for finished lubricant formulations, were extensively evaluated. Several chemical classes of hydrocarbons were positively identified including a large number of isomeric compounds, both aliphatics and cyclics. Interestingly, branched-alkanes were ionized with lower excess internal energy, not only retaining the molecular ions but also exhibiting unique fragmentation patterns. The results presented herein offer a unique perspective into the detailed molecular characterization of base oils. Such unprecedented identification power of PI coupled with GC×GC-TOF-MS is the first report covering volatiles to low-volatile organic mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Giri
- University of Liège , Department of Chemistry, Organic & Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, Allée du 6 aout, B6c, B-4000 Liège (Sart Tilman), Belgium
| | - Marion Coutriade
- Total Marketing Services, Centre de Recherche de Solaize , Chemin du Canal-BP 22, 69360 Solaize, France
| | - Amandine Racaud
- Total Marketing Services, Centre de Recherche de Solaize , Chemin du Canal-BP 22, 69360 Solaize, France
| | - Koji Okuda
- Jeol U.S.A. , 11 Dearborn Road, Peabody, Massachusetts 01960, United States
| | - John Dane
- Jeol U.S.A. , 11 Dearborn Road, Peabody, Massachusetts 01960, United States
| | - Robert B Cody
- Jeol U.S.A. , 11 Dearborn Road, Peabody, Massachusetts 01960, United States
| | - Jean-François Focant
- University of Liège , Department of Chemistry, Organic & Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, Allée du 6 aout, B6c, B-4000 Liège (Sart Tilman), Belgium
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Hua L, Hou K, Chen P, Xie Y, Jiang J, Wang Y, Wang W, Li H. Realization of In-Source Collision-Induced Dissociation in Single-Photon Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry and Its Application for Differentiation of Isobaric Compounds. Anal Chem 2015; 87:2427-33. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5043768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Hua
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan
Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Keyong Hou
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan
Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan
Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan
Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100039, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jichun Jiang
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan
Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100039, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan
Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100039, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiguo Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan
Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Li
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan
Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, People’s Republic of China
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Fujimori T, Nishimoto Y, Shiota K, Takaoka M. Contrasting effects of sulfur dioxide on cupric oxide and chloride during thermochemical formation of chlorinated aromatics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:13644-13651. [PMID: 25377729 DOI: 10.1021/es503679c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas has been reported to be an inhibitor of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) formation in fly ash. However, other research has suggested little or no inhibitory effect of SO2 gas. Although these studies focused on reactions between SO2 gas and gas-phase chlorine (Cl) species, no attention was paid to thermochemical gas-solid reactions. In this study, we found contrasting effects of SO2 gas depending on the chemical form of copper (CuO vs CuCl2) with a solid-phase inorganic Cl source (KCl). Chlorinated aromatics (PCDD/Fs, polychlorinated biphenyls, and chlorobenzenes) increased and decreased in model fly ash containing CuO + KCl and CuCl2 + KCl, respectively, with increased SO2 injection. According to in situ Cu K-edge and S K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy, Cl gas and CuCl2 were generated and then promoted the formation of highly chlorinated aromatics after thermochemical reactions of SO2 gas with the solid-phase CuO + KCl system. In contrast, the decrease in aromatic-Cls in a CuCl2 + KCl system with SO2 gas was caused mainly by the partial sulfation of the Cu. The chemical form of Cu (especially the oxide/chloride ratio) may be a critical factor in controlling the formation of chlorinated aromatics using SO2 gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Fujimori
- Department of Global Ecology, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies and ‡Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Katsura, Nisikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
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Fujimori T, Tanino Y, Takaoka M. Coexistence of Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn oxides and chlorides as a determinant of chlorinated aromatics generation in municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 48:85-92. [PMID: 24308371 DOI: 10.1021/es403585h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigated chemical determinants of the generation of chlorinated aromatic compounds (aromatic-Cls), such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and chlorobenzenes (CBzs), in fly ash from municipal solid waste incineration. The influences of the following on aromatic-Cls formation in model fly ash (MFA) were systematically examined quantitatively and statistically: (i) inorganic chlorides (KCl, NaCl, CaCl2), (ii) base materials (SiO2, Al2O3, CaCO3), (iii) metal oxides (CuO, Fe2O3, PbO, ZnO), (iv) metal chlorides (CuCl2, FeCl3, PbCl2, ZnCl2), and (v) "coexisting multi-models." On the basis of aromatic-Cls concentrations, the ∑CBzs/∑PCBs ratio, and the similarity between distribution patterns, MFAs were categorized into six groups. The results and analysis indicated that the formation of aromatic-Cls depended strongly on the "coexistence condition", namely multimodels composed of not only metal chlorides, but also of metal oxides. The precise replication of metal chloride to oxide ratios, such as the precise ratios of Cu-, Fe-, Pb-, and Zn-chlorides and oxides, may be an essential factor in changing the thermochemical formation patterns of aromatic-Cls. Although CuCl2 acted as a promoter of aromatic-Cls generation, statistical analyses implied that FeCl3 also largely influenced the generation of aromatic-Cls under mixture conditions. Various additional components of fly ash were also comprehensively analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Fujimori
- Department of Global Ecology, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, and ‡Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Katsura, Nisikyo-ku, 615-8540, Kyoto, Japan
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Robinson AM, Harroun SG, Bergman J, Brosseau CL. Portable Electrochemical Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy System for Routine Spectroelectrochemical Analysis. Anal Chem 2012; 84:1760-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ac2030078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3C3 Canada
| | - S. G. Harroun
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3C3 Canada
| | - J. Bergman
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3C3 Canada
| | - C. L. Brosseau
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3C3 Canada
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Fujimori T, Takaoka M. Thermochemical chlorination of carbon indirectly driven by an unexpected sulfide of copper with inorganic chloride. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 197:345-351. [PMID: 22004834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.09.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Unintentional anthropogenic thermal chlorination of carbon is known to be a contributor to global environmental pollution of organochlorine compounds. We found unexpected, serious chlorination of carbon promoted by a "sulfide" of copper, which has been generally thought of and studied as an inactive metal catalyst. Our quantitative and X-ray spectroscopic results show that a fraction of cupric sulfide indirectly promoted thermochemical solid-phase formation of a large quantity of organochlorine compounds such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, biphenyls, and benzenes that used inactive inorganic chloride as chlorine storage, which partly caused environmental pollution by organochlorine compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Fujimori
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nisikyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.
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Fujimori T, Tanino Y, Takaoka M. Role of zinc in MSW fly ash during formation of chlorinated aromatics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:7678-7684. [PMID: 21838315 DOI: 10.1021/es201810u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we determined the thermochemical role of zinc in municipal solid waste (MSW) fly ash. Zinc's role depended on its chemical form and the presence of other metal catalysts. When only zinc was present or it dominated other metal elements, chlorinated aromatic compound (aromatic-Cl) formation was promoted by zinc chloride but blocked by zinc oxide. When only zinc was present, such as in zinc metallurgical plants, some aromatic-Cls were generated and contaminated the environment. When zinc coexisted with other metal promoters in a thermal postcombustion solid phase, such as MSW incineration, Fourier-transform Zn K-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analysis showed that the chemical forms of zinc were primarily chloride and/or oxide, and zinc chloride (ZnCl(2)) was thermally stable in the solid phase. Thus, we used ZnCl(2) in coexistence experiments as a promoter to generate aromatic-Cls. Zinc chloride acted as a coexistent inhibitor of metal catalysis and precursor dimerization to generate aromatic-Cls. There were two coexistent inhibition mechanisms. First, a low-temperature transition of chlorine to the gas phase (low-Cl(g)) occurred with metal catalysts such as CuCl(2) and FeCl(3), confirmed by Cl K-edge near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) analysis. Second, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of the surface or near-surface concentration of ZnCl(2) indicated weak reactivity between the catalysts and the carbon matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Fujimori
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nisikyo-ku, 615-8540, Kyoto, Japan.
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