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Ng SIM, Chan MN. Beyond the formation: unveiling the atmospheric transformation of organosulfates via heterogeneous OH oxidation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:13919-13938. [PMID: 37933441 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03700b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Organosulfates (OSs), characterized with a sulfate ester group (R-OSO3-), are abundant constituents in secondary organic aerosols. Recent laboratory-based investigations have revealed that OSs can undergo efficient chemical transformation through heterogeneous oxidation by hydroxyl radicals (˙OH, interchangeably termed as OH in this article), which freshly derives functionalized and fragmented OSs. The reaction not only contributes to the presence of structurally transformed OSs in the atmosphere of which sources were unidentified, but it also leads to the formation of inorganic sulfates (e.g., SO42-) with profound implication on the form of aerosol sulfur. In this article, we review the current state of knowledge regarding the heterogeneous OH oxidation of OSs based on state-of-the-art designs of experiments, computational approaches, and chemical analytical techniques. Here, we discuss the formation potential of new OSs and SO42-, in light of the influence of diverse OS structures on the relative importance of different reaction pathways. We propose future research directions to advance our mechanistic understanding of these reactions, taking into account aerosol matrix effects, interactions with other atmospheric pollutants, and the incorporation of experimental findings into atmospheric chemical transport models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze In Madeleine Ng
- Earth System Science Programme, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Man Nin Chan
- Earth System Science Programme, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- The Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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2
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Ning C, Gao Y, Zhang H, Yu H, Cao R, Chen J. Urban particulate water-soluble organic matter in winter: Size-resolved molecular characterization, role of the S-containing compounds on haze formation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 875:162657. [PMID: 36878301 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble organic matter (WSOM), as a group of ubiquitous components in atmospheric PM, plays a crucial role in global climate change and carbon cycle. In this study, the size-resolved molecular characterization of WSOM in the range of 0.010-18 μm PM was studied to gain insights into their formation processes. The CHO, CHNO, CHOS, CHNOS compounds were identified by the ultrahigh-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry in ESI source mode. A bimodal pattern of the PM mass concentrations was found in the accumulation and coarse mode. The increasing mass concentration of PM was mainly attributed to the growth of large-size PM with the occurrence of haze. Both Aiken-mode (70.5-75.6 %) and coarse-mode (81.7-87.9 %) particles were proven the main carriers of the CHO compounds, the majority of which were indicated to be the saturated fatty acids and their oxidized derivatives. The S-containing (CHOS and CHNOS) compounds in accumulation-mode (71.5-80.9 %) increased significantly in hazy days, where organosulfates (C11H20O6S, C12H22O7S) and nitrooxy-organosulfates (C9H19NO8S, C9H17NO8S) were confirmed in majority. The S-containing compounds in accumulation-mode particle with high oxygen content (6-8 oxygen atoms), unsaturation degree (DBE < 4), and reactivity could facilitate the particle agglomeration and accelerate the haze formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Ning
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Haijun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Haoran Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rong Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jiping Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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3
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Zhou S, Guo F, Chao CY, Yoon S, Alvarez SL, Shrestha S, Flynn JH, Usenko S, Sheesley RJ, Griffin RJ. Marine Submicron Aerosols from the Gulf of Mexico: Polluted and Acidic with Rapid Production of Sulfate and Organosulfates. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:5149-5159. [PMID: 36939598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We measured submicron aerosols (PM1) at a beachfront site in Texas in Spring 2021 to characterize the "background" aerosol chemical composition advecting into Texas and the factors controlling this composition. Observations show that marine "background" aerosols from the Gulf of Mexico were highly processed and acidic; sulfate was the most abundant component (on average 57% of total PM1 mass), followed by organic material (26%). These chemical characteristics are similar to those observed at other marine locations globally. However, Gulf "background" aerosols were much more polluted; the average non-refractory (NR-) PM1 mass concentration was 3-70 times higher than that observed in other clean marine atmospheres. Anthropogenic shipping emissions over the Gulf of Mexico explain 78.3% of the total measured "background" sulfate in the Gulf air. We frequently observed haze pollution in the air mass from the Gulf, with significantly elevated concentrations of sulfate, organosulfates, and secondary organic aerosol associated with sulfuric acid. Analysis suggests that aqueous oxidation of shipping emissions over the Gulf of Mexico by peroxides in the particles might potentially be an important pathway for the rapid production of acidic sulfate and organosulfates during the haze episodes under acidic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Fangzhou Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Chun-Ying Chao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Subin Yoon
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Sergio L Alvarez
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Sujan Shrestha
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - James H Flynn
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Sascha Usenko
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Rebecca J Sheesley
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Robert J Griffin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- School of Engineering, Computing and Construction Management, Roger Williams University, Bristol, Rhode Island 02809, United States
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4
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Upshur MA, Bé AG, Luo J, Varelas JG, Geiger FM, Thomson RJ. Organic synthesis in the study of terpene-derived oxidation products in the atmosphere. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:890-921. [PMID: 36938683 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00064d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 1997 up to 2022Volatile biogenic terpenes involved in the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles participate in rich atmospheric chemistry that impacts numerous aspects of the earth's complex climate system. Despite the importance of these species, understanding their fate in the atmosphere and determining their atmospherically-relevant properties has been limited by the availability of authentic standards and probe molecules. Advances in synthetic organic chemistry directly aimed at answering these questions have, however, led to exciting discoveries at the interface of chemistry and atmospheric science. Herein we provide a review of the literature regarding the synthesis of commercially unavailable authentic standards used to analyze the composition, properties, and mechanisms of SOA particles in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Alice Upshur
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Ariana Gray Bé
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Jingyi Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Jonathan G Varelas
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Franz M Geiger
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Regan J Thomson
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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5
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Fan W, Chen T, Zhu Z, Zhang H, Qiu Y, Yin D. A review of secondary organic aerosols formation focusing on organosulfates and organic nitrates. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 430:128406. [PMID: 35149506 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosols (SOA) are crucial constitution of fine particulate matter (PM), which are mainly derived from photochemical oxidation products of primary organic matter and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and can induce terrible impacts to human health, air quality and climate change. As we know, organosulfates (OSs) and organic nitrates (ON) are important contributors for SOA formation, which could be possibly produced through various pathways, resulting in extremely complex formation mechanism of SOA. Although plenty of research has been focused on the origins, spatial distribution and formation mechanisms of SOA, a comprehensive and systematic understanding of SOA formation in the atmosphere remains to be detailed explored, especially the most important OSs and ON dedications. Thus, in this review, we systematically summarize the recent research about origins and formation mechanisms of OSs and ON, and especially focus on their contribution to SOA, so as to have a clearer understanding of the origin, spatial distribution and formation principle of SOA. Importantly, we interpret the complex interaction with coexistence effect of SOx and NOx on SOA formation, and emphasize the future insights for SOA research to expect a more comprehensive theory and practice to alleviate SOA burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wulve Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Safety, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Safety, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhiliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Safety, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yanling Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Safety, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Daqiang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Safety, Shanghai 200092, China.
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6
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Ning C, Gao Y, Zhang H, Wang L, Yu H, Zou L, Cao R, Chen J. Molecular chemodiversity of water-soluble organic matter in atmospheric particulate matter and their associations with atmospheric conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 809:151171. [PMID: 34699831 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble organic matter (WSOM) is a complex mixture of organic compounds affecting global climate change and carbon cycle. Herein, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) was used for identification of WSOM molecular compositions in annual atmospheric particulate matter with diameters ≤10 μm (PM10). Totally 6538 unambiguous monoisotopic molecular formulas were assigned to WSOM with m/z values concentrating in 150-600 Da. The CHO compounds with high unsaturation degrees contributed most (51.7-52.1%) to WSOM in spring and summer. However, the S-containing compounds (CHOS and CHNOS) with higher O/C and H/C ratios accounted for 56.8-63.2% of WSOM in autumn and winter. Temperature (r = 0.82) and O3 (r = 0.89) showed higher correlation with CHO compounds, which were mainly aliphatics and highly unsaturated structures with high oxygen compounds (80.7-90.8%). The concentrations of SO42- (r = 0.33) and NO3- (r = 0.46) in PM10 both showed a positive correlation with the abundances of the S-containing compounds due to their direct participation in atmospheric reactions. Among them, 96-100% and 78-96% of the CHOS and CHNOS compounds were confirmed to be organosulfates (OSs) and nitrooxy-organosulfates (NOSs) by MS/MS analysis, respectively. These findings illustrate the strong association of atmospheric conditions with molecular chemodiversity of WSOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Ning
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Haijun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Lei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Haoran Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lili Zou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Rong Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jiping Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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7
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Wang Y, Ma Y, Kuang B, Lin P, Liang Y, Huang C, Yu JZ. Abundance of organosulfates derived from biogenic volatile organic compounds: Seasonal and spatial contrasts at four sites in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:151275. [PMID: 34743888 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric organosulfates (OSs) derived from biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) encode chemical interaction strength between anthroposphere and biosphere. We report BVOC-derived OSs in the summer of 2016 and the winter of 2017 at four locations in China (i.e., Hong Kong (HK), Guangzhou (GZ), Shanghai (SH), and Beijing (BJ)). The spatial coverage of three climatic zones from the south to the north in China is accompanied with a wide range of aerosol inorganic sulfate (4.9-13.8 μg/m3). We employed a combined targeted and untargeted approach using high-performance liquid chromatography-Orbitrap mass spectrometry to quantify/semi-quantify ~200 OSs and nitrooxy OSs derived from four types of precursors, namely C2-C3 oxygenated VOCs, isoprene, monoterpenes (MT), and sesquiterpenes (ST). The seasonal averages of the total quantified OSs across the four sites are in the range of 201-545 (summer) and 123-234 ng/m3 (winter), with the isoprene-derived OSs accounting for more than 80% (summer) and 57% (winter). The C2-3 OSs and isoprene-derived OSs share the same seasonality (summer >winter) and the same south-north spatial gradient as those of isoprene emissions. In contrast, the MT- and ST-derived OSs are of either comparable abundance or slightly higher abundance in winter at the four sites. The spatial contrasts for MT- and ST-derived OSs are not clearly discernable among GZ, SH, and BJ. HK is noted to have invariably lower abundances of all groups of OSs, in line with its aerosol inorganic sulfate being the lowest. These results indicate that BVOC emissions are the driving factor regulating the formation of C2-3 OSs and isoprene-derived OSs. Other factors, such as sulfate abundance, however, play a more important role in the formation of MT- and ST-derived OSs. This in turn suggests that the formation kinetics and/or pathways differ between these two sub-groups of BVOCs-derived OSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Wang
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yingge Ma
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of the Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Binyu Kuang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Peng Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Yongmei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Changping, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of the Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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Qi L, Zhang Z, Wang X, Deng F, Zhao J, Liu H. Molecular characterization of atmospheric particulate organosulfates in a port environment using ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry: Identification of traffic emissions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 419:126431. [PMID: 34186426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organosulfates (OSs) are an important component of atmospheric organic aerosol (OA) and are widespread in various environments. However, the OSs generated from anthropogenic emissions are poorly understood. In this study, the molecular compositions of OSs from atmospheric PM2.5 samples collected during a winter measurement campaign (SEISO-Bohai) at Jingtang Harbor were characterized via ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry (UHRMS). The changes of port OS compositions were observed in episodes of complete haze pollution. As the pollution aggravated, the relative abundances of OSs were apparently increased, and the molecule compositions became more complex, primarily driven by the oxidation and fragmentation processes. Potential OS precursors from traffic emissions were identified based on an optimized "OS precursor map" developed in the previous study. OSs characterized by high molecular weights and low degrees of both unsaturation and oxidization were suggested to mainly derive from secondary reactions of intermediate volatile organic compounds (IVOCs) emitted by traffic sources. These OSs were primarily detected in clean-day samples, followed by decreasing with the pollution process. In addition, our study also finds that ship emissions may further facilitated OS productions under haze pollution conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, College of Eco-environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, School of the Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhining Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, School of the Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, School of the Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fanyuan Deng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, School of the Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Junchao Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, School of the Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Huan Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, School of the Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from Isoprene: Selected Research, Historic Account and State of the Art. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12060728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we cover selected research on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from isoprene, from the beginning of research, about two decades ago, to today. The review begins with the first observations of isoprene SOA markers, i.e., 2-methyltetrols, in ambient fine aerosol and focuses on studies dealing with molecular characterization, speciation, formation mechanisms, and source apportionment. A historic account is given on how research on isoprene SOA has developed. The isoprene SOA system is rather complex, with different pathways being followed in pristine and polluted conditions. For SOA formation from isoprene, acid-catalyzed hydrolysis is necessary, and sulfuric acid enhances SOA by forming additional nonvolatile products such as organosulfates. Certain results reported in early papers have been re-interpreted in the light of recent results; for example, the formation of C5-alkene triols. Attention is given to mass spectrometric and separation techniques, which played a crucial role in molecular characterization. The unambiguous structural characterization of isoprene SOA markers has been achieved, owing to the preparation of reference compounds. Efforts have also been made to use air quality data to estimate the influence of biogenic and pollution aerosol sources. This review examines the use of an organic marker-based method and positive matrix factorization to apportion SOA from different sources, including isoprene SOA.
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Ye Y, Zhan H, Yu X, Li J, Wang X, Xie Z. Detection of organosulfates and nitrooxy-organosulfates in Arctic and Antarctic atmospheric aerosols, using ultra-high resolution FT-ICR mass spectrometry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 767:144339. [PMID: 33434833 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organosulfates (OSs) are recognized as important secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) in recent years. Due to their amphipathy and light absorptive capacity, OSs may potentially impact climate. Moreover, OSs can serve as molecular tracers for precursors and multiple processes leading to the generation of SOA. However, studies on OSs are lacking in the polar regions which limits our understanding of both their formation pathways and impacts on the polar environment. Here we present the first investigation into OSs in both the Arctic and Antarctic. Organic compounds in aerosol samples collected from the polar regions during the 2013/2014 Chinese National Arctic/Antarctic Research Expedition (CHINARE) were analyzed by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) coupled with negative ion mode electrospray ionization (ESI(-)). Hundreds to thousands of OSs were detected at the polar sampling sites. The estimated total concentrations of OSs were in the range of 46-670 ng/m3 in the Arctic sampling area, and 47-260 ng/m3 in the Antarctic sampling area, accounting for 1-16% of total OM. OSs were found to have undergone a high degree of oxidation in the aerosol samples, which might be due to the combined effects of enhanced photo-oxidation in summertime or continuous oxidation during transport to the polar region. The potential appointment of OS precursors highlights the important role of long-range air-mass transport on the OSs derived from biogenic precursors and a notably large contribution from anthropogenic emissions, suggesting that human activities have significant impacts in remote polar environments. The results of this study provide important insights into the characteristics of OSs in the polar atmosphere. However, the need for further research focusing on the quantification, formation mechanisms and impacts of OSs on climate is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Ye
- Institute of Polar Environment & Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences & Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Haicong Zhan
- Institute of Polar Environment & Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences & Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiawei Yu
- Institute of Polar Environment & Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences & Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Juan Li
- Institute of Polar Environment & Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences & Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry & Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhouqing Xie
- Institute of Polar Environment & Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences & Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China.
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11
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Ren H, Sedlak JA, Elrod MJ. General Mechanism for Sulfate Radical Addition to Olefinic Volatile Organic Compounds in Secondary Organic Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:1456-1465. [PMID: 33475357 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous laboratory studies have suggested that sulfate radical addition to olefinic biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) is a potential formation mechanism for some organosulfates detected in ambient secondary organic aerosol (SOA). However, these studies propose conflicting reaction products, possibly because laboratory dissolved oxygen levels did not accurately reflect atmospheric conditions. Additionally, these studies used analytical methods that could not definitively identify and quantify the structurally specific products. Here, we describe a method that allows for the study of the reaction of sulfate radicals and several olefinic precursors, including allyl alcohol (AA), methyl vinyl ketone (MVK), 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (MBO), and methacrolein (MA), with careful control of dissolved oxygen levels and using the isomer-specific nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method to definitively identify and quantify the reaction products. Specific mechanisms for each olefinic precursor were developed, as well as a generalized mechanism that can be used to predict the sulfate radical reaction pathways for any olefin. The product yield results indicate that this mechanism is dominated by carbon backbone fragmentation pathways: 61, 83, 79, and 100% for AA, MVK, MBO, and MA, respectively. Several of the observed organosulfate products have also been detected in field observations of SOA, which indicates the potential relevance of this mechanism in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Ren
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio 44074 United States
| | - Jane A Sedlak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio 44074 United States
| | - Matthew J Elrod
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio 44074 United States
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12
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Zhang X, Saini A, Hao C, Harner T. Passive air sampling and nontargeted analysis for screening POP-like chemicals in the atmosphere: Opportunities and challenges. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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13
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Yang Z, Tsona NT, Li J, Wang S, Xu L, You B, Du L. Effects of NO x and SO 2 on the secondary organic aerosol formation from the photooxidation of 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene: A new source of organosulfates. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 264:114742. [PMID: 32402708 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
1,3,5-Trimethylbeneze (TMB) is an important constituent of anthropogenic volatile organic compounds that contributes to the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). A series of chamber experiments were performed to probe the effects of NOx and SO2 on SOA formation from TMB photooxidation. The molecular composition of TMB SOA was investigated by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/ESI-HR-Q-TOFMS). We found that the SOA yield increases notably with elevated NOx concentrations under low-NOx condition ([TMB]0/[NOx]0 > 10 ppbC ppb-1), while an opposite trend is observed in high-NOx experiments ([TMB]0/[NOx]0 < 10 ppbC ppb-1). The increase in SOA yield in low-NOx regime is attributed to the increase of NOx-induced OH concentrations. The formation of low-volatility species might be suppressed, thereby leading to a lower SOA yield in high-NOx conditions. Moreover, SOA formation was promoted in experiment with SO2 addition. Multifunctional products containing carbonyl, acid, alcohol, and nitrate functional groups were characterized in TMB/NOx photooxidation, whereas several organosulfates (OSs) and nitrooxy organosulfates were identified in TMB/NOx/SO2 photooxidation based on HR-Q-TOFMS analysis. The formation mechanism relevant to the detected compounds in SOA were proposed. Based on our measurements, the photooxidation of TMB in the presence of SO2 may be a new source of OSs in the atmosphere. The results presented here also deepen the understanding of SOA formation under relatively complex polluted environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaomin Yang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Narcisse T Tsona
- School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jianlong Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Shuyan Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Li Xu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Bo You
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Lin Du
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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14
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Klyta J, Czaplicka M. Determination of secondary organic aerosol in particulate matter – Short review. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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Spolnik G, Wach P, Rudziński KJ, Szmigielski R, Danikiewicz W. Tracing the biogenic secondary organic aerosol markers in rain, snow and hail. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 251:126439. [PMID: 32443254 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The molecular characterization of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is based mainly on LC-MS analyses of particulate matter (PM) samples collected with aerosol samplers. Several studies have analyzed atmospheric waters, including rain and cloud water, for the presence of SOA components, however, no separation techniques were used making identification of the individual components in these complex mixtures impossible. We have applied our improved UHPLC-HR-MS methodology to analyze atmospheric precipitates (hailstone, rain and snow), as well as SOA collected with high-volume samplers. We achieved sensitivity levels and separation efficiencies that were sufficient for molecular-level identification of individual compounds. Tracing commonly known SOA markers such as organosulfates (OS), C4-C6 dicarboxylic acids and terpenoic acids revealed that the chromatographic profiles for both atmospheric precipitate and PM samples were very similar, with both giving similar component ratios, especially for OS. We also demonstrated that SOA markers can be detected directly from raw rain samples. Our results show that LC-MS techniques are suitable for the convenient analysis of atmospheric precipitates containing SOA markers at the molecular level. It complements traditional SOA analyses and provides additional sampling opportunities which will no doubt allow for better elucidation of chemical transformations of volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Spolnik
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, 01-224, Poland.
| | - Paulina Wach
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, 01-224, Poland; Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, 01-224, Poland
| | | | - Rafal Szmigielski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, 01-224, Poland
| | - Witold Danikiewicz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, 01-224, Poland
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16
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Zhao X, Shi X, Ma X, Zuo C, Wang H, Xu F, Sun Y, Zhang Q. 2-Methyltetrol sulfate ester-initiated nucleation mechanism enhanced by common nucleation precursors: A theory study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 723:137987. [PMID: 32224394 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol samples from all over the word contained 2-methyltetrol sulfate ester (MTS). We investigated the role of MTS in new particle formation (NPF) with aerosol nucleation precursors, including sulfuric acid (SA), water (W), ammonia (N), methylamine (MA), dimethylamine (DMA), and trimethylamine (TMA). The analysis was performed using quantum chemical approach, kinetic calculation and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The results proved that the molecular interactions in the clusters were mainly H-bonds and electrostatic interaction. The negative Gibbs free energy changes for all the studied MTS-containing clusters indicated that the formation of these clusters was thermodynamically favorable. The stability of the clusters was evaluated according to the total evaporation rate. Here, (MTS)(SA) and (MTS)(W) were the most and least stable cluster, respectively. MD simulations were used for time and spatial analysis of the role of the MTS-SA system. The results indicated that MTS can self-aggregate or absorb SA molecules into clusters, larger than the size of the critical cluster (approximately 1 nm), suggesting that MTS can initiate NPF by itself or together with SA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwei Zhao
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Xiangli Shi
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Ma
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Chenpeng Zuo
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Hetong Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Fei Xu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China.
| | - Yanhui Sun
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Qingzhu Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
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17
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Pye HOT, Nenes A, Alexander B, Ault AP, Barth MC, Clegg SL, Collett JL, Fahey KM, Hennigan CJ, Herrmann H, Kanakidou M, Kelly JT, Ku IT, McNeill VF, Riemer N, Schaefer T, Shi G, Tilgner A, Walker JT, Wang T, Weber R, Xing J, Zaveri RA, Zuend A. The Acidity of Atmospheric Particles and Clouds. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2020; 20:4809-4888. [PMID: 33424953 PMCID: PMC7791434 DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-4809-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Acidity, defined as pH, is a central component of aqueous chemistry. In the atmosphere, the acidity of condensed phases (aerosol particles, cloud water, and fog droplets) governs the phase partitioning of semi-volatile gases such as HNO3, NH3, HCl, and organic acids and bases as well as chemical reaction rates. It has implications for the atmospheric lifetime of pollutants, deposition, and human health. Despite its fundamental role in atmospheric processes, only recently has this field seen a growth in the number of studies on particle acidity. Even with this growth, many fine particle pH estimates must be based on thermodynamic model calculations since no operational techniques exist for direct measurements. Current information indicates acidic fine particles are ubiquitous, but observationally-constrained pH estimates are limited in spatial and temporal coverage. Clouds and fogs are also generally acidic, but to a lesser degree than particles, and have a range of pH that is quite sensitive to anthropogenic emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides, as well as ambient ammonia. Historical measurements indicate that cloud and fog droplet pH has changed in recent decades in response to controls on anthropogenic emissions, while the limited trend data for aerosol particles indicates acidity may be relatively constant due to the semi-volatile nature of the key acids and bases and buffering in particles. This paper reviews and synthesizes the current state of knowledge on the acidity of atmospheric condensed phases, specifically particles and cloud droplets. It includes recommendations for estimating acidity and pH, standard nomenclature, a synthesis of current pH estimates based on observations, and new model calculations on the local and global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Havala O. T. Pye
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
- Institute for Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras, GR-26504, Greece
| | - Becky Alexander
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Andrew P. Ault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1055, USA
| | - Mary C. Barth
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 80307, USA
| | - Simon L. Clegg
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Jeffrey L. Collett
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Fahey
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Christopher J. Hennigan
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leipzig, 04318, Germany
| | - Maria Kanakidou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes, Heraklion Crete, 71003, Greece
| | - James T. Kelly
- Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - I-Ting Ku
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - V. Faye McNeill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Nicole Riemer
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, 61801, USA
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leipzig, 04318, Germany
| | - Guoliang Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Andreas Tilgner
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leipzig, 04318, Germany
| | - John T. Walker
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rodney Weber
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Jia Xing
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Rahul A. Zaveri
- Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Andreas Zuend
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0B9, Canada
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18
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Brüggemann M, Xu R, Tilgner A, Kwong KC, Mutzel A, Poon HY, Otto T, Schaefer T, Poulain L, Chan MN, Herrmann H. Organosulfates in Ambient Aerosol: State of Knowledge and Future Research Directions on Formation, Abundance, Fate, and Importance. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:3767-3782. [PMID: 32157872 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Organosulfates (OSs), also referred to as organic sulfate esters, are well-known and ubiquitous constituents of atmospheric aerosol particles. Commonly, they are assumed to form upon mixing of air masses of biogenic and anthropogenic origin, that is, through multiphase reactions between organic compounds and acidic sulfate particles. However, in contrast to this simplified picture, recent studies suggest that OSs may also originate from purely anthropogenic precursors or even directly from biomass and fossil fuel burning. Moreover, besides classical OS formation pathways, several alternative routes have been discovered, suggesting that OS formation possibly occurs through a wider variety of formation mechanisms in the atmosphere than initially expected. During the past decade, OSs have reached a constantly growing attention within the atmospheric science community with evermore studies reporting on large numbers of OS species in ambient aerosol. Nonetheless, estimates on OS concentrations and implications on atmospheric physicochemical processes are still connected to large uncertainties, calling for combined field, laboratory, and modeling studies. In this Critical Review, we summarize the current state of knowledge in atmospheric OS research, discuss unresolved questions, and outline future research needs, also in view of reductions of anthropogenic sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions. Particularly, we focus on (1) field measurements of OSs and measurement techniques, (2) formation pathways of OSs and their atmospheric relevance, (3) transformation, reactivity, and fate of OSs in atmospheric particles, and (4) modeling efforts of OS formation and their global abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Brüggemann
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rongshuang Xu
- Earth System Science Programme, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Andreas Tilgner
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kai Chung Kwong
- Earth System Science Programme, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Anke Mutzel
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hon Yin Poon
- Earth System Science Programme, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tobias Otto
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Laurent Poulain
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Man Nin Chan
- Earth System Science Programme, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- The Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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19
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Wach P, Spólnik G, Surratt JD, Blaziak K, Rudzinski KJ, Lin YH, Maenhaut W, Danikiewicz W, Claeys M, Szmigielski R. Structural Characterization of Lactone-Containing MW 212 Organosulfates Originating from Isoprene Oxidation in Ambient Fine Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:1415-1424. [PMID: 31917550 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene (C5H8) is the main non-methane hydrocarbon emitted into the global atmosphere. Despite intense research, atmospheric transformations of isoprene leading to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) are still not fully understood, including its multiphase chemical reactions. Herein, we report on the detailed structural characterization of atmospherically relevant isoprene-derived organosulfates (OSs) with a molecular weight (MW) of 212 (C5H8SO7), which are abundantly present in both ambient fine aerosol (PM2.5) and laboratory-generated isoprene SOA. The results obtained from smog chamber-generated isoprene SOA and aqueous-phase laboratory experiments coupled to the S(IV)-autooxidation chemistry of isoprene, 3-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, and 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, allowed us for the first time to fully elucidate the isomeric structures of the MW 212 OSs. By applying liquid chromatography interfaced to electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry, we firmly confirmed six positional isomers of the MW 212 OSs in PM2.5 collected from different sites in Europe and the United States. Our results also show that despite the low solubility of isoprene in water, aqueous-phase or multiphase chemistry can play an important role in the formation of OSs from isoprene. Possible formation mechanisms for the MW 212 OSs are also tentatively proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Wach
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Grzegorz Spólnik
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Jason D Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Kacper Blaziak
- Faculty of Chemistry , University of Warsaw , Pasteura 1 , 02-093 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Krzysztof J Rudzinski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Ying-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Environmental Sciences , University of California Riverside , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Willy Maenhaut
- Department of Chemistry , Ghent University , BE 9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | - Witold Danikiewicz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Magda Claeys
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Antwerp , BE 2610 Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Rafal Szmigielski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland
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20
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Wang Y, Ma Y, Li X, Kuang BY, Huang C, Tong R, Yu JZ. Monoterpene and Sesquiterpene α-Hydroxy Organosulfates: Synthesis, MS/MS Characteristics, and Ambient Presence. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:12278-12290. [PMID: 31584263 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Organosulfates (OSs) derived from biogenic volatile organic compounds are important compounds signifying interactions between anthropogenic sulfur pollution and natural emission. In this work, we substantially expand the OS standard library through the chemical synthesis of 26 α-hydroxy OS standards from eight monoterpenes (i.e., α- and β-pinene, limonene, sabinene, Δ3-carene, terpinolene, and α- and γ-terpinene) and two sesquiterpenes (i.e., α-humulene and β-caryophyllene). The sulfation of unsymmetrically substituted 1,2-diol intermediates produced a regioisomeric mixture of two OSs. The major regioisomeric OSs were isolated and purified for full NMR characterization, while the minor regioisomers could only be determined by liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer (MS). The tandem mass spectra of the molecular ion formed through electrospray ionization confirmed the formation of abundant bisulfate ion fragments (m/z 97) and certain minor ion fragments characteristic of the carbon backbone. A knowledge of the MS/MS spectra and chromatographic retention times for authentic standards allows us to identify α-hydroxy OSs derived from six monoterpenes and β-caryophyllene in ambient samples. Notably, among two possible regioisomers of α-hydroxy OSs, we only detected the isomers with the sulfate group at the less substituted carbon position derived from α-pinene, limonene, sabinene, Δ3-carene, and terpinolene in the ambient samples. This observation sheds light on the atmospheric OS formation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yingge Ma
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of the Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex , Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences , Shanghai 200233 , China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering , Shanghai University , Shanghai 200444 , China
| | | | - Cheng Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of the Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex , Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences , Shanghai 200233 , China
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21
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Zhang J, Chen J, Xue C, Chen H, Zhang Q, Liu X, Mu Y, Guo Y, Wang D, Chen Y, Li J, Qu Y, An J. Impacts of six potential HONO sources on HO x budgets and SOA formation during a wintertime heavy haze period in the North China Plain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 681:110-123. [PMID: 31102812 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Weather Research and Forecasting/Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model updated with six potential HONO sources (i.e., traffic, soil, biomass burning and indoor emissions, and heterogeneous reactions on aerosol and ground surfaces) was used to quantify the impact of the six potential HONO sources on the production and loss rates of OH and HO2 radicals and the concentrations of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in the Beijing-Tianjin-Heibei (BTH) region of China during a winter heavy haze period of Nov. 29-Dec. 3, 2017. The updated WRF-Chem model well simulated the observed HONO concentrations at the Wangdu site, especially in the daytime, and well reproduced the observed diurnal variations of regional-mean O3 in the BTH region. The traffic emission source was an important HONO source during nighttime but not significant during daytime, heterogeneous reactions on ground/aerosol surfaces were important during nighttime and daytime. We found that the six potential HONO sources led to a significant enhancement in the dominant production and loss rates of HOx on the wintertime heavy haze and nonhaze days (particularly on the heavy haze day), an enhancement of 5-25 μg m-3 (75-200%) in the ground SOA in the studied heavy haze event, and an enhancement of 2-15 μg m-3 in the meridional-mean SOA on the heavy haze day, demonstrating that the six potential HONO sources accelerate the HOx cycles and aggravate haze events. HONO was the key precursor of primary OH in the BTH region in the studied wintertime period, and the photolysis of HONO produced a daytime mean OH production rate of 2.59 ppb h-1 on the heavy haze day, much higher than that of 0.58 ppb h-1 on the nonhaze day. Anthropogenic SOA dominated in the BTH region in the studied wintertime period, and its main precursors were xylenes (42%), BIGENE (31%) and toluene (21%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chaoyang Xue
- College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality, Beijing, China
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 36102, China
| | - Yitian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Danyun Wang
- College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; International Center for Climate and Environment Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jialin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yu Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Junling An
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 36102, China.
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22
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Zhang P, Chen T, Liu J, Liu C, Ma J, Ma Q, Chu B, He H. Impacts of SO 2, Relative Humidity, and Seed Acidity on Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation in the Ozonolysis of Butyl Vinyl Ether. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:8845-8853. [PMID: 31298843 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Alkyl vinyl ethers are widely used as fuel additives. Despite this, their atmospheric chemistry and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation potentials are still not well-known under complex pollution conditions. In this work, we examined the impact of SO2, relative humidity (RH), and particle acidity on the formation and oxidation state (OSc) of SOA from butyl vinyl ether (BVE) ozonolysis. Increasing SO2 concentration produced a notable promotion of SOA formation and OSc due to the significant increase in H2SO4 particles and formation of more highly oxidized components. Increased RH in the presence of SO2 appeared to promote, suppress, and dominate the formation and OSc of SOA in the dry range (1-10%), low RH range (10-42%), and moderate RH range (42-64%), respectively. This highlights the importance of competition between H2O and SO2 in reacting with the stabilized Criegee intermediate in BVE ozonolysis at ambient RH. Increased particle acidity mainly contributed to the change in chemical composition of BVE-dominated SOA but not to SOA formation. The results presented here extend previous analysis of BVE-derived SOA and further aid our understanding of SOA formation potential of BVE ozonolysis under highly complex pollution conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control , Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Tianzeng Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control , Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control , Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Changgeng Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control , Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
| | - Jinzhu Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control , Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xiamen 361021 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Qingxin Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control , Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xiamen 361021 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Biwu Chu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control , Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xiamen 361021 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control , Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xiamen 361021 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
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23
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Riva M, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Lei Z, Olson NE, Boyer HC, Narayan S, Yee LD, Green HS, Cui T, Zhang Z, Baumann K, Fort M, Edgerton E, Budisulistiorini SH, Rose CA, Ribeiro IO, e Oliveira RL, dos Santos EO, Machado CMD, Szopa S, Zhao Y, Alves EG, de Sá SS, Hu W, Knipping EM, Shaw SL, Duvoisin S, de Souza RAF, Palm BB, Jimenez JL, Glasius M, Goldstein AH, Pye HOT, Gold A, Turpin BJ, Vizuete W, Martin ST, Thornton JA, Dutcher CS, Ault AP, Surratt JD. Increasing Isoprene Epoxydiol-to-Inorganic Sulfate Aerosol Ratio Results in Extensive Conversion of Inorganic Sulfate to Organosulfur Forms: Implications for Aerosol Physicochemical Properties. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:8682-8694. [PMID: 31335134 PMCID: PMC6823602 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Acid-driven multiphase chemistry of isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX), key isoprene oxidation products, with inorganic sulfate aerosol yields substantial amounts of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) through the formation of organosulfur compounds. The extent and implications of inorganic-to-organic sulfate conversion, however, are unknown. In this article, we demonstrate that extensive consumption of inorganic sulfate occurs, which increases with the IEPOX-to-inorganic sulfate concentration ratio (IEPOX/Sulfinorg), as determined by laboratory measurements. Characterization of the total sulfur aerosol observed at Look Rock, Tennessee, from 2007 to 2016 shows that organosulfur mass fractions will likely continue to increase with ongoing declines in anthropogenic Sulfinorg, consistent with our laboratory findings. We further demonstrate that organosulfur compounds greatly modify critical aerosol properties, such as acidity, morphology, viscosity, and phase state. These new mechanistic insights demonstrate that changes in SO2 emissions, especially in isoprene-dominated environments, will significantly alter biogenic SOA physicochemical properties. Consequently, IEPOX/Sulfinorg will play an important role in understanding the historical climate and determining future impacts of biogenic SOA on the global climate and air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Riva
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yuzhi Chen
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Ziying Lei
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nicole E. Olson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hallie C. Boyer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Shweta Narayan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lindsay D. Yee
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Hilary S. Green
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Tianqu Cui
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Zhenfa Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Mike Fort
- Atmospheric Research & Analysis, Inc., Cary, NC 27513, USA
| | - Eric Edgerton
- Atmospheric Research & Analysis, Inc., Cary, NC 27513, USA
| | - Sri H. Budisulistiorini
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Caitlin A. Rose
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Igor O. Ribeiro
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, 69050, Brasil
| | - Rafael L. e Oliveira
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, 69050, Brasil
| | - Erickson O. dos Santos
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, 69067, Brazil
| | - Cristine M. D. Machado
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, 69067, Brazil
| | - Sophie Szopa
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ-IPSL, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Eliane G. Alves
- Environment Dynamics Department, National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, 69067, Brazil
| | - Suzane S. de Sá
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Weiwei Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | | | | | - Sergio Duvoisin
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, 69050, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo A. F. de Souza
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, 69050, Brasil
| | - Brett B. Palm
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Jose-Luis Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | | | - Allen H. Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Havala O. T. Pye
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Avram Gold
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Barbara J. Turpin
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - William Vizuete
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Scot T. Martin
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Joel A. Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Cari S. Dutcher
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Andrew P. Ault
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jason D. Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Abstract
Environmental chambers have proven to be essential for atmospheric photochemistry research. This historical perspective summarizes chamber research characterizing smog. Experiments with volatile organic compounds (VOCs)-nitrogen oxides (NOx) have characterized O3 and aerosol chemistry. These led to the creation and evaluation of complex reaction mechanisms adopted for various applications. Gas-phase photochemistry was initiated and developed using chamber studies. Post-1950s study of photochemical aerosols began using smog chambers. Much of the knowledge about the chemistry of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) derives from chamber studies complemented with specially designed atmospheric studies. Two major findings emerge from post-1990s SOA experiments: (1) photochemical SOAs hypothetically involve hydrocarbons and oxygenates with carbon numbers of 2, and (2) SOA evolves via more than one generation of reactions as condensed material exchanges with the vapor phase during “aging”. These elements combine with multiphase chemistry to yield mechanisms for aerosols. Smog chambers, like all simulators, are limited representations of the atmosphere. Translation to the atmosphere is complicated by constraints in reaction times, container interactions, influence of precursor injections, and background species. Interpretation of kinetics requires integration into atmospheric models addressing the combined effects of precursor emissions, surface exchange, hydrometeor interactions, air motion and sunlight.
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25
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Giorio C, Bortolini C, Kourtchev I, Tapparo A, Bogialli S, Kalberer M. Direct target and non-target analysis of urban aerosol sample extracts using atmospheric pressure photoionisation high-resolution mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 224:786-795. [PMID: 30851530 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous atmospheric pollutants of high concern for public health. In the atmosphere they undergo oxidation, mainly through reactions with ·OH and NOx to produce nitro- and oxygenated (oxy-) derivatives. In this study, we developed a new method for the detection of particle-bound PAHs, nitro-PAHs and oxy-PAHs using direct infusion into an atmospheric pressure photoionisation high-resolution mass spectrometer (APPI-HRMS). Method optimisation was done by testing different source temperatures, gas flow rates, mobile phases and dopants. Samples were extracted with methanol, concentrated by evaporation and directly infused in the APPI source after adding toluene as dopant. Acquisition was performed in both polarity modes. The method was applied to target analysis of seasonal PM2.5 samples from an urban background site in Padua (Italy), in the Po Valley, in which a series of PAHs, nitro- and oxy-PAHs were detected. APPI-HRMS was then used for non-target analysis of seasonal PM2.5 samples and results compared with nano-electrospray ionisation (nanoESI) HRMS. The results showed that, when samples were characterised by highly oxidised organic compounds, including S-containing compounds, like in summer samples, APPI did not bring any additional information with respect to nanoESI in negative polarity (nanoESI(-)). Conversely, for winter samples, APPI(-) could detect a series of aromatic and poly-aromatic compounds, mainly oxidised and nitrogenated aromatics, that were not otherwise detected with nanoESI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Giorio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom; Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 1, Padova, 35131, Italy.
| | - Claudio Bortolini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 1, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Ivan Kourtchev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Tapparo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 1, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Sara Bogialli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 1, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Markus Kalberer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 27, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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26
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Liu S, Jiang X, Tsona NT, Lv C, Du L. Effects of NOx, SO 2 and RH on the SOA formation from cyclohexene photooxidation. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 216:794-804. [PMID: 30396140 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We performed a laboratory investigation of the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from cyclohexene photooxidation with different initial NOx and SO2 concentrations at low and high relative humidity (RH). Both SOA yield and number concentration first increase drastically and then, decreased when the [VOC]0/[NOx]0 ratio changed from 30 to 10 and from 10 to 3. Though the presence of SO2 could increase the SOA number concentration, the SOA yield could only increase under [VOC]0/[NOx]0 = 10 and high RH, and [VOC]0/[NOx]0 = 3 and low RH experimental conditions, while decreasing under [VOC]0/[NOx]0 = 10 and low RH conditions. In the presence of SO2, the high RH and high NOx conditions were keys to efficient sulfate formation and could promote the SOA formation. The chemical composition of SOA was characterized using hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometer equipped with electrospray ionization (ESI-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS), and few organosulfates were identified. A visible enhancement of organosulfates and the formation of high molecular weight organic compounds were observed at high RH conditions, and this seemed to be the reason for the SOA yield increase at high RH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Liu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xiaotong Jiang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Narcisse T Tsona
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Chen Lv
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Lin Du
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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27
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Glasius M, Bering MS, Yee LD, de Sá SS, Isaacman-VanWertz G, Wernis RA, Barbosa HMJ, Alexander ML, Palm BB, Hu W, Campuzano-Jost P, Day DA, Jimenez JL, Shrivastava M, Martin ST, Goldstein AH. Organosulfates in aerosols downwind of an urban region in central Amazon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2018; 20:1546-1558. [PMID: 30357193 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00413g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organosulfates are formed in the atmosphere from reactions between reactive organic compounds (such as oxidation products of isoprene) and acidic sulfate aerosol. Here we investigated speciated organosulfates in an area typically downwind of the city of Manaus situated in the Amazon forest in Brazil during "GoAmazon2014/5" in both the wet season (February-March) and dry season (August-October). We observe products consistent with the reaction of isoprene photooxidation products and sulfate aerosols, leading to formation of several types of isoprene-derived organosulfates, which contribute 3% up to 42% of total sulfate aerosol measured by aerosol mass spectrometry. During the wet season the average contribution of summed organic sulfate concentrations to total sulfate was 19 ± 10% and similarly during the dry season the contribution was 19 ± 8%. This is the highest fraction of speciated organic sulfate to total sulfate observed at any reported site. Organosulfates appeared to be dominantly formed from isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX), averaging 104 ± 73 ng m-3 (range 15-328 ng m-3) during the wet season, with much higher abundance 610 ± 400 ng m-3 (range 86-1962 ng m-3) during the dry season. The concentration of isoprene-derived organic sulfate correlated with total inorganic sulfate (R2 = 0.35 and 0.51 during the wet and dry seasons, respectively), implying the significant influence of inorganic sulfate aerosol for the heterogeneous reactive uptake of IEPOX. Organosulfates also contributed to organic matter in aerosols (3.5 ± 1.9% during the wet season and 5.1 ± 2.5% during the dry season). The present study shows that an important fraction of sulfate in aerosols in the Amazon downwind of Manaus consists of multifunctional organic chemicals formed in the atmosphere, and that increased SO2 emissions would substantially increase SOA formation from isoprene.
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28
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Chakraborty A, Rajeev P, Rajput P, Gupta T. Water soluble organic aerosols in indo gangetic plain (IGP): Insights from aerosol mass spectrometry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 599-600:1573-1582. [PMID: 28535589 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Filter samples collected during winter of 2015-16 from two polluted urban locations (Allahabad and Kanpur) residing within Indo-Gangetic plain (IGP) showed high levels of water-soluble organic aerosols (WSOA). Total organic aerosols (OA) in submicron fraction, measured at Kanpur in real time via Aerosol Mass Spectrometer also showed substantially high concentration levels. WSOA to OA contribution in Kanpur was found to be very high (around 55%) indicating significant contributions from secondary OA (SOA). On average, WSOA oxidation ratio (O/C) was found to be higher (15-20%) in Kanpur than at Allahabad. WSOA from Allahabad was found to be following a much shallower slope (-0.38) in Van Krevelen diagram (H/C vs O/C plot) than Kanpur (-0.58). These differences suggest different composition and chemistry of WSOA at these two different locations. O/C ratios of WSOA were found to be much higher (~40%) than that of OA and independent of WSOA loading. Higher OA loadings were found to be associated with less oxidized primary OAs (POA) and culminated into lower WSOA/OA ratios. The presence of organo sulfate in filter samples from both locations indicate a significant amount of aqueous processing of organics. Concentrations and characteristics of water insoluble OA (WIOA) in Kanpur revealed that although they are present in significant quantity, their oxidation levels are much (almost 3 times) lower than that of WSOA. This finding indicates that less oxidized OAs are less soluble in line with the conventional wisdom. This study provides the first insight into oxidation levels and evolution of WSOA from India and also explores the interplay between WSOA and OA characteristics based on AMS measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pradhi Rajeev
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India
| | - Prashant Rajput
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India
| | - Tarun Gupta
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India; Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India.
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29
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Cao G, Zhao X, Hu D, Zhu R, Ouyang F. Development and application of a quantification method for water soluble organosulfates in atmospheric aerosols. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 225:316-322. [PMID: 28318796 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, organosulfates have been found as a significant component of secondary organic aerosols from both smog chamber experiments and field measurements. In this study, an indirect method was developed to estimate organosulfates in aerosol particles as a whole based on their sulfate functional group. A series of experiments were conducted to optimize and validate the method, and it was then applied to quantify organosulfates in the aerosol samples collected at three sampling characteristic sites in Shenzhen, with one close to a power plant (PP), one at a heavy traffic intersection (HTI), and one on the campus of Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen graduate school (HITSZ). On average, the mass concentrations of organic sulfur (Sorg) were 1.98, 1.11, 0.25 μgS m-3 in PP, HTI and HITSZ respectively. The lower bounds of mass concentrations of organosuflates (OMs-related) were 6.86, 3.85 and 0.86 μg m-3 and the upper bounds of mass concentrations of organosulfates were 23.05, 12.93 and 2.90 μg m-3 in PP, HTI and HITSZ respectively. This indicates that primary emissions from coal burning and automobile exhaust can promote the secondary formation of organosulfates in the atmosphere. Overall, the mass concentrations observed in this work were higher than those reported by previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Cao
- Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Xiaopei Zhao
- Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Di Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Shenzhen, 518057, PR China
| | - Rongshu Zhu
- Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Feng Ouyang
- Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
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30
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Duporté G, Flaud PM, Geneste E, Augagneur S, Pangui E, Lamkaddam H, Gratien A, Doussin JF, Budzinski H, Villenave E, Perraudin E. Experimental Study of the Formation of Organosulfates from α-Pinene Oxidation. Part I: Product Identification, Formation Mechanisms and Effect of Relative Humidity. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:7909-7923. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b08504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Duporté
- Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - P.-M. Flaud
- Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - E. Geneste
- Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - S. Augagneur
- Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - E. Pangui
- Université Paris-Est-Créteil (UPEC) and Université Paris Diderot (UPD), LISA, UMR 7583, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - H. Lamkaddam
- Université Paris-Est-Créteil (UPEC) and Université Paris Diderot (UPD), LISA, UMR 7583, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - A. Gratien
- Université Paris-Est-Créteil (UPEC) and Université Paris Diderot (UPD), LISA, UMR 7583, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - J.-F. Doussin
- Université Paris-Est-Créteil (UPEC) and Université Paris Diderot (UPD), LISA, UMR 7583, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - H. Budzinski
- Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - E. Villenave
- Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - E. Perraudin
- Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
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31
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Riva M, Budisulistiorini SH, Chen Y, Zhang Z, D'Ambro EL, Zhang X, Gold A, Turpin BJ, Thornton JA, Canagaratna MR, Surratt JD. Chemical Characterization of Secondary Organic Aerosol from Oxidation of Isoprene Hydroxyhydroperoxides. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:9889-99. [PMID: 27466979 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric oxidation of isoprene under low-NOx conditions leads to the formation of isoprene hydroxyhydroperoxides (ISOPOOH). Subsequent oxidation of ISOPOOH largely produces isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX), which are known secondary organic aerosol (SOA) precursors. Although SOA from IEPOX has been previously examined, systematic studies of SOA characterization through a non-IEPOX route from 1,2-ISOPOOH oxidation are lacking. In the present work, SOA formation from the oxidation of authentic 1,2-ISOPOOH under low-NOx conditions was systematically examined with varying aerosol compositions and relative humidity. High yields of highly oxidized compounds, including multifunctional organosulfates (OSs) and hydroperoxides, were chemically characterized in both laboratory-generated SOA and fine aerosol samples collected from the southeastern U.S. IEPOX-derived SOA constituents were observed in all experiments, but their concentrations were only enhanced in the presence of acidified sulfate aerosol, consistent with prior work. High-resolution aerosol mass spectrometry (HR-AMS) reveals that 1,2-ISOPOOH-derived SOA formed through non-IEPOX routes exhibits a notable mass spectrum with a characteristic fragment ion at m/z 91. This laboratory-generated mass spectrum is strongly correlated with a factor recently resolved by positive matrix factorization (PMF) of aerosol mass spectrometer data collected in areas dominated by isoprene emissions, suggesting that the non-IEPOX pathway could contribute to ambient SOA measured in the Southeastern United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Riva
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Sri H Budisulistiorini
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Yuzhi Chen
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Zhenfa Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Emma L D'Ambro
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195 United States
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research , Billerica, Massachusetts 01821 United States
| | - Avram Gold
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Barbara J Turpin
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Joel A Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195 United States
| | - Manjula R Canagaratna
- Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research , Billerica, Massachusetts 01821 United States
| | - Jason D Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
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32
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Riva M, Tomaz S, Cui T, Lin YH, Perraudin E, Gold A, Stone EA, Villenave E, Surratt JD. Evidence for an unrecognized secondary anthropogenic source of organosulfates and sulfonates: gas-phase oxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the presence of sulfate aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:6654-64. [PMID: 25879928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, formation of aromatic organosulfates (OSs) from the photo-oxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was investigated. Naphthalene (NAP) and 2-methylnaphthalene (2-MeNAP), two of the most abundant gas-phase PAHs and thought to represent "missing" sources of urban SOA, were photochemically oxidized in an outdoor smog chamber facility in the presence of nonacidified and acidified sulfate seed aerosol. Effects of seed aerosol composition, acidity and relative humidity on OS formation were examined. Chemical characterization of SOA extracts by ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry revealed the formation of OSs and sulfonates from photo-oxidation in the presence of sulfate seed aerosol. Many of the organosulfur compounds identified in the smog chamber extracts were also measured in urban fine aerosol collected at Lahore, Pakistan, and Pasadena, USA, demonstrating that PAH photo-oxidation in the presence of sulfate aerosol is a hitherto unrecognized source of anthropogenic secondary organosulfur compounds, and providing new PAH SOA tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Riva
- †Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Sophie Tomaz
- ‡EPOC, UMR 5805, University of Bordeaux, F-33405 Talence, France
- §EPOC, UMR 5805, CNRS, F-33405 Talence, France
| | - Tianqu Cui
- †Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Ying-Hsuan Lin
- †Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Emilie Perraudin
- ‡EPOC, UMR 5805, University of Bordeaux, F-33405 Talence, France
- §EPOC, UMR 5805, CNRS, F-33405 Talence, France
| | - Avram Gold
- †Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Stone
- ⊥Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Eric Villenave
- ‡EPOC, UMR 5805, University of Bordeaux, F-33405 Talence, France
- §EPOC, UMR 5805, CNRS, F-33405 Talence, France
| | - Jason D Surratt
- †Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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33
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Herrmann H, Schaefer T, Tilgner A, Styler SA, Weller C, Teich M, Otto T. Tropospheric aqueous-phase chemistry: kinetics, mechanisms, and its coupling to a changing gas phase. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4259-334. [PMID: 25950643 DOI: 10.1021/cr500447k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Tilgner
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sarah A Styler
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Weller
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Monique Teich
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tobias Otto
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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34
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Zhang R, Wang G, Guo S, Zamora ML, Ying Q, Lin Y, Wang W, Hu M, Wang Y. Formation of urban fine particulate matter. Chem Rev 2015; 115:3803-55. [PMID: 25942499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 473] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Renyi Zhang
- §State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Song Guo
- §State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | - Min Hu
- §State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Wang
- #Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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35
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Liu Q, Wang W, Ge M. Acid-catalyzed heterogeneous reaction of 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol with hydrogen peroxide. J Environ Sci (China) 2015; 31:89-97. [PMID: 25968263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2014.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Acid-catalyzed heterogeneous oxidation with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has been suggested to be a potential pathway for secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from isoprene and its oxidation products. However, knowledge of the chemical mechanism and kinetics for this process is still incomplete. 3-Methyl-2-buten-1-ol (MBO321), an aliphatic alcohol structurally similar to isoprene, is emitted by pine forests and widely used in the manufacturing industries. Herein the uptake of MBO321 into H2SO4-H2O2 mixed solution was investigated using a flow-tube reactor coupled to a mass spectrometer. The reactive uptake coefficients (γ) were acquired for the first time and were found to increase rapidly with increasing acid concentration. Corresponding aqueous-phase reactions were performed to further study the mechanism of this acid-catalyzed reaction. MBO321 could convert to 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (MBO232) and yield isoprene in acidic media. Organic hydroperoxides (ROOHs) were found to be generated through the acid-catalyzed route, which could undergo a rearrangement reaction and result in the formation of acetone and acetaldehyde. Organosulfates, which have been proposed to be SOA tracer compounds in the atmosphere, were also produced during the oxidation process. These results suggest that the heterogeneous acid-catalyzed reaction of MBO321 with H2O2 may contribute to SOA mass under certain atmospheric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifan Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Weigang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Maofa Ge
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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36
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Liao J, Froyd KD, Murphy DM, Keutsch FN, Yu G, Wennberg PO, St Clair JM, Crounse JD, Wisthaler A, Mikoviny T, Jimenez JL, Campuzano-Jost P, Day DA, Hu W, Ryerson TB, Pollack IB, Peischl J, Anderson BE, Ziemba LD, Blake DR, Meinardi S, Diskin G. Airborne measurements of organosulfates over the continental U.S. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2015; 120:2990-3005. [PMID: 26702368 PMCID: PMC4677836 DOI: 10.1002/2014jd022378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Organosulfates are important secondary organic aerosol (SOA) components and good tracers for aerosol heterogeneous reactions. However, the knowledge of their spatial distribution, formation conditions, and environmental impact is limited. In this study, we report two organosulfates, an isoprene-derived isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX) (2,3-epoxy-2-methyl-1,4-butanediol) sulfate and a glycolic acid (GA) sulfate, measured using the NOAA Particle Analysis Laser Mass Spectrometer (PALMS) on board the NASA DC8 aircraft over the continental U.S. during the Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry Experiment (DC3) and the Studies of Emissions and Atmospheric Composition, Clouds, and Climate Coupling by Regional Surveys (SEAC4RS). During these campaigns, IEPOX sulfate was estimated to account for 1.4% of submicron aerosol mass (or 2.2% of organic aerosol mass) on average near the ground in the southeast U.S., with lower concentrations in the western U.S. (0.2-0.4%) and at high altitudes (<0.2%). Compared to IEPOX sulfate, GA sulfate was more uniformly distributed, accounting for about 0.5% aerosol mass on average, and may be more abundant globally. A number of other organosulfates were detected; none were as abundant as these two. Ambient measurements confirmed that IEPOX sulfate is formed from isoprene oxidation and is a tracer for isoprene SOA formation. The organic precursors of GA sulfate may include glycolic acid and likely have both biogenic and anthropogenic sources. Higher aerosol acidity as measured by PALMS and relative humidity tend to promote IEPOX sulfate formation, and aerosol acidity largely drives in situ GA sulfate formation at high altitudes. This study suggests that the formation of aerosol organosulfates depends not only on the appropriate organic precursors but also on emissions of anthropogenic sulfur dioxide (SO2), which contributes to aerosol acidity. KEY POINTS IEPOX sulfate is an isoprene SOA tracer at acidic and low NO conditions Glycolic acid sulfate may be more abundant than IEPOX sulfate globally SO2 impacts IEPOX sulfate by increasing aerosol acidity and water uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Liao
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAABoulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Karl D Froyd
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAABoulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Daniel M Murphy
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAABoulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Frank N Keutsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, Wisconsin, USA
- Now at Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard UniversityCambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ge Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Paul O Wennberg
- Division of Geology & Planetary SciencesPasadena, California, USA
- Division of Engineering and Applied SciencePasadena, California, USA
| | - Jason M St Clair
- Division of Geology & Planetary SciencesPasadena, California, USA
| | - John D Crounse
- Division of Geology & Planetary SciencesPasadena, California, USA
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Leopold-Franzens Universität InnsbruckInnsbruck, Austria
- Now at Department of Chemistry, University of OlsoOslo, Norway
| | - Tomas Mikoviny
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Leopold-Franzens Universität InnsbruckInnsbruck, Austria
- Now at Department of Chemistry, University of OlsoOslo, Norway
| | - Jose L Jimenez
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Pedro Campuzano-Jost
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Douglas A Day
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Weiwei Hu
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Thomas B Ryerson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAABoulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Ilana B Pollack
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAABoulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Jeff Peischl
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAABoulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA
| | | | | | - Donald R Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of CaliforniaIrvine, California, USA
| | - Simone Meinardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of CaliforniaIrvine, California, USA
| | - Glenn Diskin
- NASA Langley Research CenterHampton, Virginia, USA
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37
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Nozière B, Kalberer M, Claeys M, Allan J, D'Anna B, Decesari S, Finessi E, Glasius M, Grgić I, Hamilton JF, Hoffmann T, Iinuma Y, Jaoui M, Kahnt A, Kampf CJ, Kourtchev I, Maenhaut W, Marsden N, Saarikoski S, Schnelle-Kreis J, Surratt JD, Szidat S, Szmigielski R, Wisthaler A. The molecular identification of organic compounds in the atmosphere: state of the art and challenges. Chem Rev 2015; 115:3919-83. [PMID: 25647604 DOI: 10.1021/cr5003485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Nozière
- †Ircelyon/CNRS and Université Lyon 1, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | - Barbara D'Anna
- †Ircelyon/CNRS and Université Lyon 1, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | - Irena Grgić
- ○National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | - Yoshiteru Iinuma
- ¶Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Ivan Kourtchev
- ‡University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Willy Maenhaut
- §University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium.,□Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Jason D Surratt
- ▼University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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38
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Mael LE, Jacobs MI, Elrod MJ. Organosulfate and Nitrate Formation and Reactivity from Epoxides Derived from 2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol. J Phys Chem A 2014; 119:4464-72. [DOI: 10.1021/jp510033s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liora E. Mael
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio 44074, United States
| | - Michael I. Jacobs
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio 44074, United States
| | - Matthew J. Elrod
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio 44074, United States
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39
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Shalamzari MS, Kahnt A, Vermeylen R, Kleindienst TE, Lewandowski M, Cuyckens F, Maenhaut W, Claeys M. Characterization of polar organosulfates in secondary organic aerosol from the green leaf volatile 3-Z-hexenal. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:12671-8. [PMID: 25271849 DOI: 10.1021/es503226b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Evidence is provided that the green leaf volatile 3-Z-hexenal serves as a precursor for biogenic secondary organic aerosol through the formation of polar organosulfates (OSs) with molecular weight (MW) 226. The MW 226 C6-OSs were chemically elucidated, along with structurally similar MW 212 C5-OSs, whose biogenic precursor is likely related to 3-Z-hexenal but still remains unknown. The MW 226 and 212 OSs have a substantial abundance in ambient fine aerosol from K-puszta, Hungary, which is comparable to that of the isoprene-related MW 216 OSs, known to be formed through sulfation of C5-epoxydiols, second-generation gas-phase photooxidation products of isoprene. Using detailed interpretation of negative-ion electrospray ionization mass spectral data, the MW 226 compounds are assigned to isomeric sulfate esters of 3,4-dihydroxyhex-5-enoic acid with the sulfate group located at the C-3 or C-4 position. Two MW 212 compounds present in ambient fine aerosol are attributed to isomeric sulfate esters of 2,3-dihydroxypent-4-enoic acid, of which two are sulfated at C-3 and one is sulfated at C-2. The formation of the MW 226 OSs is tentatively explained through photooxidation of 3-Z-hexenal in the gas phase, resulting in an alkoxy radical, followed by a rearrangement and subsequent sulfation of the epoxy group in the particle phase.
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40
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Xu W, Gomez-Hernandez M, Guo S, Secrest J, Marrero-Ortiz W, Zhang AL, Zhang R. Acid-catalyzed reactions of epoxides for atmospheric nanoparticle growth. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:15477-80. [PMID: 25338124 DOI: 10.1021/ja508989a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although new particle formation accounts for about 50% of the global aerosol production in the troposphere, the chemical species and mechanism responsible for the growth of freshly nucleated nanoparticles remain largely uncertain. Here we show large size growth when sulfuric acid nanoparticles of 4-20 nm are exposed to epoxide vapors, dependent on the particle size and relative humidity. Composition analysis of the nanoparticles after epoxide exposure reveals the presence of high molecular weight organosulfates and polymers, indicating the occurrence of acid-catalyzed reactions of epoxides. Our results suggest that epoxides play an important role in the growth of atmospheric newly nucleated nanoparticles, considering their large formation yields from photochemical oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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41
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Tao S, Lu X, Levac N, Bateman AP, Nguyen TB, Bones DL, Nizkorodov SA, Laskin J, Laskin A, Yang X. Molecular characterization of organosulfates in organic aerosols from Shanghai and Los Angeles urban areas by nanospray-desorption electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:10993-1001. [PMID: 25184338 DOI: 10.1021/es5024674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Fine aerosol particles in the urban areas of Shanghai and Los Angeles were collected on days that were characterized by their stagnant air and high organic aerosol concentrations. They were analyzed by nanospray-desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry with high mass resolution (m/Δm = 100,000). Solvent mixtures of acetonitrile and water and acetonitrile and toluene were used to extract and ionize polar and nonpolar compounds, respectively. A diverse mixture of oxygenated hydrocarbons, organosulfates, organonitrates, and organics with reduced nitrogen were detected in the Los Angeles sample. A majority of the organics in the Shanghai sample were detected as organosulfates. The dominant organosulfates that were detected at two locations have distinctly different molecular characteristics. Specifically, the organosulfates in the Los Angeles sample were dominated by biogenic products, while the organosulfates of a yet unknown origin found in the Shanghai sample had distinctive characteristics of long aliphatic carbon chains and low degrees of oxidation and unsaturation. The use of the acetonitrile and toluene solvent facilitated the observation of this type of organosulfates, which suggests that they could have been missed in previous studies that relied on sample extraction using common polar solvents. The high molecular weight and low degree of unsaturation and oxidization of the uncommon organosulfates suggest that they may act as surfactants and plausibly affect the surface tension and hygroscopicity of atmospheric particles. We propose that direct esterification of carbonyl or hydroxyl compounds by sulfates or sulfuric acid in the liquid phase could be the formation pathway of these special organosulfates. Long-chain alkanes from vehicle emissions might be their precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikang Tao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
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42
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Zhang H, Zhang Z, Cui T, Lin YH, Bhathela NA, Ortega J, Worton D, Goldstein A, Guenther A, Jimenez J, Gold A, Surratt JD. Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation via 2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol Photooxidation: Evidence of Acid-Catalyzed Reactive Uptake of Epoxides. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2014; 1:242-247. [PMID: 24860839 PMCID: PMC4029399 DOI: 10.1021/ez500055f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (MBO) photooxidation has recently been observed in both field and laboratory studies. Similar to the level of isoprene, the level of MBO-derived SOA increases with elevated aerosol acidity in the absence of nitric oxide; therefore, an epoxide intermediate, (3,3-dimethyloxiran-2-yl)methanol (MBO epoxide), was synthesized and tentatively proposed to explain this enhancement. In this study, the potential of the synthetic MBO epoxide to form SOA via reactive uptake was systematically examined. SOA was observed only in the presence of acidic aerosol. Major SOA constituents, 2,3-dihydroxyisopentanol and MBO-derived organosulfate isomers, were chemically characterized in both laboratory-generated SOA and in ambient fine aerosol collected from the BEACHON-RoMBAS field campaign during the summer of 2011, where MBO emissions are substantial. Our results support the idea that epoxides are potential products of MBO photooxidation leading to the formation of atmospheric SOA and suggest that reactive uptake of epoxides may explain acid enhancement of SOA observed from other biogenic hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haofei Zhang
- Department
of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global
Public Health, The University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Zhenfa Zhang
- Department
of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global
Public Health, The University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Tianqu Cui
- Department
of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global
Public Health, The University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Ying-Hsuan Lin
- Department
of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global
Public Health, The University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Neil A. Bhathela
- Department
of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global
Public Health, The University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - John Ortega
- Atmospheric
Chemistry Division, National Center for
Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80307, United States
| | - David
R. Worton
- Department
of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Aerosol
Dynamics Inc., Berkeley, California 94710, United States
| | - Allen
H. Goldstein
- Department
of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alex Guenther
- Atmospheric
Chemistry Division, National Center for
Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80307, United States
| | - Jose
L. Jimenez
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences and Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of
Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United
States
| | - Avram Gold
- Department
of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global
Public Health, The University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jason D. Surratt
- Department
of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global
Public Health, The University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Lin P, Yu JZ, Engling G, Kalberer M. Organosulfates in humic-like substance fraction isolated from aerosols at seven locations in East Asia: a study by ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:13118-13127. [PMID: 23153227 DOI: 10.1021/es303570v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Humic-like substances (HULIS) in ambient aerosols collected at seven locations in East Asia were analyzed using electrospray ionization (ESI) coupled with an ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometer (UHRMS). Locations included a 3 km high mountaintop site in Taiwan, rural, suburban, and urban locations in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), South China, and in Taiwan. Organosulfates (OS) in the HULIS fraction were tentatively identified through accurate mass measurements and MS/MS spectra interpretation. In the two mountaintop samples collected in regional background atmosphere, little OS were detected, while a few hundred OS formulas were identified in the six samples taken in Taiwan and PRD. Many of the OS ions were among the most intense peaks in the negative ESI-UHRMS spectra, and their elemental formulas were identical to OS derived from biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) (e.g., monoterpenes) that have been identified in chamber studies. With OS having less than 6 carbon atoms too hydrophilic to be effectively retained in the HULIS fraction, OS containing 10 carbon atoms were the most abundant, indicating monoterpenes as important precursors of OS in the HULIS fraction. Clear spatial variation in abundance of OS was found among different atmospheric environments, with enhanced coupling of BVOCs with anthropogenic acidic aerosols observed in the PRD samples over the Taiwan samples. The double bond equivalent (DBE) values indicate the majority of OS (>90%) in the HULIS fraction are aliphatic. The elemental compositions of OS compounds containing N atoms (defined as CHONS) indicate that they are probably nitrooxy OS. Some insights into OS formation mechanisms are also gained through examining the presence/absence of perceived reactant-product formula pairs in the mass spectra. The results suggest the dominant epoxide intermediate pathway for formation of OS compounds without N atoms (defined as CHOS) and confirm the more readily hydrolyzed characteristics of the --ONO₂ group than the --OSO₃ group. There is a lack of evidence for the epoxide pathway to account for the formation of OS in the CHONS subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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