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Li G, Cui Y, Yang X, Xin X, Yan H, Han D. Fabrication of molecularly imprinted carbon nanotubes integrating ionic liquids for efficient detection of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid in environmental water. Talanta 2024; 275:126017. [PMID: 38626499 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
It is extremely significant while challenging to accurately detect low-levels of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid compounds (PFCAs) in environmental water. Herein, adopting perfluorotetradecanoic acid as the dummy template, selective molecularly imprinted composites (CNTs@ILs@MIPs) grafted carbon nanotubes integrating hydrophilic ionic liquids were successfully prepared via surface imprinting and dummy-template imprinting techniques. The obtained CNTs@ILs@MIPs were applied as selective extraction adsorbent for specifically extract PFCAs in environmental water coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry quantification. Detailed studies were conducted on the main preparation parameters and extraction conditions. The CNTs@ILs@MIPs displayed excellent adsorptivity, and the established method exhibited low LODs (0.60-1.64 ng L-1), wide linearity with R2 above 0.9994, and satisfactory adsorption recoveries (80.5-112.5%) for seven PFCAs. This proposed method provides a new applicable approach for the detection of targeted pollutants in environmental water by utilizing the high affinity and recognition ability of molecularly imprinted carbon nanotube functional materials modified with ionic liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, School of Life Sciences, College of Public Health, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Yahan Cui
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, School of Life Sciences, College of Public Health, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Xiaonan Yang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, School of Life Sciences, College of Public Health, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Xuelian Xin
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, School of Life Sciences, College of Public Health, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Hongyuan Yan
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, School of Life Sciences, College of Public Health, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China; State Key Laboratory of New Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China.
| | - Dandan Han
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, School of Life Sciences, College of Public Health, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China.
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Zango ZU, Ethiraj B, Al-Mubaddel FS, Alam MM, Lawal MA, Kadir HA, Khoo KS, Garba ZN, Usman F, Zango MU, Lim JW. An overview on human exposure, toxicity, solid-phase microextraction and adsorptive removal of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) from water matrices. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:116102. [PMID: 37196688 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) are sub-class of perfluoroalkyl substances commonly detected in water matrices. They are persistent in the environment, hence highly toxic to living organisms. Their occurrence at trace amount, complex nature and prone to matrix interference make their extraction and detection a challenge. This study consolidates current advancements in solid-phase extraction (SPE) techniques for the trace-level analysis of PFCAs from water matrices. The advantages of the methods in terms of ease of applications, low-cost, robustness, low solvents consumption, high pre-concentration factors, better extraction efficiency, good selectivity and recovery of the analytes have been emphasized. The article also demonstrated effectiveness of some porous materials for the adsorptive removal of the PFCAs from the water matrices. Mechanisms of the SPE/adsorption techniques have been discussed. The success and limitations of the processes have been elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakariyya Uba Zango
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Applied Science, Al-Qalam University Katsina, 2137, Katsina, Nigeria; Institute of Semi-Arid Zone Studies, Al-Qalam University Katsina, 2137, Katsina, Nigeria.
| | - Baranitharan Ethiraj
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - Fahad S Al-Mubaddel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia; Fellow, King Abdullah City for Renewable and Atomic Energy: Energy Research and Innovation Center, (ERIC), Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Mahtab Alam
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Haliru Aivada Kadir
- Department of Quality Assurance and Control, Dangote Cement Plc, Kogi State, Nigeria
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | | | - Fahad Usman
- Institute of Semi-Arid Zone Studies, Al-Qalam University Katsina, 2137, Katsina, Nigeria
| | - Muttaqa Uba Zango
- Department of Civil Engineering, Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil, P.M.B. 3244, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Jun Wei Lim
- HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
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Ye R, Di Lorenzo RA, Clouthier JT, Young CJ, VandenBoer TC. A Rapid Derivatization for Quantitation of Perfluorinated Carboxylic Acids from Aqueous Matrices by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2023; 95:7648-7655. [PMID: 37133404 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Ultrashort-chain perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) are receiving more attention due to their ever-increasing presence in the environment. Methods have been established for the analysis of short- and long-chain PFCAs, while robust quantitation of ultrashort-chain species is scarce. Here, we develop a novel derivatization method using diphenyl diazomethane for quantitation of C2-C14 PFCAs in aqueous matrices. The method is highlighted by rapid completion of derivatization (<1 min) and retention and separation of ultrashort-chain (C2/C3) PFCA derivatives using H2 carrier gas (R > 1.5). A weak anion exchange solid-phase extraction procedure for analyte recovery from representative aqueous samples was developed and validated by spike and recovery from ultrapure water, synthetic ocean water, and simulated denuder extracts used for collecting gaseous PFCAs. Recoveries for PFCAs ranged from 83 to 130% for the majority of analytes and matrices. The instrument detection limits (IDLs) range from 8 to 220 fg per injection, and method detection limits (MDLs) range from 0.06 to 14.6 pg/mL for 500 mL aqueous samples, which are within an order of magnitude to conventional LC-MS/MS methods. The method was applied to the analysis of real samples of tap water, rainwater, ocean water, and annular denuder extracts. The overall method provides a cost-effective alternative to conventional LC-MS/MS methods, overcoming the typical GC-MS drawbacks of high detection limits and long sample preparation times while being able to simultaneously analyze the complete spectrum of environmentally relevant PFCAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- RenXi Ye
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Robert A Di Lorenzo
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador A1B 3X7, Canada
| | - Jessica T Clouthier
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Cora J Young
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Trevor C VandenBoer
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
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Thepaksorn P, Lee P, Shiwaku Y, Zheng B, Koizumi A, Harada KH. Formation and Degradability of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in River Soils around a Fluoropolymer-Manufacturing Plant in Osaka, Japan. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2023; 84:427-435. [PMID: 37099060 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-023-00998-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies reported that perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) contamination decreased in well, tap, and surface water around a fluoropolymer plant in Osaka, Japan, between 2003 and 2016. In this study, we evaluated the degradability of PFOA and perfluorohexanoic acid in river soils to identify the influence of the degradation on the perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) in the Yodo River Basin. We also investigated the influence of abiotic oxidation on the formation of PFCAs in soils and measured the fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) as precursors of PFCAs in the soil and air samples collected at Osaka and Kyoto. No major degradations were observed in soils contaminated with PFCA during the 24-week experimental period, while the PFOA levels increased only in the control group. The PFCA levels significantly increased after oxidation in this group. The dominant FTOH in soils was 10:2 FTOH, whereas 6:2 FTOH was dominant in the air samples. These findings suggest that PFOA was rapidly removed from water system but persist in soils. Moreover, the results indicate the need to evaluate not only the PFCAs, but also the FTOHs and other precursors for the accurate prediction of PFCA accumulation and fates in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phayong Thepaksorn
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
- Trang Research Center for Occupational Health, Faculty of Public Health and Allied Health Sciences, Sirindhorn College of Public Health, Trang, Praboromarajchanok Institute 89 M.2, Kantang District, Trang, 92000, Thailand
| | - Pureum Lee
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoko Shiwaku
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Bo Zheng
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
- Department of Sanitary Technology, Huaxi School of Public Health, Sichuan University, 1st Ring Rd, Wuhou, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Akio Koizumi
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kouji H Harada
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
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Simultaneous Determination of Nine Perfluoroalkyl Carboxylic Acids in Chinese Wolfberry and Soybean by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry with a Novel Derivatization Method. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-021-02072-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wen L, Jin F, Imasaka T, Imasaka T. Esterification of perfluorinated carboxylic acids with bromomethyl aromatic compounds for gas chromatography combined with laser ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1656:462546. [PMID: 34547552 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) were derivatized with two types of aromatic compounds that contained a bromomethyl group, i.e., 2-(bromomethyl)naphthalene (BMN) and benzyl bromide (BB). The conditions for derivatization were optimized in terms of reaction temperature and time and the concentration of derivatizing reagent. Using these optimal conditions, the PFCAs-MN and PFCAs-B derivatives were measured by gas chromatography (GC) combined with mass spectrometry using an ultraviolet femtosecond laser (267 nm) as the ionization source. The efficiency of derivatization for PFCAs-B was higher than that for PFCAs-MN because of the smaller size of the chromophore (benzene). The ionization efficiency of PFCAs-MN, however, was better than PFCAs-B, since a larger sized chromophore (naphthalene) and then a larger molar absorptivity was preferable for resonance-enhanced two-photon ionization. Due to superior GC separation, BB was successfully used as the derivatizing agent for the trace analysis of PFCAs, with detection limits of 6.0, 8.4, and 9.5 ng/mL for perfluoroheptanoic, perfluorooctanoic, and perfluorononanoic acids, respectively. The other bromomethyl aromatic compounds were evaluated for use as a derivatization reagent in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wen
- Department of Environmental Design, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1, Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8540, Japan: 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Fengdan Jin
- Department of Environmental Design, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1, Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8540, Japan: 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; Present address: Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, China
| | - Totaro Imasaka
- Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; Hikari Giken, Co., 2-10-30, Sakurazaka, Chuou-ku, Fukuoka 810-0024, Japan
| | - Tomoko Imasaka
- Department of Environmental Design, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1, Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8540, Japan: 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
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Fujii Y, Poma G, Malarvannan G, Soeda F, Toda A, Haraguchi K, Covaci A. Estimation of dietary intake and sources of organohalogenated contaminants among infants: 24-h duplicate diet survey in Fukuoka, Japan. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 195:110745. [PMID: 33460637 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The widespread occurrence of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the environment is a matter of concern. In this study, selected organohalogenated contaminants, including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs) polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), chlordanes (CHLs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), 2,4,6-tribromophenol (TBP), were measured in complete meal sets (24-h duplicate-diet) of Japanese infants to investigate the levels, profiles, and possible sources of contamination. In total, 46 whole-day meals of infants (7-24-months old) were collected during 2017 from Fukuoka, Japan. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report based on the duplicate-diet method for infants. The median intakes among the POP groups were highest for ΣDDTs (18 ng/day, maximum 251 ng/day), followed by ΣPCBs (17 ng/day, maximum 198 ng/day), ΣCHLs (14 ng/day, maximum 105 ng/day), HCB (11 ng/day, maximum 64 ng/day), TBP (3.5 ng/day, maximum 109 ng/day), ΣHBCDs (1.9 ng/day, maximum 70 ng/day), TBBPA (0.72 ng/day, maximum 34 ng/day), and ΣPBDEs (0.11 ng/day, maximum 4.5 ng/day). Among the PCBs, PCB-138 and PCB-153 were the most abundant congeners (27% and 23%, respectively). p,p'-DDE, the major DDT metabolite, accounted for 96% of total DDTs. Among PBDEs, BDE47 was the only detected congener (present in 4% of the samples). The dietary intake of the targeted compounds was lower than the intake via breast milk, suggesting that the exposure from baby food was limited. In the principal component analysis, chlorinated and brominated compounds were separated on principal component 1, while TBP and α-HBCD were separated on principal component 2, likely suggesting a differing emission time trend or source. PCB-153, PCB-138, trans-chlordane, cis-chlordane, and trans-nonachlor were correlated with seafood consumption (Spearman's ρ = 0.45 to 0.57, p < 0.05), while TBP was correlated with seaweed consumption (Spearman's ρ = 0.46, p < 0.05). Also, four species of commercial edible seaweed in Japan were analyzed to confirm the findings of the duplicate-diet study. The relatively high concentration of TBP (5.5 ± 6.6 ng/g wet weight) was observed in the seaweed samples, indicating that seaweed is a potential exposure source of TBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Fujii
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 815-8511, Japan.
| | - Giulia Poma
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Govindan Malarvannan
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Fumio Soeda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 815-8511, Japan
| | - Akihisa Toda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 815-8511, Japan
| | - Koichi Haraguchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 815-8511, Japan
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
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Ji Y, Cui Z, Wang Z, Cao Y, Li X, Li A. Simultaneous determination of seven perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids in water samples by 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl bromide derivatization and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115043. [PMID: 32623247 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A new derivatization reagent, 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl bromide (PFBBr), was employed to determine seven perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) simultaneously in tap water with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique in this study. Firstly, seven PFCAs were derivatized to their corresponding esters under alkaline condition. The derivatization conditions including the amount of PFBBr and K2CO3, derivatization temperature and time were optimized to increase the derivatization efficiency. The 14 tap water samples collected from different places of China were enriched and purified through solid phase extraction pretreatment. The limits of detection (LODs) and the limits of quantitation (LOQs) ranged from 0.1 ng/L to 0.28 ng/L and from 0.3 ng/L to 0.84 ng/L, respectively. The new method offers a linear relationship in the range from 2 ng/L to 2000 ng/L, and the correlation coefficients ranged from 0.9938 to 0.9994. The results showed that GC-MS combined with pre-column derivatization is a reliable method for the analysis of PFCAs in the aqueous environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyan Ji
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, PR China
| | - Zongyan Cui
- Technology Center of Qinhuangdao Customs, Qinhuangdao, 066004, PR China
| | - Zhibin Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, PR China
| | - Yanzhong Cao
- Technology Center of Qinhuangdao Customs, Qinhuangdao, 066004, PR China
| | - Xuemin Li
- Technology Center of Qinhuangdao Customs, Qinhuangdao, 066004, PR China
| | - Adan Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, PR China.
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Tien PT, Lin HJ, Tsai YY, Lim YP, Chen CS, Chang CY, Lin CJ, Chen JJY, Wu SM, Huang YJ, Wan L. Perfluorooctanoic acid in indoor particulate matter triggers oxidative stress and inflammation in corneal and retinal cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15702. [PMID: 32973190 PMCID: PMC7518444 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72600-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the particle size distribution of particulate matter and the concentration of specific perfluorinated compounds in indoor dust samples from several locations. Then, we used cell-based assays to investigate the effect of perfluorinated compounds on human corneal epithelial (HCEpiC), endothelial cells (HCEC) and retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE). Indoor dust samples were collected at five different locations and PM50–10, PM10–2.5, and PM2.5–1 were fractionized. The presence and levels of 8:2 fluorotelomer alcohol, 10:2 fluorotelomer alcohol, and perfluorooctanoic acid were detected by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The effect of perfluorooctanoic acid on the activation of reactive oxygen species, transepithelial resistance as well as the expression of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 were determined. The basolateral media of human corneal epithelial or human corneal endothelial cells were used to treat human corneal endothelial or retinal pigment epithelial cells, respectively to indicate the potential of ocular surface inflammation may result in retinal inflammation. Among perfluorinated compounds, only perfluorooctanoic acid was detected in all indoor dust samples. Perfluorooctanoic acid had the highest concentration among all perfluorinated compounds in the samples. Exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid impaired tight junction sealing and increased the levels of reactive oxygen species in human corneal epithelial cells. In human corneal epithelial cells, secretion of IL-6 and IL-8 in both apical and basolateral media was promoted significantly by perfluorooctanoic acid treatment. Stimulation with the basolateral media from perfluorooctanoic acid-treated human corneal epithelial cells induced inflammation in human corneal endothelial cells. The treatment of retinal pigment epithelial cells with the basolateral media from stimulated human corneal endothelial cells also elicited the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. The results indicate that perfluorooctanoic acid exposure impaired the tight junction of corneal cells and caused inflammatory reactions in the retina. Exposure of the cornea to perfluorooctanoic acid contained in particulate matter might induce oxidative stress and inflammation in the retina and represent a risk factor for age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Tai Tien
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Ophthalmology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ju Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Yu Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Ophthalmology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ping Lim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih Sheng Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.,Division of Chinese Medicine, Asia University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yao Chang
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Jen Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Changhua Christian Children's Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jamie Jiin-Yi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Mei Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Jeen Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan. .,Institute of Analytical and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
| | - Lei Wan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan. .,Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Effects of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids on the uptake of sulfobromophthalein via organic anion transporting polypeptides in human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Biochem Biophys Rep 2020; 24:100807. [PMID: 32964147 PMCID: PMC7490525 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2020.100807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed a detailed investigation of the uptake of sulfobromophthalein (BSP) from the apical membrane of Caco-2 cells, which is a substrate for organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs), and calculated the kinetic parameters of BSP uptake as follows: Km = 13.9 ± 1.3 μM, Vmax = 1.15 ± 0.07 nmol (mg protein)-1 (5 min)-1, and kd = 38.2 ± 0.53 μL (mg protein)-1 (5 min)-1. Coincubation with medium-chain (C7-C11) perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), such as perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA, C7), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, C8), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA, C9), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA, C10) and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA, C11), significantly decreased BSP uptake by 27-55%, while coincubation with short- (C3-C6) and long-chain (C12-C14) PFCAs decreased the uptake only slightly. Dixon plotting suggested that PFOA, PFNA and PFDA competitively inhibited the BSP uptake with inhibition constant (Ki) values of 62.2 ± 1.3 μM, 35.3 ± 0.1 μM and 43.2 ± 0.3 μM, respectively. PFCAs with medium-chains could be substrates for OATPs, probably OATP2B1, which is the most abundantly expressed OATP isoform in Caco-2 cells.
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11
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Fujii Y, Harada KH, Kobayashi H, Haraguchi K, Koizumi A. Lactational Transfer of Long-Chain Perfluorinated Carboxylic Acids in Mice: A Method to Directly Collect Milk and Evaluate Chemical Transferability. TOXICS 2020; 8:toxics8020023. [PMID: 32244597 PMCID: PMC7356610 DOI: 10.3390/toxics8020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, C8), are a group of industrial chemicals that are detected in the serum of people throughout the world. Long-chain PFCAs (C9 to C13) have high lipophilicity, therefore they may have a high transfer rate to breast milk. This study investigated the lactational transfer of PFCAs with carbon chain lengths of 8 to 13 in mice. Lactating dams were given a single intravenous administration of PFCAs (C8 to C13) during the postnatal period (8–13 days after delivery). Milk was collected from the dam 24 h after administration using a milking device built in-house. Plasma was obtained from the dam at the same time as milk collection. The observed milk/plasma (M/P) concentration ratios were 0.32 for C8, 0.30 for C9, 0.17 for C10, 0.21 for C11, 0.32 for C12, and 0.49 for C13. These results indicate that the M/P concentration ratio is not related to the lipophilicity of PFCAs. However, estimated relative daily intake, an indicator of how much PFCA is transferred from dams to pups per body weight, increased with chain length: 4.16 for C8, 8.98 for C9, 9.35 for C10, 9.51 for C11, 10.20 for C12, and 10.49 for C13, which may be related to the lower clearance of long-chain PFCAs. These results indicate the importance of future risk assessment of long-chain PFCAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Fujii
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; (K.H.H.); (H.K.); (A.K.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan;
- Correspondence:
| | - Kouji H. Harada
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; (K.H.H.); (H.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Hatasu Kobayashi
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; (K.H.H.); (H.K.); (A.K.)
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Koichi Haraguchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan;
| | - Akio Koizumi
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; (K.H.H.); (H.K.); (A.K.)
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12
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Stróżyńska M, H Gross J, Schuhen K. Structural investigation of perfluorocarboxylic acid derivatives formed in the reaction with N,N-dimethylformamide dialkylacetals. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2020; 26:131-143. [PMID: 31594396 DOI: 10.1177/1469066719880546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A structural investigation of perfluorocarboxylic acid derivatives formed in the reaction with N,N-dimethylformamide dialkylacetals employing several techniques of mass spectrometry (MS) is described. Two derivatizing reagents, dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal (DMF-DMA) and dimethylformamide diethylacetal (DMF-DEA) were used. In contrast to carboxylic acids, perfluorocarboxylic acids are not able to form alkyl esters as the main product in this reaction. We found that perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) forms a salt with N,N-dimethylformamide dialkylacetals. This salt undergoes a further reaction inside the injection block of a gas chromatograph (GC) by loss of CO2 and then forms 1,1-perfluorooctane-(N,N,N,N-tetramethyl)-diamine. The GC-MS experiments using both electron ionization (EI) and positive-ion chemical ionization (PCI) revealed that the same reaction products are formed with either derivatizing reagent. Subjecting the perfluorocarboxylic acid derivative to electrospray ionization (ESI) and direct analysis in real time (DART), both positive- and negative-ion modes indicated that cluster ions are formed. In the positive-ion mode, this cluster ion consists of two iminium cations and one PFOA anion, while in the negative-ion mode, it comprises two PFOA anions and one cation. The salt structure was further confirmed by liquid injection field desorption/ionization (LIFDI) as well as infrared (IR) spectroscopy. We propose a simple mechanism of N,N,N',N'-tetramethylformamidinium cation formation. The structure elucidation is supported by specific fragment ions as obtained by GC-EI-MS and GC-PCI-MS analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Stróżyńska
- Wasser 3.0/abcr GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau in der Pfalz, Germany
| | - Jürgen H Gross
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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13
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Hu Z, Li Q, Xu L, Zhang W, Zhang Y. Determination of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids in environmental water samples by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction with GC-MS analysis. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2020.1728311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiong Hu
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil (Wuhan Polytechnic University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Li
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Xu
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weinong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil (Wuhan Polytechnic University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanpeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil (Wuhan Polytechnic University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
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14
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Stróżyńska M, Schuhen K. Derivatization of Perfluorocarboxylic Acids with N,N-Dimethylformamide Dimethylacetal Prior to GC–MS Analysis. Chromatographia 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-019-03850-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Zhu J, Harada KH, Zou X, Sun C. Investigating isomers/enantiomers of perfluorooctanoic acid in river water by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with chiral derivatization. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 238:124617. [PMID: 31450108 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in environmental media contains numerous isomers/enantiomers because of the PFOA manufacturing process and biological degradation of PFOA precursors. Few methods for analyzing PFOA enantiomers have been described. A simple derivatization method using (S)-1-phenethyl chloride that was developed to allow PFOA isomers/enantiomers to be separated by gas chromatography and analyzed by electron-capture negative ionization mass spectrometry is described here. PFOA standards were analyzed, and enantiomers of the chiral isomers perfluoro-3-methyl-heptanoic acid, perfluoro-4-methyl-heptanoic acid, and perfluoro-3,5-dimethyl-hexanoic acid were separated using an HP-5MS column. Linear PFOA and perfluoro-6-methyl-heptanoic acid were chromatographically separated from these enantiomers. The linear ranges (giving correlation coefficients r > 0.997) of the calibration curves for the isomers were 0.010-3.00 ng/mL. PFOA isomer/enantiomer concentrations in river water were determined using the method. The method separated the enantiomers of perfluoro-3-methyl-heptanoic acid and perfluoro-4-methyl-heptanoic acid, the isomers of perfluoro-6-methyl-heptanoic acid, and linear PFOA in river water. No significant differences were found between the PFOA enantiomer/isomer compositions of the sample and technical PFOA. Enantiomer ratios can provide information about the sources and transport of pollutant isomers/enantiomers in the environment. Enantiomeric separation requires effective separation techniques. Our method achieved chiral separation using a non-chiral GC column that is often used in general analytical laboratories. The method could be used to investigate the sources and fates of PFOA and the isomers/enantiomers of other potentially toxic persistent pollutants in the environment and the risks posed to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhu
- Department of Sanitary Technology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610061, China; Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kouji H Harada
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Xiaoli Zou
- Department of Sanitary Technology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610061, China
| | - Chengjun Sun
- Department of Sanitary Technology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610061, China
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16
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Dispersive solid-phase extraction followed by triethylsilyl derivatization and gas chromatography mass spectrometry for perfluorocarboxylic acids determination in water samples. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1597:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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17
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Fujii Y, Tuda H, Kato Y, Kimura O, Endo T, Harada KH, Koizumi A, Haraguchi K. Levels and profiles of long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids in Pacific cod from 14 sites in the North Pacific Ocean. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 247:312-318. [PMID: 30685672 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the profiles and levels of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid (PFCA) contamination in Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) from the North Pacific Ocean. The mean concentrations of PFCAs containing 8 to 14 carbon atoms (C8-C14) in edible Pacific cod muscle ranged from 216 to 670 pg g-1 wet weight in the Northeast Pacific Ocean (Seattle, Vancouver, Alaska, and Russia), from 819 to 1710 pg g-1 wet weight in Japanese coastal waters (Hokkaido, Aomori, Iwate, Miyagi, Tottori, and Shimane), and from 288 to 892 pg g-1 wet weight in Korean waters (Sokcho, Busan, and Yeosu). These results indicate there are geographical differences in the distribution of PFCAs. The long-chain PFCAs (C9-C14) contributed 96% of the total PFCA concentration across Japan, whereas they contributed only 33% of the total PFCA concentration in the USA and Canada. Long-chain PFCA concentrations in cod samples collected in Japanese and Korean waters were about three to four times those in samples from the USA, Canada, and Russia. Because seafood is considered an important dietary source of PFCAs, high concentrations of long-chain PFCAs in Pacific cod from Japanese and Korean waters may affect human dietary exposure and blood concentrations of long-chain PFCAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Fujii
- Daiichi University of Pharmacy, Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 815-8511, Japan
| | - Hayato Tuda
- Daiichi University of Pharmacy, Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 815-8511, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Kato
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 1314-1 Shido, Sanuki, Kagawa, 769-2193, Japan
| | - Osamu Kimura
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Endo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
| | - Kouji H Harada
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Akio Koizumi
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Koichi Haraguchi
- Daiichi University of Pharmacy, Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 815-8511, Japan.
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18
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Kang H, Lee HK, Moon HB, Kim S, Lee J, Ha M, Hong S, Kim S, Choi K. Perfluoroalkyl acids in serum of Korean children: Occurrences, related sources, and associated health outcomes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 645:958-965. [PMID: 30032090 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) have been widely used in human environment, and their exposure among general population has been frequently reported. However, extent of PFAAs exposure and their potential effects among children are not well characterized. In this study, children of between 3 and 18 years of age (n = 150) were recruited in Seoul and Gyeonggi, Korea, and the serum levels of 16 PFAAs along with lipids and thyroid hormones were measured. Questionnaire survey was conducted for dietary and behavioral characteristics of the children. Among the measured PFAAs, PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS, and PFOS were detected in all the samples, and PFUnDA and PFDA were detected in over 75% of the samples. PFOS was detected at the highest concentration with a median of 5.68 ng/mL. PFUnDA was detected at higher levels (median of 0.652 ng/mL) compared to those reported for children in USA. Serum PFAA levels were not different by sex among the children of <10 years of age, but in older children, those of boys are significantly higher than girls. Physiological characteristics like menstruation may explain lower PFAAs levels of the girls. In addition, breastmilk consumption, fish/shellfish consumption, non-stick frying pan use, and waterproof cloth use were identified as potential sources of PFAAs exposure. Serum PFUnDA level was positively associated with total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein level of the children. PFNA was positively associated with free T4 level. High levels of PFUnDA among children and its association with serum lipids warrant replication and confirmation in other populations and/or supports by experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habyeong Kang
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyung Lee
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunmi Kim
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jyeun Lee
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mina Ha
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooyeon Hong
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Ministry of Environment, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Suejin Kim
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Ministry of Environment, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Fujii Y, Kato Y, Kozai M, Matsuishi T, Harada KH, Koizumi A, Kimura O, Endo T, Haraguchi K. Different profiles of naturally produced and anthropogenic organohalogens in the livers of cetaceans from the Sea of Japan and the North Pacific Ocean. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 136:230-242. [PMID: 30509803 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Levels and profiles of naturally produced halogenated bipyrroles (Br4Cl2-DBP and Cl7-MBP), methoxylated tetrabromodiphenyl ethers (6-MeO-BDE47), anthropogenic perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were investigated in the livers of 14 cetaceans from the Sea of Japan and the North Pacific Ocean. The concentrations of Br4Cl2-DBP (4 to 4900 ng/g-wet), Cl7-MBP (16 to 3960 ng/g-wet) and 6-MeO-BDE47 (7 to 190 ng/g-wet) were higher in the order of killer whales > toothed whales > baleen whales. Profiles of PFASs were dominated by perfluoroundecanoic and perfluorotridecanoic acids (10 to 540 ng/g-wet), sum of which accounted for 70% of total measured PFASs. Regional difference was observed for Cl7-MBP and PFASs, which were higher in the Sea of Japan, whereas Br4Cl2-DBP was in the North Pacific Ocean. Specific accumulation pattern of these natural contaminants in cetaceans around northern Japan could help compare the exposure profile of PFASs and POPs among other geographic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Fujii
- Daiichi University of Pharmacy, 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Kato
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 1314-1, Sanuki, Kagawa 769-2193, Japan
| | - Mai Kozai
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 1314-1, Sanuki, Kagawa 769-2193, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsuishi
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1, Minato-cho, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan
| | - Kouji H Harada
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Akio Koizumi
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Osamu Kimura
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Endo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
| | - Koichi Haraguchi
- Daiichi University of Pharmacy, 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan.
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Fujii Y, Kato Y, Sakamoto K, Matsuishi T, Harada KH, Koizumi A, Kimura O, Endo T, Haraguchi K. Tissue-specific bioaccumulation of long-chain perfluorinated carboxylic acids and halogenated methylbipyrroles in Dall's porpoises (Phocoenoides dalli) and harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) stranded in northern Japan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 616-617:554-563. [PMID: 29149719 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated accumulation of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), persistent organochlorines (OCs), and naturally produced halogenated compounds (NHCs), including brominated methylbipyrroles and methoxylated bromodiphenyl ethers, in liver, blood, and blubber from Dall's porpoises (Phocoenoides dalli) and harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) stranded in Hokkaido, northern Japan. Profiles of the PFASs were dominated by perfluoroundecanoic acid and perfluorotridecanoic acid, both of which accounted for 70% of the total measured PFAS concentrations in both porpoise species. The mean concentrations of the ∑PFCA were 573ng/g wet weight (ng/g-wet) in liver, 62ng/g-wet in whole blood, and 28ng/g-wet in blubber from the Dall's porpoises, and were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those in the harbor porpoises. The hepatic concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) were <14ng/g-wet, and accounted for only 3% of the total measured PFASs. The profiles of PFASs in the porpoises resembled those in fish species in this area, implying a common source of exposure to PFASs in East Asia. On the other hand, in the blubber of Dall's porpoises, NHCs were dominated by 2,3,3',4,4',5,5'-heptachloro-1'-methyl-1,2'-bipyrrole (867ng/g-wet), 5,5'-dichloro-1,1'-dimethyl-3,3',4,4'-tetrabromo-2,2'-bipyrrole (481ng/g-wet), and 6-methoxy-2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (30ng/g-wet), which were present at higher concentrations than in harbor porpoises. Factor analysis with varimax rotation revealed that factor 1 had higher eigenvectors (element in eigenvalues) for long-chain PFCAs and PFOS, which was found in the highest concentrations in the liver, whereas factor 2 was mainly associated with lipid soluble NHCs and OCs in both species. No correlations were observed between long-chain PFCAs and NHCs in the porpoises, probably because of the different sources and accumulation kinetics. Future research should assess the temporal trends and long-term effects of PFASs and NHCs in the tissues of mammals from the Asia-Pacific region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Fujii
- Daiichi University of Pharmacy, Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Kato
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Kagawa 769-2193, Japan
| | - Kentarou Sakamoto
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Kagawa 769-2193, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsuishi
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan
| | - Kouji H Harada
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Akio Koizumi
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Osamu Kimura
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Endo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
| | - Koichi Haraguchi
- Daiichi University of Pharmacy, Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan.
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Man YB, Chow KL, Tsang YF, Lau FTK, Fung WC, Wong MH. Fate of bisphenol A, perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctanesulfonate in two different types of sewage treatment works in Hong Kong. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 190:358-367. [PMID: 29017113 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed at investigating the removal efficiencies of perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and bisphenol A (BPA) of two major sewage treatment works in Hong Kong: Stonecutters Island STW (SCISTW) which adopts chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT) process and Sha Tin STW (STSTW) which employs biological treatment. Liquid portion (LP) and particulate matter (PM) of liquid sewage samples and sludge samples were collected and followed by liquid chromatograph system. It was found that BPA (44.6 ± 35.1%) generally achieved higher TRE than the two other chemicals (PFOS (-18.8 ± 34.8%) and PFOA (-104 ± 86.8%)) in STSTW (p < 0.05). Most of the PFOA, PFOS and BPA was discharged through final effluent (PFOA: 95.6 ± 1.00% and 94.5 ± 3.13%; PFOS: 77.7 ± 1.48% and 72.6 ± 6.07%; BPA: 99.2 ± 0.950% and 92.8 ± 7.25%, respectively) rather than stored in the sludge/cake (PFOA: 4.45 ± 1.00% and 5.47 ± 3.13%, PFOS: 22.3 ± 1.48% and 27.4 ± 6.07%, BPA: 0.844 ± 0.950% and 7.20 ± 7.25%, respectively). After the sewage purification process, the two STW released considerable amounts of PFOA, PFOS and BPA in the final effluent (PFOA: 0.638 ± 0.227 kg/year; PFOS: 0.409 ± 0.126 kg/year; BPA: 10.4 ± 3.83 kg/year in STSTW; PFOA: 3.08 ± 1.415 kg/year; PFOS: 2.13 ± 0.452 kg/year; BPA: 714 ± 768 kg/year in SCISTW) and in the sludge (PFOA: 0.0360 ± 0.0250 kg/year; PFOS: 0.149 ± 0.00100 kg/year; BPA: 1.09 ± 1.47 kg/year in STSTW; PFOA: 0.139 ± 0.0670 kg/year; PFOS: 0.606 ± 0.0780 kg/year; BPA: 3.05 ± 3.95 kg/year in SCISTW). This study may help to provide crucial information for further development of municipal sewage system in treating synthetic emerging chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Bon Man
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), and Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka Lai Chow
- Department of Geography, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yiu Fai Tsang
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), and Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China
| | - Frankie Tat Kwong Lau
- The Drainage Services Department, The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing Cheong Fung
- The Drainage Services Department, The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ming Hung Wong
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), and Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China; School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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Kimura O, Fujii Y, Haraguchi K, Kato Y, Ohta C, Koga N, Endo T. Uptake of perfluorooctanoic acid by Caco-2 cells: Involvement of organic anion transporting polypeptides. Toxicol Lett 2017; 277:18-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Fujii Y, Harada KH, Haraguchi K, Koizumi A. Long-term trends in dietary intake of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids in relation to their serum concentration in two regions in Japan from 1979 to 2011. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 176:165-174. [PMID: 28260656 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigated temporal changes of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) with 8-14 carbon atoms (C8 to C14) in duplicate diet and serum samples in Japan. The sum dietary intakes of PFCAs (C8 to C13) in the Kansai and Tohoku region were highest in the 2010s (mean; 177 ng/day for Kansai, 107 ng/day for Tohoku) followed by the 2000s (77 ng/day for Kansai, 34 ng/day for Tohoku) and the 1990s (53 ng/day for Kansai, 58 ng/day for Tohoku), then the 1980s (19 ng/day for Kansai, 23 ng/day for Tohoku). The sum of the serum concentartions (C8 to C13) was also highest in the 2010s (mean; 17 ng/mL for Kansai, 7.4 ng/mL for Tohoku), followed by the 2000s (12 ng/mL for Kansai, 6.3 ng/mL for Tohoku), then the 1990s (6.8 ng/mL for Kansai, 5.5 mg/mL for Tohoku) and the 1980s (3.8 ng/mL for Kansai, 0.4 ng/mL for Tohoku). A positive correlation was observed between dietary intakes and serum concentration for C8 to C11 (r = 0.94, p < 0.05 for C8; r = 0.80, p < 0.05 for C9; r = 0.98, p < 0.05 for C10; and r = 0.84, p < 0.05 for C11). The levels of C8, C9 and C10 in serum and dietary intake in the 2010s were much higher in Kansai than those in Tohoku, although those of C11 did not show such differences. Kansai has a fluoropolymer manufacture known as a specific source of PFOA (C8), and is more urbanized than Tohoku, which may be attributed to the higher levels of PFCAs (C8 to C10). On the other hand, C11 is common to residents in Kansai and Tohoku.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Fujii
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan; Daiichi University of Pharmacy, Tamagawa-cho 22-1, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 815-8511, Japan
| | - Kouji H Harada
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Koichi Haraguchi
- Daiichi University of Pharmacy, Tamagawa-cho 22-1, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 815-8511, Japan
| | - Akio Koizumi
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
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Shafique U, Schulze S, Slawik C, Kunz S, Paschke A, Schüürmann G. Gas chromatographic determination of perfluorocarboxylic acids in aqueous samples – A tutorial review. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 949:8-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Shiwaku Y, Lee P, Thepaksorn P, Zheng B, Koizumi A, Harada KH. Spatial and temporal trends in perfluorooctanoic and perfluorohexanoic acid in well, surface, and tap water around a fluoropolymer plant in Osaka, Japan. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 164:603-610. [PMID: 27635642 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to clarify the spatial distributions of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) in well, surface and tap water around a fluoropolymer plant in Osaka between 2003 and 2016 and to predict the fate of those chemicals in these aquatic environments. We analyzed 44 well, six surface and six tap water samples collected within a 5 km radius of the plant. The PFOA concentrations in well water ranged from 45.2 to 7440 ng/L (median = 240 ng/L), while PFHxA concentrations ranged from 9.68 to 970 (median = 45.4 ng/L) in 2015-2016. The concentration of other perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids were lower than PFOA and PFHxA in well water. Fixed-point observation showed that the levels of PFOA decreased greatly over the last few decades, whereas those of PFHxA increased in both well and surface water. Further monitoring and investigation are suggested to understand PFOA and PFHxA contamination and fate in the environment, as well as their potential for human exposure in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Shiwaku
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Pureum Lee
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Phayong Thepaksorn
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan; Trang Research Center for Occupational Health, Sirindhorn College of Public Health, Trang 89 M.2 Kantang District, Trang, 92000, Thailand
| | - Bo Zheng
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan; Department of Sanitary Technology, Huaxi School of Public Health, Sichuan University, 1st Ring Rd, Wuhou, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China
| | - Akio Koizumi
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kouji H Harada
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
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Niisoe T, Senevirathna STMLD, Harada KH, Fujii Y, Hitomi T, Kobayashi H, Yan J, Zhao C, Oshima M, Koizumi A. Perfluorinated carboxylic acids discharged from the Yodo River Basin, Japan. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 138:81-88. [PMID: 26037820 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigated perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) with 7-14 carbon atoms (C7-C14) in the Yodo River system in 2013. C7-C11 were detected at most sampling sites. The range and median of total PFCAs (ΣPFCAs) concentrations were 1.0-89.7 and 11.2 ng L(-1), respectively. The dominant component was C8 (average for all samples=53.3±8.8%), followed by C7 (19.2±6.7%) and C9 (17.6±7.1%). The levels of C8 were confirmed to decrease greatly over the last 10 years. We assessed the fluxes in C7-C11 discharged from the basin based on the concentrations in river water and river flow rate. The flux of discharged ΣPFCAs was 237.0 g d(-1) at the most downriver point of the assessment areas. Considering the variability in flow rate due to precipitation, the annual ΣPFCAs flux was estimated to be 86.5-173.4 kg y(-1). Identification and quantification of PFCAs sources is difficult because the strength of the sources changes with time, and available information is quite limited. Further monitoring and investigation are necessary to understand sources of PFCAs, as well as their potential for human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamon Niisoe
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - S T M L D Senevirathna
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kouji H Harada
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yukiko Fujii
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Hitomi
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hatasu Kobayashi
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Junxia Yan
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Can Zhao
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masayo Oshima
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Akio Koizumi
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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Fujii Y, Sakurada T, Harada KH, Koizumi A, Kimura O, Endo T, Haraguchi K. Long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids in Pacific cods from coastal areas in northern Japan: a major source of human dietary exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 199:35-41. [PMID: 25618364 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) contamination of edible fish muscle from Japanese coastal waters. The concentrations of PFCAs with 8-14 carbon atoms (C8-C14) in Pacific cods in Hokkaido, Japan were 51 (median: pg/g-wet weight) for C8, 93 for C9, 99 for C10, 746 for C11, 416 for C12, 404 for C13, and 93 for C14. The levels of C9-C14 PFCAs in fish were strongly correlated to each other, but not to C8 and the other chlorinated persistent organic pollutants, indicating that C9-C14 PFCAs have a different emission source and/or bioaccumulation mechanism. The relative ratios between estimated PFCAs intake through fish consumption and the reported total dietary exposure of PFCAs were less than 1 for C8 to C9, but were more than 1 for C10 to C14. This result strongly suggests that fish consumption is a significant source of human dietary exposure to C10-C14 PFCAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Fujii
- Daiichi University of Pharmacy, Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Sakurada
- Daiichi University of Pharmacy, Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan
| | - Kouji H Harada
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Akio Koizumi
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Osamu Kimura
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Endo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
| | - Koichi Haraguchi
- Daiichi University of Pharmacy, Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan.
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Fujii Y, Niisoe T, Harada KH, Uemoto S, Ogura Y, Takenaka K, Koizumi A. Toxicokinetics of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids with different carbon chain lengths in mice and humans. J Occup Health 2015; 57:1-12. [DOI: 10.1539/joh.14-0136-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Fujii
- Department of Health and Environmental SciencesKyoto University Graduate School of MedicineJapan
| | - Tamon Niisoe
- Department of Health and Environmental SciencesKyoto University Graduate School of MedicineJapan
| | - Kouji H. Harada
- Department of Health and Environmental SciencesKyoto University Graduate School of MedicineJapan
| | - Shinji Uemoto
- Department of Hepatobiliary, Pancreas and Transplant SurgeryKyoto University Graduate School of MedicineJapan
| | | | | | - Akio Koizumi
- Department of Health and Environmental SciencesKyoto University Graduate School of MedicineJapan
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29
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Fujii Y, Harada KH, Koizumi A. Occurrence of perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) in personal care products and compounding agents. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 93:538-44. [PMID: 23932147 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs), including perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), are persistent organic pollutants that pose human health risks. However, sources of contamination and exposure pathways of PFCAs have not been explored. In this study, PFCA concentrations were quantified in personal care products. Among 24 samples that listed fluorinated compounds, such as polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters (PAPs), in their international nomenclature of cosmetic ingredients (INCI) labels, 21contained PFCAs (13 of 15 cosmetic samples, and 8 of 9 sunscreen samples). The concentrations of total PFCAs ranged from not detected to 5.9 μg g(-1) for cosmetics and from not detected to 19 μg g(-1) for sunscreens. We also investigated components of PFCAs in cosmetics and sunscreens. Commercially available compounding agents, mica and talc, which were treated with PAPs were analyzed and high concentrations of PFCAs were detected (total PFCAs 2.5 μg g(-1) for talc treated with PAPs, 35.0 μg g(-1) for mica treated with PAPs). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on contamination of end consumer products containing PAPs with high concentrations of PFCAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Fujii
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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