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Zhao L, Ren X, Ma H, Wang H, Li Y, Wei Q, Wu D, Ju H. Electrochemiluminescence Sensor with Controlled-Release Triggering Electrostatic Attraction Elimination Mechanism for Trenbolone Trace Detection. Anal Chem 2023; 95:13463-13469. [PMID: 37647570 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
A controlled-release strategy can meet the needs of sensitive environmental monitoring for pollutants through a self-on/off mode. In this work, an electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensor with controlled-release triggering electrostatic attraction elimination and biomolecular stimulated response strategies was constructed to detect environmental steroid hormones sensitively. The blocked pores on the aminated mesoporous silica nanocontainers were opened by specific binding between the trenbolone (TB) antigen and the antibody. The released l-cysteine counteracted the negative charge on the MnO2 NF surface through the redox reaction between -SH and MnO2, making the electrostatic interaction between the MnO2 NFs and the Ru(dcbpy)32+ disappear. Ru(dcbpy)32+ released an ECL signal on the electrode, thus completing the controlled-release triggering electrostatic attraction elimination strategy. In addition, with the TB antibody as the target and the competition strategy between the TB antigen and the standard substance, the constructed controlled-release ECL biosensor was used to detect the TB standard substance. Moreover, MnO2 NFs as the substrate of the ECL biosensor increased the active specific surface area of the electrode, effectively catalyzing the production of OH• and O2•-, thus endowing the ECL biosensor with coreactant-catalytic enhancement characteristic and further improving its ECL performance. This sensitive signal response brought about a low limit of detection of 2.53 fg/mL for the constructed ECL biosensor, which contributed a feasible idea for efficient trace analysis of pollutants in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Ren
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Hongmin Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Huan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Yuyang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Qin Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Dan Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Huangxian Ju
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
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2
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Yang X, Wang R, He Z, Dai X, Jiang X, Liu H, Li Y. Abiotic transformation of synthetic progestins in representative soil mineral suspensions. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 127:375-388. [PMID: 36522069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Altrenogest (ALT), drospirenone (DRO), and melengestrol acetate (MLA) are three highly potent synthetic progestins that can be released into agricultural soils, while their fate in soil minerals remains unclear. This study explored the transformation of these progestins in MnO2, SiO2, and ferrihydrite suspensions and identified their transformation products (TPs) via high resolution mass spectrometry and density functional theory calculations. Transformations were only observed for DRO and MLA in SiO2 suspension and ALT in MnO2 suspension (half-lives = 0.86 min - 9.90 day). ALT transformation was facilitated at higher MnO2 loadings, while DRO and MLA transformations were inhibited at higher SiO2 loadings. These data indicated that hydrophobic partitioning interaction was dominant at higher SiO2 loadings rather than specific interaction, which limited subsequent surface-catalyzed transformation. ALT transformation rate decreased with increasing pH because MnO2 reduction requires proton participation. In contrast, relatively high pH facilitated MLA and DRO transformation, indicating that base-catalyzed hydrolysis occurred in SiO2 suspension. The clustermap demonstrated the formation of abundant TPs. Lactone ring and acetoxy group hydrolysis was the major transformation pathway for DRO and MLA, with estimated yields of 57.7% and 173.2% at 6 day, respectively. ALT experienced C12 hydroxylation and formed the major TP 326g (yield of 15.4% at 8 hr). ALT also experienced allyl group oxidation and subsequent C5 hydroxylation, forming the major TP 344a (yield of 14.1% at 8 hr). This study demonstrates that TPs of metastable progestins are likely the main species in soils and that TP identification is a particular priority for risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjian Yang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Rui Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Zhili He
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiong Dai
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiuping Jiang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - He Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Yongtao Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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3
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Man Y, Wu C, Yu B, Mao L, Zhu L, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Jiang H, Yuan S, Zheng Y, Liu X. Abiotic transformation of kresoxim-methyl in aquatic environments: Structure elucidation of transformation products by LC-HRMS and toxicity assessment. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 233:119723. [PMID: 36801572 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, abiotic transformation of an important strobilurin fungicide, kresoxim-methyl, was investigated under controlled laboratory conditions for the first time by studying its kinetics of hydrolysis and photolysis, degradation pathways and toxicity of possibly formed transformation products (TPs). The results indicated that kresoxim-methyl showed a fast degradation in pH9 solutions with DT50 of 0.5 d but relatively stable under neutral or acidic environments in the dark. It was prone to photochemical reactions under simulated sunlight, and the photolysis behavior was easily affected by different natural substances such as humic acid (HA), Fe3+and NO3-which are ubiquitous in natural water, showing the complexity of degradation mechanisms and pathways of this chemical compound. The potential multiple photo-transformation pathways via photoisomerization, hydrolyzation of methyl ester, hydroxylation, cleavage of oxime ether and cleavage of benzyl ether were observed. 18 TPs generated from these transformations were structurally elucidated based on an integrated workflow combining suspect and nontarget screening by high resolution mass spectrum (HRMS), and two of them were confirmed with reference standards. Most of TPs, as far as we know, have never been described before. The in-silico toxicity assessment showed that some of TPs were still toxic or very toxic to aquatic organisms, although they exhibit lower aquatic toxicity compared to the parent compound. Therefore, the potential hazards of the TPs of kresoxim-methyl merits further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Man
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chi Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Bochi Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Liangang Mao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lizhen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yanning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hongyun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shankui Yuan
- Environment Division, Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100125, China
| | - Yongquan Zheng
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
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4
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Duan W, Zhi H, Keefe DW, Gao B, LeFevre GH, Toor F. Sensitive and Specific Detection of Estrogens Featuring Doped Silicon Nanowire Arrays. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:47341-47348. [PMID: 36570182 PMCID: PMC9774403 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Estrogens and estrogen-mimicking compounds in the aquatic environment are known to cause negative impacts to both ecosystems and human health. In this initial proof-of-principle study, we developed a novel vertically oriented silicon nanowire (vSiNW) array-based biosensor for low-cost, highly sensitive and selective detection of estrogens. The vSiNW arrays were formed using an inexpensive and scalable metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE) process. A vSiNW array-based p-n junction diode (vSiNW-diode) transducer design for the biosensor was used and functionalized via 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES)-based silane chemistry to bond estrogen receptor-alpha (ER-α) to the surface of the vSiNWs. Following receptor conjugation, the biosensors were exposed to increasing concentrations of estradiol (E2), resulting in a well-calibrated sensor response (R 2 ≥ 0.84, 1-100 ng/mL concentration range). Fluorescence measurements quantified the distribution of estrogen receptors across the vSiNW array compared to planar Si, indicating an average of 7 times higher receptor presence on the vSiNW array surface. We tested the biosensor's target selectivity by comparing it to another estrogen (estrone [E1]) and an androgen (testosterone), where we measured a high positive electrical biosensor response after E1 exposure and a minimal response after testosterone. The regeneration capacity of the biosensor was tested following three successive rinses with phosphate buffer solution (PBS) between hormone exposure. Traditional horizontally oriented Si NW field effect transistor (hSiNW-FET)-based biosensors report electrical current changes at the nanoampere (nA) level that require bulky and expensive measurement equipment making them unsuitable for field measurements, whereas the reported vSiNW-diode biosensor exhibits current changes in the microampere (μA) range, demonstrating up to 100-fold electrical signal amplification, thus enabling sensor signal measurement using inexpensive electronics. The highly sensitive and specific vSiNW-diode biosensor developed here will enable the creation of low-cost, portable, field-deployable biosensors that can detect estrogenic compounds in waterways in real-time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Duan
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iowa, 205 North Madison Street, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Iowa
Technology Institute, University of Iowa, 330 South Madison Street, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Hui Zhi
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, 4105 Seamans Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United
States
- IIHR−Hydroscience
& Engineering, 100
C. Maxwell Stanley Hydraulics Laboratory, Iowa
City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Daniel W. Keefe
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iowa, 205 North Madison Street, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Iowa
Technology Institute, University of Iowa, 330 South Madison Street, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Bingtao Gao
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iowa, 205 North Madison Street, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Iowa
Technology Institute, University of Iowa, 330 South Madison Street, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Gregory H. LeFevre
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, 4105 Seamans Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United
States
- IIHR−Hydroscience
& Engineering, 100
C. Maxwell Stanley Hydraulics Laboratory, Iowa
City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Fatima Toor
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iowa, 205 North Madison Street, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Iowa
Technology Institute, University of Iowa, 330 South Madison Street, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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5
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Huanyu T, Jianghong S, Wei G, Jiawei Z, Hui G, Yunhe W. Environmental fate and toxicity of androgens: A critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:113849. [PMID: 35843282 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Androgens are released by humans and livestock into the environment and which cause potent endocrine disruptions even at nanogram per liter levels. In this article, we reviewed updated research results on the structure, source, distribution characteristics and the fate of androgens in ecological systems; and emphasized the potential risk of androgens in aquatic organism. Androgens have moderately solubility in water (23.6-58.4 mg/L) and moderately hydrophobic (log Kow 2.75-4.40). The concentration of androgens in surface waters were mostly in ng/L ranges. The removal efficiencies of main wastewater treatment processes were about 70-100%, except oxidation ditch and stabilization ponds. Sludge adsorption and microbial degradation play important role in the androgens remove. The conjugated androgens were transformed into free androgens in environmental matrices. Global efforts to provide more toxicity data and establish standard monitoring methods need a revisit. Of the day available, there is an urgent need for comprehensive consideration of the impact of androgens on the environment and ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Huanyu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China; Environmental Engineering Research Centre, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Shi Jianghong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Guo Wei
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Zhang Jiawei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China; Environmental Engineering Research Centre, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Ge Hui
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Wang Yunhe
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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6
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Orford JT, Ozeki S, Brand JA, Henry J, Wlodkowic D, Alton LA, Martin JM, Wong BBM. Effects of the agricultural pollutant 17β-trenbolone on morphology and behaviour of tadpoles (Limnodynastes tasmaniensis). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 251:106289. [PMID: 36087492 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pollutants, such as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), are increasingly being detected in organisms and ecosystems globally. Agricultural activities, including the use of hormonal growth promotants (HGPs), are a major source of EDC contamination. One potent EDC that enters into the environment through the use of HGPs is 17β-trenbolone. Despite EDCs being repeatedly shown to affect reproduction and development, comparatively little is known regarding their effects on behaviour. Amphibians, one of the most imperilled vertebrate taxa globally, are at particular risk of exposure to such pollutants as they often live and breed near agricultural operations. Yet, no previous research on amphibians has explored the effects of 17β-trenbolone exposure on foraging or antipredator behaviour, both of which are key fitness-related behavioural traits. Accordingly, we investigated the impacts of 28-day exposure to two environmentally realistic concentrations of 17β-trenbolone (average measured concentrations: 10 and 66 ng/L) on the behaviour and growth of spotted marsh frog tadpoles (Limnodynastes tasmaniensis). Contrary to our predictions, there was no significant effect of 17β-trenbolone exposure on tadpole growth, antipredator response, anxiety-like behaviour, or foraging. We hypothesise that the differences in effects found between this study and those conducted on fish may be due to taxonomic differences and/or the life stage of the animals used, and suggest further research is needed to investigate the potential for delayed manifestation of the effects of 17β-trenbolone exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack T Orford
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Shiho Ozeki
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jack A Brand
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jason Henry
- The Neurotoxicology Laboratory, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Donald Wlodkowic
- The Neurotoxicology Laboratory, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Lesley A Alton
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jake M Martin
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bob B M Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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7
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Song X, Zhao L, Zhang N, Liu L, Ren X, Ma H, Luo C, Li Y, Wei Q. Zinc-Based Metal-Organic Framework with MLCT Properties as an Efficient Electrochemiluminescence Probe for Trace Detection of Trenbolone. Anal Chem 2022; 94:14054-14060. [PMID: 36174111 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we utilized polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) derivatives as ligands to develop a zinc-based metal-organic framework (Zn-MOF) as an effective detection probe to construct an electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensor for trenbolone detection. As traditional ECL emitters, PAHs and their derivatives have limited luminescence efficiency because of the aggregation-induced quenching (ACQ) effect. Therefore, Zn-PTC was designed by the coordination of 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic (PTC) in the MOF to eliminate the ACQ effect. Meanwhile, Zn-PTC formed based on an aromatic ligand possessed the metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) effect, which could transfer the energy of Zn2+ to the aromatic ligand for strong luminescence. The ECL efficiency of Zn-PTC was calculated to be approximately 2.2 times that of the ligand (K4PTC). Second, the Ag@Fe core-shell bimetallic nanocrystal was prepared for efficient activation of persulfate (S2O82-), thereby generating more sulfate radicals (SO4•-) to further promote ECL emission. According to ECL characterizations, UV-vis and fluorescence spectra, and density functional theory calculations, the luminescence and signal amplification mechanisms were investigated. In addition, NKFRGKYKC (NKF) was introduced as an affinity ligand to directionally immobilize the target antibodies, thus releasing specific sites in their Fab fragment to enhance binding activity. Based on the above strategies, the constructed biosensor exhibited high sensitivity, realizing trace detection of TBE with a wide detection range (10 fg/mL-100 ng/mL) and a low detection limit (3.28 fg/mL). This study provided an important reference for sensitive monitoring of steroid pollutants in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhen Song
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan250022, Shandong, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan250022, Shandong, China
| | - Nuo Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan250022, Shandong, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan250022, Shandong, China
| | - Xiang Ren
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan250022, Shandong, China
| | - Hongmin Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan250022, Shandong, China
| | - Chuannan Luo
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan250022, Shandong, China
| | - Yuyang Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan250022, Shandong, China
| | - Qin Wei
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan250022, Shandong, China
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8
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Song X, Ren X, Zhao W, Zhao L, Wang S, Luo C, Li Y, Wei Q. A Portable Microfluidic-Based Electrochemiluminescence Sensor for Trace Detection of Trenbolone in Natural Water. Anal Chem 2022; 94:12531-12537. [PMID: 36044748 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a portable electrochemiluminescence sensor chip was designed for trenbolone (TBE) trace detection in environmental water. First, a stable ECL signal was obtained with low-toxicity 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic acid (PTCA) as a luminophore and persulfate (S2O82-) as a coreactant. Second, hollow-structured Cu2MoS4 was introduced as a coreaction accelerator to catalyze S2O82- reduction. The reversible conversion of the mixed-valence transition metal ions in Cu2MoS4 (Cu+/Cu2+ and Mo4+/Mo6+) greatly promoted the generation of the sulfate radical (SO4•-). Meanwhile, the special porous structure of Cu2MoS4 possessed a large specific surface area, thus enhancing its catalytic performance. Based on these enhancement mechanisms, a strong ECL signal was acquired, which improved the detection sensitivity of the constructed sensor. Importantly, a microfluidic chip was introduced for sensing detection, thereby improving the practicality of the sensor. The developed sensor chip was miniature and portable, exhibiting high sensitivity for TBE detection with a wide linear range (10 fg/mL-100 ng/mL) and lower detection limit (3.32 fg/mL). This was of great significance for timely and rapid analysis of steroid pollutants in natural water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhen Song
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering. University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Xiang Ren
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering. University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Shandong Academy of Environmental Science Co., Ltd., Jinan 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering. University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Shoufeng Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering. University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Chuannan Luo
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering. University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Yuyang Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering. University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Qin Wei
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering. University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong, China
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9
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Martin JM, Orford JT, Melo GC, Tan H, Mason RT, Ozeki S, Bertram MG, Wong BBM, Alton LA. Exposure to an androgenic agricultural pollutant does not alter metabolic rate, behaviour, or morphology of tadpoles. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 299:118870. [PMID: 35065139 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Globally, amphibian species are experiencing dramatic population declines, and many face the risk of imminent extinction. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have been recognised as an underappreciated factor contributing to global amphibian declines. In this regard, the use of hormonal growth promotants in the livestock industry provides a direct pathway for EDCs to enter the environment-including the potent anabolic steroid 17β-trenbolone. Emerging evidence suggests that 17β-trenbolone can impact traits related to metabolism, somatic growth, and behaviour in non-target species. However, far less is known about possible effects of 17β-trenbolone on anuran species, particularly during early life stages. Accordingly, in the present study we investigated the effects of 28-day exposure to 17β-trenbolone (mean measured concentrations: 10 and 66 ng/L) on body size, body condition, metabolic rate, and anxiety-related behaviour of tadpoles (Limnodynastes tasmaniensis). Specifically, we measured rates of O2 consumption of individual tadpoles as a proxy for metabolic rate and quantified their swimming activity and their time spent in the upper half of the water column as indicators of anxiety-related behaviour. Counter to our predictions based on effects observed in other taxa, we detected no effect of 17β-trenbolone on body size, metabolic rate, or behaviour of tadpoles; although, we did detect a subtle, but statistically significant decrease in body condition at the highest 17β-trenbolone concentration. We hypothesise that 17β-trenbolone may induce taxa-specific effects on metabolic function, growth, and anxiety-related behaviour, with anurans being less sensitive to disruption than fish, and encourage further cross-taxa investigation to test this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake M Martin
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Jack T Orford
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gabriela C Melo
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hung Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rachel T Mason
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shiho Ozeki
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael G Bertram
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bob B M Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lesley A Alton
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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10
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Lund RA, Cooper ER, Wang H, Ashley Z, Cawley AT, Heather AK. Nontargeted detection of designer androgens: Underestimated role of in vitro bioassays. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:894-902. [PMID: 33864649 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Androgens, both steroidal and nonsteroidal in nature, are among the most commonly misused substances in competitive sports. Their recognized anabolic and performance enhancing effects through short- and long-term physiological adaptations make them popular. Androgens exist as natural steroids, or are chemically synthesized as anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) or selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs). In order to effectively detect misuse of androgens, targeted strategies are used. These targeted strategies rely heavily on mass spectrometry, and detection requires prior knowledge of the targeted structure and its metabolites. Although exquisitely sensitive, such approaches may fail to detect novel structures that are developed and marketed. A nontargeted approach to androgen detection involves the use of cell-based in vitro bioassays. Both yeast and mammalian cell androgen bioassays demonstrate a clear ability to detect AAS and SARMS, and if paired with high resolution mass spectrometry can putatively identify novel structures. In vitro cell bioassays are successfully used to characterize designer molecules and to detect exogenous androgens in biological samples. It is important to continue to develop new and effective detection approaches to prevent misuse of designer androgens, and in vitro bioassays represent a potential solution to nontargeted detection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Lund
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Elliot R Cooper
- National Measurement Institute, Lindfield, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hui Wang
- The Fourth Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Zoe Ashley
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Adam T Cawley
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory, Racing NSW, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alison K Heather
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Insitugen Ltd, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
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11
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DeCourten BM, Forbes JP, Roark HK, Burns NP, Major KM, White JW, Li J, Mehinto AC, Connon RE, Brander SM. Multigenerational and Transgenerational Effects of Environmentally Relevant Concentrations of Endocrine Disruptors in an Estuarine Fish Model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:13849-13860. [PMID: 32989987 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many pollutants cause endocrine disruption in aquatic organisms. While studies of the direct effects of toxicants on exposed organisms are commonplace, little is known about the potential for toxicant exposures in a parental (F0) generation to affect unexposed F1 or F2 generations (multigenerational and transgenerational effects, respectively), particularly in estuarine fishes. To investigate this possibility, we exposed inland silversides (Menidia beryllina) to environmentally relevant (low ng/L) concentrations of ethinylestradiol, bifenthrin, trenbolone, and levonorgestrel from 8 hpf to 21 dph. We then measured development, immune response, reproduction, gene expression, and DNA methylation for two subsequent generations following the exposure. Larval exposure (F0) to each compound resulted in negative effects in the F0 and F1 generations, and for ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel, the F2 also. The specific endpoints that were responsive to exposure in each generation varied, but included increased incidence of larval deformities, reduced larval growth and survival, impaired immune function, skewed sex ratios, ovarian atresia, reduced egg production, and altered gene expression. Additionally, exposed fish exhibited differences in DNA methylation in selected genes, across all three generations, indicating epigenetic transfer of effects. These findings suggest that assessments across multiple generations are key to determining the full magnitude of adverse effects from contaminant exposure in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany M DeCourten
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403, United States
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Joshua P Forbes
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403, United States
| | - Hunter K Roark
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403, United States
| | - Nathan P Burns
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403, United States
| | - Kaley M Major
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - J Wilson White
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Newport, Oregon 97365, United States
| | - Jie Li
- Bioinformatics Core, Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Alvine C Mehinto
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, California 92626, United States
| | - Richard E Connon
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Susanne M Brander
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Newport, Oregon 97365, United States
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12
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Pflug NC, Kral AK, Hankard MK, Breuckman KC, Kolodziej EP, Gloer JB, Wammer KH, Cwiertny DM. Photolysis of Trenbolone Acetate Metabolites in the Presence of Nucleophiles: Evidence for Metastable Photoaddition Products and Reversible Associations with Dissolved Organic Matter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:12181-12190. [PMID: 32910850 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Photolysis of trenbolone acetate (TBA) metabolites in the presence of various nitrogen-, sulfur-, or oxygen-containing nucleophiles (e.g., azide, ammonia, or thiosulfate, respectively) results in rapid (half-lives ∼20-60 min), photochemically induced nucleophile incorporation across the parent steroid's trienone moiety. The formation of such nucleophile adducts limits formation of photohydrates, suggesting competition between the nucleophile and water for photochemical addition into the activated steroid structure. Analogous to previously reported photohydration outcomes, LC/MS analyses suggest that such photonucleophilic addition reactions are reversible, with more rapid elimination rates than thermal dehydration of photohydrates, and regenerate parent steroid structures. Beyond photonucleophilic addition pathways, we also found that hydroxylamine and presumed nucleophilic moieties in model dissolved organic matter (DOM; Fluka humic acid) can react via thermal substitution with TBA metabolite photohydrates, although this reaction with model DOM was only observed for photohydrates of trendione. Most nucleophile addition products [i.e., formed via (photo)reaction with thiosulfate, hydroxylamine, and ammonia] are notably more polar relative to the parent metabolite and photohydration products. Thus, if present, both nucleophilic adducts and bound residues in organic matter will facilitate transport and help mask detection of TBA metabolites in surface waters and treatment systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Pflug
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Andrew K Kral
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Madeline K Hankard
- Department of Chemistry, University of St. Thomas, St. Paul, Minnesota 55105, United States
| | - Kathryn C Breuckman
- Department of Chemistry, University of St. Thomas, St. Paul, Minnesota 55105, United States
| | - Edward P Kolodziej
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, Washington 98402, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - James B Gloer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Kristine H Wammer
- Department of Chemistry, University of St. Thomas, St. Paul, Minnesota 55105, United States
| | - David M Cwiertny
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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13
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Patrick SM, Aneck-Hahn NH, Van Wyk S, Van Zijl MC, Huma M, de Jager C. Veterinary growth promoters in cattle feedlot runoff: estrogenic activity and potential effects on the rat male reproductive system. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:13939-13948. [PMID: 32034597 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07966-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of veterinary growth promoters (VGP) to the environmental burden of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) is largely unknown. At cattle feedlots, the excrement of cattle may contain VGPs, which can contaminate aquatic systems and pose reproductive health risks. The study identifies VGPs used at cattle feedlots in South Africa and confirms associated estrogenic activity in feedlot runoff water. Using a rat model, we investigate the potential reproductive health effects and thyroid function of an environmentally relevant mixture of VGPs. Collected water samples had low levels of selected VGPs, and estrogenic activity was detected in the T47D-KBluc bioassay. Rats exposed to VGP had significant adverse effects on male reproductive health, including shortened anogenital distance, lowered sperm counts, disorganized seminiferous tubules, and thyroid parameters. In conclusion, VGP can contribute to complex environmental EDC mixtures and may adversely affect the reproductive and thyroid health of both humans and wildlife. The varied topography of individual cattle feedlots will govern the rate and extent of effluent runoff, thus continuous monitoring of VGPs in aquatic systems surrounding cattle feedlots is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Mark Patrick
- University of Pretoria Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control (UP ISMC) and Environmental Chemical Pollution and Health (ECPH) Research Unit, Pretoria, South Africa
- School of Health Systems and Public Health (SHSPH), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Natalie Hildegard Aneck-Hahn
- University of Pretoria Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control (UP ISMC) and Environmental Chemical Pollution and Health (ECPH) Research Unit, Pretoria, South Africa
- School of Health Systems and Public Health (SHSPH), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Susan Van Wyk
- University of Pretoria Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control (UP ISMC) and Environmental Chemical Pollution and Health (ECPH) Research Unit, Pretoria, South Africa
- School of Health Systems and Public Health (SHSPH), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Magdelena Catherina Van Zijl
- University of Pretoria Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control (UP ISMC) and Environmental Chemical Pollution and Health (ECPH) Research Unit, Pretoria, South Africa
- School of Health Systems and Public Health (SHSPH), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mampedi Huma
- University of Pretoria Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control (UP ISMC) and Environmental Chemical Pollution and Health (ECPH) Research Unit, Pretoria, South Africa
- School of Health Systems and Public Health (SHSPH), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Christiaan de Jager
- University of Pretoria Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control (UP ISMC) and Environmental Chemical Pollution and Health (ECPH) Research Unit, Pretoria, South Africa.
- School of Health Systems and Public Health (SHSPH), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
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14
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Bertram MG, Tomkins P, Saaristo M, Martin JM, Michelangeli M, Tomkins RB, Wong BBM. Disruption of male mating strategies in a chemically compromised environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 703:134991. [PMID: 31757546 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A leading source of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in the environment is run-off of veterinary pharmaceuticals used in agriculture, including hormonal growth promotants (HGPs). Despite being banned in various countries, HGP use is still common in beef production around the world. The androgenic steroid 17β-trenbolone (17β-TB) is a HGP that commonly enters surface waters via livestock effluent run-off. Here, we used a flow-through system to expose wild-caught adult male guppies (Poecilia reticulata) to an environmentally realistic level of 17β-TB (average measured concentration = 2 ng/L) for 21 days. We then compared the response of exposed and unexposed males to sequentially presented large and small stimulus (unexposed) females. Due to a positive size-fecundity relationship, larger females are generally expected to be preferred by males. While we found no evidence that the size of a previously encountered female affected the amount of courtship or coercive 'sneak' mating behaviour performed by males during the second presentation, males from both exposure treatments conducted more frequent courting events towards larger females during both presentations, suggesting an absolute preference for greater female size. Further, across both presentations, 17β-TB exposure caused a shift in male mating strategy towards increased coercive sneaking behaviour, although male sequential investment into mating effort was not impacted at the tested dosage. In combination, our findings demonstrate that exposure to a field-realistic level of a widespread agricultural pollutant alters male mating strategies in fish, and contribute to a growing understanding of sub-lethal impacts of chemical contaminants on complex behaviours in wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Bertram
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Patrick Tomkins
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Minna Saaristo
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Jake M Martin
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marcus Michelangeli
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Raymond B Tomkins
- Centre for AgriBioscience, Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning (DELWP), Victoria, Australia
| | - Bob B M Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
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15
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Yang X, Zhao H, Cwiertny DM, Kolodziej EP. Sorption and transport of trenbolone and altrenogest photoproducts in soil-water systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:1650-1663. [PMID: 31490490 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00305c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the sorption and transport potential of seven phototransformation products of 17α-trenbolone, 17β-trenbolone, trendione, and altrenogest, along with the parent trienone steroids in batch and column soil-water systems. In batch systems, the target solutes exhibited linear isotherms, with values for sorption coefficients (log Koc) of parent steroids (2.46-2.76) higher than those for photoproducts (1.92-2.57). In column systems, the estimated retardation factors (Rsol) for parents (2.7-5.1) were ∼2-5 times higher than those for photoproducts (0.84-1.7). The log Koc (R2 = 0.75) and Rsol (R2 = 0.89-0.98) were well correlated with measured log Kow values, indicating that hydrophobic partitioning governed the soil-solute interaction of these biologically potent compounds in soil-water systems. These data indicated that photoproducts exhibited reduced sorption affinity and increased transport potential relative to more hydrophobic parent structures. In agroecosystems, traditional runoff management practices would be expected to exhibit reduced treatment effectiveness for photoproducts relative to the parent compounds of commonly used trienone steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjian Yang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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16
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Detection and quantification of metastable photoproducts of trenbolone and altrenogest using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1603:150-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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17
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Bertram MG, Martin JM, Saaristo M, Ecker TE, Michelangeli M, Deal NDS, Lim SL, O'Bryan MK, Wong BBM. Context-specific behavioural changes induced by exposure to an androgenic endocrine disruptor. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 664:177-187. [PMID: 30743111 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical contaminants are being detected with increased frequency in organisms and ecosystems worldwide. This represents a major environmental concern given that various pharmaceuticals act on drug targets that are evolutionarily conserved across diverse taxa, are often persistent in the environment, and can bioconcentrate in organisms and bioaccumulate in food chains. Despite this, relatively little is known about the potential for pharmaceutical contaminants to affect animal behaviour, especially across multiple fitness-related contexts. Here, we investigated impacts of 21-day exposure of wild-caught male eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) to a field-realistic level of the veterinary pharmaceutical 17β-trenbolone-a growth-promoting steroid used extensively in beef production worldwide and a potent androgenic endocrine disruptor repeatedly detected in surface waters affected by livestock effluent run-off. First, we examined male boldness, activity, and exploratory behaviour in a novel environment (maze arena) and found no significant effect of 17β-trenbolone exposure. Second, the same males were tested in a reproductive assay for their tendency to associate with a stimulus (unexposed) female behind a partition. Exposed males exhibited reduced association behaviour, taking longer to first associate with, and spending less time within close proximity to, a female. Third, all males were assayed for sperm function (computer-assisted sperm analysis, sperm viability) or quantity (total sperm count) and, although no significant main effects of 17β-trenbolone were seen on sperm traits, exposure altered the relationship between male morphology and sperm function. Lastly, morphological traits were assessed and exposed males were found to have, on average, increased mass relative to length. In combination, these results demonstrate that exposure to a field-realistic level of 17β-trenbolone can produce subtle but important trait alterations in male fish-including context-specific behavioural changes, disruption of key sperm function trade-offs, and altered morphology-with potential impacts on exposed wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Bertram
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Jake M Martin
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Minna Saaristo
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Tiarne E Ecker
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marcus Michelangeli
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Nicholas D S Deal
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shu Ly Lim
- The Development and Stem Cells Program of Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and the Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Moira K O'Bryan
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; The Development and Stem Cells Program of Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and the Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bob B M Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
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18
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Lagesson A, Saaristo M, Brodin T, Fick J, Klaminder J, Martin JM, Wong BBM. Fish on steroids: Temperature-dependent effects of 17β-trenbolone on predator escape, boldness, and exploratory behaviors. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 245:243-252. [PMID: 30423539 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hormonal growth promoters (HGPs), widely used in beef cattle production globally, make their way into the environment as agricultural effluent-with potential impacts on aquatic ecosystems. One HPG of particular concern is 17β-trenbolone, which is persistent in freshwater habitats and can affect the development, morphology and reproductive behaviors of aquatic organisms. Despite this, few studies have investigated impacts of 17β-trenbolone on non-reproductive behaviors linked to growth and survival, like boldness and predator avoidance. None consider the interaction between 17β-trenbolone and other environmental stressors, such as temperature, although environmental challenges confronting animals in the wild seldom, if ever, occur in isolation. Accordingly, this study aimed to test the interactive effects of trenbolone and temperature on organismal behavior. To do this, eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) were subjected to an environmentally-relevant concentration of 17β-trenbolone (average measured concentration 3.0 ± 0.2 ng/L) or freshwater (i.e. control) for 21 days under one of two temperatures (20 and 30 °C), after which the predator escape, boldness and exploration behavior of fish were tested. Predator escape behavior was assayed by subjecting fish to a simulated predator strike, while boldness and exploration were assessed in a separate maze experiment. We found that trenbolone exposure increased boldness behavior. Interestingly, some behavioral effects of trenbolone depended on temperature, sex, or both. Specifically, significant effects of trenbolone on male predator escape behavior were only noted at 30 °C, with males becoming less reactive to the simulated threat. Further, in the maze experiment, trenbolone-exposed fish explored the maze faster than control fish, but only at 20 °C. We conclude that field detected concentrations of 17β-trenbolone can impact ecologically important behaviors of fish, and such effects can be temperature dependent. Such findings underscore the importance of considering the potentially interactive effects of other environmental stressors when investigating behavioral effects of environmental contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lagesson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - M Saaristo
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia; Department of Biosciences, Åbo Academy University, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - T Brodin
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden; Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, SLU, Umeå, Sweden
| | - J Fick
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - J Klaminder
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - J M Martin
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - B B M Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
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19
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A review on structural elucidation of metabolites of environmental steroid hormones via liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Bertram MG, Saaristo M, Martin JM, Ecker TE, Michelangeli M, Johnstone CP, Wong BBM. Field-realistic exposure to the androgenic endocrine disruptor 17β-trenbolone alters ecologically important behaviours in female fish across multiple contexts. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 243:900-911. [PMID: 30245452 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The capacity of pharmaceutical pollution to alter behaviour in wildlife is of increasing environmental concern. A major pathway of these pollutants into the environment is the treatment of livestock with hormonal growth promotants (HGPs), which are highly potent veterinary pharmaceuticals that enter aquatic ecosystems via effluent runoff. Hormonal growth promotants are designed to exert biological effects at low doses, can act on physiological pathways that are evolutionarily conserved across taxa, and have been detected in ecosystems worldwide. However, despite being shown to alter key fitness-related processes (e.g., development, reproduction) in various non-target species, relatively little is known about the potential for HGPs to alter ecologically important behaviours, especially across multiple contexts. Here, we investigated the effects of exposure to a field-realistic level of the androgenic HGP metabolite 17β-trenbolone-an endocrine-disrupting chemical that has repeatedly been detected in freshwater systems-on a suite of ecologically important behaviours in wild-caught female eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki). First, we found that 17β-trenbolone-exposed fish were more active and exploratory in a novel environment (i.e., maze arena), while boldness (i.e., refuge use) was not significantly affected. Second, when tested for sociability, exposed fish spent less time in close proximity to a shoal of stimulus (i.e., unexposed) conspecific females and were, again, found to be more active. Third, when assayed for foraging behaviour, exposed fish were faster to reach a foraging zone containing prey items (chironomid larvae), quicker to commence feeding, spent more time foraging, and consumed a greater number of prey items, although the effect of exposure on certain foraging behaviours was dependent on fish size. Taken together, these findings highlight the potential for exposure to sub-lethal levels of veterinary pharmaceuticals to alter sensitive behavioural processes in wildlife across multiple contexts, with potential ecological and evolutionary implications for exposed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Bertram
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Minna Saaristo
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Jake M Martin
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tiarne E Ecker
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Bob B M Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
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21
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Ankley GT, Coady KK, Gross M, Holbech H, Levine SL, Maack G, Williams M. A critical review of the environmental occurrence and potential effects in aquatic vertebrates of the potent androgen receptor agonist 17β-trenbolone. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:2064-2078. [PMID: 29701261 PMCID: PMC6129983 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Trenbolone acetate is widely used in some parts of the world for its desirable anabolic effects on livestock. Several metabolites of the acetate, including 17β-trenbolone, have been detected at low nanograms per liter concentrations in surface waters associated with animal feedlots. The 17β-trenbolone isomer can affect androgen receptor signaling pathways in various vertebrate species at comparatively low concentrations/doses. The present article provides a comprehensive review and synthesis of the existing literature concerning exposure to and biological effects of 17β-trenbolone, with an emphasis on potential risks to aquatic animals. In vitro studies indicate that, although 17β-trenbolone can activate several nuclear hormone receptors, its highest affinity is for the androgen receptor in all vertebrate taxa examined, including fish. Exposure of fish to nanograms per liter water concentrations of 17β-trenbolone can cause changes in endocrine function in the short term, and adverse apical effects in longer exposures during development and reproduction. Impacts on endocrine function typically are indicative of inappropriate androgen receptor signaling, such as changes in sex steroid metabolism, impacts on gonadal stage, and masculinization of females. Exposure of fish to 17β-trenbolone during sexual differentiation in early development can greatly skew sex ratios, whereas adult exposures can adversely impact fertility and fecundity. To fully assess ecosystem-level risks, additional research is warranted to address uncertainties as to the degree/breadth of environmental exposures and potential population-level effects of 17β-trenbolone in sensitive species. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2064-2078. Published 2018 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald T. Ankley
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office or Research and Development, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Katherine K. Coady
- The Dow Chemical Company, Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, Midland, MI, USA
| | | | - Henrik Holbech
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | | | - Gerd Maack
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Dessau-Roβlau, Germany
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22
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Tomkins P, Saaristo M, Bertram MG, Michelangeli M, Tomkins RB, Wong BBM. An endocrine-disrupting agricultural contaminant impacts sequential female mate choice in fish. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 237:103-110. [PMID: 29477864 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The environmental impact of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs)-compounds that interfere with endocrine system function at minute concentrations-is now well established. In recent years, concern has been mounting over a group of endocrine disruptors known as hormonal growth promotants (HGPs), which are natural and synthetic chemicals used to promote growth in livestock by targeting the endocrine system. One of the most potent compounds to enter the environment as a result of HGP use is 17β-trenbolone, which has repeatedly been detected in aquatic habitats. Although recent research has revealed that 17β-trenbolone can interfere with mechanisms of sexual selection, its potential to impact sequential female mate choice remains unknown, as is true for all EDCs. To address this, we exposed female guppies (Poecilia reticulata) to 17β-trenbolone at an environmentally relevant level (average measured concentration: 2 ng/L) for 21 days using a flow-through system. We then compared the response of unexposed and exposed females to sequentially presented stimulus (i.e., unexposed) males that varied in their relative body area of orange pigmentation, as female guppies have a known preference for orange colouration in males. We found that, regardless of male orange pigmentation, both unexposed and exposed females associated with males indiscriminately during their first male encounter. However, during the second male presentation, unexposed females significantly reduced the amount of time they spent associating with low-orange males if they had previously encountered a high-orange male. Conversely, 17β-trenbolone-exposed females associated with males indiscriminately (i.e., regardless of orange colouration) during both their first and second male encounter, and, overall, associated with males significantly less than did unexposed females during both presentations. This is the first study to demonstrate altered sequential female mate choice resulting from exposure to an endocrine disruptor, highlighting the need for a greater understanding of how EDCs may impact complex mechanisms of sexual selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Tomkins
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Minna Saaristo
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Michael G Bertram
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Raymond B Tomkins
- Centre for AgriBioscience, Department of Environment and Primary Industries (DEPI), Victoria, Australia
| | - Bob B M Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
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23
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Pflug NC, Hankard MK, Berg SM, O'Connor M, Gloer JB, Kolodziej EP, Cwiertny DM, Wammer KH. Environmental photochemistry of dienogest: phototransformation to estrogenic products and increased environmental persistence via reversible photohydration. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2017; 19:1414-1426. [PMID: 29034382 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00346c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Potent trienone and dienone steroid hormones undergo a coupled photohydration (in light)-thermal dehydration (in dark) cycle that ultimately increases their environmental persistence. Here, we studied the photolysis of dienogest, a dienone progestin prescribed as a next-generation oral contraceptive, and used high resolution mass spectrometry and both 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to identify its phototransformation products. Dienogest undergoes rapid direct photolysis (t1/2 ∼ 1-10 min), forming complex photoproduct mixtures across the pH range examined (pH 2 to 7). Identified products include three photohydrates that account for ∼80% of the converted mass at pH 7 and revert back to parent dienogest in the absence of light. Notably, we also identified two estrogenic compounds produced via the A-ring aromatization of dienogest, evidence for a photochemically-induced increase in estrogenic activity in product mixtures. These results imply that dienogest will undergo complete and facile photolytic transformation in sunlit surface water, yet exhibit greater environmental persistence than might be anticipated by inspection of kinetic rates. Photoproduct mixtures also include transformation products with different nuclear receptor binding capabilities than the parent compound dienogest. These outcomes reveal a dynamic fate and biological risk profile for dienogest that must also take into account the composition and endocrine activity of its transformation products. Collectively, this study further illustrates the need for more holistic regulatory, risk assessment, and monitoring approaches for high potency synthetic pharmaceuticals and their bioactive transformation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Pflug
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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24
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Tomkins P, Saaristo M, Bertram MG, Tomkins RB, Allinson M, Wong BBM. The agricultural contaminant 17β-trenbolone disrupts male-male competition in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata). CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 187:286-293. [PMID: 28854383 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite a growing literature highlighting the potential impact of human-induced environmental change on mechanisms of sexual selection, relatively little is known about the effects of chemical pollutants on male-male competition. One class of environmental pollutant likely to impact male competitive interactions is the endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), a large and heterogeneous group of chemical contaminants with the potential to influence morphology, physiology and behaviour at minute concentrations. One EDC of increasing concern is the synthetic, androgenic steroid 17β-trenbolone, which is used globally to promote growth in beef cattle. Although 17β-trenbolone has been found to cause severe morphological and behavioural abnormalities in fish, its potential impact on male-male competition has yet to be investigated. To address this, we exposed wild male guppies (Poecilia reticulata) to an environmentally realistic concentration of 17β-trenbolone (average measured concentration: 8 ng/L) for 21 days using a flow-through system. We found that, in the presence of a competitor, 17β-trenbolone-exposed males carried out more frequent aggressive behaviours towards rival males than did unexposed males, as well as performing less courting behaviour and more sneak (i.e., coercive) mating attempts towards females. Considering that, by influencing mating outcomes, male-male competition has important consequences for population dynamics and broader evolutionary processes, this study highlights the need for greater understanding of the potential impact of EDCs on the mechanisms of sexual selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Tomkins
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Minna Saaristo
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Michael G Bertram
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Raymond B Tomkins
- Centre for AgriBioscience, Department of Environment and Primary Industries (DEPI), Victoria, Australia
| | - Mayumi Allinson
- Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management (CAPIM), School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bob B M Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
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25
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Wammer KH, Anderson KC, Erickson PR, Kliegman S, Moffatt ME, Berg SM, Heitzman JA, Pflug NC, McNeill K, Martinovic-Weigelt D, Abagyan R, Cwiertny DM, Kolodziej EP. Environmental Photochemistry of Altrenogest: Photoisomerization to a Bioactive Product with Increased Environmental Persistence via Reversible Photohydration. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:7480-7488. [PMID: 27356268 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite its wide use as a veterinary pharmaceutical, environmental fate data is lacking for altrenogest, a potent synthetic progestin. Here, it is reported that direct photolysis of altrenogest under environmentally relevant conditions was extremely efficient and rapid (half-life ∼25 s). Photolysis rates (observed rate constant kobs = 2.7 ± 0.2 × 10(-2) s(-1)) were unaffected by changes in pH or temperature but were sensitive to oxygen concentrations (N2-saturated kobs = 9.10 ± 0.32 × 10(-2) s(-1); O2-saturated kobs = 1.38 ± 0.11 × 10(-2) s(-1)). The primary photoproduct was identified as an isomer formed via an internal 2 + 2 cycloaddition reaction; the triplet lifetime (8.4 ± 0.2 μs) and rate constant (8 × 10(4) s(-1)) of this reaction were measured using transient absorption spectroscopy. Subsequent characterization determined that this primary cycloaddition photoproduct undergoes photohydration. The resultant photostable secondary photoproducts are subject to thermal dehydration in dark conditions, leading to reversion to the primary cycloaddition photoproduct on a time scale of hours to days, with the photohydration and dehydration repeatable over several light/dark cycles. This dehydration reaction occurs more rapidly at higher temperatures and is also accelerated at both high and low pH values. In vitro androgen receptor (AR)-dependent gene transcriptional activation cell assays and in silico nuclear hormone receptor screening revealed that certain photoproducts retain significant androgenic activity, which has implications for exposure risks associated with the presence and cycling of altrenogest and its photoproducts in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine H Wammer
- Department of Chemistry, University of St. Thomas , St. Paul, Minnesota 55105, United States
| | - Kyler C Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of St. Thomas , St. Paul, Minnesota 55105, United States
| | - Paul R Erickson
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich , CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Kliegman
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich , CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marianna E Moffatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of St. Thomas , St. Paul, Minnesota 55105, United States
| | - Stephanie M Berg
- Department of Chemistry, University of St. Thomas , St. Paul, Minnesota 55105, United States
| | - Jackie A Heitzman
- Department of Biology, University of St. Thomas , St. Paul, Minnesota 55105, United States
| | - Nicholas C Pflug
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Kristopher McNeill
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich , CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Ruben Abagyan
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman, La Jolla, California 92093-0747, United States
| | - David M Cwiertny
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Edward P Kolodziej
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington, Tacoma , Tacoma, Washington 98402 United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195-2700 United States
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26
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Baltrusaitis J, Patterson EV, O'Connor M, Qu S, Kolodziej EP, Cwiertny DM. Reversible Photohydration of Trenbolone Acetate Metabolites: Mechanistic Understanding of Product-to-Parent Reversion through Complementary Experimental and Theoretical Approaches. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:6753-61. [PMID: 26800354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Photolysis experiments (in H2O and D2O) and quantum chemical calculations were performed to explore the pH-dependent, reversible photohydration of trenbolone acetate (TBA) metabolites. Photohydration of 17α-trenbolone (17α-TBOH) and 17β-trenbolone (17β-TBOH) occurred readily in simulated sunlight to yield hydrated products with incorporated H(+) at C4 and OH(-) at either C5 (5-OH-TBOH) or C12 (12-OH-TBOH) in the tetracyclic steroid backbone. Although unable to be elucidated analytically, theory suggests preferred orientations of cis-12-OH-TBOH (relative to C13 methyl) and trans-5-OH-TBOH, with the former most thermodynamically stable overall. Both experiment and theory indicate limited stability of trans-5-OH-TBOH at acidic pH where it undergoes concurrent, carbocation-mediated thermal rearrangement to cis-12-OH-TBOH and dehydration to regenerate its parent structure. Experiments revealed cis-12-OH-TBOH to be more stable at acidic pH, which is the only condition where its reversion to parent TBA metabolite occurred. At basic pH cis-12-OH-TBOH decayed quickly via hydroxide/water addition, behavior that theory attributes to the formation of a stable enolate resistant to dehydration but prone to thermal hydration. In a noteworthy deviation from predicted theoretical stability, 17α-TBOH photohydration yields major trans-5-OH-TBOH and minor cis-12-OH-TBOH, a distribution also opposite that observed for 17β-TBOH. Because H(+) and OH(-) loss from adjacent carbon centers allows trans-5-OH-TBOH to dehydrate at all pH values, the presumed kinetically controlled yield of 17α-TBOH photohydrates results in a greater propensity for 17α-TBOH reversion than 17β-TBOH. Additional calculations explored minor, but potentially bioactive, trenbolone analogs that could be generated via alternative rearrangement of the acidic carbocation intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Baltrusaitis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University , B336 Iacocca Hall, 111 Research Drive, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
- College of Public Health, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Eric V Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Meghan O'Connor
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa , 4105 Seamans Center for the Engineering Arts and Sciences, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Shen Qu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa , 4105 Seamans Center for the Engineering Arts and Sciences, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Edward P Kolodziej
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington , Tacoma, Tacoma Washington 98402, United States
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - David M Cwiertny
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa , 4105 Seamans Center for the Engineering Arts and Sciences, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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27
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Zhou LJ, Zhang BB, Zhao YG, Wu QL. Occurrence, spatiotemporal distribution, and ecological risks of steroids in a large shallow Chinese lake, Lake Taihu. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 557-558:68-79. [PMID: 26994795 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Steroids have been frequently detected in surface waters, and might pose adverse effects on aquatic organisms. However, little information is available regarding the occurrence and spatiotemporal distribution of steroids in lake environments. In addition to pollution sources, the occurrence and spatiotemporal distribution of steroids in lake environments might be related to lake types (shallow or deep), lake hydrodynamics, and sorption-desorption processes in the water-sediment systems. In this study, the occurrence, spatiotemporal distribution, and ecological risks of 36 steroids in a large shallow lake were evaluated by investigating surface water and sediment samples at 32 sites in Lake Taihu over two seasons. Twelve and 15 analytes were detected in aqueous and sedimentary phases, respectively, with total concentrations ranging from 0.86 to 116ng/L (water) and from 0.82 to 16.2ng/g (sediment, dry weight). Temporal variations of steroid concentrations in the water and sediments were statistically significant, with higher concentrations in winter. High concentrations of steroids were found in the seriously polluted bays rather than in the pelagic zone of the lake. Strong lake currents might mix pelagic waters, resulting in similar concentrations of steroids in the pelagic zone. Mass balance analysis showed that sediments in shallow lakes are in general an important sink for steroids. Steroids in the surface water and sediments of Lake Taihu might pose potential risks to aquatic organisms. Overall, our study indicated that the concentrations and spatiotemporal distribution of steroids in the large shallow lake are influenced simultaneously by pollution sources and lake hydrodynamics. CAPSULE Steroids in the large shallow Lake Taihu showed clear temporal and spatial variations and lake sediments may be a potential sink of steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China.
| | - Bei-Bei Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Analysis for Organic Pollutants in Surface Water, Jiangsu Provincial Environmental Monitoring Center, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong-Gang Zhao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Analysis for Organic Pollutants in Surface Water, Jiangsu Provincial Environmental Monitoring Center, Nanjing, China
| | - Qinglong L Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China; Sino-Danish Center for Education and Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
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28
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Blackwell BR, Johnson BJ, Buser MD, Cobb GP, Smith PN. Transformation kinetics of trenbolone acetate metabolites and estrogens in urine and feces of implanted steers. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 138:901-907. [PMID: 25550108 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.10.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Biotransformation of trenbolone acetate metabolites and estrogens derived from animal feeding operations in soils, waste storage systems, and in land applied manure has been well characterized. Yet recent data demonstrate potential for steroid transport into the environment directly from feedyard pens via runoff or airborne particulate matter. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine steroid transformation rates in beef cattle excreta. Feces and urine were collected from steers recently treated with steroidal implants. Excreta were stored and periodically extracted over 112 d then analyzed for trenbolone acetate metabolites and estrogens by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Conjugated steroids were present primarily in urine, and conjugates quickly degraded to free steroid with a half-life of 0.6-1.0 d. The primary trenbolone acetate metabolite, 17α-trenbolone, had a half-life of 5.1-9.5 d. Likewise, 17α-estradiol was the predominant estrogen, with a half-life of 8.6-53 d. Secondary trenbolone metabolites formed from 17α-trenbolone biotransformation were observed at low concentrations less than 10% initial 17α-trenbolone concentrations. Estrone was the primary metabolite of 17α-estradiol and concentrations of estrone exceeded initial 17α-estradiol concentration in all sample types. These results suggest manure-borne steroids are more stable in excreta than in soil microcosms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett R Blackwell
- Texas Tech University, Department of Environmental Toxicology, 1207 Gilbert Dr, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Bradley J Johnson
- Texas Tech University, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Box 42141, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Michael D Buser
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, 111 Agricultural Hall, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - George P Cobb
- Baylor University, Department of Environmental Science, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Philip N Smith
- Texas Tech University, Department of Environmental Toxicology, 1207 Gilbert Dr, Lubbock, TX, USA.
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29
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Cole EA, McBride SA, Kimbrough KC, Lee J, Marchand EA, Cwiertny DM, Kolodziej EP. Rates and product identification for trenbolone acetate metabolite biotransformation under aerobic conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:1472-1484. [PMID: 25727029 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Trenbolone acetate metabolites are endocrine-active contaminants discharged into the aquatic environment in runoff from agricultural fields, rangelands, and concentrated animal feeding operations. To investigate the environmental fate of these compounds and their biotransformation mechanisms, the authors used inocula from a variety of different water sources and dosed biologically active microcosms with approximately 1400 ng/L of trenbolone acetate metabolites, including 17β-trenbolone, trendione, and 17α-trenbolone. To investigate aerobic biotransformation rates and interconversions between known trenbolone acetate metabolites, gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to measure concentrations and assess product distributions as a function of time. High-resolution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to characterize novel transformation products and potential transformation pathways. Kinetic analysis yields observed half-lives of approximately 0.9 d, 1.3 d, and 2.2 d for 17β-trenbolone, trendione, and 17α-trenbolone, respectively, at 20 °C, although colder conditions increased half-lives to 8.5 d and biphasic transformation was observed. Relative to reported faster attenuation rates in soils, trenbolone acetate metabolites are likely more persistent in aqueous systems. Product distributions indicate an enzymatic preference for biotransformation between trendione and 17β-trenbolone. The LC-MS/MS characterization indicates dehydrogenation products as the major detectable products and demonstrates that major structural elements responsible for bioactivity in steroids are likely retained during biotransformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Cole
- Department of Civil Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Samantha A McBride
- Department of Civil Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Kaitlin C Kimbrough
- Department of Civil Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Jaewoong Lee
- Department of Civil Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Eric A Marchand
- Department of Civil Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - David M Cwiertny
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Edward P Kolodziej
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington, Tacoma, Washington, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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30
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Coupled reversion and stream-hyporheic exchange processes increase environmental persistence of trenbolone metabolites. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7067. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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31
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Bertram MG, Saaristo M, Baumgartner JB, Johnstone CP, Allinson M, Allinson G, Wong BBM. Sex in troubled waters: Widespread agricultural contaminant disrupts reproductive behaviour in fish. Horm Behav 2015; 70:85-91. [PMID: 25797925 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chemical pollution is a pervasive and insidious agent of environmental change. One class of chemical pollutant threatening ecosystems globally is the endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). The capacity of EDCs to disrupt development and reproduction is well established, but their effects on behaviour have received far less attention. Here, we investigate the impact of a widespread androgenic EDC on reproductive behaviour in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata. We found that short-term exposure of male guppies to an environmentally relevant concentration of 17β-trenbolone-a common environmental pollutant associated with livestock production-influenced the amount of male courtship and forced copulatory behaviour (sneaking) performed toward females, as well as the receptivity of females toward exposed males. Exposure to 17β-trenbolone was also associated with greater male mass. However, no effect of female exposure to 17β-trenbolone was detected on female reproductive behaviour, indicating sex-specific vulnerability at this dosage. Our study is the first to show altered male reproductive behaviour following exposure to an environmentally realistic concentration of 17β-trenbolone, demonstrating the possibility of widespread disruption of mating systems of aquatic organisms by common agricultural contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Bertram
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Minna Saaristo
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - John B Baumgartner
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Mayumi Allinson
- Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management (CAPIM), The University of Melbourne, Bio21 Institute, Victoria, Australia
| | - Graeme Allinson
- Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management (CAPIM), The University of Melbourne, Bio21 Institute, Victoria, Australia; Department of Environment and Primary Industries (DEPI), Victoria, Australia
| | - Bob B M Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
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32
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Qu S, Kolodziej EP, Cwiertny DM. Sorption and mineral-promoted transformation of synthetic hormone growth promoters in soil systems. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:12277-12286. [PMID: 25426694 DOI: 10.1021/jf5035527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This work examines the fate of synthetic growth promoters (trenbolone acetate, melengestrol acetate, and zeranol) in sterilized soil systems, focusing on their sorption to organic matter and propensity for mineral-promoted reactions. In organic-rich soil matrices (e.g., Pahokee Peat), the extent and reversibility of sorption did not generally correlate with compound hydrophobicity (e.g., K(ow) values), suggesting that specific binding interactions (e.g., potentially hydrogen bonding through C17 hydroxyl groups for the trenbolone and melengestrol families) can also contribute to uptake. In soils with lower organic carbon contents (1-5.9% OC), evidence supports sorption occurring in parallel with surface reaction on inorganic mineral phases. Subsequent experiments with pure mineral phases representative of those naturally abundant in soil (e.g., iron, silica, and manganese oxides) suggest that growth promoters are prone to mineral-promoted oxidation, hydrolysis, and/or nucleophilic (e.g., H2O or OH(-)) addition reactions. Although reaction products remain unidentified, this study shows that synthetic growth promoters can undergo abiotic transformation in soil systems, a previously unidentified fate pathway with implications for their persistence and ecosystem effects in the subsurface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Qu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa , 4105 Seamans Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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Jones GD, Benchetler PV, Tate KW, Kolodziej EP. Trenbolone acetate metabolite transport in rangelands and irrigated pasture: observations and conceptual approaches for agro-ecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:12569-12576. [PMID: 25271971 DOI: 10.1021/es503406h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To assess the relative ecological risks of trenbolone acetate (TBA) use in agro-ecosystems, we evaluated the spatiotemporal dynamics of TBA metabolite transport during irrigation and rainfall events. Within a pasture, TBA-implanted heifers (40 mg TBA, 8 mg estradiol) were briefly penned (24 h) at high stocking densities (500 animal units (AU)/ha), prior to irrigation. Irrigation runoff concentrations of 17α-trenbolone (17α-TBOH) 0.3 m downslope were 11 ng/L in the wetting front, but quickly decreased to ∼0.5 ng/L, suggesting mass transfer limitations to transport. At 3 and 30 m downslope, efficient attenuation of 17α-TBOH concentrations is best explained by infiltration and surface partitioning. At plot scales, transport through vegetated filter strips resulted in <0.5-7 ng/L 17α-TBOH concentrations in rainfall-induced runoff with partial subsequent attenuation. Thus, even under intense grazing scenarios, TBA-metabolite transport potential is expected to be low in rangelands, with ecological risks primarily arising from uncontrolled animal access to receiving waters. However, 17α-TBOH concentrations in initial runoff were predicted to exceed threshold levels (i.e., no observed adverse effect levels [NOAELs]) for manure concentrations exceeding 2.0 ng/g-dw, which occurs throughout most of the implant life. For comparison, estrone and 17β-estradiol were modeled and are likely capable of exceeding NOAELs by a factor of ∼2-5 in irrigation runoff, suggesting that both endogenous and exogenous steroids contribute to endocrine disruption potential in agro-ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrad D Jones
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada-Reno , MS 0258, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
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Jones GD, Benchetler PV, Tate KW, Kolodziej EP. Surface and subsurface attenuation of trenbolone acetate metabolites and manure-derived constituents in irrigation runoff on agro-ecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2014; 16:2507-2516. [PMID: 25308255 DOI: 10.1039/c4em00385c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Although studies have evaluated the ecotoxicity and fate of trenbolone acetate (TBA) metabolites, namely 17α-trenbolone (17α-TBOH), 17β-trenbolone (17β-TBOH), and trendione (TBO), their environmental transport processes remain poorly characterized with little information available to guide agricultural runoff management. Therefore, we evaluated TBA metabolite transport in representative agricultural systems with concurrent assessment of other manure-derived constituents. Leachate generated using manure from TBA-implanted cattle was applied to a subsurface infiltration plot (4 m) and surface vegetative filter strips (VFSs; 3, 4, and 5 m). In the subsurface experiment, 17α-TBOH leachate concentrations were 36 ng L(-1) but decreased to 12 ng L(-1) in initial subsurface discharge. Over 75 minutes, concentrations linearly increased to 23 ng L(-1) (C/Co = 0.32-0.64). In surface experiments (n = 4), 17α-TBOH leachate concentrations ranged from 11-150 ng L(-1), remained nearly constant with time, but were attenuated by ∼70-90% after VFS treatment with no statistical dependence on the VFS length. While attenuation clearly occurred, the observations of a highly mobile fraction of all constituents in both surface runoff and subsurface discharge suggest that these treatment strategies may not always be capable of achieving threshold discharge concentrations. To attain no observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs) in receiving waters, concurrent assessment of leachate concentrations and available dilution capacities can be used to guide target treatment performance levels for runoff management. Dilution is usually necessary to achieve NOAELs, and receiving waters with less than 70-100 fold dilution capacity are at the highest risk for steroidal endocrine disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrad D Jones
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada-Reno, MS 0258, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
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Gan Z, Sun H, Wang R, Hu H, Zhang P, Ren X. Transformation of acesulfame in water under natural sunlight: joint effect of photolysis and biodegradation. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 64:113-122. [PMID: 25046375 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The transformation of acesulfame in water under environmentally relevant conditions, including direct and indirect photolysis, biodegradation, and hydrolysis, was systematically evaluated. Under natural sunlight, both direct and indirect photolysis of acesulfame were negligible in sterilized systems at neutral or alkaline pH, whereas direct photolysis occurred at pH of 4 with a rate constant of 0.0355 d(-1) in deionized water. No significant reduction in acesulfame contents was found in the dark controls or in the incubation experiments, indicating acesulfame was resistant to hydrolysis and biodegradation. In unsterilized systems, photolysis was substantially enhanced, implying that there was a joint effect of photolysis and biodegradation or that the sterilization process had the secondary effect of inactivating some photosensitizers. The near-surface summer half-life of acesulfame in the water from the Haihe River was 9 d. Specific experiments revealed the involvement of (1)O2/(3)DOM* in acesulfame photolysis, whereas OH exhibited only a slight contribution in the presence of DOM or bicarbonate. As indicated by the total organic carbon data, no significant mineralization occurred in both sterilized and unsterilized systems after acesulfame was irradiated under simulated sunlight for 7 d, suggesting the generation of persistent intermediates. Finally, major degradation intermediates were analyzed, and the degradation pathways of acesulfame under environmentally relevant conditions were proposed for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Gan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Ruonan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hongwei Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xinhao Ren
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Cwiertny DM, Snyder SA, Schlenk D, Kolodziej EP. Environmental designer drugs: when transformation may not eliminate risk. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:11737-45. [PMID: 25216024 PMCID: PMC4204896 DOI: 10.1021/es503425w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Environmental transformation processes, including those occurring in natural and engineered systems, do not necessarily drastically alter molecular structures of bioactive organic contaminants. While the majority of generated transformation products are likely benign, substantial conservation of structure in transformation products can imply conservation or even creation of bioactivity across multiple biological end points and thus incomplete mitigation of ecological risk. Therefore, focusing solely on parent compound removal for contaminants of higher relative risk, the most common approach to fate characterization, provides no mechanistic relationship to potential biological effects and is inadequate as a comprehensive metric for reduction of ecological risks. Here, we explore these phenomena for endocrine-active steroid hormones, focusing on examples of conserved bioactivity and related implications for fate assessment, regulatory approaches, and research opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Cwiertny
- Civil
and Environmental Engineering, University
of Iowa, 4105 Seamans
Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- (D.M.C.) Phone: +1-319-335-1401; fax: +1-319-335-5660; e-mail:
| | - Shane A. Snyder
- Chemical
and Environmental Engineering, University
of Arizona, 1133 E. James
E. Rogers Way, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- NUS
Environmental Research Institute (NERI), National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, T-Lab Building, Singapore 117411
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, University of
California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Edward P. Kolodziej
- Interdisciplinary
Arts and Sciences, University of Washington,
Tacoma, 1900 Commerce
Street, Tacoma, Washington 98402, United States
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, 201 More Hall, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- (E.P.K.) Phone: +1-253-692-5659; fax: +1-253-692-5718; e-mail:
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Sangster JL, Zhang Y, Hernandez R, Garcia YA, Sivils JC, Cox MB, Snow DD, Kolok AS, Bartelt-Hunt SL. Bioavailability and fate of sediment-associated trenbolone and estradiol in aquatic systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 496:576-584. [PMID: 25108798 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting effects in aquatic organisms have been observed in systems influenced by steroid hormones. Associating endocrine disruption with aqueous concentrations of steroids alone may overlook the influence of source-sink dynamics in sediments on steroid hormone bioavailability. The objective of this study was to determine the fate of 17β-estradiol and 17β-trenbolone in two field sediments and to evaluate the corresponding bioavailability of the compounds to the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Steroid fate was evaluated using analytical chemistry and verified by assessing the biological activity using yeast based in vitro assays. Effective bioavailability of the steroids was inferred from changes in hepatic vitellogenin expression (increased expression in males exposed to 17β-estradiol, and reduced expression in females exposed to 17β-trenbolone). In experiments conducted with 17β-estradiol, no induction of hepatic vitellogenin mRNA expression was observed in male fish exposed to sediment-associated 17β-estradiol. In contrast, female minnows exposed to sediment-associated 17β-trenbolone experienced significant reductions in hepatic vitellogenin compared to negative controls. In both systems, the parent compounds were shown to degrade rapidly to the more persistent metabolites, estrone and trendione, both of which were found predominantly associated with the sediments. Results from the yeast estrogen screen indicate a reduction in biological activity as biotransformation of 17β-estradiol occurs; results from the yeast anti-estrogen screen were inconclusive and unable to substantiate 17β-trenbolone fate in aquatic systems. Collectively, these data support the contention that steroid hormones associated with the sediment can become bioavailable to fish, and that sediment characteristics influence the observed bioavailability of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi L Sangster
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Peter Kiewit Institute, Omaha, NE 68182-0178, USA
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Peter Kiewit Institute, Omaha, NE 68182-0178, USA
| | - Reina Hernandez
- Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave., El Paso, TX 79902, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave., El Paso, TX 79902, USA
| | - Yenni A Garcia
- Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave., El Paso, TX 79902, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave., El Paso, TX 79902, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Sivils
- Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave., El Paso, TX 79902, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave., El Paso, TX 79902, USA
| | - Marc B Cox
- Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave., El Paso, TX 79902, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave., El Paso, TX 79902, USA
| | - Daniel D Snow
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0844, USA
| | - Alan S Kolok
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, 6001 Dodge Street, Omaha, NE 68182-0040, USA; Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska-Medical Center, 986805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, USA
| | - Shannon L Bartelt-Hunt
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Peter Kiewit Institute, Omaha, NE 68182-0178, USA.
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Forsgren KL, Qu S, Lavado R, Cwiertny D, Schlenk D. Trenbolone acetate metabolites promote ovarian growth and development in adult Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 202:1-7. [PMID: 24780119 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Trenbolone acetate, a synthetic androgen, has been used as a growth promoter in beef cattle in the US since 1987. While several teleost studies have investigated the masculinization effects of the metabolite 17β-trenbolone, few have focused on the reproductive impacts of all three trenbolone acetate (TBA) metabolites including trendione. Adult female medaka (Oryzias latipes) were exposed to TBA metabolites (10, 100, and 1000ng/L) for 14days (n=3). Histological examination revealed that TBA metabolites (1000ng/L) significantly reduced the percentage of primary ovarian follicles and increased the percentage of vitellogenic follicles compared to control fish. 17α-Trenbolone significantly increased whereas trendione reduced whole body levels of estradiol-17β. Testosterone was significantly reduced by trendione treatment and only the highest dose of 17β-trenbolone and lowest dose of trendione altered 11-ketotestosterone. Additionally, TBA metabolites may be further broken down and/or metabolized or converted by the animal influencing both sex steroid levels and ovarian development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy L Forsgren
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States.
| | - Shen Qu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Ramon Lavado
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - David Cwiertny
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
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Jones GD, Benchetler PV, Tate KW, Kolodziej EP. Mass balance approaches to characterizing the leaching potential of trenbolone acetate metabolites in agro-ecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:3715-3723. [PMID: 24597797 DOI: 10.1021/es405701f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have documented the occurrence and fate of trenbolone acetate (TBA) metabolites in soil and water. However, considerable uncertainty still exists with respect to TBA risk in agro-ecosystems because limited data are available to quantify excretion, transformation, and leaching processes. To address these uncertainties, we used experimental mesocosms and a mass balance approach to estimate the TBA metabolite leaching potential from manure excreted by implanted (40 mg TBA, 8 mg 17β-estradiol) beef cattle. Manure sample analysis indicates that over 113 days, a maximum of 9.3% (3,200 μg/animal unit [AU]) of the implant dose was excreted as 17α-trenbolone (17α-TBOH), and <1% was excreted as 17β-trenbolone (65 μg/AU) or trendione (3 μg/AU). While most (>97%) of the total excreted mass of 17α-TBOH transforms to uncharacterized products, 0.3-0.6% (100-220 μg/AU) of the implant dose accumulates on land surfaces and is available for subsequent transport. During rainfall or irrigation events, a maximum of 0.005-0.06% (1.6-22 μg/AU 17α-TBOH) or 0.005-0.012% (1.8-4 μg/AU 17α-TBOH) of the dose leached into runoff, respectively. Leaching potentials peak at 5-30 days postimplantation, suggesting that targeted timing of implantation and irrigation could minimize steroid leaching during rainfall and irrigation events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrad D Jones
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada-Reno , MS 0258, Reno, Nevada, 89557
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Yan S, Song W. Photo-transformation of pharmaceutically active compounds in the aqueous environment: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2014; 16:697-720. [PMID: 24608883 DOI: 10.1039/c3em00502j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In the past few years, the fate and transportation of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in aqueous environments have raised significant concerns among the public, scientists and regulatory groups. Photodegradation is an important removal process in surface waters. This review summarizes the last 10 years (2003-2013) of studies on the solar or solar-simulated photodegradation of PhACs in aqueous environments. The PhACs covered include: beta-blockers, antibiotics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), histamine H₂-receptor antagonists, lipid regulators, carbamazepine, steroid hormones, and X-ray contrast media compounds. Kinetic studies, degradation mechanisms and toxicity removal are the three major topics involved in this review. The quantum yield for the direct photolysis of PhACs and the bimolecular reaction rate constants of PhACs with reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as the ˙OH radical and singlet oxygen, are also summarized. This information is not only important to predict the PhAC photodegradation fate, but also is very useful for advanced treatment technologies, such as ozone or advanced oxidation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China.
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Qu S, Kolodziej EP, Long SA, Gloer JB, Patterson EV, Baltrusaitis J, Jones GD, Benchetler PV, Cole EA, Kimbrough KC, Tarnoff MD, Cwiertny DM. Product-to-parent reversion of trenbolone: unrecognized risks for endocrine disruption. Science 2013; 342:347-51. [PMID: 24072818 DOI: 10.1126/science.1243192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Trenbolone acetate (TBA) is a high-value steroidal growth promoter often administered to beef cattle, whose metabolites are potent endocrine-disrupting compounds. We performed laboratory and field phototransformation experiments to assess the fate of TBA metabolites and their photoproducts. Unexpectedly, we observed that the rapid photohydration of TBA metabolites is reversible under conditions representative of those in surface waters (pH 7, 25°C). This product-to-parent reversion mechanism results in diurnal cycling and substantial regeneration of TBA metabolites at rates that are strongly temperature- and pH-dependent. Photoproducts can also react to produce structural analogs of TBA metabolites. These reactions also occur in structurally similar steroids, including human pharmaceuticals, which suggests that predictive fate models and regulatory risk assessment paradigms must account for transformation products of high-risk environmental contaminants such as endocrine-disrupting steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Qu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, 4105 Seamans Center for the Engineering Arts and Sciences, Iowa City, IA 52242-1527, USA
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