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Li B, Shi J, Xiang X, Zhang M, Ge H, Sun S. Exploring the biosynthetic possibilities of hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers from bromophenols in Prorocentrum donghaiense: Implications for bioremediation. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 362:142611. [PMID: 38878983 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
Bromophenols has been proven to synthesize hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs), which may pose additional environmental and health risks in the process of bioremediation. In this study, the removal of 2,4-dibromophenol (2,4-DBP) and 2,4,6-tribromophenol (2,4,6-TBP) and the biosynthetic of OH-PBDEs by Prorocentrum donghaiense were explored. The removal efficiencies of 2,4-DBP and 2,4,6-TBP ranged from 32.71% to 76.89% and 31.15%-78.12%, respectively. Low concentrations of 2,4-DBP stimulated algal growth, while high concentrations were inhibitory. Furthermore, exposure to 10.00 mg L-1 2,4-DBP resulted in the detection of 2'-hydroxy-2,3',4,5'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (2'-OH-BDE-68) within P. donghaiense. In contrast, increasing concentrations of 2,4,6-TBP considerably inhibited P. donghaiense growth, with 4'-hydroxy-2,3',4,5',6-pentabromodiphenyl ether (4'-OH-BDE-121) detected within P. donghaiense under 5.00 mg L-1 2,4,6-TBP. Metabolomic analysis further revealed that the synthesized OH-PBDEs exhibited higher toxicity than their precursors and identified the oxidative coupling as a key biosynthetic mechanism. These findings confirm the capacity of P. donghaiense to remove bromophenols and biosynthesize OH-PBDEs from bromophenols, offering valuable insights into formulating algal bioremediation to mitigate bromophenol contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jianghong Shi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Xueling Xiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Mengtao Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hui Ge
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shuhan Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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2
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Liu Y, Hou X, Li X, Liu J, Jiang G. Simultaneous determination of 19 bromophenols by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after derivatization. Talanta 2024; 274:126015. [PMID: 38581850 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Bromophenols (BPs) are a class of ubiquitous emerging halogenated pollutants. Their 19 congeners are problematically separated and detected. This work described the separation and detection of 19 BP congeners by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Investigations into the derivatization of bromophenols were carried out using two silylation reagents (N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide and N-methyl-N-(trimethylsily)trifluoroacetamide), two alkylation reagents (methyl iodide and trimethylsilyldiazomethane) and acetic anhydride prior to GC-MS analysis. Optimal chromatographic separation, sensitivity, and linearity were achieved after BP derivatization using acetic anhydride, featuring the equipment detection limits of 0.39-1.26 pg and correlation coefficients of 0.9948-0.9999 (linear range: 0.5-250 ng mL-1) for all 19 BP congeners. Furthermore, the simultaneous determination of 19 bromophenols and 19 bromoanisoles, common environmental transformation products of BPs, is also demonstrated. The improved analytical performance on GC-MS after derivatization would benefit investigations on the environmental origins, behaviors and fates of BPs and their environmental metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effect, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Xingwang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Jiyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, China
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3
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Cui L, Gong Y, Zhao S, Wu Y, Wang A, Chen Z. Homogenous Oxidizing Oligomerization Coupled with Coagulation for Water Purification. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 257:121684. [PMID: 38723348 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Natural manganese oxides could induce the intermolecular coupling reactions among small-molecule organics in aqueous environments, which is one of the fundamental processes contributing to natural humification. These processes could be simulated to design novel advanced oxidation technology for water purification. In this study, periodate (PI) was selected as the supplementary electron-acceptor for colloidal manganese oxides (Mn(IV)aq) to remove phenolic contaminants from water. By introducing polyferric sulfate (PFS) into the Mn(IV)aq/PI system and exploiting the flocculation potential of Mn(IV)aq, a post-coagulation process was triggered to eliminate soluble manganese after oxidation. Under acidic conditions, periodate exists in the H4IO6- form as an octahedral oxyacid capable of coordinating with Mn(IV)aq to form bidentate complexes or oligomers (Mn(IV)-PI*) as reactive oxidants. The Mn(IV)-PI* complex could induce cross-coupling process between phenolic contaminants, resulting in the formation of oligomerized products ranging from dimers to hexamers. These oligomerized products participate in the coagulation process and become stored within the nascent floc due to their catenulate nature and strong hydrophobicity. Through coordination between Mn(IV)aq and H4IO6-, residual periodate is firmly connected with manganese oxides in the floc after coagulation and could be simultaneously separated from the aqueous phase. This study achieves oxidizing oligomerization through a homogeneous process under mild conditions without additional energy input or heterogeneous catalyst preparation. Compared to traditional mineralization-driven oxidation techniques, the proposed novel cascade processes realize transformation, convergence, and separation of phenolic contaminants with high oxidant utilization efficiency for low-carbon purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Yingxu Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
| | - Shengxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Yining Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Aijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Zhonglin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
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Zhang S, Wei J, Liu B, Wang W, Wang Z, Wang C, Wang L, Zhang W, Andersen HR, Qu R. Enhanced permanganate oxidation of phenolic pollutants by alumina and potential industrial application. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 251:121170. [PMID: 38277831 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we found that alumina (Al2O3) may improve the degradation of phenolic pollutants by KMnO4 oxidation. In KMnO4/Al2O3 system, the removal efficiency of 2,4-Dibromophenol (2,4-DBP) was increased by 26.5%, and the apparent activation energy was decreased from 44.5 kJ/mol to 30.9 kJ/mol. The mechanism of Al2O3-catalytic was elucidated by electrochemical processes, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) characterization and theoretical analysis that the oxidation potential of MnO4- was improved from 0.46 V to 0.49 V. The improvement was attributed to the formation of coordination bonds between the O atoms in MnO4- and the empty P orbitals of the Al atoms in Al2O3 crystal leading to the even-more electron deficient state of MnO4-. The excellent reusability of Al2O3, the good performance on degradation of 2,4-DBP in real water, the satisfactory degradation of fixed-bed reactor, and the enhanced removal of 6 other phenolic pollutants demonstrated that the KMnO4/Al2O3 system has satisfactory potential industrial application value. This study offers evidence for the improvement of highly-efficient MnO4- oxidation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Junyan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Boying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, PR China
| | - Zunyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Chuanyi Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China
| | - Leyong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Henrik Rasmus Andersen
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ruijuan Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China.
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5
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Xu Z, Wei J, Abid A, Liu Z, Wu Y, Gu J, Ma D, Zheng M. Formation and toxicity contribution of chlorinated and dechlorinated halobenzoquinones from dichlorophenols after ozonation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169860. [PMID: 38199341 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Halobenzoquinones (HBQs) are a class of disinfection byproducts with high cytotoxicity and potential carcinogenicity, which have been widely detected in chlorination of drinking water and swimming pool water. However, to date, the formation of HBQs upon ozonation and the HBQ precursors have been overlooked. This study investigated the formation of chlorinated and dechlorinated HBQs from six dichlorophenol (DCP) isomers. The monomeric and dimeric HBQs were identified in all the ozonation effluents, exhibiting 1-100 times higher toxicity levels than their precursors. The sum of detected HBQs intensity had a satisfactory linear relation with the maximum toxic unit (R2 = 0.9657), indicating the primary toxicity contribution to the increased overall toxicity of effluents. Based on density functional theory calculations, when ozone attacks the para carbon to the hydroxyl group of 2,3-DCP, the probability of producing chlorinated HBQs is 80.41 %, indicating that the para carbon attack mainly resulted in the formation of monomeric HBQs. 2,3-dichlorophenoxy radicals were successfully detected in ozonated 2,3-DCP effluent through electron paramagnetic resonance and further validated using theoretical calculation, revealing the formation pathway of dimeric HBQs. The results indicate that chlorinated phenols, regardless of the positions of chlorine substitution, can potentially serve as precursors for both chlorinated and dechlorinated HBQs formation during ozonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhourui Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jianjian Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Aroob Abid
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zirui Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yasen Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jia Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dehua Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Min Zheng
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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6
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Wei J, Wang S, Tang W, Xu Z, Ma D, Zheng M, Li J. Redox-directed identification of toxic transformation products during ozonation of aromatics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 901:165929. [PMID: 37532054 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity assessment of transformation products (TPs) formed in oxidative water treatment is crucial but challenging because of their low concentration, structural diversity, and mixture complexity. Here, this study developed a novel redox-directed approach for identification of toxic TPs without the individual toxicity and concentration information. This approach based on sodium borohydride reduction comprised an integrated process of toxicological evaluation, fluorescence excitation-emission matrix characterization, high-resolution mass spectrometry detection, followed by ecological toxicity assessment of identified TPs. The redox-directed identification of primary causative toxicants was experimentally tested for the increased nonspecific toxicity observations in the ozonated effluents of model aromatics. Reduction reaction caused a remarkable decrease in toxicity and increase in fluorescence intensity, obtaining a good linear relation between them. More than ten monomeric or dimeric p-benzoquinone (p-BQ) TPs were identified in the ozonated effluents. The occurrence of the p-BQ TPs was further verified through parallel sodium sulfite reduction and actual wastewater ozonation experiments. In vitro bioassays of luminescent bacteria, as well as in silico genotoxicity and cytotoxicity predictions, indicate that the toxicity of p-BQ TPs is significantly higher than that of their precursors and other TPs. These together demonstrated that the identified p-BQ TPs are primary toxicity contributors. The redox-directed approach facilitated the revelation of primary toxicity contribution, illustrating emerging p-BQs are a concern for aquatic ecosystem safety in the oxidative treatment of aromatics-contaminated wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjian Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shuting Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Weixu Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhourui Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dehua Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Min Zheng
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jiansheng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China
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7
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Hovey TA, Mishra D, Singh M, Anaya G, Owusu C, Barvian NC, Sorauf KJ, Patro MD, Panigrahi AK, Mahapatro SN. Pathways in permanganate oxidation of mandelic acid: reactivity and selectivity of intermediate manganese species. Dalton Trans 2023. [PMID: 37997695 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02948d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
We report a comprehensive kinetic and product study of the oxidation of mandelic acid (MA) by permanganate in the pH range of 1-13, including a full account of total oxidizing equivalents (five and three-electron change in acidic and basic media, respectively). In the entire pH range, the reaction shows a primary kinetic deuterium isotope effect (kH/kD ≥8-9), indicating rate-limiting hydride transfer. The deuterium label in α-deutero-mandelic acid is retained in benzaldehyde. Benzaldehyde (BZ) is formed in post-rate limiting steps due to reactions involving manganese intermediates. In alkaline pH (≥13), in the presence of barium acetate, Mn(VI) is removed as insoluble blue barium manganate; the stoichiometry of the first step of reduction was found to be: MA + 2Mn(VII) → PGA + 2Mn(VI). Manganate, MnO42-, is directly reduced to MnO2 giving an additional mole of phenylglyoxylic acid (PGA). The experimentally observed ratio of benzaldehyde to phenylglyoxylic (BZ/PGA) provides a basis for discrimination between mechanistic choices that include direct reduction of Mn(V) to Mn(III) (in an acidic medium), disproportionation to Mn(IV) and Mn(VI) or oxidation to Mn(VI) by a second mole of permanganate. Interestingly, at pH 4, a stoichiometric, soluble Mn(IV) is observed for the first time for hydroxy-acid oxidation, reminiscent of the Guyard reaction. Because of the widespread use of permanganate as an environmentally green oxidant, results from mandelic acid oxidation have implications for the remediation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) including hydrocarbons and nitroaromatics in waste and groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanden A Hovey
- Department of Chemistry, Regis University, Denver, CO 80221, USA.
| | - Disha Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Regis University, Denver, CO 80221, USA.
- Participant, Regis University, Science Bridge Program, Legacy High School, Broomfield, CO, USA
| | - Manveer Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Regis University, Denver, CO 80221, USA.
| | - Grecia Anaya
- Department of Chemistry, Regis University, Denver, CO 80221, USA.
| | - Chantele Owusu
- Department of Chemistry, Regis University, Denver, CO 80221, USA.
| | - Nicole C Barvian
- Department of Chemistry, Regis University, Denver, CO 80221, USA.
| | - Kellen J Sorauf
- Data Science, Anderson College of Business and Computing, Regis University, Denver, CO 80221, USA.
| | | | - Akhil K Panigrahi
- Department of Chemistry, Khallikote University, Berhampur, 760001, Odisha, India.
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Chen T, Dong H, Yu Y, Chen J, Xu J, Sun Y, Guan X. Neutral Phenolic Contaminants Are Not Necessarily More Resistant to Permanganate Oxidation Than Their Dissociated Counterparts: Importance of Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:17620-17628. [PMID: 37902719 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Despite decades of research on phenols oxidation by permanganate, there are still considerable uncertainties regarding the mechanisms accounting for the unexpected parabolic pH-dependent oxidation rate. Herein, the pH effect on phenols oxidation was reinvestigated experimentally and theoretically by highlighting the previously unappreciated proton transfer. The results revealed that the oxidation of protonated phenols occurred via proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) pathways, which can switch from ETPT (electron transfer followed by proton transfer) to CEPT (concerted electron-proton transfer) or PTET (proton transfer followed by electron transfer) with an increase in pH. A PCET-based model was thus established, and it could fit the kinetic data of phenols oxidation by permanganate well. In contrast with what was previously thought, both the simulating results and the density functional theory calculation indicated the rate of CEPT reaction of protonated phenols with OH- as the proton acceptor was much higher than that of deprotonated phenols, which could account for the pH-rate profiles for phenols oxidation. Analysis of the quantitative structure-activity relationships among the modeled rate constants, Hammett constants, and pKa values of phenols further supports the idea that the oxidation of protonated phenols is dominated by PCET. This study improves our understanding of permanganate oxidation and suggests a new pattern of reactivity that may be applicable to other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiansheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Hongyu Dong
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China
| | - Yanghai Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Jihong Xu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China
| | - Yuankui Sun
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
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9
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Zhao L, Zhang J, Ma J. PTIO as a redox mediator to enhance organic contaminants oxidation by permanganate. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 244:120500. [PMID: 37633207 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Although permanganate (Mn(VII)) is extensively utilized as a strong oxidizer for the purification of water, the direct reaction rates between some refractory pollutants and Mn(VII) are moderate or relatively low. In this study, we found that 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-3-oxide-1-oxyl (PTIO), could act as a redox mediator to enhance bisphenol A (BPA) degradation by Mn(VII) at pH 5.0 - 9.0, with a removal higher than 80% over 5 min. Moreover, the Mn(VII)/PTIO system is highly efficient toward a broad spectrum of contaminants. Mechanism was elucidated as following: PTIO was oxidized by Mn(VII) to PTIO+, an oxoammonium cation. As a newly generated reactive species, PTIO+ could oxidize organics and be reduced to PTIOH (PTIO hydroxylamine) or PTIO simultaneously. The redox cycle of PTIO in consecutive runs as an electron shuttle proved its stability and reusability in Mn(VII) oxidation. In addition to being an electron shuttle, PTIO also acts as an activator of Mn(VII) to promote the production of MnO2, which plays a vital role in enhancing BPA abatement at the acidic condition. For the purpose of further understanding the interaction between PTIO and target contaminants, three corresponding degradation pathways for BPA were proposed. Notably, the transformation products of BPA coupling with PTIO were detected, indicating PTIO inhibited the self-coupling of BPA and facilitated the ring-opening pathway. In addition, the ubiquitous humic acid has a positive effect on the Mn(VII)/PTIO system, suggesting a high promise of this system for practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhao
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China.
| | - Jun Ma
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
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10
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Ma L, Gong W, Wu Q, Zhou X, Zhao S, Khan A, Li X, Xu A. Permanganate activation with Mn oxides at different oxidation states: Insight into the surface-promoted electron transfer mechanism. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 457:131746. [PMID: 37270959 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of new strategies to improve the removal of organic pollutants with permanganate (KMnO4) is a hot topic in water treatment. While Mn oxides have been extensively used in Advanced Oxidation Processes through an electron transfer mechanism, the field of KMnO4 activation remains relatively unexplored. Interestingly, this study has discovered that Mn oxides with high oxidation states including γ-MnOOH, α-Mn2O3 and α-MnO2, exhibited excellent performance to degrade phenols and antibiotics in the presence of KMnO4. The MnO4- species initially formed stable complexes with the surface Mn(III/IV) species and showed an increased oxidation potential and electron transfer reactivity, caused by the electron-withdrawing capacity of the Mn species acting as Lewis acids. Conversely, for MnO and γ-Mn3O4 with Mn(II) species, they reacted with KMnO4 to produce cMnO2 with very low activity for phenol degradation. The direct electron transfer mechanism in α-MnO2/KMnO4 system was further confirmed through the inhibiting effect of acetonitrile and the galvanic oxidation process. Moreover, the adaptability and reusability of α-MnO2 in complicated waters indicated its potential for application in water treatment. Overall, the findings shed light on the development of Mn-based catalysts for organic pollutants degradation via KMnO4 activation and understanding of the surface-promoted mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-Dyeing & Finishing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, PR China
| | - Wenqiang Gong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, PR China
| | - Qinghong Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, PR China
| | - Xiong Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, PR China
| | - Shuaiqi Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, PR China
| | - Aimal Khan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, PR China
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, PR China
| | - Aihua Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-Dyeing & Finishing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, PR China.
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11
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Chen X, Wang J, Wu H, Zhu Z, Zhou J, Guo H. Trade-off effect of dissolved organic matter on degradation and transformation of micropollutants: A review in water decontamination. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 450:130996. [PMID: 36867904 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of micropollutants by various treatments is commonly affected by the ubiquitous dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the water environment. To optimize the operating conditions and decomposition efficiency, it is necessary to consider the impacts of DOM. DOM exhibits varied behaviors in diverse treatments, including permanganate oxidation, solar/ultraviolet photolysis, advanced oxidation processes, advanced reduction process, and enzyme biological treatments. Besides, the different sources (i.e., terrestrial and aquatic, etc) of DOM, and operational circumstances (i.e., concentration and pH) fluctuate different transformation efficiency of micropollutants in water. However, so far, systematic explanations and summaries of relevant research and mechanism are rare. This paper reviewed the "trade-off" performances and the corresponding mechanisms of DOM in the elimination of micropollutants, and summarized the similarities and differences for the dual roles of DOM in each of the aforementioned treatments. Inhibition mechanisms typically include radical scavenging, UV attenuation, competition effect, enzyme inactivation, reaction between DOM and micropollutants, and intermediates reduction. Facilitation mechanisms include the generation of reactive species, complexation/stabilization, cross-coupling with pollutants, and electron shuttle. Moreover, electron-drawing groups (i.e., quinones, ketones functional groups) and electron-supplying groups (i.e., phenols) in the DOM are the main contributors to its trade-off effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jingquan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Han Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhuoyu Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jianfei Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Hongguang Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Yibin Industrial Technology Research Institute of Sichuan University, Yibin 644000, China.
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12
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Pan X, Wei J, Wang M, Zhang J, Xu Z, Wei H, Lai N, Nian K, Zhang R, Zhang X. Comparative studies of transformation behaviors and mechanisms of halophenols in multiple chemical oxidative systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 870:161756. [PMID: 36690111 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Due to wide applications, halophenols (HPs), especially bromophenols, chlorophenols, and fluorophenols, are commonly detected but resistant to biological removal in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). This study investigated the overall transformation behaviors of three representative HPs (2,4-dichlorophenol: 24-DCP, 2,4-dibromophenol: 24-DBP, 2,4-difluorophenol: 24-DFP) in six chemical oxidative systems (KMnO4, K2FeO4, NaClO, O3, UV, and persulfate (PS)). The results revealed fast removal of selected HPs by O3, PS and K2FeO4, while a large discrepancy in their removal efficiencies occurred under UV irradiation, KMnO4 oxidation and particularly chlorination. Based on the analysis of the identified intermediates and products, coupling among the five routes was the general route, and dimers were the main intermediates for HP oxidation. The effect of the halogen atom on the transformation pathways of HPs was highly reaction type dependent. Among the six chemical treatments, PS could induce HPs to yield relatively low-molecular-weight polymers and obtain the highest coupling degree. Transition state (TS) calculations showed that the H atom linked to the phenoxy group of HPs was the most easily abstracted by hydroxyl radicals to form the coupling precursor, i.e., phenoxy radicals. This high coupling behavior further resulted in the increased toxicity to green algae. Characterization revealed that HP reaction solutions treated with PS had a severely negative effect on algae growth, photosynthetic pigment synthesis, and the antioxidant enzyme system. These findings can shed light on the reaction mechanisms of advanced oxidation technologies and some risk management and control of PS technique may be considered when treating phenolic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Pan
- Laboratory of Wetland Protection and Ecological Restoration, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Anhui, Hefei 230601, China; Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Mine Ecological Remediation, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Anhui, Hefei 230601, China.
| | - Junyan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Min Wang
- Laboratory of Wetland Protection and Ecological Restoration, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Anhui, Hefei 230601, China; Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Mine Ecological Remediation, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Anhui, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Laboratory of Wetland Protection and Ecological Restoration, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Anhui, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Zhiming Xu
- Laboratory of Wetland Protection and Ecological Restoration, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Anhui, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Haojie Wei
- Laboratory of Wetland Protection and Ecological Restoration, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Anhui, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Nami Lai
- Laboratory of Wetland Protection and Ecological Restoration, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Anhui, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Kainan Nian
- Laboratory of Wetland Protection and Ecological Restoration, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Anhui, Hefei 230601, China; Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Mine Ecological Remediation, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Anhui, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Xuesheng Zhang
- Laboratory of Wetland Protection and Ecological Restoration, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Anhui, Hefei 230601, China; Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Mine Ecological Remediation, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Anhui, Hefei 230601, China.
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13
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Hao L, Qi Y, Wu Y, Xia D. Determination of trace potassium permanganate in tap water by solid phase extraction combined with spectrophotometry. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13587. [PMID: 36851959 PMCID: PMC9958420 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A simple solid phase extraction (SPE) coupled with spectrophotometric method was developed for determination of trace permanganate (MnO4 -) in water. Commercial reagent polyamined-6 powder was used as SPE stationary phase to retain MnO4 - which is based on the fact that MnO4 - can be adsorbed on polyamide 6 (PA-6) sorbent as water samples flow through the SPE cartridge. 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) were used both as eluent solution and chromogenic agent to convert the adsorbed MnO4 - into Mn2+ and generate blue oxidized product with high molar absorptivity. Quantification of MnO4 - could be obtained by spectrophotometric detection of the resulting solution flow out of the SPE cartridge. The extraction and detection variables was optimized to maximize the absorbance of the TMB oxidized product. Under optimized conditions, this method provided linear dynamic ranges of 0.01-1 μmol L-1 for MnO4 - with preconcentration of 100 mL water sample. The limits of detection (3Sb/m) of this method in deionized water were calculated to be 5.1 nM, and the relative standard deviations were determined to be 3.2% (C = 0.1 μmol L-1, n = 5). This method has been applied to the determination of MnO4 - in spiked tap waters and satisfactory recovery was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Hao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemical & Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, 723001, PR China
| | - Yaxin Qi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemical & Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, 723001, PR China
| | - Yingchun Wu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemical & Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, 723001, PR China
| | - Donghui Xia
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemical & Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, 723001, PR China
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14
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Li J, Song Y, Jiang J, Yang T, Cao Y. Oxidative treatment of NOM by selective oxidants in drinking water treatment and its impact on DBP formation in postchlorination. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159908. [PMID: 36336058 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Natural organic matter (NOM), as a ubiquitous component in aqueous environments, has raised continuous scientific concerns due to its role as an organic precursor to disinfection by-products (DBPs) in the subsequent chlorination process. Selective oxidants, including ozone (O3), chlorine dioxide (ClO2), permanganate (Mn(VII)), and ferrate (Fe(VI)) are widely used in the preoxidation stage in drinking water treatment. The selective reactivity of those oxidants toward NOM is expected to alternate NOM properties and consequently DBP formation in postchlorination. Despite extensive studies on the interactions of NOM with selective oxidants, there is currently a lack of an overview of this area. To fill this gap, this study presents the current knowledge of the modification of NOM properties by selective oxidants and its impact on DBP formation in postchlorination. The NOM property changes in three aspects, including bulk property (e.g., total organic carbon, ultraviolet absorbance), fractional constituent (e.g., molecular size, hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity), and elemental composition (e.g., functional group) by the four selective oxidants (i.e., O3, ClO2, Mn(VII), and Fe(VI)) were discussed. Thereafter, the impacts of alteration of NOM properties by those selective oxidants on DBP formation in the subsequent chlorination were summarized, wherein the key influencing factors were discussed. Finally, the future perspectives in this area were forwarded, which highlighted the significance of process optimization, the attention to the less studied but more toxic DBPs, and the need for the identification of unknown DBPs. This review presented a state-of-the-art knowledge pool of the fate of NOM in oxidation and chlorination processes, promoted our understanding of the relationship between NOM properties and DBP formation, and identified further research needs in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Zhu Hai 519087, China.
| | - Yang Song
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jin Jiang
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tao Yang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ying Cao
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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15
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Zheng K, Wang Y, Wang X, Zhu T, Chen X, Zhao Y, Sun P, Tong Y, Liu Y. Enhanced methane production from anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge by combining ultrasound with potassium permanganate pretreatment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159331. [PMID: 36220480 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The influence of ultrasound (US) and potassium permanganate (KMnO4) co-pretreatment on anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge (WAS) was investigated in this survey. Results showed that KMnO4 (0.3 g/g TSS) cooperated with US (1 W/mL, 15 min) pretreatment significantly increased the cumulative methane yield to 174.44 ± 3.65 mL/g VS compared to the control group (108.72 ± 2.56 mL/g VS), solo US (125.39 ± 2.56 mL/g VS), and solo KMnO4 pretreatment group (160.83 ± 1.61 mL/g VS). Mechanistic investigation revealed that US combined with KMnO4 pretreatment effectively disrupted the structure of extracellular polymeric substances and cell walls by generating reactive radicals, accelerating the release of organics and hydrolytic enzymes as well as improving the biodegradability of soluble organics. Modeling analysis illustrated that the biochemical methane potential and hydrolysis rate of WAS were enhanced under US + KMnO4 pretreatment. Microbial community distribution indicated that the co-pretreatment of US and KMnO4 elevated the total relative abundance of functional microorganisms associated with anaerobic digestion (22.01 %) compared to the control (10.69 %), US alone (12.24 %) and KMnO4 alone (16.20 %).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixin Zheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yufen Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Tingting Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xueming Chen
- Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Rural Waste Recycling Technology, College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Yingxin Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Peizhe Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yindong Tong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yiwen Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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16
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Zuo S, Ding Y, Guan Z, Zhang Y, Li D. Carbon-coated MIL-101(Fe) core-shell tandem mediates the directional conversion of SO4·- to 1O2 to realize efficient removal of Bisphenol A. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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17
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Magnetic amorphous carbon@manganese ferrite hybrid materials as a heterogeneous persulfate activator for catalytic oxidation of tetrabromobisphenol A. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Zheng K, Wang Y, Guo H, Zhu T, Zhao Y, Liu Y. Potassium permanganate pretreatment effectively improves methane production from anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge: Reaction kinetics and mechanisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 847:157402. [PMID: 35850326 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
As a powerful oxidizing agent, potassium permanganate (KMnO4) has attracted widespread interest in sludge treatment and contaminant removal. However, its effect on the anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge (WAS) is ambiguous. This investigation was designed to provide perspectives into this problem. In comparison with the control, 0.3 g KMnO4/g TSS pretreatment enhanced the methane production by 78.82 %. Model analysis demonstrated that the KMnO4 pretreatment enhanced the biochemical methane potential (B0) of WAS. Mechanistic studies elucidated that the KMnO4 pretreatment process generated reactive radicals such as ·OH, ·O2- and 1O2, which contributed to sludge disintegration and biodegradation process of dissolved substances, thus resulting in more substances available for subsequent methane generation. Enzyme activity analysis indicated that KMnO4 pretreatment facilitated the activities of key enzymes associated with anaerobic digestion to various degrees. Microbial analysis illustrated that the relative abundance of functional microorganisms was significantly elevated after KMnO4 pretreatment, which was conducive to methane production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixin Zheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yufen Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Haixiao Guo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Tingting Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yingxin Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yiwen Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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19
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Zhang H, Shi Z, Ma J, Cui F, Zhang J, Strathmann TJ. Abatement of Organic Contaminants by Mn(VII)/TEMPOs: Effects of TEMPOs Structure, Organic Contaminant Speciation, and Active Oxidizing Species. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:10361-10371. [PMID: 35748905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a representative redox mediator, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (TEMPO), and its para-substituted derivatives (TEMPOs: 4-hydroxyl-TEMPO, 4-acetylamino-TEMPO, and 4-amino-TEMPO) significantly accelerated the abatement of trace organic contaminants (TrOCs, i.e., bisphenol-A (BPA), phenol, amines, and phenylbutazone) by Mn(VII) over a wide pH range of 4.0-9.0. The addition of substituents at para to the > N-O• moiety significantly influenced the degradation kinetics of TrOCs by changing the reduction potentials of TEMPOs and the corresponding oxoammonium cations (TEMPOs+); a linear relationship was observed between the substituents' para Hammett sigma constants and the reduction potentials of TEMPOs and TEMPOs+. Pseudo-first-order reaction rate constants (kobs, min-1) of TrOC degradation by Mn(VII)/TEMPOs were also affected by the pKa of the TrOCs. Generally, the highest kobs values for individual TrOCs were observed at pH near the pKa even for TEMPOs+ with relatively pH-invariant reduction potentials. Overall, TrOC abatement kinetics were related to a combination of reactive species (Mn(VII), in situ formed MnO2, and TEMPOs+). For BPA, the relative contributions (R) of reactive species ranked as R(TEMPOs+) > R(Mn(VII)) > R(in situ formed MnO2) at pH 4.0-8.0, whereas R(Mn(VII)) > R(TEMPOs+) at pH 9.0 mainly owing to a change in BPA speciation as the pH approached the pKa1 value for BPA. The results of this study are useful for the development of heterogeneous TEMPO-based redox mediators and future applications of TEMPO-mediated oxidation systems for accelerated abatement of TrOCs in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglong Zhang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyu Shi
- Environment Monitoring Center of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210036, P. R. China
| | - Jun Ma
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
| | - Fuyi Cui
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, P. R. China
| | - Timothy J Strathmann
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois Street, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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Dong ZY, Lin YL, Zhang TY, Hu CY, Pan Y, Zheng ZX, Tang YL, Xu B, Gao NY. Enhanced degradation of emerging contaminants by permanganate/quinone process: Case study with bisphenol A. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 219:118528. [PMID: 35569275 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Permanganate (Mn(VII)) is widely used as a mild oxidant in water treatment. However, the reaction rates of some emerging contaminants with Mn(VII) are extremely low. In this study, benzoquinone (BQ), a redox mediator with the important component in dissolved organic matter (DOM), enhanced the oxidation of bisphenol A (BPA) by Mn(VII) in a wide pH range of 4.0-10.0. The redox cycle of BQ would produce semiquinone radicals, which could act as ligands to stabilize the formed Mn(III) in the system to promote the oxidation of BPA. Notably, the presence of BQ might promote the formation of MnO2. A novel mechanism was proposed that singlet oxygen (1O2), Mn(III)-ligands (Mn(III)-L) and in-situ formed MnO2 were the main contributors to accelerate BPA degradation in the Mn(VII)/BQ system. Under acidic conditions, the in-situ formed MnO2 involved in the redox reaction and part of the Mn(IV) was reduced to Mn(III), indicating that the electron transfer of BQ promoted the formation of active Mn species and enhanced the Mn(VII) oxidation performance. Semiquinone radicals generated by BQ transformation would couple with the hydrogen substitution products of BPA to inhibit BPA self-coupling and promote the ring-opening reactions of BPA. Mn(VII)/BQ had better effect in raw water than in pure water, indicating that the Mn(VII)/BQ system has high potential for practical application. This study provided insights into the role of DOM in enhancing the Mn(VII) oxidation in water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Yu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Yi-Li Lin
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tian-Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Chen-Yan Hu
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, PR China
| | - Yang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Zheng-Xiong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Yu-Lin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Nai-Yun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
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21
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Huang R, Guan C, Guo Q, Wang Z, Pan H, Jiang J. Oxidation of diclofenac by permanganate: Kinetics, products and effect of inorganic reductants. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Laszakovits JR, Kerr A, MacKay AA. Permanganate Oxidation of Organic Contaminants and Model Compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:4728-4748. [PMID: 35356836 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Permanganate oxidation is an attractive environmental remediation strategy due to its low cost, ease of use, and wide range in reactivity. Here, permanganate reactivity trends are investigated for model organic compounds and organic contaminants. Second-order permanganate reaction rate constants were compiled for 215 compounds from 82 references (journal articles, conference proceedings, master's theses, and dissertations). Additionally, we validated some phenol rate constants and contribute a few additional phenol rate constants. Commonalities between contaminant oxidation products are also discussed, and we tentatively identify several model compound oxidation products. Aromatic rings, alcohols, and ether groups had low reaction rate constants with permanganate. Alkene reaction sites had the highest reaction rate constants, followed by phenols, anilines, and benzylic carbon-hydrogen bonds. Generally, permanganate reactivity follows electrophilic substitution trends at the reaction site where electron donating groups increase the rate of reaction, while electron withdrawing groups decrease the rate of reaction. Solution conditions, specifically, buffer type and concentration, may impact the rate of reaction, which could be due to either an ionic strength effect or the buffer ions acting as ligands. The impact of these solution conditions, unfortunately, precludes the development of a quantitative structure-activity relationship for permanganate reaction rate constants with the currently available data. We note that critical experimental details are often missing in the literature, which posed a challenge when comparing rate constants between studies. Future research directions on permanganate oxidation should seek to improve our understanding of buffer effects and to identify oxidation products for model compounds so that extrapolations can be made to more complex contaminant structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana R Laszakovits
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Adaline Kerr
- Department of Organismal Biology and Ecology, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80903, United States
| | - Allison A MacKay
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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Ma C, Huangfu X, Zou Y, Huang R, He Q, Ma J. Kinetics and mechanism of Thallium(I) oxidation by Permanganate: Role of bromide. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 293:133652. [PMID: 35051517 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The oxidation of thallium(I) (Tl (I)) to Tl (III) is referred to as an efficient means for Tl removal. Bromide (Br‾) inevitably occurs in nearly all water sources at concentrations of 0.01-67 mg/L (0.14-960 μM). The effect of Br‾ remains largely unclear but likely of critical importance on the redox fate and thus the removal potential of Tl (I) during typical oxidation treatment processes. Here, we investigate the kinetics and tackle the mechanism of Tl (I) oxidation by permanganate (KMnO4) under the influence of Br‾. The results demonstrated that Br‾ at environmental levels exhibited significant catalytic effect on Tl (I) oxidation kinetics by KMnO4 at acidic pH of 4.0-7.0, while no significant effect of Br‾ was observed for Tl(I) oxidation under alkaline conditions of pH 8.0 and 9.0. It was found that the enhanced oxidation kinetics under acidic conditions was driven by the combined effect of and autocatalysis mediated by MnO2 and a fast oxidation kinetics served by in-situ formed bromine species. Through quantifying the relative contributions of those bromine species to the homogenous oxidation of Tl(I), HOBr, Br2 and Br2O were found to play roles in catalyzing the oxidation of Tl(I) by KMnO4. The results discussed herein highlight the critical role of Br‾ on the Tl(I) complex oxidation process by KMnO4 and may have implications for evaluating the redox cycle and removal potential of Tl in bromide-containing water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxue Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Xiaoliu Huangfu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
| | - Yijie Zou
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Ruixing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
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Fu L, Lide F, Ding Y, Wang C, Jiang J, Huang J. Mechanism insights into activation of hydroxylamines for generation of multiple reactive species in photochemical degradation of bromophenols. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zhang J, Chen Y, Liao Y, Wang Q, Yu J. Studies on the degradation of trace phenol and indole odorants by chlorine and permanganate in drinking water treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131551. [PMID: 34303909 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The frequent detection of phenols and indoles in source water gives rise to concern about the taste and odor problems mainly caused by some chemicals. Exploration for the efficient removal of trace amounts of phenols and indoles in source water is imperative. This study investigated the removals and oxidation kinetics of 3-methylphenol (3-MP), 2,6-dichlorophenol (2,6-DCP), indole and 3-methylindole (3-MI) by NaClO and KMnO4. The results showed that the selected chemical odorants could be removed by NaClO and KMnO4. Meanwhile, the oxidation processes could be well described by the second-order kinetics model, in which kinetics constants of chemical odorants were from 1.44 × 104 to 1.45 × 106 L·mol-1·min-1 and followed the order 3-MI > indole> 3-MP> 2,6-DCP by NaClO. However, the kinetics constants for the selected chemical odorants were also determined from 1.10 × 103 to 2.25 × 104 L·mol-1·min-1 and in the order 2,6-DCP> 3-MI> 3-MP > indole by KMnO4. The phenols degradation mechanisms by NaClO are chlorine substitution, and the products generated are 3,4,6-trichloro-2-methylphenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, etc. And that of indoles are chlorine substitution and hydroxylation by NaClO, which generated 6-chloroindole, 2,6-dichloroaniline, etc. The phenols degradation pathways are oxidative coupling reactions by KMnO4, and that of indoles are hydroxylation reactions by KMnO4. This study provides a further basis for NaClO and KMnO4 oxidation to remove trace phenols and indoles in drinking water pre-treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzhi Zhang
- Beijing Climate Change Response Research and Education Center, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China.
| | - Yisi Chen
- Beijing Climate Change Response Research and Education Center, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Yu Liao
- Beijing Climate Change Response Research and Education Center, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Qi Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Jianwei Yu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
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Fu L, Peng X, Chen Q, Ding Y, Jiang J. Photochemical degradation and debromination of bromophenols: Overlooked role of hydrated electron. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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27
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Zhou Y, Hu J, Gao Y, Song Y, Pang SY, Jiang J. Unrecognized role of humic acid as a reductant in accelerating fluoroquinolones oxidation by aqueous permanganate. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Li J, Pang SY, Wang Z, Guo Q, Duan J, Sun S, Wang L, Cao Y, Jiang J. Oxidative transformation of emerging organic contaminants by aqueous permanganate: Kinetics, products, toxicity changes, and effects of manganese products. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 203:117513. [PMID: 34392042 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Permanganate (Mn(VII)) has been widely studied for removal of emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) in water treatment and in situ chemical oxidation process. Studies on the reactive intermediate manganese products (e.g., Mn(III) and manganese dioxide (MnO2)) generated from Mn(VII) reduction by EOCs in recent decades shed new light on Mn(VII) oxidation process. The present work summarizes the latest research findings on Mn(VII) reactions with a wide range of EOCs (including phenols, olefins, and amines) in detailed aspects of reaction kinetics, oxidation products, and toxicity changes, along with special emphasis on the impacts of intermediate manganese products (mainly Mn(III) and MnO2) in-situ formed. Mn(VII) shows appreciable reactivities towards EOCs with apparent second-order rate constants (kapp) generally decrease in the order of olefins (kapp = 0.3 - 2.1 × 104 M-1s-1) > phenols (kapp = 0.03 - 460 M-1s-1) > amines (kapp = 3.5 × 10-3 - 305.3 M-1s-1) at neutral pH. Phenolic benzene ring (for phenols), (conjugated) double bond (for olefins), primary amine group and the N-containing heterocyclic ring (for amines) are the most reactive sites towards Mn(VII) oxidation, leading to the formation of products with different structures (e.g., hydroxylated, aldehyde, carbonyl, quinone-like, polymeric, ring-opening, nitroso/nitro and C-N cleavage products). Destruction of functional groups of EOCs (e.g., benzene ring, (conjugated) double bond, and N-containing heterocyclic) by Mn(VII) tends to decrease solution toxicity, while oxidation products with higher toxicity than parent EOCs (e.g., quinone-like products in the case of phenolic EOCs) are sometimes formed. Mn(III) stabilized by model or unknown ligands remarkably accelerates phenolic EOCs oxidation by Mn(VII) under acidic to neutral conditions, while MnO2 enhances the oxidation efficiency of phenolic and amine EOCs by Mn(VII) at acidic pH. The intermediate manganese products participate in Mn(VII) oxidation process most likely as both oxidants and catalysts with their generation/stability/reactivity affecting by the presence of NOM, ligand, cations, and anions in water matrices. This work presents the state-of-the-art findings on Mn(VII) oxidation of EOCs, especially highlights the significant roles of manganese products, which advances our understanding on Mn(VII) oxidation and its application in future water treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Su-Yan Pang
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Qin Guo
- Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 51006, China
| | - Jiebin Duan
- Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 51006, China
| | - Shaofang Sun
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Lihong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Ying Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jin Jiang
- Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 51006, China
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Xiao F, Sasi PC, Alinezhad A, Golovko SA, Golovko MY, Spoto A. Thermal Decomposition of Anionic, Zwitterionic, and Cationic Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Aqueous Film-Forming Foams. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:9885-9894. [PMID: 34235932 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated thermal decomposition mechanisms of cationic, zwitterionic, and anionic polyfluoroalkyl substances, including those present in aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) samples. We present novel evidence that polyfluoroalkyl substances gave quantitative yields of perfluoroalkyl substances of different chain lengths during thermal treatment. The results support a radical-mediated transformation mechanism involving random-chain scission and end-chain scission, leading to the formation of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) from certain polyfluoroalkyl amides and sulfonamides. Our results also support a direct thermal decomposition mechanism (chain stripping) on the nonfluorinated moiety of polyfluoroalkyl sulfonamides, resulting in the formation of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and other structurally related polyfluoroalkyl compounds. Thermal decomposition of 8:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate occurred through end-chain scission and recombination reactions, successively yielding PFOS. All of the studied polyfluoroalkyl substances began to degrade at 200-300 °C, exhibiting near-complete decomposition at ≥400 °C. Using a high-resolution parent ion search method, we demonstrated for the first time that low-temperature thermal treatments of AFFF samples led to the generation of anionic fluoroalkyl substances, including perfluoroheptanesulfonamide, 8:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid, N-methyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide, and a previously unreported compound N-2-propenyl-perfluorohexylsulfonamide. This study provides key insights into the fate of polyfluoroalkyl substances in thermal processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xiao
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of North Dakota, 243 Centennial Drive Stop 8115, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
| | - Pavankumar Challa Sasi
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of North Dakota, 243 Centennial Drive Stop 8115, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
| | - Ali Alinezhad
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of North Dakota, 243 Centennial Drive Stop 8115, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
| | - Svetlana A Golovko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, 1301 Columbia Road North Stop 9037, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
| | - Mikhail Y Golovko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, 1301 Columbia Road North Stop 9037, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
| | - Anthony Spoto
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of North Dakota, 243 Centennial Drive Stop 8115, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
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Wei J, Xiang L, Cai Z. Emerging environmental pollutants hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers: From analytical methods to toxicology research. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021; 40:255-279. [PMID: 32608069 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs) are of particular concern due to their ubiquitous distribution and adverse health effects. Significant progress has been made in the characterization of OH-PBDEs by using mass spectrometry (MS). In this review, we summarize applications of MS-based techniques in detection, environmental and biota distribution, and potential health risk effects, hoping to unfold an overall picture on account of current knowledge of OH-PBDEs. The analytical methodologies are discussed from sample pretreatment to MS analysis. The methods including gas chromatography-MS (GC-MS), liquid chromatography-MS (LC-MS), and ion mobility spectrometry-MS (IMS-MS) are discussed. GC-MS is the most frequently adopted method in the analysis of OH-PBDEs due to its excellent chromatographic resolution, high sensitivity, and strong ability for unknown identification. LC-MS has been widely used for its high sensitivity and capability of direct analysis. As a newly developed technique, IMS-MS provides high specificity, which greatly facilitates the identification of isomers. OH-PBDEs pervasively existed in both abiotic and biotic samples, including humans, animals, and environmental matrices. Multiple adverse health effects have been reported, such as thyroid hormone disruption, estrogen effects, and neurotoxicity. The reported potential pathological mechanisms are also reviewed. Additionally, MS-based metabolomics, lipidomics, and proteomics have been shown as promising tools to unveil the molecular mechanisms of the toxicity of OH-PBDEs. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Li Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
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31
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Polymer brush-grafted cotton fiber for the efficient removal of aromatic halogenated disinfection by-products in drinking water. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 597:66-74. [PMID: 33865079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.03.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Apart from the activated carbon, other functional adsorbents are usually not frequently reported for the removal of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water. In this study, a novel polymer brush-grafted cotton fiber was prepared and for the first time used as adsorbents for the efficient removal of aromatic halogenated DBPs in drinking water in the column adsorption mode. Poly (glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) was grafted onto the surface of cotton fibers via UV irradiation, and then diethylenetriamine was immobilized on the PGMA polymer brush through amination reaction to obtain the aminated cotton fibers (ACFs). The adsorption performance of the prepared ACF was investigated with eight aromatic halogenated DBPs via dynamic adsorption experiments. The results revealed that ACF showed significantly longer breakthrough point (38,500-225,500 BV) for aromatic halogenated DBPs compared with the granular activated carbon (150-500 BV). Thomas model was used to fit the breakthrough curves, and the theoretical value of the maximum adsorption capacity ranged from 14.76 to 89.47 mg/g. The enhanced adsorption performance of the ACF for aromatic halogenated DBPs was mainly due to the formation of hydrogen bonds. Additionally, the partially protonated amine groups also improved the adsorption performance. Furthermore, the ACF also showed remarkable stability and reusability.
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32
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Pan X, Wei J, Zou M, Chen J, Qu R, Wang Z. Products distribution and contribution of (de)chlorination, hydroxylation and coupling reactions to 2,4-dichlorophenol removal in seven oxidation systems. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 194:116916. [PMID: 33607389 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.116916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We systemically investigated the transformation behavior of 2,4-dichlorophenol (24-DCP) in seven different reaction systems including KMnO4, heat/PS, O3, UV, Fenton, NaClO and K2FeO4 treatment. The results revealed that complete removal of 24-DCP could be reached in minutes, especially for Fe(VI), KMnO4, NaClO, Fenton and O3 system. A total of 41 products were identified by LC-MS, and 10 of them were validated using commercial and self-synthesized standards. Hydroxyl substitution and coupling reactions were commonly observed in the studied systems. Meanwhile, extra routes such as sulfate substitution, (de)chlorination and direct oxidation were also involved for certain oxidation methods. Comparisons showed that a high degree of chlorination (>90%) occurred for NaClO system, while coupling products accounted for ~45% of the removed 24-DCP under PS oxidation. Moreover, low mineralization degree together with high aquatic toxicity was attributed to the occurrence of coupling reaction, which was possibly related to the redox potential of the main oxidative species. Considering the low abundance of coupling products and the gentle reaction condition, UV irradiation is a better option for 24-DCP removal in water and wastewaters. These findings can deepen our understanding on the transformation process of 24-DCP and provide some useful information for the environmental elimination of substituted phenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Nanjing 210023, P.R. China; Laboratory of Wetland Protection and Ecological Restoration, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Anhui Hefei 230601, China
| | - Junyan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Mengting Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Ruijuan Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Nanjing 210023, P.R. China.
| | - Zunyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
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33
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Chen C, Du Y, Zhou Y, Wu Q, Zheng S, Fang J. Formation of nitro(so) and chlorinated products and toxicity alteration during the UV/monochloramine treatment of phenol. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 194:116914. [PMID: 33636667 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.116914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The UV/monochloramine (UV/NH2Cl) process is an emerging advanced oxidation process (AOP) to remove organic contaminants in water treatment with radicals including hydroxyl radicals (HO•), reactive chlorine species (RCS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). This study investigated the formation of nitro(so) and chlorinated products and toxicity alteration during the UV/NH2Cl treatment of phenol. RNS and/or RCS induced the formation of nitro(so), chlorinated and polymeric compounds during phenol transformation by UV/NH2Cl. These compounds dramatically increased the cytotoxicity to Chinese hamster ovary cells after 20 min UV/NH2Cl treatment, which was 10 times higher than that after 24 h chloramination. The increase of cytotoxicity in UV/NH2Cl was primarily attributable to 4-nitrosophenol, and the cytotoxicity followed the order of 4-nitrosophenol >> 4-nitrophenol > 2,4,6-trichlorophenol > 2,4-dichlorophenol > phenol. 4-Nitrosophenol was significantly generated by the combination of •NO and phenoxy radical, where the maximum conversion rates of phenol to 4-nitrosophenol increased from 4.9% to 62.4% when pH increased from 5 to 10. The highest conversion rate was at pH 10 because the •NO concentration increased with increasing pH from 5 to 10 in UV/NH2Cl, as verified by the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis. Nitrophenols were also detected at much lower concentrations than 4-nitrosophenol, which were mainly formed by the oxidation of 4-nitrosophenol and the combination of •NO2 with phenoxy radicals. RCS was responsible for the formation of chlorinated products mainly through Cl• addition and the reactions of Cl•/Cl2•- with phenoxy radicals. Also, RCS and RNS significantly enhanced the formation of carbonaceous (i.e., chloroform and chloral hydrate) and nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (i.e., chloropicrin and dichloroacetonitrile) in UV/NH2Cl. This study indicates that the UV/NH2Cl treatment significantly increased toxicity and validates the roles of RNS and RCS in producing toxic nitro(so) and chlorinated products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Ye Du
- Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Yujie Zhou
- Hainan Provincial Department of Ecological Environment, Haikou, 570203, PR China
| | - Qianyuan Wu
- Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Shanshan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Jingyun Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China.
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Qin W, Tan P, Song Y, Wang Z, Nie J, Ma J. Enhanced transformation of phenolic compounds by manganese(IV) oxide, manganese(II) and permanganate in the presence of ligands: The determination and role of Mn(III). Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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35
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McBeath ST, Graham NJ. In-situ electrochemical generation of permanganate for the treatment of atrazine. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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36
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Zhai S, Ji M, Zhao Y, Pavlostathis SG. Biotransformation of 4-Hydroxybenzoic Acid under Nitrate-Reducing Conditions in a MEC Bioanode. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:2067-2075. [PMID: 33433204 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
4-Hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA) is commonly found at high concentrations in waste streams generated by the thermochemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to bio-oils and biofuels. The objective of this study was to systematically assess the biotransformation of HBA in the bioanode of a microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) for the production of renewable cathodic H2. A mixed, denitrifying culture, enriched with HBA as the sole electron donor, was used as the anode inoculum. MEC electrochemical performance, H2 yield, HBA biotransformation pathways and products, and the bioanode suspended and biofilm microbial communities were examined. In the absence of nitrate, 60%-100% HBA was converted to phenol, which persisted, resulting in very limited exoelectrogenesis. Under nitrate-reducing conditions, complete HBA degradation was achieved in the MEC bioanode with very low phenol production, resulting in the production of cathodic H2. The predominant bacterial genus in the MEC bioanode (relative abundance 33.4%-41.9%) was the denitrifier Magnetospirillum, which uses the benzoyl-CoA pathway to degrade aromatic compounds. Geobacter accounted for 5.9-7.8% of the MEC bioanode community. Thus, active nitrate reduction in the MEC bioanode led to complete HBA degradation, resulting in a higher extent of exoelectrogenesis and cathodic H2 production. The results of this study provide mechanistic insights into a productive use of HBA and other phenolic compounds typically found in waste streams resulting from the thermochemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Zhai
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0512, United States
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Min Ji
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Engineering Center of Urban River Eco-Purification Technology, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yingxin Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Engineering Center of Urban River Eco-Purification Technology, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Spyros G Pavlostathis
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0512, United States
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Song Y, Jiang J, Qin W, Li J, Zhou Y, Gao Y. Enhanced transformation of organic pollutants by mild oxidants in the presence of synthetic or natural redox mediators: A review. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 189:116667. [PMID: 33271411 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic or natural mediators (Med) can enhance the transformation of different types of organic pollutants by mild oxidants, which has been extensively studied in literature. This enhancing effect is attributed to the following two steps: (i) mild oxidants react with Med forming Medox with higher reactivity, and then (ii) these organic pollutants are more readily transformed by Medox. The present work reviews the latest findings on the formation of Medox from the reactions of synthetic (i.e., 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonate (ABTS) and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HBT)) or natural mediators (i.e., syringaldehyde (SA), acetosyringone (AS), p-coumaric acid, and catechol) with mild oxidants such as laccase, manganese oxidants including permanganate (Mn(VII)) and MnO2, and ferrate (Fe(VI)), as well as the transformation of organic pollutants including phenols, amines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organic dyes, pulp, and perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) by Medox. First, reaction kinetics and mechanisms of the oxidation of synthetic or natural mediators by these mild oxidants were summarized. Reactivity and pathways of synthetic Medox including ABTS·+, ABTS2+, HBT· or natural Medox including phenoxy radicals and quinone-type compounds reacting with different organic pollutants were then discussed. Finally, the possibilities of engineering applications and new perspectives were assessed on the combinations of different types of mild oxidants with synthetic or natural mediators for the treatment of various organic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Song
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Jin Jiang
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, Guangdong, China.
| | - Wen Qin
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, Guangdong, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, Guangdong, China
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Song Y, Jiang J, Qin W, Zhu J, Gu J, Ma J. Simultaneous photometric determination of oxidation kinetics and average manganese valence in manganese products in situ formed in the reactions of aqueous permanganate with model organic compounds and natural organic matters. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Xiang W, Chang J, Qu R, Albasher G, Wang Z, Zhou D, Sun C. Transformation of bromophenols by aqueous chlorination and exploration of main reaction mechanisms. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 265:129112. [PMID: 33288278 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bromophenols (BPs) are ubiquitous phenolic contaminants and typical halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) that are commonly detected in aquatic environments. The transformation of 2,4-dibromophenol (2,4-DBP) during chlorination process was fully explored in this research. It was found that active chlorine can react with 2,4-DBP effectively in a wide pH range of 5.0-11.0, with an apparent second-order rate constant (kapp) varying from 0.8 M-1 s-1 to 110.3 M-1 s-1. The addition of 5 mM ammonium ions almost completely suppressed the reaction via competitive consumption of free chlorine. With the concentration of HA increasing from 1.0 to 10.0 mg L-1, the inhibition on the degradation of 2,4-DBP increased from 8.7% to 63.4%. By contrast, bromide ions at a concentration of 5 mM accelerated the process by about 4 times, due to the formation of hypobromous acid. On the basis of the eleven products (with eight nominal masses) identified by LC-TOF-MS, electrophilic substitution reactions and single-electron transfer reactions were mainly involved in the chlorination process. The concentration of primary chlorine-substituted products was about 4 times that of the dimer products, demonstrating that electrophilic substitution reaction was predominant during chlorination of 2,4-DBP. Density functional theory (DFT) based calculations revealed that HOCl is the dominant active oxidizing species for elimination of 2,4-DBP and coupling reaction occurs more easily at para and ortho position of hydroxyl group in the phenolic moiety. These findings could provide some new insights into the environmental fate of bromophenols during chlorine disinfection of water and wastewaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenrui Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jingyi Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ruijuan Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Gadah Albasher
- King Saud University, College of Science, Zoology Department, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zunyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Dongmei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Cheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
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Zhang M, Dong J. Phase-transfer catalysis enhanced remediation of trichloroethylene polluted groundwater by potassium permanganate. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2020; 41:3431-3442. [PMID: 31074331 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2019.1611937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As one of the remediation reagents, potassium permanganate (KMnO4) is injected to the aquifer, degrading trichloroethylene (TCE) by chemical oxidation. This study investigated the kinetics of TCE degradation by series of batch experiments, as well as the influence of medium size. Moreover, phase-transfer catalyst (PTCs), such as pentyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (PTPP) and sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) were used for enhancing oxidation. The batch experimental results showed that in the absence of PTC, the removal efficiency of TCE was 36.14% and 86.79% within 4 and 30 min, respectively. However, the removal rate of TCE was up to 67.48% and 49.90% within 4 min for 15 mol% PTPP- and SHMP-added system, respectively. The results indicated that PTPP and SHMP promoted the depletion of M n O 4 - to oxidize DNAPL TCE, but its effectiveness varied with the addition ratio of PTPP or SHMP. Its promotion was more remarkable when PTC added with a higher proportion. The alleviation of MnO2 by phosphates ( P O 4 3 - , H P O 4 2 - and H 2 P O 4 - ) or PTC in the presence of media was qualitatively investigated. Results showed that the content of MnO2 in the dissolved phase during the same reaction period decreased by PTC. Moreover, H P O 4 2 - and SHMP have apparent beneficial effects of reducing MnO2 formation. The presence of aquifer media has a pH buffer and a negative influence on the reaction between TCE and the oxidant; moreover, as particle size of media decreased, the negative effect increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Dong
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
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41
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Chen C, Wu Z, Zheng S, Wang L, Niu X, Fang J. Comparative Study for Interactions of Sulfate Radical and Hydroxyl Radical with Phenol in the Presence of Nitrite. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:8455-8463. [PMID: 32516530 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sulfate radical (SO4•-)- and hydroxyl radical (HO•)-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are effective for the removal of organic pollutants in water treatment. This study compared the interactions of SO4•- and HO• for the transformation of phenol in UV/peroxydisulfate (PDS) and UV/H2O2 with the presence of NO2-, which is widely present in aquatic environments and transforms SO4•- and HO• to •NO2. By using laser flash photolysis, the products of phenol reacting with SO4•- and HO• were demonstrated to be phenoxy radical and phenol-HO-adduct radical, respectively. This result, along with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, indicate that the predominant reaction mechanisms of phenol with SO4•- and HO• with phenol are electron transfer and addition, respectively. The different mechanisms induced the much higher formation of nitrophenols by SO4•- than HO• in the presence of NO2- through the fast combination of phenoxy radicals and •NO2. The conversion yields of phenol to nitrophenols (including 2-nitrophenol and 4-nitrophenol), were 47.5% by SO4•- versus 5.3% by HO• at the experimental conditions. Increasing PDS/H2O2 dosages from 0.2 to 1 mM resulted in a 61.9% increase of nitrophenol conversion yield in UV/PDS/NO2- but a 35.4% decrease of that in UV/H2O2/NO2-. In addition, the significant formation of phenoxy radicals by SO4•- also induced many nitrated polymers in UV/PDS/NO2-, while those induced in UV/H2O2/NO2- were negligible. The significant formation of nitrophenols and nitrated polymers increased the mutagenicity by 860.5% when the removal rate of phenol was 98% by UV/PDS/NO2-. This is the first study to demonstrate the different mechanisms of phenol transformation by SO4•- and HO• in the presence of NO2-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Zihao Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
| | - Liping Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Xizhi Niu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Jingyun Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
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42
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McBeath ST, Wilkinson DP, Graham NJD. Analytical quantification of aqueous permanganate: Direct and indirect spectrophotometric determination for water treatment processes. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 251:126626. [PMID: 32443247 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Three spectrophotometric methods have been developed and compared for the quantification of low concentrations (0.03-63 μM) of aqueous permanganate in neutral pH conditions. Although permanganate is a widely used oxidant in drinking water and wastewater treatment, no widely accepted method of quantification has been reported to date. While one method presented does not require the need for any reagent chemicals (direct spectrophotometric analysis), it yielded a relatively low molar absorption coefficient of 3340 M-1 cm-1 at 525 nm and a level of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of 0.45 and 1.51 μM, respectively. Some instability of permanganate species during direct quantification was found to occur over 60 min, with a total decrease of 0.002 (arbitrary units) of absorbance, equivalent to a decrease in concentration of 0.6 μM. Beyond 60 min, no further degradation was observed. Indirect spectrophotometric analyses using 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and sodium iodide (NaI) provided a significantly more sensitive method for permanganate quantification, yielding molar absorption coefficients of 140,030 and 61,130 M-1 cm-1, respectively. The LOD and LOQ were determined to be 0.01 and 0.03 μM for the ABTS method and 0.02 and 0.08 μM for the NaI method, respectively. Although conservative and accurate limits of quantification for both the ABTS and NaI methods are presented, which should be sufficient of most practical applications, lower limits may be possible with further refinement of the methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean T McBeath
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - David P Wilkinson
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Nigel J D Graham
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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43
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Jiang J, Zhao H, Xia D, Li X, Qu B. Formation of free radicals by direct photolysis of halogenated phenols (HPs) and effects of DOM: A case study on monobromophenols. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 391:122220. [PMID: 32050140 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The free radicals play an important role to understand direct/indirect transformation mechanisms of organic pollutants. However, very few efforts have been made to elucidate the radicals produced by direct photolysis. In this study, the short-lived radicals generated under simulated sunlight irradiation from representative halogenated phenols (HPs), monobromophenols, were investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). The results showed that three radicals, carbon-centered radical (C), hydrogen radical (H) and hydroxyl radical (OH), were generated from the direct irradiation of HPs. Compared to other substitutions, halogenated atom at para-position led to the highest production of these radicals which is in accordance with the energies calculated by density functional theory. Based on the analyses of the reactive species and corresponding intermediate adducts, the possible reaction pathways for these radicals were tentatively proposed. Dissolved organic matters (DOM) could enhance the photodegradation of HPs by directly affecting the radicals' formation, mainly due to generation of excited triplet DOM (3DOM*). A positive correlation was found between the concentrations of hydrated electron and the steady state 3DOM* from different DOM. Our findings provided insights into environmental photochemical fate of HPs through their direct photolysis and will help more accurately understand their phototransformation mechanisms in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqiu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Deming Xia
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xintong Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Baocheng Qu
- College of Marine Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116024, China.
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44
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Bibliometric review of research trends on disinfection by-products in drinking water during 1975–2018. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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45
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Luo H, Guo J, Shen T, Zhou H, Liang J, Yuan S. Study on the catalytic performance of LaMnO3 for the RhB degradation. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2020.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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46
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Zhong S, Zhang H. Mn(III)-ligand complexes as a catalyst in ligand-assisted oxidation of substituted phenols by permanganate in aqueous solution. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 384:121401. [PMID: 31784140 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ligands can significantly increase the oxidation rates of phenolic compounds by MnO4-. This was often explained by the in situ formed Mn(III)- or Mn(X)-ligand complexes that can oxidize phenols faster than MnO4- can. This work discovered that Mn(III)-ligand complexes also acted as a catalyst for the oxidation of phenolic compounds by MnO4- (i.e., the catalytic role of Mn(III)-ligand). First, when phenol was mixed with MnO4- and pyrophosphate (PP, a representative ligand), Mn(III)-PP was found to form while phenol was quickly oxidized. However, the amount of phenol that was directly oxidized by Mn(III)-PP only accounted for ∼25% of phenol that was oxidized in the mixture, indicating that there were other pathways. Then, when pentachlorophenol (PCP) was used as another phenolic probe, the externally prepared Mn(III)-PP was observed to only slightly oxidize PCP, but its addition significantly accelerated PCP oxidation by MnO4-. The Mn(III)-PP concentration also remained unchanged during the above reaction, thus suggesting the catalyst role of Mn(III)-PP. This new pathway was further validated by successfully explaining all the experimental observations obtained so far, including the effect of pH, effects of different ligand amounts and types, product patterns, and the induction period. Finally, possible catalytic mechanisms of Mn(III)-ligand were discussed based on the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifa Zhong
- Department of Civil Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2104 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106-7201, USA
| | - Huichun Zhang
- Department of Civil Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2104 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106-7201, USA.
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47
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Shi Z, Jin C, Bai R, Gao Z, Zhang J, Zhu L, Zhao Z, Strathmann TJ. Enhanced Transformation of Emerging Contaminants by Permanganate in the Presence of Redox Mediators. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:1909-1919. [PMID: 31886657 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a permanganate/redox mediator system for enhanced transformation of a series of emerging contaminants was evaluated. The presence of various redox mediators (i.e., 1-hydroxybenzotriazole, N-hydroxyphthalimide, violuric acid, syringaldehyde, vanillin, 4-hydroxycoumarin, and p-coumaric acid) accelerated the degradation of bisphenol A (BPA) by Mn(VII). Since 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HBT) exhibited the highest reactive ability, it was selected to further investigate the reaction mechanisms and quantify the effects of important reaction parameters on Mn(VII)/redox-mediator reactions with BPA and bisphenol AF (BPAF). Interestingly, not only HBT accelerated the degradation of BPA, but also BPA enhanced the decay of HBT. Evidence for the in situ formation of HBT· radicals as the active oxidant responsible for accelerated BPA and BPAF degradation was obtained by radical scavenging experiments and 31P NMR spin trapping techniques. The routes for HBT· radical formation involving Mn(VII) and the electron-transfer pathway from BPA/BPAF to HBT· radicals demonstrate that the Mn(VII)/HBT system was driven by the electron-transfer mechanism. Compared to Mn(VII) alone, the presence of HBT totally inhibited self-coupling of BPA and BPAF and promoted β-scission, hydroxylation, ring opening, and decarboxylation reactions. Moreover, Mn(VII)/HBT is also effective in real waters with the order of river water > wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent > deionized water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Shi
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology , Chongqing University , Chongqing 400045 , PR China
- Environment Monitoring Center of Jiangsu Province , Nanjing 210036 , PR China
| | - Can Jin
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material of Jiangsu Province , Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry , Nanjing 210042 , PR China
| | - Ruopeng Bai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry , Chongqing University , Chongqing 401331 , PR China
| | - Zhanqi Gao
- Environment Monitoring Center of Jiangsu Province , Nanjing 210036 , PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology , Chongqing University , Chongqing 400045 , PR China
| | - Liang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology , Chongqing University , Chongqing 400045 , PR China
| | - Zhiwei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology , Chongqing University , Chongqing 400045 , PR China
| | - Timothy J Strathmann
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Colorado School of Mines , 1500 Illinois Street , Golden , Colorado 80401 , United States
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48
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The bromate formation accompanied by the degradation of 2,4-bromophenol in UV/peroxymonosulfate. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.116028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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49
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Song W, Li J, Wang Z, Fu C, Zhang X, Feng J, Xu Z, Song Q. Degradation of bisphenol A by persulfate coupled with dithionite: Optimization using response surface methodology and pathway. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 699:134258. [PMID: 31522056 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The degradation efficiency of bisphenol A (BPA) was investigated in the process of persulfate (PS) coupled with dithionite (DTN) as a function of concentration of BPA, PS, DTN and solution pH. A simple response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD) was employed to determine the influence of individual and interaction of above variables and the optimum processing parameters. It is satisfactory of a quadratic model with low probabilities (<0.0001) at a confidence level of 95% to predict the BPA degradation efficiency. The model was well fitted to the actual data and the correlation coefficients of R2 and R2-adj were 0.9270 and 0.8885, respectively. In addition, the obtained optimum conditions for BPA degradation were 1.79 μM, 131.77 μM, 93.64 μM for BPA, PS, DTN and pH = 3.62, respectively. It achieved a degradation efficiency >90% within 150 min. Moreover, the trapping experiment of active species demonstrated that SO4·- and ·OH were the dominant species and natural water matrix showed an obvious inhibition effect on BPA degradation. The BPA degradation pathway was predicted based on GC-MS results in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Song
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Application and Environmental Pollution Control, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Ji Li
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Application and Environmental Pollution Control, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Zhuoyue Wang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Application and Environmental Pollution Control, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Caixia Fu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, PR China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, PR China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Application and Environmental Pollution Control, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Jianpei Feng
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Application and Environmental Pollution Control, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Zhiliang Xu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Application and Environmental Pollution Control, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qi Song
- China Meheco Topfond Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Zhumadian, Henan 463000, PR China
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50
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Liu J, Liu Y, Tian Y, Feng L, Zhang L. Comparison of the oxidation of halogenated phenols in UV/PDS and UV/H2O2 advanced oxidation processes. RSC Adv 2020; 10:6464-6472. [PMID: 35496003 PMCID: PMC9049674 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10401a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
UV/peroxydisulfate (PDS) and UV/hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) can effectively degrade halophenols (HPs, e.g., 2,4-bromophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol); meanwhile, information about the discrepancies in the related degradation kinetics and mechanisms of these two processes is limited. To gain this knowledge, the degradation of two typical HPs (i.e., bromophenols and chlorophenols) in UV/PDS and UV/H2O2 processes were investigated and compared. The results showed that the degradation rates of HPs with different substitution positions in the UV/PDS process were in the order of para-substituted HPs (i.e., 4-BP and 4-CP) > ortho-substituted HPs (i.e., 2-BP and 2-CP) > meta-substituted HPs (i.e., 3-BP and 3-CP), while in the UV/H2O2 process, these rates were in the order of para-substituted HPs > meta-substituted HPs > ortho-substituted HPs. These discrepancies were ascribed to the different reaction activities of SO4˙− and HO˙ with HPs, which were calculated based on the competition method. Further density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggested that SO4˙− reacts more readily with HPs via electron transfer than HO˙. In the presence of water matrices (such as Cl−, HCO3− and natural organic matter (NOM)), the degradation of 2-BP in both UV/PDS and UV/H2O2 treatment processes was inhibited due to the scavenging of free radicals by these background substances. The degradation products and pathways further confirmed that SO4˙− is a strong one-electron oxidant that reacts with HPs mainly via electron transfer, while HO˙ reacts with HPs via electron transfer and hydroxyl addition. The oxidation of halogenated phenols with different substitution positions in UV/PDS and UV/H2O2 processes was compared.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxin Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution
- Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control and Eco-remediation
- Beijing Forestry University
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Yongze Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution
- Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control and Eco-remediation
- Beijing Forestry University
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Yajun Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution
- Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control and Eco-remediation
- Beijing Forestry University
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Li Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution
- Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control and Eco-remediation
- Beijing Forestry University
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Liqiu Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution
- Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control and Eco-remediation
- Beijing Forestry University
- Beijing 100083
- China
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