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Thompson S, Abelyan S, Panitchpakdi M, Zemlin J, Thomas S, Zhao HN, Dorrestein PC, Tsunoda SM. Noninvasive skin swab analysis detects environmental drug exposure of pharmacy staff. Clin Transl Sci 2024; 17:e70022. [PMID: 39323235 PMCID: PMC11424816 DOI: 10.1111/cts.70022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 08/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The skin is complex with multiple layers serving protective, regulatory, and detective functions. The skin hosts chemicals originating from consumption, synthesis, and the environment. Skin chemicals can provide insight into one's daily routine or their level of safety in a work environment. The goal of this study was to investigate the utility of noninvasive skin swabs to detect drugs in a pharmacy setting and to determine whether drugs are transferred to the skin of pharmacy staff. To answer this question, skin swabs were collected from healthy pharmacy staff workers and healthy non-pharmacy individuals and analyzed via untargeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Drugs were annotated through library matching against the GNPS community spectral library. We then used questionnaire data to exclude medications that participants took orally or applied topically and focused on the drugs participants were exposed to in the work setting. Overall, pharmacy staff had a higher number and variety of medications on their skin as compared with healthy individuals who did not work in a pharmacy. In addition, we identified some chemicals such as N,N-Diethyl-metatoluamide on a large number of subjects in both experimental and control groups, indicating environmental exposure to this compound may be ubiquitous and long-lasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Thompson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Samvel Abelyan
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Morgan Panitchpakdi
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jasmine Zemlin
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Sydney Thomas
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Haoqi Nina Zhao
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Pieter C. Dorrestein
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Shirley M. Tsunoda
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
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2
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Sargazi S, Mirzaei R, Mohammadi M, Rahmani M. Determination of dialkyl phthalate esters in indoor air of PVC industry: Risk assessment for human health using Monte-Carlo simulations. Heliyon 2024; 10:e35097. [PMID: 39170195 PMCID: PMC11336471 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Dialkyl phthalate esters are incorporated to enhance the pliability and prevent brittleness in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tubing. Exposure to these compounds occurs throughout human lifetimes via ingestion, inhalation, and direct skin contact. A study was conducted to evaluate concentrations of four specific phthalates-dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)-in the indoor air of both industrial and administrative sectors within the PVC manufacturing facilities. Air sampling was conducted in the spring season at two polyethylene factories in Zahedan Industrial Park (Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran). The outcomes demonstrated that mean concentrations of these substances in industrial along with administrative departments 485.7 μg/m3 and 49.83 μg/m3for DMP, 807.38 μg/m3 and 30.17 μg/m3 for DEP, 849.62 μg/m3 and 37.50 μg/m3 for DBP along with 1268.08 μg/m3 and 45.50 μg/m3 for DEHP respectively. The probabilistic lifetime cancer risk (LTCR) of DEHP in the indoor air of Zahedan PVC factories for men and women was determined using the Monte Carlo simulation technique. The computed mean LTCRs of DEHP for men and women in the indoor air of industrial and administrative departments in Zahedan PVC were 1.3 × 10-3, 1.2 × 10-3and 4.7 × 10-5,4.2 × 10-5respectively. Data showed that DEHP was a potential risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahnaz Sargazi
- Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
- Environmental Sciences and Technology Research, Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Ramazan Mirzaei
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahdi Mohammadi
- Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mashaallah Rahmani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, 98135-674, Iran
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Shi Y, Zhao L, Zheng J, Ding R, Li K, Zhao H, Baqar M, Zhu H, Cheng Z, Sun H. End-of-life vehicle dismantling activity emits large quantities of phthalates and their alternatives: New insights on environmental sources and co-exposure risks. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 190:108933. [PMID: 39111170 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Automotive interiors have been identified as significant sources of various chemicals, yet their occupational hazards for end-of-life vehicle (ELV) dismantlers remain poorly characterized. Herein, eight classes of plasticizers, including 11 phthalates esters (PAEs) and 16 non-phthalates esters (NPAEs), were detected in dust samples from inside and outside ELV dismantling workshops. Moreover, indoor dust from ordinary households and university dormitories was compared. The indoor dust from the ELV dismantling workshops contained the highest concentrations of plasticizers (median: 594 μg/g), followed by ordinary households (296 µg/g), university dormitories (186 µg/g), and outdoor dust (157 µg/g). PAEs remained the dominant plasticizers, averaging 11.7-fold higher than their NPAE alternatives. Specifically, diisononyl phthalate and trioctyl trimellitate were notably elevated in workshop dust, being 15.5 and 4.78 times higher, respectively, than in ordinary household dust, potentially indicating their association with ELV dismantling activities. The estimated daily intake of occupational ELV dismantling workers was up to five times higher than that of the general population. Moreover, certain dominant NPAEs demonstrated nuclear receptor interference abilities comparable to typical PAEs, suggesting potential toxic effects. This study is the first to demonstrate that ELV dismantling activities contribute to the co-emission of PAEs and NPAEs, posing a substantial risk of exposure to workers, which warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Leicheng Zhao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ran Ding
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Keyi Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongzhi Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Mujtaba Baqar
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Hongkai Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Zhipeng Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Aldegunde-Louzao N, Lolo-Aira M, Herrero-Latorre C. Phthalate esters in clothing: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 108:104457. [PMID: 38677495 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs) are widely used as plasticizers to enhance the flexibility and durability of different consumer products, including clothing. However, concerns have been raised about the potential adverse health effects associated with the presence of phthalates in textiles, such as endocrine disruption, reproductive toxicity and potential carcinogenicity. Based on examination of more than 120 published articles, this paper presents a comprehensive review of studies concerning the phthalate content in clothing and other textile products, with special emphasis on those conducted in the last decade (2014-2023). The types and role of PAEs as plasticizers, the relevant legislation in different countries (emphasizing the importance of monitoring PAE levels in clothing to protect consumer health) and the analytical methods used for PAE determination are critically evaluated. The review also discusses the models used to evaluate exposure to PAEs and the associated health risks. Finally, the study limitations and challenges related to determining the phthalate contents of textile products are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Aldegunde-Louzao
- Research Institute on Chemical and Biological Analysis, Analytical Chemistry Nutrition and Bromatology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Terra, Lugo 27002, Spain.
| | - Manuel Lolo-Aira
- Applied Mass Spectrometry Laboratory (AMSlab), Avda. Benigno Rivera, 56, Lugo 27003, Spain.
| | - Carlos Herrero-Latorre
- Research Institute on Chemical and Biological Analysis, Analytical Chemistry Nutrition and Bromatology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Terra, Lugo 27002, Spain.
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Zhang S, Cheng Z, Cao Y, He F, Zhao L, Baqar M, Zhu H, Zhang T, Sun H. Aromatic amine antioxidants (AAs) and p-phenylenediamines-quinones (PPD-Qs) in e-waste recycling industry park: Occupational exposure and liver X receptors (LXRs) disruption potential. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 186:108609. [PMID: 38579452 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Recently, evidence of aromatic amine antioxidants (AAs) existence in the dust of the electronic waste (e-waste) dismantling area has been exposed. However, there are limited studies investigating occupational exposure and toxicity associated with AAs and their transformation products (p-phenylenediamines-quinones, i.e., PPD-Qs). In this study, 115 dust and 42 hand wipe samples collected from an e-waste recycling industrial park in central China were analyzed for 19 AAs and 6 PPD-Qs. Notably, the median concentration of ∑6PPD-Qs (1,110 ng/g and 1,970 ng/m2) was significantly higher (p < 0.05, Mann-Whitney U test) than that of ∑6PPDs (147 ng/g and 34.0 ng/m2) in dust and hand wipes. Among the detected analytes, 4-phenylaminodiphenylamine quinone (DPPD-Q) (median: 781 ng/g) and 1,4-Bis(2-naphthylamino) benzene quinone (DNPD-Q) (median: 156 ng/g), were particularly prominent, which were first detected in the e-waste dismantling area. Occupational exposure assessments and nuclear receptor interference ability, conducted through estimated daily intake (EDI) and molecular docking analysis, respectively, indicated significant occupational exposure to PPD-Qs and suggested prioritized Liver X receptors (LXRs) disruption potential of PPDs and PPD-Qs. The study provides the first evidence of considerable levels of AAs and PPD-Qs in the e-waste-related hand wipe samples and underscores the importance of assessing occupational exposure and associated toxicity effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohan Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhipeng Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Yuhao Cao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Feixiang He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Leicheng Zhao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Mujtaba Baqar
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Hongkai Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, 135 Xingang West Street, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Kvasnicka J, Cohen Hubal EA, Diamond ML. Modeling clothing as a secondary source of exposure to SVOCs across indoor microenvironments. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2024; 34:376-385. [PMID: 38129669 PMCID: PMC11144090 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-023-00621-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that clothing can influence human exposure to semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) through transdermal uptake and inhalation. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were [1] to investigate the potential for clothing to function as a transport vector and secondary source of gas-phase SVOCs across indoor microenvironments, [2] to elucidate how clothing storage, wear, and laundering can influence the dynamics of transdermal uptake, and [3] to assess the potential for multiple human occupants to influence the multimedia dynamics of SVOCs indoors. METHODS A computational modeling framework (ABICAM) was expanded, applied, and evaluated by simulating and augmenting two "real-world" chamber experiments. A primary strength of this framework was its representation of occupants and their clothing as unique entities with the potential for location changes. RESULTS Estimates of transdermal uptake of diethyl phthalate (DEP) and di(n-butyl) phthalate (DnBP) were generally consistent with those extrapolated from measured concentrations of urinary metabolites, and those predicted by two other mechanistic models. ABICAM predicted that clean clothing (long sleeves, long pants, and socks, 100% cotton, 1 mm thick) readily accumulated DEP (6900-9700 μg) and DnBP (4500-4800 μg) from the surrounding chamber air over 6 h of exposure to average concentrations of 233 (DEP) and 114 (DnBP) μg·m-3. Because of their high capacity, clean clothing also effectively minimized transdermal uptake. In addition, ABICAM predicted that contaminated clothing functioned as a vector for transporting DEP and DnBP across indoor microenvironments and reemitted 13-80% (DEP) and 3-27% (DnBP) of the accumulated masses over 48 h. SIGNIFICANCE Though the estimated secondary inhalation exposures from contaminated clothing were low compared to the corresponding primary exposures, these secondary exposures could be accentuated in other contexts, for example, involving longer timeframes of clothing storage, multiple occupants wearing contaminated clothing, and/or repeated instances of clothing-mediated transport of contaminants (e.g., from an occupational setting). IMPACT This modeling study reaffirms the effectiveness of clean clothing in reducing transdermal uptake of airborne SVOCs and conversely, that contaminated clothing could be a source of SVOC exposure via transdermal uptake and by acting as a vector for transporting those contaminants to other locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Kvasnicka
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B1, Canada
| | - Elaine A Cohen Hubal
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B1, Canada.
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E8, Canada.
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Qian Y, Zhu L, Chen J, Zhou Y, Huang Z, Liang L, Ding B. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate aggravates psoriasis-like skin lesions: In vitro and in vivo evaluation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 479:116707. [PMID: 37783235 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), which is a widely used phthalate (PAE), has recently received public attention owing to it causing health problems. The aim of this study was to elucidate the aggravating effects of DEHP on psoriasis and skin toxicity. Human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells were treated with gradient concentrations of DEHP, and mice with imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasiform dermatitis were hypodermically injected with 40 μg/kg/day of DEHP for seven consecutive days. The skin condition was assessed based on the psoriasis area and severity index score, which indicated the deterioration of IMQ-induced psoriasis-like skin lesions after DEHP exposure. To further analyze the effect of DEHP on psoriasis, the proliferation, inflammation, and tight junction (TJ) damage were examined, which correlated with the development and severity of psoriasis. The results showed that DEHP promoted proliferation both in vivo and in vitro, which manifested as epidermal thickening; an increase in cell viability; upregulation of Ki67, CDK2, cyclinD1, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen; and downregulation of p21. An excessive inflammatory response is an important factor that exacerbates psoriasis, and our results showed that DEHP can trigger the release of inflammatory cytokines as well as the infiltration of T cells. TJ disorders were found in mice and cells after DEHP treatment. Additionally, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) was strongly activated during this process, which may have contributed to skin toxicity caused by DEHP. In conclusion, DEHP treatment promotes proliferation, inflammation, TJ disruption, and p38 MAPK activation in HaCaT cells and psoriasis-like skin lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Qian
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Lijian Zhu
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Jingya Chen
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Yilin Zhou
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Zhiguang Huang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Linjie Liang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Bin Ding
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310000, China.
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Wu CC, Chen CY, Zhong LS, Bao LJ, Zeng EY. Particle transfer mediates dermal exposure of consumers to plasticizers in eraser and pen accessories. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 180:108191. [PMID: 37716339 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Dermal exposure to chemicals released from daily consumer products is a rising concern, particularly for children who are susceptible to unintentional hand-to-mouth transfer and related chemical exposure risk. However, chemical transfer induced by tiny particles of intact products has yet to be adequately addressed. The objective of the present study was to determine the potentiality of particles release from intact erasers and pen grips upon dermal contact by measuring the migration rates of the embedded plasticizers (phthalates and its alternatives). The results showed that billions of particles were released from erasers (0.6-1.2 × 109) and pen grips (0.2-1.6 × 108) upon dermal contact at ambient temperature, with sizes mainly smaller than 1 μm. The composition of eraser leachates was identical to that of the corresponding bulk eraser, as confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and pyrolysis. Migrated hydrophobic plasticizers may be used as indicators of particle release from erasers and pen grips. The potentiality of particle release was negatively correlated with the total plasticizer contents (r = -0.51; p < 0.05) for both erasers and pen grips. These findings indicated that particles directly released from school supplies and accessories could be a non-negligible source of human exposure to plasticizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Chou Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Chun-Yan Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Li-Shan Zhong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Lian-Jun Bao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
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Zhang W, Zheng N, Wang S, Sun S, An Q, Li X, Li Z, Ji Y, Li Y, Pan J. Characteristics and health risks of population exposure to phthalates via the use of face towels. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 130:1-13. [PMID: 37032026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The production of face towels is growing at an annual rate of about 4% in China, reaching 1.13 million tons by 2021. Phthalates (PAEs) are widely used in textiles, and face towels, as an important household textile, may expose people to PAEs via the skin, further leading to health risks. We collected new face towels and analyzed the distribution characterization of PAEs in them. The changes of PAEs were explored in a face towel use experiment and a simulated laundry experiment. Based on the use of face towels by 24 volunteers, we calculated the estimated daily intake (EDI) and comprehensively assessed the hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI), and dermal cancer risk (DCR) of PAEs exposure in the population. PAEs were present in new face towels at total concentrations of <MDL-2388 ng/g, with a median of 173.2 ng/g, which was a lower contamination level compared with other textiles. PAE contents in used face towels were significantly higher than in new face towels. The concentrations of PAEs in coral velvet were significantly higher than those in cotton. Water washing removed some PAEs, while detergent washing increased the PAE content on face towels. Gender, weight, use time, and material were the main factors affecting EDI. The HQ and HI were less than 1, which proved PAEs had no significant non-carcinogenic health risks. Among the five target PAEs studied, DEHP was the only carcinogenic PAE and may cause potential health risks after long-term exposure. Therefore, we should pay more attention to DEHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Zhang
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Na Zheng
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China.
| | - Sujing Wang
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Siyu Sun
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Qirui An
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xiaoqian Li
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zimeng Li
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yining Ji
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yunyang Li
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Jiamin Pan
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
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Qiu F, He S, Zhang Z, Dai S, Wang J, Liu N, Li Z, Hu X, Xiang S, Wei C. MiR-93 alleviates DEHP plasticizer-induced neurotoxicity by negatively regulating TNFAIP1 and inhibiting ubiquitin-mediated degradation of CK2β. Food Chem Toxicol 2023:113888. [PMID: 37302538 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a plasticizer that is widely used in various products, such as plastic packaging in food industries. As an environmental endocrine disruptor, it induces adverse effects on brain development and function. However, the molecular mechanisms by which DEHP induces learning and memory impairment remain poorly understood. Herein, we found that DEHP impaired learning and memory in pubertal C57BL/6 mice, decreased the number of neurons, downregulated miR-93 and the β subunit of casein kinase 2 (CK2β), upregulated tumor necrosis factor-induced protein 1 (TNFAIP1), and inhibited Akt/CREB pathway in mouse hippocampi. Coimmunoprecipitation and western blotting assays revealed that TNFAIP1 interacted with CK2β and promoted its degradation by ubiquitination. Bioinformatics analysis showed a miR-93 binding site in the 3'-untranslated region of Tnfaip1. A dual-luciferase reporter assay revealed that miR-93 targeted TNFAIP1 and negatively regulated its expression. MiR-93 overexpression prevented DEHP-induced neurotoxicity by downregulating TNFAIP1 and then activating CK2/Akt/CREB pathway. These data indicate that DEHP upregulates TNFAIP1 expression by downregulating miR-93, thus promoting ubiquitin-mediated degradation of CK2β, subsequently inhibiting Akt/CREB pathway, and finally inducing learning and memory impairment. Therefore, miR-93 can relieve DEHP-induced neurotoxicity and may be used as a potential molecular target for prevention and treatment of related neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China; The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Simei He
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China; The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Zilong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China; The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Siyu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China; The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Jin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China; The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Ning Liu
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China; The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Xiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China; The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Shuanglin Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China; The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Chenxi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China; The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China.
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11
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Fan L, Wang L, Wang K, Liu F. Phthalates in glass window films are associated with dormitory characteristics, occupancy activities and habits, and environmental factors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:32550-32559. [PMID: 36469278 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24536-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are environmental endocrine disruptors that enter the human body through a variety of pathways and harm human health. The study aimed to explore the associations between phthalate concentrations in glass window films with dormitory characteristics, occupancy activities and habits, and environmental factors, of university dormitories. We surveyed these associations and measured the indoor environmental parameters of 144 dormitories from 13 universities in Beijing. Based on the results, we further explored the factors affecting phthalate concentrations using multivariate logistic regression. The results showed that phthalate concentrations in glass window films were associated with dormitory type, duration of occupancy, daily ventilation duration, window cleaning frequency, indoor relative humidity, light intensity, temperature, and particulate matter (PM10) concentration. To date, there have only been a few studies on the factors that influence phthalate concentrations in glass window films; therefore, further study is needed. Our findings determined the influence of external factors on the different types of phthalates in window films, which helps understand indoor phthalate pollution and evaluate human exposure based on phthalate concentrations in glass window films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liujia Fan
- School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Lixin Wang
- School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China.
| | - Kexin Wang
- School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Fang Liu
- School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
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12
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Wang X, Yang R, Zhang J, Chen X, Feng Y, Niu Y, Shao B. Metabolic profiling of the fluorinated liquid-crystal monomer 1-ethoxy-2,3-difluoro-4-(trans-4-propylcyclohexyl)benzene. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 860:160448. [PMID: 36442634 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
1-Ethoxy-2,3-difluoro-4-(trans-4-propylcyclohexyl)benzene (EDPrB) is a typical fluorinated liquid-crystal monomer (LCM). LCMs contaminants are becoming increasingly concerning due to their potential persistence, bioaccumulation, toxicity, and broad prevalence in environmental and human samples. However, LCM metabolism is poorly understood. Herein, by introducing selected EDPrB into the appropriate liver microsomes in vitro, we examined the metabolic pathways of LCM in humans, rats, pigs, Cyprinus carpio, crucian carp, and Channa argus. A total of 20 species-dependent metabolites were identified and structurally elucidated by gas and liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry for the first time. Dealkylation, H-abstraction, and hydroxylation reactions are the primary metabolic pathways. Half of these in vitro metabolites were found in the urine, serum, and fecal samples of Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to EDPrB. Toxicity predictions indicate that 17 metabolites can be classified as toxic. According to the Ecological Structure Activity Relationships (ECOSAR), a number of metabolites exhibit equivalent or greater aquatic toxicity to that of EDPrB. Toxicity Estimation Software Tool (T.E.S.T.) predicts that some metabolites exhibit developmental toxicity and mutagenicity in rats. These findings suggest that biotransformation should be particularly emphasized, and more toxicological and monitoring studies should be performed to assess the ecological and human safety of LCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Wang
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Runhui Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Xianggui Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Ying Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Yumin Niu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, China.
| | - Bing Shao
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
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13
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Wang H, Chen R, Gao Y, Qu J, Zhang Y, Jin H, Zhao M, Bai X. Serum concentrations of phthalate metabolites in pregnant women and their association with gestational diabetes mellitus and blood glucose levels. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159570. [PMID: 36283523 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate metabolites are widely present in humans and can have many adverse effects on pregnant women. To date, many studies on the effects of phthalate metabolites on the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have been published, but the findings of these studies are controversial. We conducted a case-control study to quantify the concentrations of seven phthalate metabolites in the serum of pregnant women and to investigate their association with the risk of GDM and blood glucose levels in pregnant women. Therefore, 201 serum samples (139 pregnant women with GDM and 62 control serum samples) were collected from Hangzhou, China, between 2011 and 2012. The results showed that mono butyl phthalate (MBP; mean = 4.08 ng/mL) was the most abundant phthalate metabolites in human serum, followed by mono (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP; mean = 1.28 ng/mL) and mono isobutyl phthalate (MiBP; mean = 1.20 ng/mL). The other results indicated significant associations between MBP (β = 2.24, 95 % confidence interval (CI): 1.02, 5.07, P = 0.050) and MiBP (β = 1.84, 95 % CI: 1.03, 3.31, P = 0.041) concentrations in human serum and the incidence of GDM. Moreover, serum MBP (β = 0.40, 95 % CI: 0.10, 0.70, P = 0.010) and MiBP levels (β = 0.18, 95 % CI: 0.010, 0.35, P = 0.047) in humans were positively associated with 2-hour blood glucose levels. Our study provides affirmative evidence on previously inconsistent findings that MBP and MiBP exposure may increase the risk of GDM in pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanzhi Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, PR China
| | - Rongrong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China
| | - Yu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China
| | - Jianli Qu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China
| | - Hangbiao Jin
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China
| | - Xiaoxia Bai
- Department of Obstetrics, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, PR China.
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14
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Besis A, Avgenikou A, Pantelaki I, Serafeim E, Georgiadou E, Voutsa D, Samara C. Hazardous organic pollutants in indoor dust from elementary schools and kindergartens in Greece: Implications for children's health. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 310:136750. [PMID: 36241110 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Children spend a significant portion of their day in school, where they may be exposed to hazardous organic compounds accumulated in indoor dust. The aim of this study was to evaluate the concentrations of major hazardous organic contaminants in dust collected from kindergartens and elementary schools in Northern Greece (n = 20). The sum concentrations of 20 targeted polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners (∑20PBDEs) in dust varied from 58 ng g-1 to 1480 ng g-1, while the sum of 4 novel brominated fire retardants (∑4NBFRs) ranged from 28 ng g-1 to 555 ng g-1. Correspondingly, the sum concentrations of phthalate esters (∑9PAEs) ranged between 265 μg g-1 and 2120 μg g-1, while the sum of organophosphate esters (∑11OPEs) was found between 2890 ng g-1 and 16,100 ng g-1. Finally, the sum concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (∑16PAHs) were found within in the range 212 ng g-1 and 6960 ng g-1. Exposure to indoor dust contaminant via inhalation, ingestion and dermal absorption was investigated for children and adults (teachers). Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks were also estimated. Children's estimated intakes of individual hazardous chemicals via the three exposure routes, were lower than the available health-based reference values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Besis
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Anna Avgenikou
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioanna Pantelaki
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Serafeim
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Georgiadou
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitra Voutsa
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Constantini Samara
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
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15
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Huang J, Wang X, Guo J, Wang X, Ji M, Huang L. Partition of phthalates among air, PM 2 .5 , house dust and skin in residential indoor environments. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e13176. [PMID: 36437652 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As a group of typical endocrine disrupters, phthalates are simultaneously present in a variety of environmental media and enter human body through multiple exposure pathways. In this study, field monitoring data were used to characterize the skin-air (Klg ), dust-air (Kd ), and PM2.5 -air (Kp ) partition coefficients of DiBP, DnBP, and DEHP. The median values of log(Klg ) in the summer and winter were 7.654 and 7.932, 7.265 and 7.902, 9.419 and 9.015 for DiBP, DnBP, and DEHP, respectively, and Klg was significantly higher in the winter. The median Kd (m3 /mg) in the summer (0.036-0.151 for DiBP, 0.021-0.036 for DnBP and 1.479-4.069 for DEHP) were significantly higher than the counterparts in the winter (0.027-0.065 for DiBP, 0.022-0.245 for DnBP, and 0.140-3.250 for DEHP). In addition, Kd was associated with material of surface and residence time of dust. The Kp values (m3 /μg) of DiBP, DnBP, and DEHP in the summer (0.053, 0.015, and 0.021) were also significantly higher than the counterparts in the winter (0.011, 0.004, and 0.025). The partition of phthalates was influenced by built environment, such as temperature, humidity, ventilation, indoor chemistry, smoking, and building age. Except Klg , there was substantial discrepancy between the estimates of K with empirical equations and the values of K based on field monitoring data in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinding Huang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoke Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jifeng Guo
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaolu Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mengli Ji
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lihui Huang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Building Science, Institute of Built Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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16
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Ma S, Hu X, Tang J, Cui J, Lin M, Wang F, Yang Y, Yu Y. Urinary metabolites and handwipe phthalate levels among adults and children in southern China: Implication for dermal exposure. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 439:129639. [PMID: 35908399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Paired handwipe and urine samples were collected from adult (n = 130) and child (n = 82) residents of a typical urban community in southern China to examine relationships between external and internal exposure as well as the contribution of dermal absorption to the exposure of phthalates. The concentrations and composition profiles of phthalates were similar in handwipes from both adults and children, and contained mainly di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) and di-iso-butyl phthalate (DiBP), consistent with profiles of phthalates in air and dust. The major metabolites of these phthalates, i.e., mono-n-butyl phthalate (mnBP) from DnBP, mono-iso-butyl phthalate (miBP) from DiBP and three metabolites of DEHP (namely mEHP, mEHHP and mEOHP) were widely detected in paired urine samples. Positive correlations were found between contamination levels of DiBP and DnBP in handwipes and their corresponding urinary metabolites, whereas no significant correlation was observed for DEHP. This suggests that dermal absorption might be an important exposure pathway particularly for low molecular weight phthalates. Our study shows that dermal absorption is a non-negligible exposure pathway for phthalates, to which children are particularly sensitive since the contribution of dermal uptake to the internal exposure of phthalates was higher in children than adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xin Hu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jian Tang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Juntao Cui
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Meiqing Lin
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Analysis and Test Center, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515041, China.
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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17
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Levasseur JL, Hoffman K, Herkert NJ, Cooper E, Hay D, Stapleton HM. Characterizing firefighter's exposure to over 130 SVOCs using silicone wristbands: A pilot study comparing on-duty and off-duty exposures. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 834:155237. [PMID: 35447169 PMCID: PMC9728008 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Firefighters are occupationally exposed to an array of hazardous chemicals, and these exposures have been linked to the higher rates of some cancer in firefighters. However, additional research that characterizes firefighters' exposure is needed to fully elucidate the impacts on health risks. In this pilot study, we used silicone wristbands to quantify off-duty and on-duty chemical exposures experienced by 20 firefighters in Durham, North Carolina. By using each firefighter's off-duty wristband to represent individual baseline exposures, we assessed occupation-related exposures (i.e. on-duty exposures). We also investigated the influence of responding to a fire event while on-duty. In total, 134 chemicals were quantified using both GC-MS and LC-MS/MS targeted methods. Seventy-one chemicals were detected in at least 50% of all silicone wristbands, including 7 PFAS, which to our knowledge, have not been reported in wristbands previously. Of these, phthalates were generally measured at the highest concentrations, followed by brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs). PFAS were measured at lower concentrations overall, but firefighter PFOS exposures while on-duty and responding to fires were 2.5 times higher than off-duty exposures. Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), BFRs, and some OPEs were occupationally associated, with firefighters experiencing 0.5 to 8.5 times higher exposure while on-duty as compared to off-duty. PAH exposures were also higher for firefighters who respond to a fire than those who did not while on-duty. Additional research with a larger population of firefighters that builds upon this pilot investigation may further pinpoint exposure sources that may contribute to firefighters' risk for cancer, such as those from firefighter gear or directly from fires. This research demonstrates the utility of using silicone wristbands to quantify occupational exposure in firefighters and the ability to disentangle exposures that may be specific to fire events as opposed to other sources that firefighters might experience.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kate Hoffman
- Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Nicholas J Herkert
- Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Ellen Cooper
- Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Duncan Hay
- Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
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18
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Wang J, Xu Z, Yao J, Hu M, Sun Y, Dong C, Bu Z. Identification of Phthalates from Artificial Products in Chinese Kindergarten Classrooms and the Implications for Preschool Children's Exposure Assessments. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19138011. [PMID: 35805676 PMCID: PMC9265414 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19138011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phthalates are typical chemical pollutants in kindergarten classrooms since numerous artificial products (e.g., polyvinyl chloride (PVC) floorings, soft polymers and plastic toys) that might contain phthalates are widely distributed in kindergarten classrooms. Although Chinese preschool children spend a considerable amount of their waking hours (>8 h/day) in kindergartens, phthalate exposure in such indoor environment has not been given much attention. In this study, the mass fractions of six phthalates in twenty-six artificial products (fifteen flat decoration materials and eleven plastic toys) commonly found in Chinese kindergarten classrooms were measured. Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) was the most predominant compound in all materials. The emission characteristics of the DEHP from these materials were further investigated. The measured emission characteristics were used for predicting multi-phase DEHP concentrations in kindergarten classrooms by applying a mass transfer model. The modeled concentrations were comparable with those measured in the real environment, indicating that these products might be the major sources of DEHP in Chinese kindergarten classrooms. Preschool children’s exposure to DEHP was found to be 0.42 μg/kg/day in kindergartens under baseline conditions, accounting for 18% of the total exposure to DEHP in Chinese indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Wang
- School of Urban Construction, Hangzhou Polytechnic, Hangzhou 311402, China;
| | - Zefei Xu
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (Z.X.); (J.Y.); (M.H.); (Y.S.); (C.D.)
| | - Jingyu Yao
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (Z.X.); (J.Y.); (M.H.); (Y.S.); (C.D.)
| | - Maochao Hu
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (Z.X.); (J.Y.); (M.H.); (Y.S.); (C.D.)
| | - Yuewen Sun
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (Z.X.); (J.Y.); (M.H.); (Y.S.); (C.D.)
- College of Energy and Environment, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, China
| | - Cong Dong
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (Z.X.); (J.Y.); (M.H.); (Y.S.); (C.D.)
| | - Zhongming Bu
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (Z.X.); (J.Y.); (M.H.); (Y.S.); (C.D.)
- Correspondence:
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19
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Unconventional and user-friendly sampling techniques of semi-volatile organic compounds present in an indoor environment: An approach to human exposure assessment. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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20
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Liu W, Sun Y, Liu N, Hou J, Huo X, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Deng F, Kan H, Zhao Z, Huang C, Zhao B, Zeng X, Qian H, Zheng X, Liu W, Mo J, Sun C, Su C, Zou Z, Li H, Guo J, Bu Z. Indoor exposure to phthalates and its burden of disease in China. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e13030. [PMID: 35481931 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
China's profoundly rapid modernization in the past two decades has resulted in dramatic changes in indoor environmental exposures. Among these changes, exposure to phthalates has attracted increasing attention. We aimed to characterize indoor phthalate exposure and to estimate the disease burden attributable to indoor phthalate pollution from 2000 to 2017 in China. We integrated the national exposure level of indoor phthalates from literature through systematic review and Monte Carlo simulation. Dose-response relationships between phthalate exposure and health outcomes were obtained by systematic review and meta-analysis. Based on existing models for assessing probabilities of causation and a comprehensive review of available data, we calculated the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) among the general Chinese population resulting from exposure to indoor phthalate pollution. We found that DnBP, DiBP, and DEHP were the most abundant phthalates in indoor environments of residences, offices, and schools with medians of national dust phase concentration from 74.5 µg/g to 96.3 µg/g, 39.6 µg/g to 162.5 µg/g, 634.2 µg/g to 1,394.7 µg/g, respectively. The national equivalent exposure for children to phthalates in settled dust was higher than that of adults except for DiBP and DnOP. Dose-response relationships associated with DEP, DiBP, DnBP, BBzP, and DEHP exposures were established. Between 2000 and 2017, indoor phthalate exposure in China has led to 3.32 million DALYs per year, accounting for 0.90% of total DALYs across China. The annual DALY associated with indoor phthalate pollution in China was over 2000 people per million, which is about 2~3 times of the DALY loss due to secondhand smoke (SHS) in six European countries or the sum of the DALY loss caused by indoor radon and formaldehyde in American homes. Our study indicates a considerable socioeconomic impact of indoor phthalate exposure for a modernizing human society. This suggest the need for relevant national standard and actions to reduce indoor phthalate exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuexia Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ningrui Liu
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Hou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinyue Huo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuxuan Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Furong Deng
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Haidong Kan
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuohui Zhao
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Huang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangang Zeng
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Qian
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaohong Zheng
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute for Health and Environment, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinhan Mo
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chanjuan Sun
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunxiao Su
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Zou
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Li
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianguo Guo
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongming Bu
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
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21
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Zhao A, Wang L, Pang X, Liu F. Phthalates in skin wipes: Distribution, sources, and exposure via dermal absorption. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112041. [PMID: 34529968 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates, which are widely used in industrial products, can be dermally absorbed into the human body and harm human health. In this study, we measured the levels of phthalates in skin wipes collected from 30 undergraduate volunteers. The body surfaces wiped include the forehead, forearms, hands, back, calves, and insteps. We analyzed the characteristics and possible sources of phthalates on the skin surface and used Monte Carlo simulations to estimate dermal exposure. The mean total dermal exposure was in the range of 0.129-8.25 μg/(kg·day). Seven phthalates were detected, with a detection frequency of 57-100%. Phthalate levels were not significantly different between symmetrical locations, but differed significantly at the same sampling location. The mean dinonyl phthalate (DNP) contribution was the highest on the forehead, back, and forearm. The mean DNP and di (2-n-butoxyethyl) phthalate (DBEP) contributions on hands were the highest and second-highest, respectively. The mean DBEP contribution was the highest on calf and instep. Phthalates level was the maximum on the forehead and instep. Habit and activities can lead to significant differences in phthalate concentrations on the skin surfaces of male and female students. The sum of dermal exposure on the torso, head, and feet perhaps best approximates the total body exposure. To date, information on the dermal exposure and related species of phthalates are limited; therefore, further study is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilation and Air Conditioning, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, China
| | - Lixin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilation and Air Conditioning, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, China.
| | - Xueying Pang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilation and Air Conditioning, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilation and Air Conditioning, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, China
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22
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Fan Y, Chen Q, Wang Z, Zhang X, Zhao J, Huang X, Wei P, Hu P, Cao Z. Identifying dermal exposure as the dominant pathway of children's exposure to flame retardants in kindergartens. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 808:152004. [PMID: 34856272 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exploration of multiple sources of brominated (BFRs) and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) for children promotes the understanding of exposure pathways and health risk. 10 BFRs and 9 OPFRs were measured in skin wipes from hands, forehead, and arms of 30 children, and surface wipe samples from sills, toys, desks and floors, and indoor air samples of kindergartens from Xinxiang, China. Higher ∑9OPFRs concentrations were observed in the forehead (1840 ng/m2), followed by hand (1420 ng/m2) and arm wipes (1130 ng/m2), and the ∑8BFRs concentrations in forehead, hand and arm wipes were 116, 315 and 165 ng/m2, respectively. The total concentration of OPFRs and BFRs in floor wipes (66.1 and 24.5 ng/m2) were lower than those in toy (205 and 535 ng/m2), sill (227 and 30.1 ng/m2) and desk (84.4 and 139 ng/m2) wipes. Concentrations of FRs in forehead wipes were significantly correlated with those in gaseous air (p < 0.05), moderate correlations were found between the hand wipes and surface wipes (p = 0.054). We estimated the daily average dosages (DADs) of children exposure to FRs via multiple pathways. Compared to DADs via inhalation and hand-to-mouth transfer, dermal exposure was determined to be the predominant exposure pathway to ∑9OPFRs and ∑8BFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Fan
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Qiaoying Chen
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Kindergarden of Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xinyu Huang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Pengkun Wei
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Pengtuan Hu
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Zhiguo Cao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.
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23
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Cheng Z, Shi Q, Wang Y, Zhao L, Li X, Sun Z, Lu Y, Liu N, Su G, Wang L, Sun H. Electronic-Waste-Driven Pollution of Liquid Crystal Monomers: Environmental Occurrence and Human Exposure in Recycling Industrial Parks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:2248-2257. [PMID: 35107275 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystal monomers (LCMs) in liquid crystal displays (LCDs) may be released into the environment, especially in electronic waste (e-waste) recycling industrial parks with a high pollution risk. However, little has been known about the environmental release and human exposure to LCMs until now. Herein, a total of 45 LCMs were detected in LCDs of commonly used smartphones and computers by high-resolution mass spectrometry with suspect screening analysis. Fluorinated biphenyls and their analogs were the dominant LCMs. Based on available standards of the screening results and previous studies, 55 LCMs were quantified in samples from an e-waste recycling industrial park in Central China. The LCMs were frequently detected in outdoor dust (n = 43), workshop #1 indoor dust (n = 53), and hand (n = 43) and forehead wipes (n = 43), with median concentrations of 6950 ng/g, 67,400 ng/g, 46,100 ng/m2, and 62,100 ng/m2, respectively. The median estimated daily intake values of the LCMs via dust ingestion and dermal absorption were 48.3 and 16.5 ng/kg body weight/day, respectively, indicating a high occupational exposure risk of these compounds. In addition, 16 LCMs were detected in the serum of eight elderly people (≥60 years old) with over 5 years of experience in e-waste dismantling operations, resulting in a total concentration range of 3.9-26.3 ng/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Qingyang Shi
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Yu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Leicheng Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhaoyang Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yuan Lu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Na Liu
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guanyong Su
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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24
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Wacławik M, Rodzaj W, Wielgomas B. Silicone Wristbands in Exposure Assessment: Analytical Considerations and Comparison with Other Approaches. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19041935. [PMID: 35206121 PMCID: PMC8872583 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19041935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to numerous potentially harmful chemicals throughout their lifetime. Although many studies have addressed this issue, the data on chronic exposure is still lacking. Hence, there is a growing interest in methods and tools allowing to longitudinally track personal exposure to multiple chemicals via different routes. Since the seminal work, silicone wristbands (WBs) have been increasingly used to facilitate human exposure assessment, as using WBs as a wearable sampler offers new insights into measuring chemical risks involved in many ambient and occupational scenarios. However, the literature lacks a detailed overview regarding methodologies being used; a comprehensive comparison with other approaches of personal exposure assessment is needed as well. Therefore, the aim of this review is fourfold. First, we summarize hitherto conducted research that employed silicone WBs as personal passive samplers. Second, all pre-analytical and analytical steps used to obtain exposure data are discussed. Third, we compare main characteristics of WBs with key features of selected matrices used in exposure assessment, namely urine, blood, hand wipes, active air sampling, and settled dust. Finally, we discuss future needs of research employing silicone WBs. Our work shows a variety of possibilities, advantages, and caveats associated with employment of silicone WBs as personal passive samplers. Although further research is necessary, silicone WBs have already been proven valuable as a tool for longitudinal assessment of personal exposure.
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25
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Huang H, Lan BD, Zhang YJ, Fan XJ, Hu MC, Qin GQ, Wang FG, Wu Y, Zheng T, Liu JH. Inhibition of Human Sulfotransferases by Phthalate Monoesters. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:868105. [PMID: 35528018 PMCID: PMC9072656 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.868105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the inhibition of human important phase II metabolic enzyme sulfotransferases (SULTs) by phthalate monoesters, which are important metabolites of phthalate esters (PAEs). METHOD Recombinant SULT-catalyzed metabolism of p-nitrophenol (PNP) was employed as the probe reactions of SULTs to investigate the inhibition of 8 kinds of phthalate monoesters towards SULT isoforms. An in vitro incubation system was utilized for preliminary screening, and 100 μM of phthalate monoesters was used. Inhibition kinetics were carried out to determine the inhibition of SULTs by phthalate monoesters. RESULT Multiple phthalate monoesters have been demonstrated to exert strong inhibition potential towards SULT1A1, SULT1B1, and SULT1E1, and no significant inhibition of phthalate monoesters towards SULT1A3 was found. The activity of SULT1A1 was strongly inhibited by mono-hexyl phthalate (MHP), mono-octyl phthalate (MOP), mono-benzyl phthalate (MBZP), and mono-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP). Monobutyl phthalate (MBP), MHP, MOP, mono-cyclohexyl phthalate (MCHP), and MEHP significantly inhibited the activity of SULT1B1. MHP, MOP, and MEHP significantly inhibited the activity of SULT1E1. MOP was chosen as the representative phthalate monoester to determine the inhibition kinetic parameters (Ki) towards SULT1B1 and SULT1E1. The inhibition kinetic parameters (Ki) were calculated to be 2.23 μM for MOP-SULT1B1 and 5.54 μM for MOP-SULT1E1. In silico docking method was utilized to understand the inhibition mechanism of SULT1B1 by phthalate monoesters. CONCLUSIONS All these information will be beneficial for understanding the risk of phthalate monoester exposure from a new perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Huang
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Bei-Di Lan
- Department of CardioMetabolic Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yu-Jing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Fan
- Department of CardioMetabolic Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Min-Cui Hu
- Tianjin Life Science Research Center, Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Qin
- Human Resources Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Fei-Ge Wang
- Human Resources Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of CardioMetabolic Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Tao Zheng
- Department of CardioMetabolic Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Tao Zheng, ; Jun-Hui Liu,
| | - Jun-Hui Liu
- Department of CardioMetabolic Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Tao Zheng, ; Jun-Hui Liu,
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26
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Zhao C, Li JFT, Li XH, Dong MQ, Li YY, Qin ZF. Measurement of polychlorinated biphenyls with hand wipes and matched serum collected from Chinese E-waste dismantling workers: Exposure estimates and implications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 799:149444. [PMID: 34365263 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To date, dermal/hand-to-mouth exposure to chemicals in the e-waste recycling environment has not been sufficiently understood, and the importance of dermal absorption of chemicals in e-waste dismantling workers remains controversial. In this study, we utilized hand wipes and matched sera to characterize dermal/hand-to-mouth exposure to PCBs for e-waste dismantling workers, and potential effects on thyroid hormones were also assessed. PCB loadings in hand wipes varied from 0.829-265 ng wipe-1 (11.3-2850 ng m-2 wipe-1), with 37.2 ng wipe-1 (432 ng m-2 wipe-1) as the median value. Serum concentrations of PCBs ranged from 32.3-3410 ng g-1 lipid weight (lw) with 364 ng g-1 lw as the median value. Between wipes and sera, lower-chlorinated congeners (e.g. CB-28, -66, -74, -99,-105 and -118) showed significant associations (p < 0.01), but higher-chlorinated congeners (e.g. CB-138, -153, -156, -170, and -180) did not. These lower-chlorinated CBs were the major contributors to estimated dermal/hand-to-mouth average daily doses (ADDs) and the hazard index (HI). Correspondingly, their estimated contributions to serum levels by dermal absorption were also significant, with the contribution of CB-28 being as high as 21.4%. As a consequence, dermal absorption of some low-chlorinated congeners was a non-negligible route for e-waste dismantling workers. Although insignificant association was shown between serum PCBs and thyroid hormones, the potential health risk should be of concern due to the high levels of PCBs observed in workers' sera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 2871, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, PR China; College of Earth Sciences, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, PR China
| | - Ji-Fang-Tong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 2871, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Xing-Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 2871, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, PR China.
| | - Meng-Qi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 2871, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 2871, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Zhan-Fen Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 2871, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, PR China
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27
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Hong Y, Chen CY, Wu CC, Bao LJ, Zeng EY. A Novel Personal Passive Sampler for Collecting Gaseous Phthalates. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:15961-15968. [PMID: 34793136 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dermal absorption of gaseous chemicals is an important contributor to increased health risk and has yet to be adequately addressed due to the lack of available sampling techniques. In the present study, a novel personal passive sampler consisting of a housing (embracing a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) disk as the sorbent phase, a membrane filter, and a stainless-steel mesh) and a watchband (traditional wristband) was constructed and used to characterize gaseous phthalates (PAEs) near the air-skin interface. In a real-life setting, the utility of the passive sampler was validated by comparing the composition profiles of PAEs in the PDMS disks and in active samples and watchbands. The compositions of PAEs were consistent in disks and gaseous constituents from ambient air, with low-molecular-weight (<306 g mol-1) PAEs accounting for 87-100% and approximately 100%, respectively. Appreciable amounts of diisononyl phthalate, diisodecyl phthalate, dinonyl phthalate, and skin lipid (e.g., squalene) were detected in watchbands but not in disks. Apparently, the passive sampler can prevent particles and skin-related chemicals from adhering to the disk and collect gaseous PAEs only. The vast majority of PAEs in watchbands was associated with nongaseous constituents. The present study demonstrated that the sampling strategy is a key factor in exposure assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Chun-Yan Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Chen-Chou Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Lian-Jun Bao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
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28
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Bu Z, Hu M, Yuan F, Xu Y, Dong C, Zhang N, Mmereki D, Cao J, Zheng Y. Phthalates in Chinese vehicular environments: Source emissions, concentrations, and human exposure. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:2118-2129. [PMID: 34288145 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are typical air pollutants in vehicular environment since numerous synthetic materials that might contain phthalates are widely used to fabricate vehicle interiors (e.g., seat cushions, floor mats and dashboards). Hitherto, the importance of phthalate pollution in vehicular environment is not well-recognized because people spend only a small portion (around 8%) of their time in vehicles. In this study, the mass fractions of six phthalates in nine materials commonly used in Chinese vehicles (floor mats and seat cushions) were measured. Two phthalates, di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), were identified in most materials (the other phthalates were not detected). The emission characteristics of DnBP and DEHP from these materials were further investigated. The measured emission parameters were used as input for a mass-transfer model to estimate DnBP and DEHP concentrations in cabin air. Finally, the ratios between human exposures (via inhalation and dermal absorption from the gas phase) in vehicular environment and the total exposures in typical indoor environments (e.g., residences and offices) were estimated to be up to 110% and 20% for DnBP and DEHP, respectively. Based on these results, the vehicular environment might be a considerable site for human exposure to airborne phthalates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongming Bu
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Maochao Hu
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fangzhou Yuan
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yousheng Xu
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cong Dong
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Built Environment and Energy Efficient Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Daniel Mmereki
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jianping Cao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youqu Zheng
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou, China
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Tang J, Lin M, Ma S, Yang Y, Li G, Yu Y, Fan R, An T. Identifying Dermal Uptake as a Significant Pathway for Human Exposure to Typical Semivolatile Organic Compounds in an E-Waste Dismantling Site: The Relationship of Contaminant Levels in Handwipes and Urine Metabolites. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:14026-14036. [PMID: 34596389 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dermal exposure to semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) has recently attracted widespread attention; understanding these exposures is particularly important for people whose skin is frequently exposed to different pollution surfaces. In this study, handwipes were collected from exposed occupational workers and local residents near a typical electronic waste (e-waste) dismantling area; urine samples were also sampled. The wipes were analyzed for three typical SVOCs: polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs). The median levels of PAHs, OPFRs, and PBDEs in handwipes from e-waste dismantlers were 96.0, 183, and 238 ng, respectively. The analytes were higher in the handwipes collected from workers than those from residents, indicating that they were subjected to greater dermal exposure during primitive e-waste dismantling activities. Among the three SVOCs, the strongest correlation was found between triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) in handwipes and diphenyl phosphate (DPhP) in paired urine; the next strongest correlations were between PAHs and PBDEs and their corresponding urinary metabolites. The results showed that TPhP contributed the highest exposure to e-waste dismantlers via dermal exposure. Our research highlights the importance of dermal exposure to TPhP, which should be considered in future exposure risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Tang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Meiqing Lin
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515041, P. R. China
| | - Yan Yang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515041, P. R. China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Ruifang Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Drug and Food Biological Resources Processing and Comprehensive Utilization, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, P. R. China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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Jin L, Griffith SM, Sun Z, Yu JZ, Chan W. On the Flip Side of Mask Wearing: Increased Exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds and a Risk-Reducing Solution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:14095-14104. [PMID: 34596392 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Surgical masks have been worn by the public worldwide during the COVID-19 pandemic, yet hazardous chemicals in the petroleum-derived polymer layer of masks are currently ignored and unregulated. These organic compounds pose potential health risks to the mask wearer through dermal contact or inhalation. Here, we show that surgical masks from around the world are loaded with semivolatile and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalate esters, and reactive carbonyls at ng to μg/mask levels. Naphthalene was the most abundant mask-borne PAH, accounting for over 80% of total PAH levels; acrolein, a mutagenic carbonyl, was detected in most of the mask samples, and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, an androgen antagonist, was detected in one-third of the samples. Furthermore, there is large mask-to-mask variability of the residue VOCs, revealing the uneven quality of masks. We confirm that masks containing more residue VOCs lead to significantly higher exposure levels and associated disease risks to the wearer, which should warrant the attention of the general public and regulatory agencies. We find that heating the masks at 50 °C for as short as 60 min lowers the total VOC content by up to 80%, providing a simple method to limit our exposure to mask-borne VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Jin
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Environment, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Stephen M Griffith
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Zhihan Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Environment, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Environment, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Wan Chan
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Environment, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Liang Y, Jiang Z, Shangguan W. Photocatalytic oxidation behaviors of Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate over Pt/TiO2. Catal Today 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2020.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Qu M, Wang L, Liu F, Zhao Y, Shi X, Li S. Characteristics of dust-phase phthalates in dormitory, classroom, and home and non-dietary exposure in Beijing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:38159-38172. [PMID: 33725303 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13347-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The phthalate concentrations in dust from undergraduate dormitories, classrooms, and homes in Beijing, China, were measured in April 2017. We analyzed the characteristics of phthalates in dust from three environments. In addition, we estimated the daily intake of phthalates via three pathways using Monte Carlo simulations. The detection frequency of eight phthalates in dust ranges from 74.5 to 100%. Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), and di-isobutyl phthalate (DiBP) are the most abundant phthalates. The median proportion of DEHP in dust is the highest, ranging from 67.1 to 72.9%. The PMF results indicated that two, four, and three types of phthalate sources exist in home, dormitory, and classroom, respectively. The differences in the phthalate concentrations between sunny and shaded rooms and urban and suburban classrooms are insignificant, whereas that between male and female dormitories is significant. The total daily intake of DEHP, DnBP, and DiBP ranges from 97.3 to 336 ng/ (kg·day). The oral intake for DEHP in classrooms and the dermal intake of DnBP and DiBP in homes are the highest. The carcinogenic risk of DEHP to university students is the highest in classrooms and the total carcinogenic risk of the three environments is 4.70 × 10-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meinan Qu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Lixin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China.
| | - Fang Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Xiangzhao Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Sijia Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
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Wang CW, Chen SC, Wu DW, Chen HC, Lin HH, Su H, Shiea JT, Lin WY, Hung CH, Kuo CH. Effect of dermal phthalate levels on lung function tests in residential area near a petrochemical complex. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:27333-27344. [PMID: 33511527 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12322-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates can leach into indoor and outdoor airborne particulate matter and dust, which can then be ingested or absorbed and induce lung injury. Dermal phthalate levels can be used as a matrix for exposure direct absorption from air, particle deposition, and contact with contaminated products. However, the association between dermal phthalate levels in skin wipes and lung function tests remains unknown. A total of 397 participants were included. Spirometry measurements of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1, L) and forced vital capacity (FVC, L) were calculated. Dermal phthalate levels of diethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di(n-butyl) phthalate (DnBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), diisononyl phthalate (DiNP), and diisodecyl phthalate (DiDP) on forehead skin wipes were detected. The one-unit increases in logarithm (log) dermal DnBP (β = - 0.08; 95% CI - 0.16, - 0.003, p = 0.041), BBzP (β = - 0.09; 95% CI - 0.16, - 0.02, p = 0.009), DEHP (β = - 0.07; 95% CI - 0.14, - 0.003, p = 0.042), and DiNP (β = - 0.08; 95% CI - 0.15, - 0.02, p = 0.017) were significantly associated with decreases in FVC. For elderly participants, one-unit increases in log dermal DnBP (β = - 0.25; 95% CI - 0.46, - 0.04, p = 0.021), BBzP (β = - 0.17; 95% CI - 0.33, - 0.01, p = 0.042), and DiDP (β = - 0.19; 95% CI - 0.39, < 0.01, p = 0.052) were associated with decreases in FEV1. In conclusion, dermal phthalate levels were significantly associated with decreases in lung function tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wen Wang
- Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Chia Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Da-Wei Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Huang-Chi Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Hsun Lin
- Department of Laboratory Technology, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hung Su
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Taie Shiea
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yi Lin
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Health Management Center, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsing Hung
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Chao-Hung Kuo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Qin J, Dong R, Wu M, Yuan Y, Zhang H, Meng P, Zhang M, Chen J, Li S, Chen B. Phthalate exposure in association with the use of personal care products among general population from Shanghai. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:28470-28478. [PMID: 33538972 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12375-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are used in a wide variety of personal care products (PCPs) as solubilizer, denaturant or color fixative. However, there are few studies referring the correlation between phthalate exposure and PCPs use among general population in China. In this study, ten metabolites of phthalates in spot urine samples (N = 500) were quantified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The frequency and duration of 12 types of PCPs were collected by questionnaire survey. The associations of phthalate metabolites and PCPs use were assessed by multivariable liner regression models. Median concentration of mono-benzylphthalate (MBzP) was significantly higher among frequent users of almost all PCPs. Low molecular weight phthalates (monomethyl phthalate (MMP), mono-n-butylphthalate (MnBP) and monoisobutylphthalate (MiBP)) were significantly lower among frequent user of some rinse-off PCPs (e.g., shampoo, facial cleanser, and body wash). Meanwhile, monoethylphthalate (MEP) was positive correlated with frequently use of facial moisturizer. Mono-2-ethylhexylphthalate (MEHP) and MBzP showed a significant positive association with frequently use of body lotion. Univariate linear analyses indicated a significant decreasing trend between urinary concentrations of MMP, MnBP, and the number of rinse-off PCPs being frequently used, and a significant increasing trend between urinary MBzP and the number of leave-on products being frequently used. These findings indicated that the use of some PCPs, especially leave-on PCPs, could be a potential source of exposure to some phthalates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Qin
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ruihua Dong
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Min Wu
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yaqun Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Pai Meng
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Meiru Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jingsi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shuguang Li
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Zhang J, Wu X, Guo H, Zheng X, Mai B. Pollution of plastic debris and halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) in soil from an abandoned e-waste recycling site: Do plastics contribute to (HFRs) in soil? JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 410:124649. [PMID: 33261975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Electronic waste (e-waste) recycling site may be a "hotspot" for pollution of plastic debris, which has not been well studied. Eighteen halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) were measured in plastics and soil separated from twenty soil samples, respectively, from an abandoned e-waste recycling site. Abundances and concentrations of plastic debris ranged from 600 to 14,200 particles/kg and 0.24-153 mg/g, respectively, which were at the high end in literature. Blue, black, and red were main plastic colors, and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) was the main type of plastics. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) 209 was the main chemical, with median concentrations of 6.22-40.6 μg/g in soil and 28.1-47.2 μg/g in plastics, respectively. Contributions of HFRs in plastics were less than 10% in total HFR masses in bulk soil samples. Exposure values to HFRs from plastics via soil ingestion and dermal contact with soil were generally two orders of magnitude lower than those from soil. The results indicate that plastics in soil have little contribution to total HFR burden in soil and human exposure risks to HFRs in this study. However, ecological risks of plastics to terrestrial wildlife in e-waste sites should be paid attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiecong Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaodan Wu
- College of Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Huiying Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- College of Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
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Wang CW, Wu DW, Chen SC, Chen HC, Lin HH, Su H, Shiea JT, Lin WY, Hung CH, Kuo CH. Associations of dermal diethyl phthalate level with changes in lung function test value mediated by absolute eosinophil count: A panel study of adults in southern Taiwan. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 194:110613. [PMID: 33345897 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate concentrations in indoor and outdoor dust are associated with respiratory disease. Both immunoglobulin E (IgE) and eosinophil count are associated with airway inflammation from exposure to environmental allergens. Dermal phthalate level can be used as a matrix for assessing personal exposure through direct absorption from the air, particle deposition, or contact with contaminated products. However, the association between dermal phthalate level and changes in lung function test values, as mediated by immunological response, remains unclear. In total, 237 adults in southern Taiwan were recruited. Spirometry measurements (in L) of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) were taken on visits 1 (2016-2018) and 2 (2019). Dermal phthalate level, absolute eosinophil count, and IgE level were recorded on visit 1. Mean changes in FVC and FEV1 decrease pear year, as determined through pairwise comparisons, were significant (diffFVCper year: -0.46, 95% CI: -0.51, -0.41; p < 0.001; diffFEV1per year: -0.37, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.41, -0.34; p < 0.001). For FEV1 decrease, log-unit increases in dermal diethyl phthalate (DEP) were positively associated with diffFEV1per year (β = 0.096; 95% CI: 0.042, 0.150; p = 0.001) and negatively associated with absolute eosinophil count (β= -0.201; 95% CI: -0.380, -0.023; p= 0.027). Log-unit increases in absolute eosinophil count were negatively associated with diffFEV1per year (β= -0.109; 95% CI: -0.150, -0.068; p < 0.001). Absolute eosinophil count mediated 19.70% of the association between dermal DEP level and diffFEV1per year. For FVC decrease, log-unit increases in dermal DEP were positively associated with diffFVCper year (β = 0.095; 95% CI: 0.035, 0.155; p = 0.002) and negatively associated with absolute eosinophil count (β = -0.243; 95% CI: -0.427, -0.060; p = 0.010). Log-unit increases in absolute eosinophil count were negatively associated with diffFVCper year (β= -0.122; 95% CI: -0.168, -0.076; p < 0.001). Absolute eosinophil count mediated 29.98% of the association between dermal DEP level and diffFVCper year. The results suggest that dermal DEP level is positively associated with changes in lung function test values and is mediated by absolute eosinophil count.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wen Wang
- Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Da-Wei Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Chia Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Huang-Chi Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Hsun Lin
- Department of Laboratory Technology, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hung Su
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Taie Shiea
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yi Lin
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Health Management Center, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsing Hung
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Chao-Hung Kuo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Lu H, Zhu Z. Pollution characteristics, sources, and health risk of atmospheric phthalate esters in a multi-function area of Hangzhou, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:8615-8625. [PMID: 33067790 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11135-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs) are widely used in the manufacturing of plastics, and their demands have grown rapidly, especially in China, which will lead to much more environmental pollution of PAEs. In this study, fourteen common PAEs in ambient air were investigated during non-typhoon and typhoon seasons in a mixed multi-functional area of Hangzhou, China. The average concentrations of ∑14 PAEs in gaseous and PM2.5-bound phase (G-PAEs and P-PAEs) were 2317 ng/m3 and 128 ng/m3 during sampling period, while the mean concentrations of total PAEs in non-typhoon and typhoon seasons were 2412 ng/m3 and 2183 ng/m3, respectively. Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) was the most abundant one, averagely accounting for 63.2% of G-PAEs and 88.3% of P-PAEs. Relative humidity showed a significant negative correlation with short-chain PAE (r = - 0.479, P < 0.01) and long-chain PAE (r = - 0.305, P < 0.05) concentrations in non-typhoon and typhoon seasons, and O3 could degrade G-PAEs through photoreaction. Source identification by the positive matrix factorization model and conditional probability function indicated that P-PAEs were mainly from the release from indoor environment (43%), PVC source (34%), construction source (12%), and industry source (11%). Air mass transport from both inland and oceans affected the PAE pollution in non-typhoon season, while its long-range transport from oceans took an important role in typhoon season. The daily inhalation intakes of PAEs for infants, teenagers, and adults were estimated, which showed that infants experienced the highest exposure risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lu
- College of Water Conservancy and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhejiang, 310018, Hangzhou, China.
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Zhejiang, 310018, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Zhili Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Zhejiang, 310018, Hangzhou, China
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38
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Li L, Hughes L, Arnot JA. Addressing uncertainty in mouthing-mediated ingestion of chemicals on indoor surfaces, objects, and dust. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 146:106266. [PMID: 33395928 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In indoor environments, humans ingest chemicals present as surface residues and bound to settled particles (dust), through mouthing hands (hand-to-mouth transfer) and objects (object-to-mouth transfer). Here, we introduce a novel modeling approach in support of systematic investigation into the mouthing-mediated ingestion of chemicals present in indoor environments. This model explicitly considers the indoor dynamics of dust and chemicals, building on mechanistic links with physicochemical properties of chemicals, features of the indoor environment, and human activity patterns. The evaluation of this model demonstrates that it satisfactorily reproduces chemical hand loadings and exposure data reported in the literature. We then use the evaluated model to investigate the response of mouthing-mediated ingestion to chemical partitioning between the gas phase and solid phases, expressed as the octanol-air partition coefficient (KOA). Assuming a unit emission rate to the indoor environment, we find that low-volatility chemicals (with a KOA greater than 109) are more efficiently enriched in hand skin, resulting in higher mouthing-mediated ingestion than other compounds. For individuals living in a room with a typical level of dustiness, more than half of the chemical mass found in their hands comes from dust transfer, whereas more than half of the chemical mass ingested is the fraction present as residues on hands. We also use the new model to explore how the mouthing-mediated ingestion of chemicals is dependent on factors describing the indoor environment and human behavior. The model predicts that less frequent cleaning leads to higher accumulation of dust on indoor surfaces, thereby transferring more chemicals to hands and mouth in each contact. Introducing more dust into the room, but maintaining the same cleanup frequency, increases the dustiness of indoor surfaces, which promotes the transfer of relatively volatile chemicals (with a KOA lower than 109) to hands and mouth but decreases the transfer of chemicals with low volatility. More frequent hand contact with indoor surfaces increases both the hand loading and mouthing-mediated ingestion of chemicals, but the increases are more remarkable for adults than children because the higher surface contact frequency of children "saturates" hand loadings. An increase in handwashing frequency lowers the hand loading and mouthing-mediated ingestion of chemicals and this mitigating process is more prominent for relatively volatile chemicals. The new evaluated modeling approach can facilitate the prediction of mouthing-mediated ingestion for various age groups and the model predictions can be used to aid future fate and (bio)monitoring studies focusing on indoor contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV 89557, United States.
| | - Lauren Hughes
- ARC Arnot Research & Consulting, Toronto, Ontario M4M 1W4, Canada
| | - Jon A Arnot
- ARC Arnot Research & Consulting, Toronto, Ontario M4M 1W4, Canada; Department of Physical & Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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Perone H, Rattler K, Ferguson AC, Mena KD, Solo-Gabriele HM. Review of methods to determine hand surface area of children less than six years old: a case study. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:209-219. [PMID: 32816162 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00699-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Various methods exist to determine the surface area of hands. The consistency of these methods is essential given that risk assessments utilize hand surface area (HSA) to quantify exposure to environmental contaminants. HSA is also utilized in the clinical setting to estimate size of burns, and to determine specific treatments and medication dosages. A reliable method of surface area measurement is important to guide these decisions, especially in children who are vulnerable to environmental contaminants and medication side effects. Despite this, fewer HSA-determining studies have been performed for children compared to adults. In this study, 122 children completed hand tracings, and the tracings were digitized using an ImageJ program to determine HSA. Six previously published methods of determining HSA were utilized based on the child's height, weight, and length and width of hand. Children were analyzed by age group including 0-2, 3-4, and 5-6 years. The HSA measurements determined by five of the six methods were statistically different from HSA determined using direct hand tracings/Image J methodology (p < 0.001). The single remaining study that did not differ significantly from the hand tracing method provided a uniform hand to total body surface area (TBSA) ratio for children of all ages. Based on these results, we propose a novel age-group-specific ratio utilizing the HSA results from hand tracings and TBSA calculations. The percentages of TBSA that reflect HSA for children aged 0-2, 3-4 and 5-6 years were 0.91%, 0.90% and 0.87%, respectively. These percentages should be considered for use in risk assessments and the clinical setting to guide treatment and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Perone
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Kyra Rattler
- University of Arkansas At Pine Bluff, Pine Bluff, AR, USA
| | - Alesia C Ferguson
- Department of Build Environment, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | | | - Helena M Solo-Gabriele
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA.
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Morgan JLL, Shauchuk A, Meyers JL, Altemeier A, Qiao X, Jones M, Smith ED, Jiang J. Quantifying the Deposition of Airborne Particulate Matter Pollution on Skin Using Elemental Markers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:15958-15967. [PMID: 33210540 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Airborne particulate matter (PM) pollution is an environmental and health concern. The health impact of PM pollution has typically focused on the respiratory system. The impact of PM pollution on skin has been largely understudied due to the lack of a quantitative method to measure the deposition on skin. This manuscript presents a method to quantify PM pollution on skin using elemental markers as a proxy for PM. Skin tape strips were collected from forehead and buttock of 100 outdoor workers in Beijing, China. Skin samples were analyzed for 19 elemental markers using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. To determine the specific elemental signature of PM for the region, air samples were collected over 7 days for PM < 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and analyzed for the same 19 elements as the skin samples. An enrichment factor was calculated for each element and the potential source was evaluated. Using the elemental markers unique to PM pollution for the region, the PM concentration deposited on skin was determined to be 0.621-2.53 μg PM2.5 /cm2. This method can be re-applied in different regions and the PM concentration on skin can inform future studies on the health impact of air pollution on skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L L Morgan
- Procter & Gamble Company, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Rd, Mason, Ohio 45040, United States
| | - Andrei Shauchuk
- Procter & Gamble Company, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Rd, Mason, Ohio 45040, United States
| | - Jessa L Meyers
- Procter & Gamble Company, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Rd, Mason, Ohio 45040, United States
| | - Amy Altemeier
- Procter & Gamble Company, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Rd, Mason, Ohio 45040, United States
| | - Xiaohui Qiao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Maiysha Jones
- Procter & Gamble Company, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Rd, Mason, Ohio 45040, United States
| | - Edward D Smith
- Procter & Gamble Company, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Rd, Mason, Ohio 45040, United States
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Liu R, Ma S, Yu Y, Li G, Yu Y, An T. Field study of PAHs with their derivatives emitted from e-waste dismantling processes and their comprehensive human exposure implications. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 144:106059. [PMID: 32882668 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Extensive electronic waste (e-waste) recycling might be an important emission source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) mixture, which might induce negative effects on the employees. In the present work, atmospheric pollution patterns of PAHs and their derivatives were determined in five different workshops to dismantle waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) via thermal treatment. The results showed that mass concentrations of PAHs, chlorinated PAHs (ClPAHs), brominated PAHs (BrPAHs), oxy-PAHs (OPAHs) as well as carbazole (CBZ) were ranged from 1.53 × 104-2.02 × 105, 32.3-364, 8.29-1.13 × 103, 923-1.39 × 104 and 225-1.95 × 103 pg·m-3, respectively. Electric heating furnaces (EHF) workshops emitted relatively higher contaminants than other disposal sectors. OPAHs was found to be the most predominant derivatives of PAHs with 9,10-anthraquinone (83.0%) has the absolute superior in EHFTV, while benzo(a)anthracene-7,12-dione (>45.0%) was found to be the highest congener in other workshops, respectively. 9,10-Cl2Phe exhibited the largest contributions to the ΣClPAHs whereas the composition profiles of BrPAHs varied among five workshops. In addition to direct chlorination of parent PAHs, thermal degradation of halogenated flame retardants incorporated into plastic materials might dominate the generation of Cl/BrPAHs from e-waste dismantling activities. The specific isomeric ratios of BrPAHs (3-BrFlu/1-BrPyr and 1-BrPyr/3-BrFlu) might be used to discriminate other emission sources from pyrolysis of WPCBs. However, their specific application as novel tracers for source identification should be further verified with more studies. The emitted PAHs mixture with their derivatives in all dismantling workshops posed carcinogenic risks to these dismantling workers via inhalation, particularly the workshop using electric heating furnaces to treat router. Nevertheless, new loadings of PAHs derivatives observed from e-waste dismantling activities, as well as their comprehensive health risk assessment provides us with a fresh perspective on the source appointment and potential adverse consequences of PAHs. More attention needs to be paid to the potential carcinogenic risks of exposure to PAHs and their derivatives from e-waste dismantling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515100, China
| | - Yangyi Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515100, China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Yang T, Wang H, Zhang X, Xiong J, Huang S, Koutrakis P. Characterization of phthalates in sink and source materials: Measurement methods and the impact on exposure assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 396:122689. [PMID: 32361130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The fate and transport of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in residential environments is significantly influenced by emission and sorption processes, which can be characterized by three key parameters: the gas-phase SVOC concentration adjacent to the material surface (y0); the diffusion coefficient (Dm); and the partition coefficient (K). Accurate determination of these three key parameters is critical for investigating SVOC mass transfer principles, and for assessing human health risks. Based on the mass transfer process of phthalates in a ventilated chamber, a novel method is developed to simultaneously measure Dm and K (key sorption parameters) in sink materials. The Dm and K of four target phthalates in a common T-shirt (sink material) are determined, and compared with those reported in literature. Results demonstrate that the measured parameters are in good agreement with those previously reported (relative deviation < 20 %), validating the effectiveness of proposed method. In addition, this method can be applied to determine y0, a key parameter from source materials. Results indicate that y0 determined with this method is consistent with that measured by literature method. Finally, dermal exposure analysis is performed, showing that dermal uptake of target phthalates is greatly affected by clothes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Haimei Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xuankai Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jianyin Xiong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Shaodan Huang
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston 02115, United States.
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston 02115, United States
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43
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Pan W, Zeng D, Ding N, Luo K, Man YB, Zeng L, Zhang Q, Luo J, Kang Y. Percutaneous Penetration and Metabolism of Plasticizers by Skin Cells and Its Implication in Dermal Exposure to Plasticizers by Skin Wipes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:10181-10190. [PMID: 32678582 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies focused on the human exposure to plasticizers via dermal contact; however, the percutaneous penetration of plasticizers was seldom considered in exposure assessment. In the present study, skin wipes of palms, back-of-hands, and forehead were collected from 114 participants (ages: 18-27). There was no significant difference between the levels of phthalates from palms and back-of-hand, while all phthalates collected from the forehead were significantly higher than those from palms and back-of-hand (p < 0.001); di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate levels were substantially higher than other detected phthalates followed by di(n-butyl)phthalate and di(isobutyl)phthalate (DiBP), and for alternative plasticizers, bis-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate levels were substantially higher than acetyltributyl citrate and bis-2-ethylhexyladipate. Skin permeation and metabolism of phthalates was assessed using human skin equivalent models. The permeability coefficient (kp) values of phthalates were significantly negatively correlated with their log octanol-water partition coefficient (log Kow), while a significantly positive correlation was found between the log Kow and the cumulative amounts of phthalates in the cells. The proportion of phthalate intake via dermal exposure to skin wipes ranges from 1.3% (for dimethyl phthalate) to 8.6% (for DiBP) and suggests that dermal absorption is a significant route for adult phthalate exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijian Pan
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Diya Zeng
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Ding
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Kesong Luo
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Bon Man
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), and Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixuan Zeng
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuyun Zhang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiwen Luo
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Kang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
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44
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Yang C, Harris SA, Jantunen LM, Kvasnicka J, Nguyen LV, Diamond ML. Phthalates: Relationships between Air, Dust, Electronic Devices, and Hands with Implications for Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:8186-8197. [PMID: 32539399 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to phthalates is pervasive and is of concern due to associations with adverse health effects. Exposures and exposure pathways of six phthalates were investigated for 51 women aged 18-44 years in Ontario, Canada, based on measured phthalate concentrations in hand wipes and indoor media in their residences. All six phthalates had detection frequencies of 100% in air (∑6670 ng m-3 geomean) and floor dust (∑6630 μg g-1), nearly 100% detection frequencies for hand palms and backs that were significantly correlated and concentrations were repeatable over a 3 week interval. Phthalates on hands were significantly correlated with levels in air and dust, as expected according to partitioning theory. Total exposure was estimated as 4860 ng kg bw-1 day-1 (5th and 95th percentiles 1980-16 950 ng kg bw-1 day-1), with dust ingestion, followed by hand-to-mouth transfer, as the dominant pathways. With the exception of diethyl phthalate (DEP), phthalates had over 50% detection frequencies in surface wipes of most electronic devices sampled, including devices in which the use of phthalates was not expected. Phthalate concentrations on surfaces of hand-held devices were ∼10 times higher than on non-hand-held devices and were correlated with levels on hands. The data are consistent with phthalate emissions from sources such as laminate flooring and personal care products (e.g., scented candles), followed by partitioning among air, dust, and surface films that accumulate on electronic devices and skin, including hands. We hypothesize that hands transfer phthalates from emission sources and dust to hand-held electronic devices, which accumulate phthalates due to infrequent washing and which act as a sink and then a secondary source of exposure. The findings support those of others that exposure can be mitigated by increasing ventilation, damp cloth cleaning, and minimizing the use of phthalate-containing products and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congqiao Yang
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, 22 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B1
| | - Shelley Anne Harris
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 3M7
- Occupational Cancer Research Center, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X3
| | - Liisa M Jantunen
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, 22 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B1
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Egbert, Ontario, Canada L0L 1N0
| | - Jacob Kvasnicka
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, 22 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B1
| | - Linh V Nguyen
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M1C 1A4
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, 22 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B1
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 3M7
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M1C 1A4
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45
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Lao JY, Wang SQ, Chen YQ, Bao LJ, Lam PKS, Zeng EY. Dermal exposure to particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from barbecue fume as impacted by physicochemical conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 260:114080. [PMID: 32041082 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation of size-dependent particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has been extensively studied, whereas dermal absorption has not been adequately investigated. To address this knowledge gap, dermal absorption of size-dependent particle-bound PAHs was characterized through the collection of indoor air and forearm wipe samples in the setting of an indoor barbecue. The mass of size-fractioned PAHs associated with particulate matter was greater in fine particles (<1.8 μm) than in coarse particles (>1.8 μm). Gas-particle distribution of specific PAHs from barbecue fume was ascribed to both adsorption and absorption which would probably be close to equilibrium, while that from background air was dominated by absorption. Forearm-deposited amounts of particulate PAHs suggested that removal of coarse and fine particles could minimize exposure to low and high molecular-weight (MW) PAHs, respectively. Besides, the concentrations of particulate PAHs in forearms wipe were significantly correlated to their dry deposition fluxes with coarse particles, but weakly correlated to those with fine particles. This indicated that particle size would influence dermal absorption efficiency of particle-bound PAHs with fine particles prolonging dermal exposure to PAHs. Overall, higher MW particle-bound PAHs derived from barbecue fume may pose higher risk to human health by dermal absorption than lower MW PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yong Lao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Si-Qi Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Yun-Qi Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Lian-Jun Bao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Paul K S Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China.
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46
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Tang Z, Chai M, Wang Y, Cheng J. Phthalates in preschool children's clothing manufactured in seven Asian countries: Occurrence, profiles and potential health risks. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 387:121681. [PMID: 31757725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates could be introduced into clothing as chemical additives or impurities, becoming a potential source of human exposure. We measured the concentrations of 15 phthalates in new preschool children's clothing manufactured in seven Asian countries. Phthalates were prevalent in all samples, and total concentrations were 2.92-223 μg/g, indicating a moderate contamination level. Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, di(isobutyl) phthalate and di-n-butyl phthalate were the most abundant phthalates measured, representing a median of 48.5 %, 13.6 % and 13.4 % of the total concentrations, respectively. Total concentrations did not differ significantly by country of manufacture, while the concentrations of individual phthalates and their composition profiles varied widely. We also found differing phthalate levels by item type, fabric composition, and color. Under the assumed two exposure scenarios, the median of summed dermal exposure doses of six phthalate were 539 and 950 ng/kg of body weight per day, respectively. When children wore trousers, long-sleeved shirts, briefs and socks at the same time, the reproductive risks exceeded acceptable level, although the carcinogenic risk of DEHP was low. Our results suggested that new clothing is an important route of phthalate exposure to preschool children. More research is required to investigate the contaminations and associated with risks in child clothing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwu Tang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Miao Chai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yuwen Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jiali Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of National Health Commission, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China.
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47
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Li S, Wang D, Wu X, Chen Y. Recent advance on VOCs oxidation over layered double hydroxides derived mixed metal oxides. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(19)63446-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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48
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Yuan B, Tay JH, Papadopoulou E, Haug LS, Padilla-Sánchez JA, de Wit CA. Complex Mixtures of Chlorinated Paraffins Found in Hand Wipes of a Norwegian Cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2020; 7:198-205. [PMID: 32953926 PMCID: PMC7493225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Up to 18000 ng of total chlorinated paraffins (CPs) was found in hand wipes of individual adult participants in a Norwegian cohort study (n = 60), with a geometric mean (SD) value of 870 (2700) ng. The CPs covered a wide range of alkane chain lengths from C7 to C48 with variable chlorine substitution. Complex mixtures of very-short-chain (vSCCPs, C<10), short-chain (SCCPs, C10-13), medium-chain (MCCPs, C14-17), and long-chain (LCCPs, C>17) CPs were found, contributing on average 0.3%, 20%, 58%, and 22%, respectively, of the total CPs. Significant positive correlations were found between CP levels and factors related to the indoor environment and product use, including living in a house/apartment built before the ban of SCCPs, having a sofa, the number of TVs in the home, and owning a car, which mirrors CP usage as flame retardants and/or plasticizers in consumer products. Compared to previous studies of other organic contaminants in hand wipe samples from the same cohort, CPs were the most abundant flame retardants. This is the first report of CPs in hand wipes, and dermal exposure based on these data suggested that hand contact could be an important human exposure pathway for LCCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yuan
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joo Hui Tay
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eleni Papadopoulou
- Section
for Environmental Exposure and Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 222, Skøyen, NO-0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Line Småstuen Haug
- Section
for Environmental Exposure and Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 222, Skøyen, NO-0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Juan Antonio Padilla-Sánchez
- Section
for Environmental Exposure and Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 222, Skøyen, NO-0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Cynthia A. de Wit
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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49
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Feng YX, Feng NX, Zeng LJ, Chen X, Xiang L, Li YW, Cai QY, Mo CH. Occurrence and human health risks of phthalates in indoor air of laboratories. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 707:135609. [PMID: 31771853 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate acid esters (PAEs) are of serious concern as a human health risk due to their ubiquitous presence in indoor air. In the present study, fifteen PAEs in the indoor air samples from physical, chemical, and biological laboratories in Guangzhou, southern China were analysed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Extremely high levels of PAEs of up to 6.39 × 104 ng/m3 were detected in some laboratories. Diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), di(methoxyethyl) phthalate (DMEP), and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) were the dominant PAEs with median levels of 0.48 × 103, 0.44 × 103, and 0.39 × 103 ng/m3, respectively, followed by di-(2-propylheptyl) phthalate (DPHP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthlate (DEHP) (median levels: 0.16 × 103 and 0.13 × 103 ng/m3, respectively). DMEP and DPHP were found for the first time in indoor air. Principal component analysis indicated that profiles of PAEs varied greatly among laboratory types, suggesting notable variations in sources. The results of independent samples t-tests showed that levels of PAEs were significantly influenced by various environmental conditions. Both the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks from human exposure to PAEs based on the daily exposure dose in laboratory air were acceptable. Further research should be conducted to investigate the long-term health effects of exposure to PAEs in laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xi Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Nai-Xian Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Li-Juan Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lei Xiang
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yan-Wen Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Quan-Ying Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ce-Hui Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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50
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Frederiksen M, Andersen HV, Haug LS, Thomsen C, Broadwell SL, Egsmose EL, Kolarik B, Gunnarsen L, Knudsen LE. PCB in serum and hand wipes from exposed residents living in contaminated high-rise apartment buildings and a reference group. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 224:113430. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.113430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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