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Chen H, Chen C, Zhao X, Wang J, Wang Y, Xian Q. Disinfection byproducts and their cytotoxicity contribution from dissolved black carbon in source water during chlor(am)ination. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 930:172834. [PMID: 38688374 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Dissolved black carbon (DBC), the soluble component of black carbon, which mainly comes from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels or biomass, is widely spread in source water and significantly contributes to the formation of dissolved organic matter (DOM). However, the origin of DBC in different types of source water in China has not been well studied, as well as its subsequent transformation and toxicity contribution during disinfection of source water DOM by chlor(am)ine. In this study, DBC from 17 different source water in East China at different seasons was collected. The δ13C compositions indicated that straw burning was the main origin of DBC in source water. After simulated chlor(am)ination of DBC, 5 categories of aliphatic disinfection byproducts (DBPs) including trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, haloacetonitriles, haloketones, halonitromethanes and 6 categories of aromatic DBPs including halophenols, halonitrophenols, halohydroxybenzaldehyde, halohydroxybenzoic acid, halobenzoquinones and haloaniline were detected. Compared with chlorination of DBC, higher levels of nitrogenous DBPs and aromatic DBPs were generated during chloramination. Detected DBPs accounted for 42 % of total organic halogen. What's more, Chinese hamster ovary cells cytotoxicity tests showed that the cytotoxicity of DBPs formed by chlor(am)ination of DBC was 4 times higher than that by chlor(am)ination of DOM. Haloacetonitriles contributed to the highest cytotoxicity in the chloramination of DBC, and haloacetic acids contributed to the highest cytotoxicity in chlorination. 67 % of the total cytotoxicity attributed to the undetected DBPs. As a result, DBPs generated from DBC contributed to 11.7 % of the total cytotoxicity in the chlor(am)ination of the source water DOM although DBC only took up 2 % of DOC in the source water. Results obtained from this study systematically revealed the DBPs formation from DBC and their potential cytotoxicity contribution in the chlor(am)ination of source water DOM, which should not be ignored in drinking water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chuze Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiating Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Junjie Wang
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qiming Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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2
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Cai R, Yao P, Yi Y, Merder J, Li P, He D. The Hunt for Chemical Dark Matter across a River-to-Ocean Continuum. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38875444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Thousands of mass peaks emerge during molecular characterization of natural dissolved organic matter (DOM) using ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry. While mass peaks assigned to certain molecular formulas have been extensively studied, the uncharacterized mass peaks that represent a significant fraction of organic matter and convey biogenic elements and energy have been previously ignored. In this study, we introduce the term dark DOM (DDOM) for unassigned mass peaks and have explored its characteristics and environmental behaviors using a data set of 38 DOM extracts covering the Yangtze River-to-ocean continuum. We identified a total of 9141 DDOM molecules, which exhibited higher molecular weight and greater diversity than the DOM subset with assigned DOM formulas. Although DDOM contributed a smaller fraction of relative abundance, it significantly impacted the molecular weight and molecular composition of bulk DOM. A portion of DDOM with higher molecular weight was found to increase molecular abundance across the river-to-ocean continuum. These compounds could contain halogenated organic molecules and might have a high potential to contribute to the refractory organic carbon pool. With this study, we underline the contribution of dark matter to the total DOM pool and emphasize that more DDOM research is needed to understand its contribution to global biogeochemical cycles and carbon sequestration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruanhong Cai
- Department of Ocean Science, Center for Ocean Research in Hong Kong and Macau, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Piao Yao
- Department of Ocean Science, Center for Ocean Research in Hong Kong and Macau, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuanbi Yi
- Department of Ocean Science, Center for Ocean Research in Hong Kong and Macau, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Julian Merder
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Penghui Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Ding He
- Department of Ocean Science, Center for Ocean Research in Hong Kong and Macau, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
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3
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Yang J, Li J, Tan X, Li J, Croué JP, Chen B. Insights into adsorbable organic halogen analysis: Two overlooked factors impacting water quality assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 928:172429. [PMID: 38621531 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Adsorbable organic halogen (AOX) represents the total amount of halogenated organics that can be adsorbed on activated carbon (AC) from samples. Measuring AOX is crucial for assessing water quality, and any erroneous estimation of AOX risks misleading decision-makers. This study demonstrated two overlooked factors that may introduce biases to AOX measurement. The first one relates to impurities in the gas transfer tubes of AOX combustion system and in the pressurized gas of AOX separation system, which resulted in significant fluctuations and high blank values (8.5-118.0 μg-Cl/L). The solutions of above issues are to warming up the combustor for several runs and replacing the pressurized air with argon gas in the separator, which could drop the blank AOX values to 9.1-10.0 μg-Cl/L. The second one involves coexisting chloride ion (Cl-) during AOX analysis, which interfered with AOX measurements (T. test, p < 0.05) even at low concentration levels (e.g., 10 mg/L Cl- in samples with 100 μg-Cl/L p-chlorophenol). Results show that AC captured 0.02-0.11 % of Cl-, resulting in 17.7-24.5 μg-Cl/L AOX responses in control samples containing 15-130 mg/L Cl- only. Furthermore, a significant mass imbalance of Cl- (3.58-8.39 %) during analysis process suggests a potential impact of residual Cl- on subsequent samples. By comparing synthetic and actual waters, samples with low dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were more susceptible to interference from Cl- on AOX measurement than those with high DOC. These findings underscore the pressing need to optimize existing AOX methods or develop alternative analytical methods to ensure accurate water quality assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Xiaoyu Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jiafu Li
- School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jean-Philippe Croué
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux IC2MP UMR 7285 CNRS, Université de Poitiers, France
| | - Baiyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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Han J, Li W, Zhang X. An effective and rapidly degradable disinfectant from disinfection byproducts. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4888. [PMID: 38849332 PMCID: PMC11161644 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48752-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Chloroxylenol is a worldwide commonly used disinfectant. The massive consumption and relatively high chemical stability of chloroxylenol have caused eco-toxicological threats in receiving waters. We noticed that chloroxylenol has a chemical structure similar to numerous halo-phenolic disinfection byproducts. Solar detoxification of some halo-phenolic disinfection byproducts intrigued us to select a rapidly degradable chloroxylenol alternative from them. In investigating antimicrobial activities of disinfection byproducts, we found that 2,6-dichlorobenzoquinone was 9.0-22 times more efficient than chloroxylenol in inactivating the tested bacteria, fungi and viruses. Also, the developmental toxicity of 2,6-dichlorobenzoquinone to marine polychaete embryos decreased rapidly due to its rapid degradation via hydrolysis in receiving seawater, even without sunlight. Our work shows that 2,6-dichlorobenzoquinone is a promising disinfectant that well addresses human biosecurity and environmental sustainability. More importantly, our work may enlighten scientists to exploit the slightly alkaline nature of seawater and develop other industrial products that can degrade rapidly via hydrolysis in seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Han
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wanxin Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiangru Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Xue J, Deng Y, Zhang Y, Du Y, Fu QL, Xu Y, Shi J, Wang Y. Hidden Role of Organic Matter in the Immobilization and Transformation of Iodine on Fe-OM Associations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:9840-9849. [PMID: 38775339 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c01135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The biogeochemical processes of iodine are typically coupled with organic matter (OM) and the dynamic transformation of iron (Fe) minerals in aquifer systems, which are further regulated by the association of OM with Fe minerals. However, the roles of OM in the mobility of iodine on Fe-OM associations remain poorly understood. Based on batch adsorption experiments and subsequent solid-phase characterization, we delved into the immobilization and transformation of iodate and iodide on Fe-OM associations with different C/Fe ratios under anaerobic conditions. The results indicated that the Fe-OM associations with a higher C/Fe ratio (=1) exhibited greater capacity for immobilizing iodine (∼60-80% for iodate), which was attributed to the higher affinity of iodine to OM and the significantly decreased extent of Fe(II)-catalyzed transformation caused by associated OM. The organic compounds abundant in oxygen with high unsaturation were more preferentially associated with ferrihydrite than those with poor oxygen and low unsaturation; thus, the associated OM was capable of binding with 28.1-45.4% of reactive iodine. At comparable C/Fe ratios, the mobilization of iodine and aromatic organic compounds was more susceptible in the adsorption complexes compared to the coprecipitates. These new findings contribute to a deeper understanding of iodine cycling that is controlled by Fe-OM associations in anaerobic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangkai Xue
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Quality and Health (China University of Geosciences), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430078, China
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China
| | - Yamin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Quality and Health (China University of Geosciences), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430078, China
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China
| | - Yuxi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Quality and Health (China University of Geosciences), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430078, China
| | - Yao Du
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Quality and Health (China University of Geosciences), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430078, China
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China
| | - Qing-Long Fu
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China
| | - Yuxiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Quality and Health (China University of Geosciences), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430078, China
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China
| | - Jianbo Shi
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Quality and Health (China University of Geosciences), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430078, China
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China
| | - Yanxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Quality and Health (China University of Geosciences), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430078, China
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China
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6
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Sypalov SA, Varsegov IS, Ulyanovskii NV, Lebedev AT, Kosyakov DS. Mucolytic Drugs Ambroxol and Bromhexine: Transformation under Aqueous Chlorination Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5214. [PMID: 38791251 PMCID: PMC11121625 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Bromhexine and ambroxol are among the mucolytic drugs most widely used to treat acute and chronic respiratory diseases. Entering the municipal wastewater and undergoing transformations during disinfection with active chlorine, these compounds can produce nitrogen- and bromine-containing disinfection by-products (DBPs) that are dangerous for aquatic ecosystems. In the present study, primary and deep degradation products of ambroxol and bromhexine obtained in model aquatic chlorination experiments were studied via the combination of high-performance liquid and gas chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry. It was shown that at the initial stages, the reactions of cyclization, hydroxylation, chlorination, electrophilic ipso-substitution of bromine atoms with chlorine, and oxidative N-dealkylation occur. Along with known metabolites, a number of novel primary DBPs were tentatively identified based on their elemental compositions and tandem mass spectra. Deep degradation of bromhexine and ambroxol gives twenty-four identified volatile and semi-volatile compounds of six classes, among which trihalomethanes account for more than 50%. The specific class of bromhexine- and ambroxol-related DBPs are bromine-containing haloanilines. Seven of them, including methoxy derivatives, were first discovered in the present study. One more novel class of DBPs associated with bromhexine and ambroxol is represented by halogenated indazoles formed through dealkylation of the primary transformation products containing pyrazoline or tetrahydropyrimidine cycle in their structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nikolay V. Ulyanovskii
- Laboratory of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Core Facility Center “Arktika”, M.V. Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Northern Dvina Emb. 17, 163002 Arkhangelsk, Russia; (S.A.S.); (I.S.V.); (A.T.L.); (D.S.K.)
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7
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Plata S, Childress AE, McCurry DL. Minimizing N-Nitrosodimethylamine Formation During Disinfection of Blended Seawater and Wastewater Effluent. ACS ES&T WATER 2024; 4:1498-1507. [PMID: 38633366 PMCID: PMC11019544 DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.3c00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Augmenting seawater with wastewater has the potential to reduce the energy demand and environmental impacts associated with seawater desalination. Alternatively, as wastewater reuse becomes more widespread, augmenting wastewater with seawater can increase the available water supply. However, the chemistry of disinfecting a blended stream has not been explored. Toxic byproducts, including N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), are expected to form during disinfection, and the extent of formation will likely be a function of which stream is chlorinated and whether disinfection happens before or after blending. In this work, three blending-disinfection scenarios were modeled and experimentally evaluated in bench-scale systems treating synthetic and authentic waters. Modeling results suggested that chlorinating preblended wastewater and seawater would produce the most NDMA because it yielded the highest concentrations of bromochloramine, which was previously found to promote NDMA formation. However, chlorinating wastewater prior to blending with seawater, which modeling indicated would form the most dichloramine, produced the most NDMA in experiments. When seawater was disinfected prior to blending with wastewater, bromide likely converted most chlorine to free bromine. Bromamines formed after blending, however, did not lead to an elevated level of NDMA formation. Therefore, to minimize NDMA formation when disinfecting blended wastewater-seawater, seawater should be disinfected prior to introducing wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy E. Childress
- Astani Department of Civil
and Environmental Engineering, University
of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Daniel L. McCurry
- Astani Department of Civil
and Environmental Engineering, University
of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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von Gunten U. Oxidation processes and me. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 253:121148. [PMID: 38387263 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
This publication summarizes my journey in the field of chemical oxidation processes for water treatment over the last 30+ years. Initially, the efficiency of the application of chemical oxidants for micropollutant abatement was assessed by the abatement of the target compounds only. This is controlled by reaction kinetics and therefore, second-order rate constant for these reactions are the pre-requisite to assess the efficiency and feasibility of such processes. Due to the tremendous efforts in this area, we currently have a good experimental data base for second-order rate constants for many chemical oxidants, including radicals. Based on this, predictions can be made for compounds without experimental data with Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships with Hammet/Taft constants or energies of highest occupied molecular orbitals from quantum chemical computations. Chemical oxidation in water treatment has to be economically feasible and therefore, the extent of transformation of micropollutants is often limited and mineralization of target compounds cannot be achieved under realistic conditions. The formation of transformation products from the reactions of the target compounds with chemical oxidants is inherent to oxidation processes and the following questions have evolved over the years: Are the formed transformation products biologically less active than the target compounds? Is there a new toxicity associated with transformation products? Are transformation products more biodegradable than the corresponding target compounds? In addition to the positive effects on water quality related to abatement of micropollutants, chemical oxidants react mainly with water matrix components such as the dissolved organic matter (DOM), bromide and iodide. As a matter of fact, the fraction of oxidants consumed by the DOM is typically > 99%, which makes such processes inherently inefficient. The consequences are loss of oxidation capacity and the formation of organic and inorganic disinfection byproducts also involving bromide and iodide, which can be oxidized to reactive bromine and iodine with their ensuing reactions with DOM. Overall, it has turned out in the last three decades, that chemical oxidation processes are complex to understand and to manage. However, the tremendous research efforts have led to a good understanding of the underlying processes and allow a widespread and optimized application of such processes in water treatment practice such as drinking water, municipal and industrial wastewater and water reuse systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland; ENAC, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale, CH-1000, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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9
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Xiao Y, Ma S, Yang S, He H, He X, Li C, Feng Y, Xu B, Tang Y. Using machine learning to trace the pollution sources of disinfection by-products precursors compared to receptor models. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169671. [PMID: 38184251 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
To increase the efficiency of managing backup water resources, it is critical to identify and allocate pollution sources. Source apportionment of dissolved organic matter (DOM) was investigated in our work. Parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) and the Spearman correlation analysis were used for source identification. After that, a newly hybrid model applying the fuzzy c-means and support vector regression (FCM-SVR) was employed for source apportionment compared to receptor models. The results demonstrated that the FCM-SVR model exhibited excellent generalization, and only required standardization and normalization as pre-processing steps for dataset. According to the results, microbial sources played a key role (28.1 %) in the formation potential of disinfection byproducts (DBPFPs). Additionally, shipping marine sources exhibited a substantial contribution (21.2 %) to DBPFPs. The prediction accuracy of DBPFPs was matched or exceeded receptor models, and the R2 of DOC (0.884) was significantly high. Therefore, we recommend the FCM-SVR model combined with PARAFAC to trace the source of DBPFPs as its significant effectiveness in source identification, source apportionment, and prediction accuracy, possessing the potential for further applicability in tracking more organic compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION: The disinfection byproducts precursors in water sources, which were thought to be hazardous materials in this study, are proved to be chlorinated into carcinogenic disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during drinking water treatment, However, the source apportionment methods of DBPs are not well developed compared to other inorganic matter, e.g., heavy metals and ammonia nitrogen. We proposed a new FCM-SVR model to trace the source of DBPs, which required easier pre-treatment and resulted a better source apportionment and prediction accuracy. As a result, it could provide a different prospect and useful management advices to trace the source of DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xiao
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai East Hospital, Key Laboratory of Urban Water Supply, Water Saving and Water Environment Governance in the Yangtze River Delta of Ministry of Water Resources, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shunjun Ma
- Shanghai Pudong Water Group, Shanghai 201300, China
| | - Shumin Yang
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai East Hospital, Key Laboratory of Urban Water Supply, Water Saving and Water Environment Governance in the Yangtze River Delta of Ministry of Water Resources, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Huan He
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai East Hospital, Key Laboratory of Urban Water Supply, Water Saving and Water Environment Governance in the Yangtze River Delta of Ministry of Water Resources, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xin He
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai East Hospital, Key Laboratory of Urban Water Supply, Water Saving and Water Environment Governance in the Yangtze River Delta of Ministry of Water Resources, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Cheng Li
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai East Hospital, Key Laboratory of Urban Water Supply, Water Saving and Water Environment Governance in the Yangtze River Delta of Ministry of Water Resources, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yuheng Feng
- Thermal and Environmental Engineering Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Bin Xu
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai East Hospital, Key Laboratory of Urban Water Supply, Water Saving and Water Environment Governance in the Yangtze River Delta of Ministry of Water Resources, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yulin Tang
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai East Hospital, Key Laboratory of Urban Water Supply, Water Saving and Water Environment Governance in the Yangtze River Delta of Ministry of Water Resources, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Wu K, Ouyang M, Luo Y, Xu M, Ren G, An J, Zheng K, Shang Y, Zeng X, Yu Z. Characteristics and potential cytotoxicity of halogenated organic compounds in shale gas wastewater-impacted surface waters in Chongqing area, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169226. [PMID: 38101627 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent screening surveys have shown the presence of unknown source halogenated organic compounds (HOCs) in shale gas wastewater. However, their occurrence, profile, transport in surrounding surface water and environmental risk potentials remain unclear. Here, a method for the extraction and quantitative determination of 13 HOCs in water by solid phase extraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was established. All of the targeted HOCs were detected and peaked at the outfall, while these contaminants were generally not detected in samples upstream of the outfall, suggesting that these contaminants originated from the discharge of shale gas wastewater; this was further supported by the fact that these pollutants were generally detected in downstream samples, with a tendency for pollutant concentrations to decrease progressively with increasing distance from the outfall. However,different HOCs had different transport potential in water. In addition, the toxicological effects of typical HOCs were evaluated using HepG2 as a model cell. The results indicated that diiodoalkanes suppressed HepG2 cell proliferation and induced ROS generation in a concentration-dependent manner. Mechanistic studies showed that diiodoalkanes induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells via the ROS-mediated mitochondrial pathway, decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential and increasing intercellular ATP and Ca2+ levels. On the other hand, RT-qPCR and Western blot assays revealed that the SLC7A11/GPX4 signaling pathway and HO-1 regulation of ferritin autophagy-dependent degradation (HO-1/FTL) pathway were involved in the ferroptosis pathway induced by diiodoalkane in HepG2 cells. Our study not only elucidates the contamination profiles and transport of HOCs in surface water of typical shale gas extraction areas in China, but also reveals the toxicity mechanism of typical diiodoalkane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangming Wu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Minghui Ouyang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yihao Luo
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Maoyuan Xu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Guofa Ren
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment Protection and Resource Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jing An
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Kewen Zheng
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yu Shang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xiangying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment Protection and Resource Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment Protection and Resource Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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11
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Guo S, He F, Hu S, Zong W, Liu R. Novel evidence on iodoacetic acid-induced immune protein functional and conformational changes: Focusing on cellular and molecular aspects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169359. [PMID: 38103599 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Elevated levels of iodide occur in raw water in certain regions, where iodination disinfection byproducts are formed during chloramine-assisted disinfection of naturally iodide-containing water. Iodoacetic acid (IAA) is one of the typical harmful products. The mechanisms underlying IAA-induced immunotoxicity and its direct effects on biomolecules remained unclear in the past. Cellular, biochemical, and molecular methods were used to investigate the mechanism of IAA-induced immunotoxicity and its binding to lysozyme. In the presence of IAA, the cell viability of coelomocytes was significantly reduced to 70.8 %, as was the intracellular lysozyme activity. Upon binding to IAA, lysozyme underwent structural and conformational changes, causing elongation and unfolding of the protein due to loosening of the backbone and polypeptide chains. IAA effectively quenched the fluorescence of lysozyme and induced a reduction in particle sizes. Molecular docking revealed that the catalytic residue, Glu 35, which is crucial for lysozyme activity, resided within the docking range, suggesting the preferential binding of IAA to the active site of lysozyme. Moreover, electrostatic interaction emerged as the primary driving force behind the interaction between IAA and lysozyme. In conclusion, the structural and conformational changes induced by IAA in lysozyme resulted in impaired immune protein function in coelomocytes, leading to cellular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqi Guo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong Province, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Falin He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong Province, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Shaoyang Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong Province, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Wansong Zong
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, 88# East Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250014, PR China
| | - Rutao Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong Province, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China.
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12
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Justen PT, Kilpatrick ML, Soto JL, Richardson SD. Low Parts Per Trillion Detection of Iodinated Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water and Urine using Vacuum-Assisted Sorbent Extraction and GC-MS/MS. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:1321-1328. [PMID: 38159052 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants, which are present in virtually all drinking water and linked to detrimental health effects. Iodinated-DBPs are more cytotoxic and genotoxic than chloro- and bromo-DBPs and are formed during disinfection of iodide-containing source water. Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) paired with gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS) has been the method of choice in the study of low molecular weight iodinated-DBPs; however, this method is laborious and time-consuming and struggles with complex matrices. We developed an environmentally friendly method utilizing headspace solid phase extraction with the application of vacuum to measure six iodinated-trihalomethanes (I-THMs) in drinking water and urine. Vacuum-assisted sorbent extraction (VASE) has the ability to exhaustively and rapidly extract volatile and semivolatile compounds from liquid matrices without the use of solvent. Using VASE with GC-MS/MS provides improved analyte recovery and reduced matrix interference compared to LLE. Additionally, VASE enables extraction of 30 samples simultaneously with minimal sample handling and improved method reproducibility. Using VASE with GC-MS/MS, we achieved quantification limits of 3-4 ng/L. This technique was demonstrated on drinking water from four cities, where five I-THMs were quantified at levels 10-33 times below comparable LLE methods with 10 times lower volumes of sample (10 mL vs 100 mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T Justen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Madison L Kilpatrick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Joshua L Soto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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13
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Chen H, Xie J, Huang C, Liang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao X, Ling Y, Wang L, Zheng Q, Yang X. Database and review of disinfection by-products since 1974: Constituent elements, molecular weights, and structures. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 462:132792. [PMID: 37856956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Since trihalomethanes were discovered in 1974, disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water have attracted extensive attention. In 2011, more than 600 known DBPs were compiled; however, newly reported DBPs have not been integrated. The rapid development of mass spectrometry has led to a significant increase in the number of DBPs, therefore, there is a need to develop a database of all DBPs and their properties. Herein, a database including 6310 DBPs (651 confirmed, 1478 identified and 4142 proposed) reported between 1974 and 2022 was constructed and made available for public use at https://dbps.com.cn/main. This database can be a tool in screening new DBPs, comprehensively reviewing, and developing predictive models. In this paper, to demonstrate the functions of the database and provide useful information for this area, the origin of the collected DBPs was presented, and some basic information, including elemental composition, molecular weight, functional groups, and carbon frameworks, were comparatively analyzed. The results showed that the proportion of DBPs verified by standard compounds and frequently detected in real water is less than 7.0%, and most of DBPs remained to be identified. Approximately 88% of DBPs contain halogens, and brominated -DBPs occupied a similar ratio to chlorinated -DBPs in real water. Acids were the main functional groups of DBPs, aliphatic and aromatic compounds are the two major carbon frameworks, and the molecular weights of most DBPs ranged from 200 to 400 Da. In addition, 4142 proposed DBPs as obtained using high-resolution mass spectrometry, were characterized based on the modified van Krevelen diagram and adjusted indexes with halogens. Most of the proposed DBPs featured lignin and tannin structures, and phenolic/highly unsaturated DBPs account for the majority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hechao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Optoelectronic Materials & Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Jidao Xie
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Optoelectronic Materials & Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China; State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430078, China
| | | | - Yining Liang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Optoelectronic Materials & Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Yulin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Optoelectronic Materials & Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Optoelectronic Materials & Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Yuhua Ling
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Optoelectronic Materials & Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Optoelectronic Materials & Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Xiaoqiu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Optoelectronic Materials & Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
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14
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Xiao R, Yang X, Fang C, Zhang R, Chu W. Total organic halogen (TOX) in drinking water: Occurrence, correlation analysis, and precursor removal during drinking water treatment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167445. [PMID: 37777131 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Total organic halogen (TOX) in drinking water provides a measurement of the overall organic halogenated disinfection by-products (DBPs) formed during disinfection. Yangtze River Delta is one of the regions with the highest population density, the fastest urbanization process, and the most severe water pollution in China. Collecting water samples from full-scale drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) in this region, this study firstly surveyed TOX occurrence in drinking water. Besides, the correlation of TOX formation potential (TOXFP) and trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) with general water quality parameters (e.g., dissolved organic carbon [DOC], UV254, and specific ultraviolet absorbance) and the removal efficiencies of TOX precursors by different water treatment processes were also investigated. TOX levels in DWTP effluents (i.e., finished water) ranged from 29 to 165 μg/L (median 67 μg/L), and those in simulated distribution system waters ranged from 101 to 276 μg/L (median 158 μg/L). There were generally higher linear regression coefficient values for raw water (R2 = 0.51-0.88) than for treated water (R2 = 0.33-0.64) in terms of the relationship between DBP formation potentials and general parameters. However, a relatively stronger correlation between THMFP and TOXFP was observed for treated water (R2 = 0.80, p < 0.001) than for raw water (R2 = 0.64, p < 0.001). The overall treatment efficiencies of investigated parameters in DWTPs generally followed the order of UV254 > DOC > TOX precursors > THM precursors. Notably, the overall removal rates of DOC and TOX precursors in summer (averaging 59 % and 54 %, respectively) were obviously higher than those in winter (averaging 39 % and 38 %, respectively), which was assumed to be related to the seasonal variation of bioactivity in sand filter. These results could expand the knowledge of TOX in drinking water, and provide valuable perspectives to water industry and DBP research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chao Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ruihua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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15
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Du J, Hu Y, Kim K, Choi W. Freezing-Enhanced Photoreduction of Iodate by Fulvic Acid. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:20272-20281. [PMID: 37943152 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Iodate is a stable form of iodine species in the natural environment. This work found that the abiotic photosensitized reduction of iodate by fulvic acid (FA) is highly enhanced in frozen solution compared to that in aqueous solution. The freezing-induced removal of iodate by FA at an initial pH of 3.0 in 24 h was lower than 10% in the dark but enhanced under UV (77.7%) or visible light (31.6%) irradiation. This process was accompanied by the production of iodide, reactive iodine (RI), and organoiodine compounds (OICs). The photoreduction of iodate in ice increased with lowering pH (pH 3-7 range) or increasing FA concentration (1-10 mg/L range). It was also observed that coexisting iodide or chloride ions enhanced the photoreduction of iodate in ice. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometric analysis showed that 129 and 403 species of OICs (mainly highly unsaturated and phenolic compounds) were newly produced in frozen UV/iodate/FA and UV/iodate/FA/Cl- solution, respectively. In the frozen UV/iodate/FA/Cl- solution, approximately 97% of generated organochlorine compounds (98 species) were identified as typical chlorinated disinfection byproducts. These results call for further studies of the fate of iodate, especially in the presence of chloride, which may be overlooked in frozen environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanshan Du
- KENTECH Institute for Environmental & Climate Technology, Korea Institute of Energy Technology (KENTECH), Naju 58330, Korea
| | - Yi Hu
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Kitae Kim
- Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon 21990, Korea
| | - Wonyong Choi
- KENTECH Institute for Environmental & Climate Technology, Korea Institute of Energy Technology (KENTECH), Naju 58330, Korea
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16
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Dong H, Cuthbertson AA, Plewa MJ, Weisbrod CR, McKenna AM, Richardson SD. Unravelling High-Molecular-Weight DBP Toxicity Drivers in Chlorinated and Chloraminated Drinking Water: Effect-Directed Analysis of Molecular Weight Fractions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18788-18800. [PMID: 37418586 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
As disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are ubiquitous sources of chemical exposure in disinfected drinking water, identifying unknown DBPs, especially unknown drivers of toxicity, is one of the major challenges in the safe supply of drinking water. While >700 low-molecular-weight DBPs have been identified, the molecular composition of high-molecular-weight DBPs remains poorly understood. Moreover, due to the absence of chemical standards for most DBPs, it is difficult to assess toxicity contributions for new DBPs identified. Based on effect-directed analysis, this study combined predictive cytotoxicity and quantitative genotoxicity analyses and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (21 T FT-ICR-MS) identification to resolve molecular weight fractions that induce toxicity in chloraminated and chlorinated drinking waters, along with the molecular composition of these DBP drivers. Fractionation using ultrafiltration membranes allowed the investigation of <1 kD, 1-3 kD, 3-5 kD, and >5 kD molecular weight fractions. Thiol reactivity based predictive cytotoxicity and single-cell gel electrophoresis based genotoxicity assays revealed that the <1 kD fraction for both chloraminated and chlorinated waters exhibited the highest levels of predictive cytotoxicity and direct genotoxicity. The <1 kD target fraction was used for subsequent molecular composition identification. Ultrahigh-resolution MS identified singly charged species (as evidenced by the 1 Da spacing in 13C isotopologues), including 3599 chlorine-containing DBPs in the <1 kD fraction with the empirical formulas CHOCl, CHOCl2, and CHOCl3, with a relative abundance order of CHOCl > CHOCl2 ≫ CHOCl3. Interestingly, more high-molecular-weight CHOCl1-3 DBPs were identified in the chloraminated vs chlorinated waters. This may be due to slower reactions of NH2Cl. Most of the DBPs formed in chloraminated waters were composed of high-molecular-weight Cl-DBPs (up to 1 kD) rather than known low-molecular-weight DBPs. Moreover, with the increase of chlorine number in the high-molecular-weight DBPs detected, the O/C ratio exhibited an increasing trend, while the modified aromaticity index (AImod) showed an opposite trend. In drinking water treatment processes, the removal of natural organic matter fractions with high O/C ratio and high AImod value should be strengthened to minimize the formation of known and unknown DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyu Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Amy A Cuthbertson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Michael J Plewa
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Chad R Weisbrod
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Amy M McKenna
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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17
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Sharma N, Zeng C, Eaton A, Karanfil T, Ghosh A, Westerhoff P. Co-Occurrence of Bromine and Iodine Species in US Drinking Water Sources That Can Impact Disinfection Byproduct Formation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18563-18574. [PMID: 36648192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Bromine and iodine species are precursors for forming disinfection byproducts in finished drinking waters. Our study incorporates spatial and temporal data to quantify concentrations of inorganic (bromide (Br-), iodide (I-), and iodate (IO3-)), organic, and total bromine (BrT) and iodine (IT) species from 286 drinking water sources and 7 wastewater effluents across the United States. Br- ranged from <5-7800 μg/L (median of 62 μg/L in surface water (SW) and 95 μg/L in groundwater (GW)). I- was detected in 41% of SW (1-72 μg/L, median = <1 μg/L) and 62% of GW (<1-250 μg/L, median = 3 μg/L) samples. The median Br-/I- ratio in SW and GW was 22 μg/μg and 16 μg/μg, respectively, in paired samples with detect Br- and I-. BrT existed primarily as Br-, while IT was present as I-, IO3-, and/or total organic iodine (TOI). Inorganic iodine species (I- and IO3-) were predominant in GW samples, accounting for 60-100% of IT; however, they contributed to only 20-50% of IT in SW samples. The unknown fraction of IT was attributed to TOI. In lakes, seasonal cycling of I-species was observed and was presumably due to algal productivity. Finally, Spearman Rank Correlation tests revealed a strong correlation between Br- and IT in SW (RBr-,IT = 0.83) following the log10 (Br-, μg/L) = 0.65 × log10 (IT, μg/L) - 0.17 relationship. Br- and I- in treated wastewater effluents (median Br- = 234 μg/L, median I- = 5 μg/L) were higher than drinking water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naushita Sharma
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Chao Zeng
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Andrew Eaton
- Eaton Environmental Water Quality Consulting, LLC, Pasadena, California 91101, United States
| | - Tanju Karanfil
- Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Amlan Ghosh
- Corona Environmental Consulting, Lewisville, Texas 75067, United States
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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18
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He H, Sun N, Li L, Ai J, Zhou H, Yang X, Yang X, Wang D, Zhang W. Effects of dissolved organic matter removal and molecular transformation in different water treatment processes on formation of disinfection byproducts. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 245:120626. [PMID: 37713793 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in molecular composition of dissolved organic matter (DOM) during water treatments can influence the composition and toxicity of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in subsequent chlorination disinfection process. In this study, the impacts of DOM composition after various water treatment techniques (coagulation, adsorption, nanofiltration, biological aerated filter (BAF), and their integrated processes) on the generation mechanisms of DBPs were comprehensively explored by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) in combination with GC-MS and LC-MS analysis. The results indicated that coagulation preferentially removed unsaturated (low H/C) and oxidized (high O/C) compounds, whereas adsorption was prone to remove the reduced (low O/C) component that was more reactive with chlorine, leading to lower yields (μg DBP/mg DOC) of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) during subsequent chlorination. The coagulation-adsorption technique exhibited a relatively high removal of both known and unknown DBPs, demonstrating that coagulation and adsorption were complementary for DOM removal at the molecular level. Nanofiltration selectively removed molecules with relatively high O/C, however, those with very low O/C that were more reactive with chlorine could pass through the nanofiltration membrane, resulting in the highest yields of THMs and HAAs. Although BAF was inefficient in removing DBPs precursors, it could convert molecules with low degree of oxidation and unsaturation into highly oxidized and unsaturated ones, thereby significantly enhancing the removal of DBPs precursors in the subsequent coagulation-adsorption process. These findings are instrumental in developing and selecting more effective techniques to minimize the formation of DBPs in water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang He
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Niannian Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Lanfeng Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Ai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoyin Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaofang Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Weijun Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China; National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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19
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Abraham DG, Liberatore HK, Aziz MT, Burnett DB, Cizmas LH, Richardson SD. Impacts of hydraulic fracturing wastewater from oil and gas industries on drinking water: Quantification of 69 disinfection by-products and calculated toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 882:163344. [PMID: 37030373 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Oil and gas production generates large amounts of brine wastewater called "produced water" with various geogenic and synthetic contaminants. These brines are generally used in hydraulic fracturing operations to stimulate production. They are characterized by elevated halide levels, particularly geogenic bromide and iodide. Such salt concentrations in produced water may be as high as thousands of mg/L of bromide and tens of mg/L of iodide. Large volumes of produced water are stored, transported, reused in production operations, and ultimately disposed of by deep well injection into saline aquifers. Improper disposal may potentially contaminate shallow freshwater aquifers and impact drinking water sources. Because conventional produced water treatment typically does not remove halides, produced water contamination of groundwater aquifers may cause the formation of brominated and iodinated disinfection by-products (I-DBPs) at municipal water treatment plants. These compounds are of interest because of their higher toxicity relative to their chlorinated counterparts. This study reports a comprehensive analysis of 69 regulated and priority unregulated DBPs in simulated drinking waters fortified with 1 % (v/v) oil and gas wastewater. Impacted waters produced 1.3×-5× higher levels of total DBPs compared to river water after chlorination and chloramination. Individual DBP levels ranged from (<0.1-122 μg/L). Overall, chlorinated waters formed highest levels, including trihalomethanes that would exceed the U.S. EPA regulatory limit of 80 μg/L. Chloraminated waters had more I-DBP formation and highest levels of haloacetamides (23 μg/L) in impacted water. Calculated cytotoxicity and genotoxicity were higher for impacted waters treated with chlorine and chloramine than corresponding treated river waters. Chloraminated impacted waters had the highest calculated cytotoxicity, likely due to higher levels of more toxic I-DBPs and haloacetamides. These findings demonstrate that oil and gas wastewater if discharged to surface waters could adversely impact downstream drinking water supplies and potentially affect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dallas G Abraham
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States
| | - Hannah K Liberatore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States
| | - Md Tareq Aziz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States
| | - David B Burnett
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, (Ret.) Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Leslie H Cizmas
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States.
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20
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Aziz MT, Granger CO, Ferry JL, Richardson SD. Algae impacted drinking water: Does switching to chloramination produce safer drinking water? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 877:162815. [PMID: 36921861 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal (cyanobacterial) blooms (HABs) are increasing throughout the world. HABs can be a direct source of toxins in freshwater sources, and associated algal organic matter (AOM) can act as precursors for the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water. This study investigated the impacts of algae on DBP formation using treatment with chloramine, which has become a popular disinfectant in the U.S. and in several other countries because it can significantly lower the levels of regulated DBPs formed. Controlled laboratory chloraminations were conducted using live field-collected algal biomass dominated by either Phormidium sp. or Microseira wollei (formerly known as Lyngbya wollei) collected from Lake Wateree and Lake Marion, SC. Sixty-six priority, unregulated or regulated DBPs were quantified using gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS). The presence of HAB-dominated microbial communities in source waters led to significant increases in more toxic nitrogen-containing DBPs (1.5-5 fold) relative to lake waters collected in HAB-free waters. Compared to chlorinated Phormidium-impacted waters, chloraminated waters yielded lower total DBP levels (up to 123 μg/L vs. 586 μg/L for low Br-/I- waters), but produced a greater number of brominated, iodinated, and mixed halogenated DBPs in high Br-/I- waters. Among the DBPs formed in Phormidium-impacted chloraminated waters, dichloroacetic acid, trichloromethane, chloroacetic acid, chloropropanone, and dichloroacetamide were dominant. For Microseira wollei-impacted chloraminated waters, total DBP concentrations ranged from 33 to 145 μg/L (approximately 3-5 times lower than chlorination), with dichloroacetic acid, dichloroacetamide, and trichloromethane dominant. Overall, chloramination significantly reduced calculated cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in low Br- and I- waters, but produced 1.3 fold higher calculated cytotoxicity (compared to chlorine) with high Br-/I- waters due to increased formation of more toxic iodo- and mixed halogenated DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Tareq Aziz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Caroline O Granger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - John L Ferry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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21
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Wang W, Zhou Z, Ding S, Yang W, Jin W, Chu W, Xu Z. Degradation kinetics and formation of regulated and emerging disinfection by-products during chlorination of two expectorants ambroxol and bromhexine. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 235:119927. [PMID: 37023645 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Ambroxol hydrochloride (AMB) and bromhexine hydrochloride (BRO) are classic expectorants and bronchosecretolytic pharmaceuticals. In 2022, both AMB and BRO were recommended by medical emergency department of China to alleviate cough and expectoration for symptoms caused by COVID-19. The reaction characteristics and mechanism of AMB/BRO with chlorine disinfectant in the disinfection process were investigated in this study. The reaction of chlorine with AMB/BRO were well described by a second-order kinetics model, first-order in both AMB/BRO and chlorine. The second order rate reaction constant of AMB and BRO with chlorine at pH 7.0 were 1.15 × 102 M-1s-1 and 2.03 × 102 M-1s-1, respectively. During chlorination, a new class of aromatic nitrogenous disinfection by-products (DBPs) including 2-chloro-4, 6-dibromoaniline and 2, 4, 6-tribromoaniline were identified as the intermediate aromatic DBPs by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The effect of chlorine dosage, pH, and contact time on the formation of 2-chloro-4, 6-dibromoaniline and 2, 4, 6-tribromoaniline were evaluated. In addition, it was found that bromine in AMB/BRO were vital bromine source to greatly promote the formation of classic brominated DBPs, with the highest Br-THMs yields of 23.8% and 37.8%, respectively. This study inspired that bromine in brominated organic compounds may be an important bromine source of brominated DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China; International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zichong Zhou
- Changjiang Survey, Planning, Design and Research Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430010, China
| | - Shunke Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China; International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Wenyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China; International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China; International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China; International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Zuxin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China; International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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22
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Barrios AC, Apul OG, Perreault F. Increasing bromide removal by graphene-silver nanocomposites: Nanoparticulate silver enhances bromide selectivity through direct surface interactions. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 330:138711. [PMID: 37076084 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Bromide forms toxic brominated disinfection by-products during disinfection. Current bromide removal technologies are often non-specific and costly due to naturally occurring competing anions. A silver-impregnated graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposite is reported here that reduced the amount of Ag needed for Br- removal by increasing its selectivity towards Br-. GO was impregnated with ionic (GO-Ag+) or nanoparticulate Ag (GO-nAg) and compared against Ag+ or unsupported nAg to identify molecular level interactions. In nanopure water, Ag+ and nAg had the highest Br- removal (∼0.89 mol Br-/mol Ag+) followed by GO-nAg at 0.77 mol Br-/mol Ag+. However, under anionic competition, the Ag+ removal was reduced to 0.10 mol Br-/mol Ag+ while all nAg forms retained good Br- removal. To understand the removal mechanism, anoxic experiments were performed to prevent nAg dissolution, which resulted in higher Br- removal for all nAg forms compared to oxic conditions. This suggests that reaction of Br- with the nAg surface is more selective than with Ag+. Finally, jar tests showed that anchoring nAg on GO enhances Ag removal during coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation compared to unsupported nAg or Ag+. Thus, our results identify strategies that can be used to design selective and silver-efficient adsorbents for Br- removal in water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Barrios
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States; Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Onur G Apul
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
| | - François Perreault
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States; Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.
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23
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Yankovych H, Bodnár G, Elsaesser MS, Fizer M, Storozhuk L, Kolev H, Melnyk I, Václavíková M. Carbon Composites For Rapid And Effective Photodegradation Of 4-Halogenophenols: Characterization, Removal Performance, And Computational Studies. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2023.114753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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24
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Du Y, Wang WL, Wang ZW, Yuan CJ, Ye MQ, Wu QY. Overlooked Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity to Mammalian Cells Caused by the Oxidant Peroxymonosulfate during Wastewater Treatment Compared with the Sulfate Radical-Based Ultraviolet/Peroxymonosulfate Process. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:3311-3322. [PMID: 36787277 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Byproduct formation (chlorate, bromate, organic halogen, etc.) during sulfate radical (SO4•-)-based processes like ultraviolet/peroxymonosulfate (UV/PMS) has aroused widespread concern. However, hypohalous acid (HOCl and HOBr) can form via two-electron transfer directly from PMS, thus leading to the formation of organic halogenated byproducts as well. This study found both PMS alone and UV/PMS can increase the toxicity to mammalian cells of wastewater, while the UV/H2O2 decreased the toxicity. Cytotoxicity of two wastewater samples increased from 5.6-8.3 to 15.7-29.9 mg-phenol/L, and genotoxicity increased from 2.8-3.1 to 5.8-12.8 μg 4-NQO/L after PMS treatment because of organic halogen formation. Organic halogen formation from bromide rather than chloride was found to dominate the toxicity increase. The SO4•--based process UV/PMS led to the formation of both organic halogen and inorganic bromate and chlorate. However, because of the very low concentration (<20 μg/L) and relatively low toxicity of bromate and chlorate, contributions of inorganic byproducts to toxicity increase were negligible. PMS would not form chlorate and bromate, but it generated a higher concentration of total organic halogen, thus leading to a more toxic treated wastewater than UV/PMS. UV/PMS formed less organic halogen and toxicity because of the destruction of byproducts by UV irradiation and the removal of byproduct precursors. Currently, many studies focused on the byproducts bromate and chlorate during SO4•--based oxidation processes. This work revealed that the oxidant PMS even needs more attention because it caused higher toxicity due to more organic halogen formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Du
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chang-Jie Yuan
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Ming-Qi Ye
- Everbright Water (Shenzhen) Limited, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
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25
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Li J, Song Y, Jiang J, Yang T, Cao Y. Oxidative treatment of NOM by selective oxidants in drinking water treatment and its impact on DBP formation in postchlorination. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159908. [PMID: 36336058 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Natural organic matter (NOM), as a ubiquitous component in aqueous environments, has raised continuous scientific concerns due to its role as an organic precursor to disinfection by-products (DBPs) in the subsequent chlorination process. Selective oxidants, including ozone (O3), chlorine dioxide (ClO2), permanganate (Mn(VII)), and ferrate (Fe(VI)) are widely used in the preoxidation stage in drinking water treatment. The selective reactivity of those oxidants toward NOM is expected to alternate NOM properties and consequently DBP formation in postchlorination. Despite extensive studies on the interactions of NOM with selective oxidants, there is currently a lack of an overview of this area. To fill this gap, this study presents the current knowledge of the modification of NOM properties by selective oxidants and its impact on DBP formation in postchlorination. The NOM property changes in three aspects, including bulk property (e.g., total organic carbon, ultraviolet absorbance), fractional constituent (e.g., molecular size, hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity), and elemental composition (e.g., functional group) by the four selective oxidants (i.e., O3, ClO2, Mn(VII), and Fe(VI)) were discussed. Thereafter, the impacts of alteration of NOM properties by those selective oxidants on DBP formation in the subsequent chlorination were summarized, wherein the key influencing factors were discussed. Finally, the future perspectives in this area were forwarded, which highlighted the significance of process optimization, the attention to the less studied but more toxic DBPs, and the need for the identification of unknown DBPs. This review presented a state-of-the-art knowledge pool of the fate of NOM in oxidation and chlorination processes, promoted our understanding of the relationship between NOM properties and DBP formation, and identified further research needs in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Zhu Hai 519087, China.
| | - Yang Song
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jin Jiang
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tao Yang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ying Cao
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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26
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Fang C, Luan X, Ao F, Wang X, Ding S, Du Z, Liu S, Jia R, Chu W. Decomposition of Total Organic Halogen Formed during Chlorination: The Iceberg of Halogenated Disinfection Byproducts Was Previously Underestimated. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:1433-1442. [PMID: 36626160 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Total organic halogen (TOX) is widely used as a surrogate bulk parameter to measure the overall exposure of halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water. In this study, we surprisingly found that the level of TOX in chlorinated waters had been significantly underestimated under common analytical conditions. After the addition of quenching agent sodium thiosulfate, total organic chlorine and total organic bromine exhibited a two-phase decomposition pattern with increasing contact time, and a significant decomposition was observed for different types of quenching agents, quenching doses, and pH conditions. More importantly, the decomposed TOX closely correlated with the acute toxicity of quenched water against luminous bacteria, implying that the DBPs responsible for TOX decomposition could be of important toxicological significance. Based on nontarget analysis by using high-resolution mass spectrometry, molecular formulas for the decomposed TOX were determined. After re-examining the mass balance of TOX in the context of unintentional decomposition, it was found that both the level and percentage of unknown TOX in chlorinated waters were considerably higher than historically thought. Overall, this study brings new insights into the knowledge of TOX formed during chlorination, providing important clues on the identification of toxicity driver in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xinmiao Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Feiyang Ao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xingyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shunke Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhenqi Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shushen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ruibao Jia
- Shandong Province Water Supply and Drainage Monitoring Centre, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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27
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Li D, Cheng W, Ren J, Qin L, Zheng X, Wan T, Wang M. In vitro toxicity assessment of haloacetamides via a toxicogenomics assay. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 97:104026. [PMID: 36455839 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.104026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
It is important to study the stress effects and mechanisms of haloacetamide (HAcAm) disinfection byproducts to reveal their health hazards. In this context, toxicological g was applied to evaluate the effects of four HAcAms, revealing the status of gene expression on Escherichia coli in different stress response types (oxidative, protein, membrane, general, DNA). This study revealed that the main toxic action modes of these HAcAms were general and membrane stresses by high-resolution, real-time gene expression profiling combined with clustering analysis. The results of time-gene evaluation showed that the presence of chloroacetamide (CAcAm) and bromoacetamide (BAcAm) generated more reactive oxygen species, thus activating oxidative stress. Trichloroacetamide (tCAcAm) induced altered expression of glutathione marker genes and membrane stress-related genes, and iodoacetamide (IAcAm) caused severe DNA damage by damaging DNA strands and individual nucleotides mainly through damage to nucleic acids and bases. Furthermore, quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) modelling results indicated that the biological activities of HAcAms were related to their quantum chemical and topological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Wen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China.
| | - Jiehui Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Lu Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Xing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Tian Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
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28
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King JF, Mitch WA. Electrochemical Reduction of Halogenated Alkanes and Alkenes Using Activated Carbon-Based Cathodes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:17965-17976. [PMID: 36459429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Granular activated carbon (GAC) is used to sorb a broad range of halogenated contaminant classes, but spent GAC disposal is costly. Taking advantage of GAC's conductivity, this study evaluated the conversion of the GAC to cathodes for electrochemical reductive dehalogenation of 15 halogenated alkanes and alkenes exhibiting a diversity of structures (type of halogen, number of halogens, functional groups) and including contaminants of practical importance (e.g., trichloroethylene). Alkane degradation rates increased with the number of halogens and in the order: chlorine < bromine < iodine. Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) correlating experimental first-order degradation rate constants for alkanes with molecular descriptors associated with an outer-sphere one-electron transfer calculated using density functional theory indicated that correlations with molecular descriptors improved in the order: aqueous phase reduction potentials (E0,aq) < energy of the substrate's lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (ELUMO) < Marcus theory activation free energies (ΔG‡) ∼ gas-phase standard reduction free energies (ΔG0,gas). Chlorinated alkene degradation rates increased with decreasing number of chlorines, and QSAR correlations were opposite those of alkanes, indicating a different reaction mechanism. Degradation timescales ranged from 1 min to 3 h with halides as predominant products. These results suggest that the electrochemical reduction of halogenated alkanes and alkenes can be used to regenerate spent GAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob F King
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, Palo Alto, California94305, United States
| | - William A Mitch
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, Palo Alto, California94305, United States
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29
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Ma R, Yan M, Han P, Wang T, Li B, Zhou S, Zheng T, Hu Y, Borthwick AGL, Zheng C, Ni J. Deficiency and excess of groundwater iodine and their health associations. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7354. [PMID: 36446773 PMCID: PMC9708681 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35042-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
More than two billion people worldwide have suffered thyroid disorders from either iodine deficiency or excess. By creating the national map of groundwater iodine throughout China, we reveal the spatial responses of diverse health risks to iodine in continental groundwater. Greater non-carcinogenic risks relevant to lower iodine more likely occur in the areas of higher altitude, while those associated with high groundwater iodine are concentrated in the areas suffered from transgressions enhanced by land over-use and intensive anthropogenic overexploitation. The potential roles of groundwater iodine species are also explored: iodide might be associated with subclinical hypothyroidism particularly in higher iodine regions, whereas iodate impacts on thyroid risks in presence of universal salt iodization exhibit high uncertainties in lower iodine regions. This implies that accurate iodine supply depending on spatial heterogeneity and dietary iodine structure optimization are highly needed to mitigate thyroid risks in iodine-deficient and -excess areas globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoqi Ma
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University; Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871 P. R. China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Eco-environment and Resource Efficiency Research Laboratory, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055 P.R. China ,grid.453103.00000 0004 1790 0726General Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Planning and Design, Ministry of Water Resources, Beijing, 100120 P. R. China
| | - Mingquan Yan
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University; Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871 P. R. China
| | - Peng Han
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University; Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871 P. R. China
| | - Ting Wang
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University; Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871 P. R. China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Materials Fluxes in River Ecosystems, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 P. R. China
| | - Bin Li
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University; Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871 P. R. China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Materials Fluxes in River Ecosystems, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 P. R. China
| | - Shungui Zhou
- grid.256111.00000 0004 1760 2876Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environment Health and Regulation, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 P. R. China
| | - Tong Zheng
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University; Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871 P. R. China
| | - Yandi Hu
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University; Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871 P. R. China
| | - Alistair G. L. Borthwick
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Institute of Infrastructure and Environment, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JL UK ,grid.11201.330000 0001 2219 0747School of Engineering, Mathematics and Computing, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL8 4AA UK
| | - Chunmiao Zheng
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Integrated Control of Groundwater and Surface Water Pollution in Watershed, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 P. R. China
| | - Jinren Ni
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University; Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871 P. R. China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Eco-environment and Resource Efficiency Research Laboratory, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055 P.R. China
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30
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Kinani S, Roumiguières A, Bouchonnet S. A Critical Review on Chemical Speciation of Chlorine-Produced Oxidants (CPOs) in Seawater. Part 1: Chlorine Chemistry in Seawater and Its Consequences in Terms of Biocidal Effectiveness and Environmental Impact. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022:1-14. [PMID: 36325800 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2139590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Seawater chlorination has three main industrial uses: disinfection of water and installations, control of biofouling, and preventing the transport of aquatic invasive species. Once in contact with seawater, chlorine reacts rapidly with water constituents (e.g. bromide ions, ammonia, and nitrogen-containing compounds) to form a range of oxidative species (e.g. bromine and N-haloamines), termed "chlorine-produced oxidants" (CPOs) or "total residual oxidants" (TRO). The chemical nature of CPOs and their concentration are a function of two categories of parameters related to treatment modality (e.g. chlorine dose) and water quality (e.g. temperature, pH, ammonia concentration, and organic constituents). The chlorination process may result in continuous or intermittent releases of CPOs in seawater. The reactivity and potential ecotoxicity of CPO species largely depend on their physical and chemical properties. Therefore, evaluation of the biocidal effectiveness of chlorination and its potential impacts requires not only determining the sum of CPOs (via a bulk parameter), but also their chemical speciation. The aim of this article - which is the first of a trilogy dedicated to the chemical speciation of CPOs in seawater - is to provide an overview of current knowledge about chlorine chemistry in seawater and to discuss the biocidal efficacy and the environmental fate of resulting CPOs. The 2nd and 3rd articles delineate a comprehensive and critical review of analytical methods and approaches for the determination of CPOs in seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Kinani
- Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique et Environnement (LNHE), Division Recherche et Développement, Electricité de France (EDF), Chatou Cedex 01, France
| | - Adrien Roumiguières
- Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique et Environnement (LNHE), Division Recherche et Développement, Electricité de France (EDF), Chatou Cedex 01, France
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire, CNRS - Institut polytechnique de Paris - Route de Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - Stéphane Bouchonnet
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire, CNRS - Institut polytechnique de Paris - Route de Saclay, Palaiseau, France
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Paparella AN, Messa F, Dilauro G, Troisi L, Perrone S, Salomone A. A Glycerol‐Based Deep Eutectic Solvent as Natural Medium and Organic Reductant for Homocoupling of (Hetero)Aryl Chlorides: a Green Route to 2,2’‐Bipyridine and Biaryl Scaffolds. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Nicola Paparella
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali Università del Salento Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni I-73100 Lecce Italy
| | - Francesco Messa
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali Università del Salento Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni I-73100 Lecce Italy
| | - Giuseppe Dilauro
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco Università degli Studi di Bari ‘‘Aldo Moro'' Via E. Orabona 4 I-70125 Bari Italy
| | - Luigino Troisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali Università del Salento Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni I-73100 Lecce Italy
| | - Serena Perrone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali Università del Salento Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni I-73100 Lecce Italy
| | - Antonio Salomone
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università deli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Consorzio C.I.N.M.P.I.S. Via Orabona, 4 I-70125 Bari Italy
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An Insight into Symmetrical Cyanine Dyes as Promising Selective Antiproliferative Agents in Caco-2 Colorectal Cancer Cells. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27185779. [PMID: 36144515 PMCID: PMC9503608 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the diseases with the highest worldwide incidence. Several cytotoxic approaches have been used over the years to overcome this public health threat, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and photodynamic therapy (PDT). Cyanine dyes are a class of compounds that have been extensively studied as PDT sensitisers; nevertheless, their antiproliferative potential in the absence of a light source has been scarcely explored. Herein, the synthesis of eighteen symmetric mono-, tri-, and heptamethine cyanine dyes and their evaluation as potential anticancer agents is described. The influences of the heterocyclic nature, counterion, and methine chain length on the antiproliferative effects and selectivities were analysed, and relevant structure-activity relationship data were gathered. The impact of light on the cytotoxic activity of the most promising dye was also assessed and discussed. Most of the monomethine and trimethine cyanine dyes under study demonstrated a high antiproliferative effect on human tumour cell lines of colorectal (Caco-2), breast (MCF-7), and prostate (PC-3) cancer at the initial screening (10 µM). However, concentration-viability curves showed higher potency and selectivity for the Caco-2 cell line. A monomethine cyanine dye derived from benzoxazole was the most promising compound (IC50 for Caco-2 = 0.67 µM and a selectivity index of 20.9 for Caco-2 versus normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF)) and led to Caco-2 cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase. Complementary in silico studies predicted good intestinal absorption and oral bioavailability for this cyanine dye.
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Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Peel Extracts as Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Additives Used in Alfalfa Sprouts. Foods 2022; 11:foods11172588. [PMID: 36076774 PMCID: PMC9455905 DOI: 10.3390/foods11172588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aqueous and ethanolic pomegranate peel extracts (PPE) were studied as a source of phenolic compounds with antimicrobial, anti-quorum sensing, and antioxidant properties. The aqueous extract showed higher total phenolic and flavonoid content (153.43 mg GAE/g and 45.74, respectively) and antioxidant capacity (DPPH radical inhibition: 86.12%, ABTS radical scavenging capacity: 958.21 mg TE/dw) compared to the ethanolic extract. The main phenolic compounds identified by UPLC-DAD were chlorogenic and gallic acids. The aqueous PPE extract showed antimicrobial activity against Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium, Candida tropicalis (MICs 19–30 mg/mL), and anti-quorum sensing activity expressed as inhibition of Chromobacterium violaceum violacein production (%). The aqueous PPE extracts at 25 mg/mL applied on alfalfa sprouts reduced psychrophilic bacteria (1.12 Log CFU/100 g) and total coliforms (1.23 Log CFU/100 g) and increased the antioxidant capacity of the treated sprouts (55.13 µmol TE/100 g (DPPH) and 126.56 µmol TE/100 g (ABTS)) compared to untreated alfalfa. This study emphasizes PPE’s antioxidant and antimicrobial activities in alfalfa sprouts preservation.
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Marques Dos Santos M, Cheriaux C, Jia S, Thomas M, Gallard H, Croué JP, Carato P, Snyder SA. Genotoxic effects of chlorinated disinfection by-products of 1,3-diphenylguanidine (DPG): Cell-based in-vitro testing and formation potential during water disinfection. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 436:129114. [PMID: 35739694 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
1,3-diphenylguanidine (DPG) is a commonly used rubber and polymer additive, that has been found to be one of the main leachate products of tire wear particles and from HDPE pipes. Its introduction to aquatic environments and potentially water supplies lead to further questions regarding the effects of disinfection by-products potentially formed. Using different bioassay approaches and NGS RNA-sequencing, we show that some of the chlorinated by-products of DPG exert significant toxicity. DPG and its chlorinated by-products also can alter cell bioenergetic processes, affecting cellular basal respiration rates and ATP production, moreover, DPG and its two chlorination products, 1,3-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)guanidine (CC04) and 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)guanidine (CC11), have an impact on mitochondrial proton leak, which is an indicator of mitochondria damage. Evidence of genotoxic effects in the form of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) was suggested by RNA-sequencing results and further validated by an increased expression of genes associated with DNA damage response (DDR), specifically the canonical non-homologous end joining (c-NHEJ) pathway, as determined by qPCR analysis of different pathway specific genes (XRCC6, PRKDC, LIG4 and XRCC4). Immunofluorescence analysis of phosphorylated histone H2AX, another DSB biomarker, also confirmed the potential genotoxic effects observed for the chlorinated products. In addition, chlorination of DPG leads to the formation of different chlorinated products (CC04, CC05 and CC15), with analysed compounds representing up to 42% of formed products, monochloramine is not able to effectively react with DPG. These findings indicate that DPG reaction with free chlorine doses commonly applied during drinking water treatment or in water distribution networks (0.2-0.5 mg/L) can lead to the formation of toxic and genotoxic chlorinated products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricius Marques Dos Santos
- Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, CleanTech One, 1 Cleantech Loop, 637141, Singapore
| | - Camille Cheriaux
- Laboratoire Ecologie & Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, France; INSERM CIC1402, Université de Poitiers, IHES Research Group, Poitiers, France
| | - Shenglan Jia
- Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, CleanTech One, 1 Cleantech Loop, 637141, Singapore
| | - Mikael Thomas
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers, IC2MP UMR 7285 CNRS, Université de Poitiers, France
| | - Hervé Gallard
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers, IC2MP UMR 7285 CNRS, Université de Poitiers, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Croué
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers, IC2MP UMR 7285 CNRS, Université de Poitiers, France
| | - Pascal Carato
- Laboratoire Ecologie & Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, France; INSERM CIC1402, Université de Poitiers, IHES Research Group, Poitiers, France
| | - Shane Allen Snyder
- Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, CleanTech One, 1 Cleantech Loop, 637141, Singapore.
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Luo C, Li M, Cheng X, Wu D, Tan F, Li Z, Chen Y, Yu F, Ma Q. Degradation of iopamidol by UV 365/NaClO: Roles of reactive species, degradation mechanism, and toxicology. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 222:118840. [PMID: 35858527 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of iopamidol (IPM) was investigated using a UV365/NaClO system. The reactive species (HO·, ClO·, ozone, Cl·, and Cl2-·) in the system were identified, and the changing trends of the percentage contributions of these reactive species to IPM removal under various conditions were systematically evaluated. The results showed that ClO· and HO· played the most significant roles in the apparent pseudo-first-order rate constants of IPM degradation (kobs, min-1) in the control experiment, and their percentage contributions to kobs were 41.31% and 34.45%, respectively. In addition, Cl· and Cl2-· together contributed 22% to the kobs. Furthermore, the contribution of ozone to the IPM removal could be neglected. The concentrations of these species increased significantly when the concentration of NaClO was increased from 50 µM to 200 µM, while the percentage contribution of ClO· to kobs was greatly increased. The concentrations and percentage contributions of HO· and ClO· decreased significantly as the solution pH increased from 5 to 9, with Cl2-· playing a greater role in the degradation of IPM under alkaline conditions. While Cl- or HCO3-/CO32- significantly promoted the generation of Cl2-· or CO3-·, neither had an obvious effect on kobs, suggesting that Cl2-· and CO3-· should have a certain reactivity with IPM. Compared with that of Cl2-·, the percentage contribution of ClO· and Cl· to kobs was more likely to be inhibited by NOM. In addition, the organic and inorganic oxidation products of IPM were detected. The oxidation mechanisms of IPM degradation in the UV365/NaClO system, such as the H-extraction reaction, deiodination, substitution reaction, amide hydrolysis, and amine oxidation, were proposed according to the obtained 15 organic products. No effect on acute toxicity towards Vibrio fischeri and Photobacterium phosphoreum was detected during the oxidation of IPM by the UV365/NaClO system. Furthermore, the engineering feasibility of the oxidation system was demonstrated, by the effective degradation of IPM in actual water. However, HOI rapidly accumulated during the removal of IPM in the UV365/NaClO system, which poses certain environmental risks and will needs to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congwei Luo
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101, P. R. China; Resources and Environment Innovation Institute, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101, P. R. China
| | - Ming'an Li
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiang Cheng
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101, P. R. China.
| | - Daoji Wu
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101, P. R. China; Resources and Environment Innovation Institute, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101, P. R. China
| | - Fengxun Tan
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101, P. R. China
| | - Zhiquan Li
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101, P. R. China
| | - Yongkai Chen
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101, P. R. China
| | - Fan Yu
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101, P. R. China
| | - Qiao Ma
- National Engineering Lab of Coal-Fired Pollution Emission Reduction, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, P. R. China
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Lee YK, Yoo HY, Ko KS, He W, Karanfil T, Hur J. Tracing microplastic (MP)-derived dissolved organic matter in the infiltration of MP-contaminated sand system and its disinfection byproducts formation. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 221:118806. [PMID: 35803044 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic (MP) pollution in soil/subsurface environments has been increasingly researched, given the uncertainties associated with the heterogeneous matrix of these systems. In this study, we tracked the spectroscopic signatures of MP-derived dissolved organic matter (MP-DOM) in infiltrated water from MP contaminated sandy subsurface systems and examined their potential to form trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) by chlorination. Sand-packed columns with commercial MPs (expanded polystyrene and polyvinylchloride) on the upper layer were used as the model systems. Regardless of the plastic type, the addition of MPs resulted in a higher amount of DOM during infiltration compared with the clean sand system. This enhancement was more pronounced when the added MPs were UV-irradiated for 14 days. The infiltration was further characterized using FT-IR and fluorescence spectroscopy, which identified two fluorescent components (humic-like C1 and protein/phenol-like C2). Compared with pure MP-DOM, C1 was more predominant in sand infiltration than C2. Further studies have established that C2 may be more labile in terms of biodegradation and mineral adsorption that may occur within the sand column. However, both these environmental interferences were inadequate for entirely expanding the spectroscopic signatures of MP-DOM in sand infiltration. The infiltration also exhibited a higher potential in generating carbonaceous disinfection byproducts than natural groundwater and riverside bank filtrates. A significant correlation between the generated THMs and decreased C1 suggests the possibility of using humic-like components as optical precursors of carbonaceous DBPs in MP-contaminated subsurface systems. This study highlighted an overlooked contribution of MPs in terms of the infiltration of DOM levels in sandy subsurface systems and the potential environmental risk when used as drinking water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Kyung Lee
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, South Korea
| | - Ha-Young Yoo
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, South Korea; K-water Institute, 200 Sintanjin-Ro, Daedeok-Gu, Daejeon 34350, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Seok Ko
- Groundwater Environment Research Center, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, 124 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34132, South Korea
| | - Wei He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tanju Karanfil
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anerson, SC 29635, United States
| | - Jin Hur
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, South Korea.
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Brodfuehrer SH, Goodman JB, Wahman DG, Speitel GE, Katz LE. Apparent Reactivity of Bromine in Bromochloramine Depends on Synthesis Method: Implicating Bromine Chloride and Molecular Bromine as Important Bromine Species. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 148:10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0002070. [PMID: 36337256 PMCID: PMC9628185 DOI: 10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0002070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The chloramination of bromide containing waters results in the formation of bromine containing haloamines: monobromamine (NH2Br), dibromamine (NHBr2), and bromochloramine (NHBrCl). Many studies have directly shown that bromamines are more reactive than chloramines in oxidation and substitution reactions with organic water constituents because the bromine atom in oxidants is more labile than the chlorine atom. However, similar studies have not been performed with NHBrCl. It has been assumed that NHBrCl has similar reactivity as bromamines with organic constituents in both oxidation and substitution reactions because NHBrCl, like bromamines, rapidly oxidizes N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine. In this study, we examined the reactivity of NHBrCl with phenol red to determine if NHBrCl reacts as readily as bromamines in an isolated substitution reaction. NHBrCl was synthesized two ways to assess whether NHBrCl or the highly reactive intermediates, bromine chloride (BrCl) and molecular bromine (Br2), were responsible for bromine substitution of phenol red. NHBrCl was found to be much less reactive than bromamines with phenol red and that BrCl and Br2 appeared to be the true brominating agents in solutions where NHBrCl is formed. This work highlights the need to reexamine what the true brominating agents are in chloraminated waters containing bromide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel H Brodfuehrer
- Graduate Student, Dept. of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Texas at Austin, 301 E. Dean Keaton St., Stop C1786, Austin, TX 78712-0284
| | - Jacob B Goodman
- Graduate Student, Dept. of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Texas at Austin, 301 E. Dean Keaton St., Stop C1786, Austin, TX 78712-0284
| | - David G Wahman
- Research Environmental Engineer, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 26 W MLK Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268
| | - Gerald E Speitel
- Professor and Associate Dean of Academic Affairs, Dept. of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Texas at Austin, 301 E. Dean Keaton St., Stop C1786, Austin, TX 78712-0284
| | - Lynn E Katz
- Professor, Dept. of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Texas at Austin, 301 E. Dean Keaton St., Stop C1786, Austin, TX 78712-0284
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Granger CO, Richardson SD. Do DBPs swim in salt water pools? Comparison of 60 DBPs formed by electrochemically generated chlorine vs. conventional chlorine. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 117:232-241. [PMID: 35725075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Disinfectants are added to swimming pools to kill harmful pathogens. Although liquid chlorine (sodium hypochlorite) is the most commonly used disinfectant, alternative disinfection techniques like electrochemically generated mixed oxidants or electrochemically generated chlorine, often referred to as salt water pools, are growing in popularity. However, these disinfectants react with natural organic matter and anthropogenic contaminants introduced to the pool water by swimmers to form disinfection byproducts (DBPs). DBPs have been linked to several adverse health effects, such as bladder cancer, adverse birth outcomes, and asthma. In this study, we quantified 60 DBPs using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and assessed the calculated cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of an indoor community swimming pool before and after switching to a salt water pool with electrochemically generated chlorine. Interestingly, the total DBPs increased by 15% upon implementation of the salt water pool, but the calculated cytotoxicity and genotoxicity decreased by 45% and 15%, respectively. Predominant DBP classes formed were haloacetic acids, with trichloroacetic acid and dichloroacetic acid contributing 57% of the average total DBPs formed. Haloacetonitriles, haloacetic acids, and haloacetaldehydes were the primary drivers of calculated cytotoxicity, and haloacetic acids were the primary driver of calculated genotoxicity. Diiodoacetic acid, a highly toxic iodinated DBP, is reported for the first time in swimming pool water. Bromide impurities in sodium chloride used to electrochemically generate chlorine led to a 73% increase in brominated DBPs, primarily driven by bromochloroacetic acid. This study presents the most extensive DBP study to-date for salt water pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline O Granger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter St., Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter St., Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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Richardson SD. A catalyst for integrating analytical biology, analytical chemistry, and engineering to improve drinking water safety: The groundbreaking work of Dr. Michael Plewa. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 117:6-9. [PMID: 35725090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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Krasner SW, Jia A, Lee CFT, Shirkhani R, Allen JM, Richardson SD, Plewa MJ. Relationships between regulated DBPs and emerging DBPs of health concern in U.S. drinking water. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 117:161-172. [PMID: 35725068 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A survey was conducted at eight U.S. drinking water plants, that spanned a wide range of water qualities and treatment/disinfection practices. Plants that treated heavily-wastewater-impacted source waters had lower trihalomethane to dihaloacetonitrile ratios due to the presence of more organic nitrogen and HAN precursors. As the bromide to total organic carbon ratio increased, there was more bromine incorporation into DBPs. This has been shown in other studies for THMs and selected emerging DBPs (HANs), whereas this study examined bromine incorporation for a wider group of emerging DBPs (haloacetaldehydes, halonitromethanes). Moreover, bromine incorporation into the emerging DBPs was, in general, similar to that of the THMs. Epidemiology studies that show an association between adverse health effects and brominated THMs may be due to the formation of brominated emerging DBPs of heath concern. Plants with higher free chlorine contact times before ammonia addition to form chloramines had less iodinated DBP formation in chloraminated distribution systems, where there was more oxidation of the iodide to iodate (a sink for the iodide) by the chlorine. This has been shown in many bench-scale studies (primarily for iodinated THMs), but seldom in full-scale studies (where this study also showed the impact on total organic iodine. Collectively, the THMs, haloacetic acids, and emerging DBPs accounted for a significant portion of the TOCl, TOBr, and TOI; however, ∼50% of the TOCl and TOBr is still unknown. The correlation of the sum of detected DBPs with the TOCl and TOBr suggests that they can be used as reliable surrogates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart W Krasner
- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Water Quality Laboratory, CA 91750, USA.
| | - Ai Jia
- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Water Quality Laboratory, CA 91750, USA
| | - Chih-Fen T Lee
- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Water Quality Laboratory, CA 91750, USA
| | - Raha Shirkhani
- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Water Quality Laboratory, CA 91750, USA
| | - Joshua M Allen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, SC 29208, USA
| | - Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, SC 29208, USA
| | - Michael J Plewa
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA; Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
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Li Y, Li W, Zhang X, Jiang J. Effects of ultrasonication on the DBP formation and toxicity during chlorination of saline wastewater effluents. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 117:326-335. [PMID: 35725086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine disinfection of saline wastewater effluents rich in bromide and iodide forms relatively toxic brominated and iodinated disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Ultrasonication is a relatively new water treatment technology, and it is less sensitive to suspended solids in wastewaters. In this study, we examined the effects of ultrasonication (in terms of reactor type and combination mode with chlorination) on the DBP formation and toxicity in chlorinated primary and secondary saline wastewater effluents. Compared with the chlorinated wastewater effluent samples without ultrasonication, ultrasonic horn pretreatment of the wastewater effluent samples reduced the total organic halogen (TOX) levels in chlorination by ∼30%, but ultrasonic bath pretreatment of the wastewater samples did not significantly change the TOX levels in chlorination, which might be attributed to the higher energy utilization and decomposition extent of organic DBP precursors in the ultrasonic horn reactor. Moreover, the TOX levels in the chlorinated samples with ultrasonic horn pretreatment (USH-chlorination), simultaneous treatment (chlorination+USH) and subsequent treatment (chlorination-USH) were also significantly reduced, with the maximum TOX reductions occurring in the samples with ultrasonic horn pretreatment. A toxicity index was calculated by weighting and summing the levels of total organic chlorine, total organic bromine and total organic iodine in each treated sample. The calculated toxicity index values of the chlorinated wastewater effluent samples followed a descending rank order of "chlorination" > "chlorination+USH" > "chlorination-USH" > "USH-chlorination", with the lowest toxicity occurring in the samples with ultrasonic horn pretreatment. Then, a developmental toxicity bioassay was conducted for each treated sample. The measured toxicity index values of the chlorinated wastewater samples followed the same descending rank order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wanxin Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiangru Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jingyi Jiang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
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42
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Allen JM, Plewa MJ, Wagner ED, Wei X, Bokenkamp K, Hur K, Jia A, Liberatore HK, Lee CFT, Shirkhani R, Krasner SW, Richardson SD. Feel the Burn: Disinfection Byproduct Formation and Cytotoxicity during Chlorine Burn Events. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:8245-8254. [PMID: 35638116 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nitrification and biofilm growth within distribution systems remain major issues for drinking water treatment plants utilizing chloramine disinfection. Many chloraminated plants periodically switch to chlorine disinfection for several weeks to mitigate these issues, known as "chlorine burns". The evaluation of disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation during chlorine burns beyond regulated DBPs is scarce. Here, we quantified an extensive suite of 80 regulated and emerging, unregulated DBPs from 10 DBP classes in drinking water from two U.S. drinking water plants during chlorine burn and chloramination treatments. Total organic halogen (TOX), including total organic chlorine, total organic bromine, and total organic iodine, was also quantified, and mammalian cell cytotoxicity of whole water mixtures was assessed in chlorine burn waters for the first time. TOX and most DBPs increased in concentration during chlorine burns, and one emerging DBP, trichloroacetaldehyde, reached 99 μg/L. THMs and HAAs reached concentrations of 249 and 271 μg/L, respectively. Two highly cytotoxic nitrogenous DBP classes, haloacetamides and haloacetonitriles, increased during chlorine burns, reaching up to 14.2 and 19.3 μg/L, respectively. Cytotoxicity did not always increase from chloramine treatment to chlorine burn, but a 100% increase in cytotoxicity was observed for one plant. These data highlight that consumer DBP exposure during chlorine burns can be substantial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Allen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Michael J Plewa
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Elizabeth D Wagner
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Xiao Wei
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Katherine Bokenkamp
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kyu Hur
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Ai Jia
- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Water Quality Laboratory, La Verne, California 91750, United States
| | - Hannah K Liberatore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Chih-Fen T Lee
- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Water Quality Laboratory, La Verne, California 91750, United States
| | - Raha Shirkhani
- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Water Quality Laboratory, La Verne, California 91750, United States
| | - Stuart W Krasner
- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Water Quality Laboratory, La Verne, California 91750, United States
| | - Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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43
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Niu L, Zhang S, Wang S, An L, Manoli K, Sharma VK, Yu X, Feng M. Overlooked environmental risks deriving from aqueous transformation of bisphenol alternatives: Integration of chemical and toxicological insights. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 427:128208. [PMID: 34999398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the widespread prevalence and ecotoxicity of bisphenol alternatives such as bisphenol S, bisphenol F, and bisphenol AF, the past decade has witnessed the publication of a remarkable number of studies related to their transformation and remediation in natural waters. However, the reactivity, removal efficiency, transformation products (TPs), and mechanisms of such emerging pollutants by different treatment processes have not been well elucidated. Particularly, the transformation-driven environmental risks have been mostly overlooked. Therefore, we present a review to address these issues from chemical and toxicological viewpoints. Four degradation systems can be largely classified as catalytic persulfate (PS) oxidation, non-catalytic oxidation, photolysis and photocatalysis, and biodegradation. It was found that bisphenol alternatives possess distinct reactivities with different oxidizing species, with the highest performance for hydroxyl radicals. All systems exhibit superior elimination efficiency for these compounds. The inadequate mineralization suggests the formation of recalcitrant TPs, from which the overall reaction pathways are proposed. The combined experimental and in silico analysis indicates that many TPs have developmental toxicity, endocrine-disrupting effects, and genotoxicity. Notably, catalytic PS systems and non-catalytic oxidation result in the formation of coupling products as well as halogenated TPs with higher acute and chronic toxicity and lower biodegradability than the parent compounds. In contrast, photolysis and photocatalysis generate hydroxylated and bond-cleavage TPs with less toxicity. Overall, this review highlights the secondary environmental risks from the transformation of bisphenol alternatives by conventional and emerging treatment processes. Finally, future perspectives are recommended to address the knowledge gaps of these contaminants in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Niu
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Shengqi Zhang
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Siqin Wang
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Lili An
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Kyriakos Manoli
- Nireas-International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, CY-1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Virender K Sharma
- Program of the Environment and Sustainability, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Xin Yu
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Mingbao Feng
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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44
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Meng L, Chen J, Kong D, Ji Y, Lu J, Yin X, Zhou Q. Transformation of bromide and formation of brominated disinfection byproducts in peracetic acid oxidation of phenol. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132698. [PMID: 34715107 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Peracetic acid (PAA) has attracted increasing attention in wastewater treatment as a disinfectant. However, the transformation of bromide (Br-) during PAA oxidation of bromide-containing wastewater has not been fully explored. This study showed that Br- could be oxidized by PAA to free bromine which reacted with phenol to form organic bromine. At pH 7.0, more than 35.2% inorganic Br- was converted to organic bromines in 4 h. At acidic conditions, the conversion ratio was even higher, reaching 69.9% at pH 2.8. Most of the organic bromines were presented as bromophenols (i.e., 2-bromophenol, 4-bromophenol, and 2,4-dibromophenol), while regulated brominated disinfection byproducts (Br-DBPs, i.e., bromoform and bromoacetic acids) only accounted for a tiny fraction of total organic bromine. Similar results were observed when PAA was applied to natural organic matter (NOM) or wastewater in presence of Br-. The organic bromine yield reached 56.6 μM in the solution containing 0.1 mM Br- and 2 mg/L NOM initially. Among them, only 1.00 μM bromoform and 0.16 μM dibromoacetic acid were found. Similarly, regulated Br-DBPs only accounted for 28.3% of the organic bromine in a real wastewater effluent treated with PAA. All these data show that monitoring regulated DBPs cannot fully indicate the potential environmental risk of the application of PAA to wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Meng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Deyang Kong
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Environmental Protection of PRC, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Yuefei Ji
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Junhe Lu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Xiaoming Yin
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Quansuo Zhou
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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45
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Disinfection of Therapeutic Spa Waters: Applicability of Sodium Hypochlorite and Hydrogen Peroxide-Based Disinfectants. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14050690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The microbial water quality of therapeutic pools operating without disinfection is recurrently compromised, posing a risk to bathers’ health. The complex composition of such waters and the sensitivity of their therapeutic components hinder the use of traditional chlorine-based disinfectants. The present study aimed to investigate the applicability of a hydrogen peroxide-based disinfectant in therapeutic water in comparison with hypochlorite. Disinfection efficacy, byproduct formation, and the fate of therapeutic components were tested for both disinfectants under laboratory conditions, applying different doses and contact times. Disinfection efficacy was found to be matrix-dependent, especially that of hydrogen peroxide against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (a 10- to 1000-fold difference). Hypochlorite treatment presented a significant chemical risk through the generation of byproducts, mainly brominated and iodinated compounds and combined chlorine. Of the alleged therapeutic components, sulfide ions were eliminated (≥86% loss) by both disinfectants, and hypochlorite reacted with iodide ions as well (≥70% removal). Based on their composition, only 2% of Hungarian therapeutic waters can be treated by chlorination due to high concentrations of ammonia and/or organic compounds. Hydrogen peroxide is applicable to 82% of the waters, as the presence of sulfide ions is the only limiting factor. Due to the matrix effect, close control of residual disinfectant concentration is necessary to ensure microbial safety.
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46
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Zhao Z, Zhu D, Liu Y, Zhou Q, Qiu J, Xu C, He Y, Zeng W, Yang Y. Embryotoxic effects of tribromophenol on early post-implantation development of mouse embryos in vitro. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:12085-12099. [PMID: 34558051 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16614-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
2,4,6-Tribromophenol (TBP, CAS No. 118-79-6), the most widely produced brominated phenol, is frequently detected in environmental components. The detection of TBP in human bodies has earned great concerns about its adverse effects on human beings, especially for early embryonic development. Here, we optimized the mouse embryo in vitro culture (IVC) system for early post-implantation embryos and employed it to determine the embryotoxicity of TBP. With this new research model, we revealed the dose-dependent toxic effects of TBP on mouse embryos from peri-implantation to egg cylinder stages. Furthermore, TBP exposure inhibited the differentiation and survival of epiblast (EPI) cells and extraembryonic endoderm (ExEn) cells, while those of extraembryonic ectoderm (ExEc) cells were not influenced. These results implied that TBP might inhibit embryonic development by influencing the generation of three primary germ layers and fetal membranes (the amnion, chorionic disk, umbilical cord, and yolk sac). In summary, we showed a proof of concept for applying mouse embryo IVC system as a novel research model for studying mammalian embryonic toxicology of environmental pollutants. This study also demonstrated the toxicity of TBP on early embryonic development of mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Dicong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yujie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jingfan Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Cheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yuanlin He
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Wentao Zeng
- Animal Core Facility, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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47
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Xu R, Ren H, Chi T, Zheng Y, Xie Y, Tian J, Chen L. Ozone oxidation of 2,4,6-TCP in the presence of halide ions: Kinetics, degradation pathways and toxicity evaluation. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 288:132343. [PMID: 34597631 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) is extensively consumed in industrial production and may cause environmental damages. The effect of halide ions on the decomposition of 2,4,6-TCP has often been overlooked. In this study, the bromide ion was found to have a stronger negative impact on 2,4,6-TCP degradation than chloride ion in the O3 system, and led to the formation of adsorbable organic halogens (AOX). Kinetic modeling demonstrated that the concentration of various radicals was largely depended on the solution pH, and stronger basicity not only contributed to the mineralization of 2,4,6-TCP, but also inhibited the formation of halogenated by-products. Combining the intermediate identification and quantum chemical calculation, the degradation pathways of 2,4,6-TCP during ozone oxidation process were proposed. The toxicity test and ECOSAR simulation demonstrated that the acute toxicity of some 2,4,6-TCP degradation intermediates was relatively higher than their parent compound. With high concentrations of halide ions, the ozone-treated solution showed greater toxicity than the originator 2,4,6-TCP solution. These results illustrate that the ozone treatment of the halide-containing wastewater may cause potential ecological hazards and its application needs to be more cautious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranyun Xu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hang Ren
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Tongtong Chi
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yuhan Zheng
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yawei Xie
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China
| | - Jinping Tian
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Lyujun Chen
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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48
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Liu JL, Han X, Zhang J, Wang HJ, Zhou MX, Li SW, Ma X, Wang Y, Liu AL. Total organic halogen in two drinking water supply systems: Occurrence, variations, and relationship with trihalomethanes. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 288:132541. [PMID: 34648782 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The spatiotemporal presence of overall disinfection by-products (DBPs) in two full-scale drinking water supply systems (DWSSs) were investigated using quantification of total organic halogen (TOX). The relationships of TOX with water quality parameters (especially the most regulated DBPs, trihalomethanes (THMs)) were also evaluated. The TOX levels ranged between 2.6 and 70.3 μg Cl/L and between 46.6 and 205.9 μg Cl/L in raw water and distribution water, respectively. The TOX concentration in water increased by an average of nine times after water treatment and varied slightly during distribution, suggesting that TOX in drinking water was mainly formed during chlorination disinfection rather than distribution. No clear seasonality in TOX level was observed. Positive correlations were found between raw water dissolved organic carbon (DOC) with an increase in TOX in treated water and between DOC level with TOX content in distributed water, emphasizing a key role of organics in TOX formation. Chloroform (TCM) was the dominant THM, followed by bromodichloromethane (BDCM) in the drinking water, and the levels of the other two measured THMs (dibromochloromethane and bromoform) were negligible. THM2 (sum of TCM and BDCM) made up average of 18% of the TOX, and was weakly correlated with TOX content (rs = 0.321; P < 0.05), implying that THM is not a suitable surrogate measure for TOX in drinking water. This study provides basic data on the occurrence and variation of TOX within conventional DWSSs and highlights the importance of using TOX measurements to obtain more accurate information about DBP occurrence, for exposure assessment and regulatory determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430024, China
| | - Xue Han
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Wuhan Water Group Company Limited, Wuhan, 430015, China
| | - Huai-Ji Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430024, China
| | | | - Shi-Wei Li
- Wuhan Water Group Company Limited, Wuhan, 430015, China
| | - Xuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ai-Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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49
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Liu C, Shin YH, Wei X, Ersan MS, Wagner E, Plewa MJ, Amy G, Karanfil T. Preferential Halogenation of Algal Organic Matter by Iodine over Chlorine and Bromine: Formation of Disinfection Byproducts and Correlation with Toxicity of Disinfected Waters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:1244-1256. [PMID: 34962797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The increasing occurrence of harmful algal blooms (HABs) in surface waters may increase the input of algal organic matter (AOM) in drinking water. The formation of halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during combined chlorination and chloramination of AOM and natural organic matter (NOM) in the presence of bromide and iodide and haloform formation during halogenation of model compounds were studied. Results indicated that haloform/halogen consumption ratios of halogens reacting with amino acids (representing proteins present in AOM) follow the order iodine > bromine > chlorine, with ratios for iodine generally 1-2 orders of magnitude greater than those for chlorine (0.19-2.83 vs 0.01-0.16%). This indicates that iodine is a better halogenating agent than chlorine and bromine. In contrast, chlorine or bromine shows higher ratios for phenols (representing the phenolic structure of humic substances present in NOM). Consistent with these observations, chloramination of AOM extracted from Microcystis aeruginosa in the presence of iodide produced 3 times greater iodinated trihalomethanes than those from Suwannee River NOM isolate. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of disinfected algal-impacted waters evaluated by Chinese hamster ovary cell bioassays both follow the order chloramination > prechlorination-chloramination > chlorination. This trend is in contrast to additive toxicity calculations based on the concentrations of measured DBPs since some toxic iodinated DBPs were not identified and quantified, suggesting the necessity of experimentally analyzing the toxicity of disinfected waters. During seasonal HAB events, disinfection practices warrant optimization for iodide-enriched waters to reduce the toxicity of finished waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, South Carolina 29625, United States
| | - Young-Hwan Shin
- Department of Crop Sciences, and the Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Bioenvironmental Engineering, Daewoo Institute of Construction Technology, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16297, South Korea
| | - Xiao Wei
- Department of Crop Sciences, and the Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Mahmut S Ersan
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, South Carolina 29625, United States
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Elizabeth Wagner
- Department of Crop Sciences, and the Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Michael J Plewa
- Department of Crop Sciences, and the Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Gary Amy
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, South Carolina 29625, United States
| | - Tanju Karanfil
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, South Carolina 29625, United States
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50
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Allen JM, Plewa MJ, Wagner ED, Wei X, Bokenkamp K, Hur K, Jia A, Liberatore HK, Lee CFT, Shirkhani R, Krasner SW, Richardson SD. Drivers of Disinfection Byproduct Cytotoxicity in U.S. Drinking Water: Should Other DBPs Be Considered for Regulation? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:392-402. [PMID: 34910457 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study reveals key disinfection byproduct (DBP) toxicity drivers in drinking water across the United States. DBPs, which are ubiquitous in drinking water, form by the reaction of disinfectants, organic matter, bromide, and iodide and are generally present at 100-1000× higher concentrations than other contaminants. DBPs are linked to bladder cancer, miscarriage, and birth defects in human epidemiologic studies, but it is not known as to which DBPs are responsible. We report the most comprehensive investigation of drinking water toxicity to date, with measurements of extracted whole-water mammalian cell chronic cytotoxicity, over 70 regulated and priority unregulated DBPs, and total organic chlorine, bromine, and iodine, revealing a more complete picture of toxicity drivers. A variety of impacted waters were investigated, including those impacted by wastewater, agriculture, and seawater. The results revealed that unregulated haloacetonitriles, particularly dihaloacetonitriles, are important toxicity drivers. In seawater-impacted water treated with chloramine, toxicity was driven by iodinated DBPs, particularly iodoacetic acids. In chlorinated waters, the combined total organic chlorine and bromine was highly and significantly correlated with toxicity (r = 0.94, P < 0.01); in chloraminated waters, total organic iodine was highly and significantly correlated with toxicity (r = 0.80, P < 0.001). These results indicate that haloacetonitriles and iodoacetic acids should be prioritized in future research for potential regulation consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Allen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Michael J Plewa
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Elizabeth D Wagner
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Xiao Wei
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Katherine Bokenkamp
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kyu Hur
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Ai Jia
- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Water Quality Laboratory, La Verne, California 91750, United States
| | - Hannah K Liberatore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Chih-Fen T Lee
- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Water Quality Laboratory, La Verne, California 91750, United States
| | - Raha Shirkhani
- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Water Quality Laboratory, La Verne, California 91750, United States
| | - Stuart W Krasner
- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Water Quality Laboratory, La Verne, California 91750, United States
| | - Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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