1
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Pinheiro JP, Rotureau E. Electroanalytical Trace Metal Cations Quantification and Speciation in Freshwaters: Historical Overview, Critical Review of the Last Five Years and Road Map for Developing Dynamic Speciation Field Measurements. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062831. [PMID: 36985802 PMCID: PMC10056914 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
An historical overview covering the field of electroanalytical metal cations speciation in freshwaters is presented here, detailing both the notable experimental and theoretical developments. Then, a critical review of the progress in the last five years is given, underlining in particular the improvements in electrochemical setups and methodologies dedicated to field surveys. Given these recent achievements, a road map to carry out on-site dynamic metal speciation measurements is then proposed, and the key future developments are discussed. This review shows that electroanalytical stripping techniques provide a unique framework for quantitatively assessing metals at trace levels while offering access to both thermodynamic and dynamic features of metal complexation with natural colloidal and particulate ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Paulo Pinheiro
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (LIEC), F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Elise Rotureau
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (LIEC), F-54000 Nancy, France
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2
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ISIDORE, a Probe for In Situ Trace Metal Speciation Based on the Donnan Membrane Technique and Electrochemical Detection Part 2: Cd and Pb Measurements during the Accumulation Time of the Donnan Membrane Technique. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28020846. [PMID: 36677906 PMCID: PMC9866464 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The Donnan membrane technique (DMT), in which a synthetic or natural solution (the "donor") is separated from a ligand-free solution (the "acceptor") by a cation-exchange membrane, is a recognized technique for measuring the concentration of a free metal ion in situ, with coupling to electrochemical detection allowing for the quantification of the free metal ion directly on site. However, the use of the DMT requires waiting for the free metal ion equilibrium between the donor and the acceptor solution. In this paper, we investigated the possibility of using the kinetic information and showed that non-equilibrium experimental calibrations of Cd and Pb with the ISIDORE probe could be used to measure free metal concentrations under conditions of membrane-controlled diffusion transport. The application of this dynamic approach made it possible to successfully determine the concentration of free Cd in synthetic and natural river samples. Furthermore, it was found that the determination of free Cd from the slope was not affected by the Ca concentration ratio between the acceptor and donor solution, as opposed to the traditional approach based on Donnan equilibrium. This ISIDORE probe appears to be a promising tool for determining free metal ions in natural samples.
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3
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Pouran H, Alkasbi M, Lahive E, Lofts S, Zhang H. Measuring ZnO nanoparticles available concentrations in contaminated soils using the diffusive gradient in thin-films (DGT) technique. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 793:148654. [PMID: 34182444 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A major gap in understanding nanomaterials behaviour in the environment is a lack of reliable tools to measure their available concentrations. In this research we use diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) for measuring concentrations of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZNO NPs) in soils. Available nanoparticle concentrations were assessed by difference, using paired DGT devices with and without 1000 MWCO dialysis membranes to exclude NPs. We used ZnO because its toxic effects are accelerated through dissolution to Zn2+. Our test soils had different pH and organic matter (OM) contents, which both affect the dissolution rate of ZnO NPs. Woburn (pH ≈ 6.9, OM ≈ 1.8%) and Lufa (pH ≈ 5.9, OM ≈ 4.2%) soils were spiked to a single concentration of 500 mg of ZnO NPs per 1 kg of soil and the available concentrations of ZnO NPs and dissolved zinc were evaluated in 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 day intervals using DGT. The results showed that the dissolution of ZnO NPs, as well as the available concentrations of both dissolved and nanoparticulate Zn, was much higher in Lufa soil than in Woburn. This work demonstrates that DGT can be used as a simple yet reliable technique for determining concentrations of ZnO NPs in soils and probing its dissolution kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Pouran
- University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, WV1 1LY, UK.
| | | | - Elma Lahive
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Stephen Lofts
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster LA1 4AP, United Kingdom
| | - Hao Zhang
- Lancaster University, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.
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4
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Cindrić AM, Marcinek S, Garnier C, Salaün P, Cukrov N, Oursel B, Lenoble V, Omanović D. Evaluation of diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique for speciation of trace metals in estuarine waters - A multimethodological approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 721:137784. [PMID: 32172124 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the potential bioavailability of trace metals (TM) in marine systems is of prime importance to implement adapted regulations and efficiently protect our coastal and estuarine waters. In this study Diffusive Gradients in Thin films (DGT) technique with two different pore size was used to evaluate the potentially bioavailable fractions (DGT-labile) of Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn at various depths of a highly stratified estuary (the Krka River estuary, Croatia) both in winter and summer. DGT-labile concentrations were compared to (1) total dissolved concentrations, (2) concentrations of labile species measured by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV-labile) for Cu and (3) concentrations derived by chemical speciation modelling. High correlation between dissolved and DGT-labile concentrations was found for all metals, except for Zn where contamination problems prevented reliable conclusions. Percentages of DGT-labile fractions over total dissolved concentrations were (AVG ± SD): 92 ± 3%, 64 ± 2%, 23 ± 5%, 61 ± 3% and 57 ± 6% for Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni and Co, respectively. No significant difference was found between trace metal concentrations measured with an open pore and restricted pore devices, implying the predominance of kinetically labile metal complexes smaller than 1 nm. For Cu, ASV-labile and DGT labile concentrations were highly correlated (0.97) with ASV-labile concentration being around 35% lower than that of the DGT-labile. Modelling of chemical speciation reliably predicted dynamic (free, inorganic and part of organic complexes) concentration of Cd, whereas dynamic concentrations of Cu and Pb were underestimated by 32% and 65%, respectively. In view of the relative simplicity of DGT devices, they are well suited for the monitoring effort of coastal waters, informing on potentially bioavailable concentrations of TM and thereby, helping to achieve good environmental status of coastal waters, as stipulated within the EU Water Framework Directive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Marija Cindrić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Center for Marine and Environmental Research, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Saša Marcinek
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Center for Marine and Environmental Research, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Cédric Garnier
- Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS/INSU, IRD, MIO UM 110, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, La Garde, France
| | - Pascal Salaün
- Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GP, UK
| | - Neven Cukrov
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Center for Marine and Environmental Research, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Benjamin Oursel
- Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS/INSU, IRD, MIO UM 110, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, La Garde, France
| | - Véronique Lenoble
- Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS/INSU, IRD, MIO UM 110, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, La Garde, France
| | - Dario Omanović
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Center for Marine and Environmental Research, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia.
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5
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Peng W, Li X, Lin M, Gui H, Xiang H, Zhao Q, Fan W. Biosafety of cadmium contaminated sediments after treated by indigenous sulfate reducing bacteria: Based on biotic experiments and DGT technique. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 384:121439. [PMID: 31640935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) biostabilization has attracted particular attention due to its ability to prevent and control heavy metal pollution. In this study, biotic experiments (immobilisation test of Daphnia (D.) magna, germination experiment of cucumber seeds, and in vitro experiment using gut juices of Sipunculus (S.) nudus) and diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique were performed to investigate the biosafety of cadmium (Cd) contaminated sediments after being treated by indigenous SRB. Results showed that SRB treatment reduced Cd bioaccessibility of sediment to S. nudus, Cd levels in the overlying water and Cd bioavailability to D. magna. However, the treatment increased the biotoxicity of overlying water due to significant reduction in the root length and germination index of cucumber seeds. DGT results confirmed that SRB treatment increased Cd stability in sediment, and reduced its release from the sediment into the overlying water. The biotoxicity of overlying water was not caused by Cd, but possibly by the added culture medium, SRB itself, or its metabolites. More attention is required to assess the safety of SRB treatment when it is used to remediate environmental matrix contaminated by heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Peng
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China; National Engineering Research Center of Coal Mine Water Hazard Controlling, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Manli Lin
- National Engineering Research Center of Coal Mine Water Hazard Controlling, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, PR China; School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, PR China
| | - Herong Gui
- National Engineering Research Center of Coal Mine Water Hazard Controlling, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, PR China; Key Laboratory of Mine Water Resource Utilization of Anhui Higher Education Institute, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, PR China
| | - Huidong Xiang
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Qing Zhao
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Wenhong Fan
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China.
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6
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Stripping chronopotentiometry at scanned deposition potential (SSCP): An effective methodology for dynamic speciation analysis of nanoparticulate metal complexes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.113530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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Amato ED, Covaci A, Town RM, Hereijgers J, Bellekens B, Giacometti V, Breugelmans T, Weyn M, Dardenne F, Bervoets L, Blust R. A novel active-passive sampling approach for measuring time-averaged concentrations of pollutants in water. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 209:363-372. [PMID: 29935465 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Passive sampling with in situ devices offers several advantages over traditional sampling methods (i.e., discrete spot sampling), however, data interpretation from conventional passive samplers is hampered by difficulties in estimating the thickness of the diffusion layer at the sampler/medium interface (δ), often leading to inaccurate determinations of target analyte concentrations. In this study, the performance of a novel device combining active and passive sampling was investigated in the laboratory. The active-passive sampling (APS) device is comprised of a diffusion cell fitted with a pump and a flowmeter. Three receiving phases traditionally used in passive sampling devices (i.e., chelex resin, Oasis HLB, and silicone rubber), were incorporated in the diffusion cell and allowed the simultaneous accumulation of cationic metals, polar, and non-polar organic compounds, respectively. The flow within the diffusion cell was accurately controlled and monitored, and, combined with diffusion coefficients measurements, enabled the average δ to be estimated. Strong agreement between APS and time-averaged total concentrations measured in discrete water samples was found for most of the substances investigated. Accuracies for metals ranged between 87 and 116%, except Cu and Pb (∼50%), whilst accuracies between 64 and 101%, and 92 and 151% were achieved for polar and non-polar organic compounds, respectively. These results indicate that, via a well-defined in situ preconcentration step, the proposed APS approach shows promise for monitoring the concentration of a range of pollutants in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvio D Amato
- Systemic, Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Raewyn M Town
- Systemic, Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jonas Hereijgers
- Research Group Advanced Reactor Technology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ben Bellekens
- Internet and Data Lab (IDLab), University of Antwerp-imec, Belgium
| | - Valentina Giacometti
- Centre for Cancer Research & Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast, UK
| | - Tom Breugelmans
- Research Group Advanced Reactor Technology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Maarten Weyn
- Internet and Data Lab (IDLab), University of Antwerp-imec, Belgium
| | - Freddy Dardenne
- Systemic, Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lieven Bervoets
- Systemic, Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ronny Blust
- Systemic, Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
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8
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Menegário AA, Yabuki LNM, Luko KS, Williams PN, Blackburn DM. Use of diffusive gradient in thin films for in situ measurements: A review on the progress in chemical fractionation, speciation and bioavailability of metals in waters. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 983:54-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Altier A, Jiménez-Piedrahita M, Rey-Castro C, Cecilia J, Galceran J, Puy J. Accumulation of Mg to Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films (DGT) Devices: Kinetic and Thermodynamic Effects of the Ionic Strength. Anal Chem 2016; 88:10245-10251. [PMID: 27660851 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Altier
- Departament de Química and ‡Departament de Matemàtica, Universitat de Lleida and AGROTECNIO, Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Martín Jiménez-Piedrahita
- Departament de Química and ‡Departament de Matemàtica, Universitat de Lleida and AGROTECNIO, Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Carlos Rey-Castro
- Departament de Química and ‡Departament de Matemàtica, Universitat de Lleida and AGROTECNIO, Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Joan Cecilia
- Departament de Química and ‡Departament de Matemàtica, Universitat de Lleida and AGROTECNIO, Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Josep Galceran
- Departament de Química and ‡Departament de Matemàtica, Universitat de Lleida and AGROTECNIO, Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Jaume Puy
- Departament de Química and ‡Departament de Matemàtica, Universitat de Lleida and AGROTECNIO, Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
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10
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Thanh PM, Ketheesan B, Yan Z, Stuckey D. Trace metal speciation and bioavailability in anaerobic digestion: A review. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:122-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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Chao JB, Zhou XX, Shen MH, Tan ZQ, Liu R, Yu SJ, Wang XW, Liu JF. Speciation Analysis of Labile and Total Silver(I) in Nanosilver Dispersions and Environmental Waters by Hollow Fiber Supported Liquid Membrane Extraction. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:14213-20. [PMID: 26580982 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Hollow fiber supported liquid membrane (HFSLM) extraction was coupled with ICP-MS for speciation analysis of labile Ag(I) and total Ag(I) in dispersions of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and environmental waters. Ag(I) in aqueous samples was extracted into the HFSLM of 5%(m/v) tri-n-octylphosphine oxide in n-undecane, and stripped in the acceptor of 10 mM Na2S2O3 and 1 mM Cu(NO3)2 prepared in 5 mM NaH2PO4-Na2HPO4 buffer (pH 7.5). Negligible depletion and exhaustive extraction were conducted under static and 250 rpm shaking to extract the labile Ag(I) and total Ag(I), respectively. The extraction equilibration was reached in 8 h for both extraction modes. The extraction efficiency and detection limit were (2.97 ± 0.25)% and 0.1 μg/L for labile Ag(I), and (82.3 ± 2.0)% and 0.5 μg/L for total Ag(I) detection, respectively. The proposed method was applied to determine labile Ag(I) and total Ag(I) in different sized AgNP dispersions and real environmental waters, with spiked recoveries of total Ag(I) in the range of 74.0-98.1%. With the capability of distinguishing labile and total Ag(I), our method offers a new approach for evaluating the bioavailability and understanding the fate and toxicity of AgNPs in aquatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Bo Chao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science Division, National Institute of Metrology , P. R. China , Beijing 100029
| | - Xiao-Xia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
| | - Mo-Hai Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
| | - Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
| | - Su-Juan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jing-Fu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University , Hubei Province, Wuhan 430056, China
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12
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Pham ALT, Johnson C, Manley D, Hsu-Kim H. Influence of Sulfide Nanoparticles on Dissolved Mercury and Zinc Quantification by Diffusive Gradient in Thin-Film Passive Samplers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:12897-903. [PMID: 26414810 PMCID: PMC4782790 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Diffusive gradient in thin-film (DGT) passive samplers are frequently used to monitor the concentrations of metals such as mercury and zinc in sediments and other aquatic environments. The application of these samplers generally presumes that they quantify only the dissolved fraction and not particle-bound metal species that are too large to migrate into the sampler. However, metals associated with very small nanoparticles (smaller than the pore size of DGT samplers) can be abundant in certain environments, yet the implications of these nanoparticles for DGT measurements are unclear. The objective of this study was to determine how the performance of the DGT sampler is affected by the presence of nanoparticulate species of Hg and Zn. DGT samplers were exposed to solutions containing known amounts of dissolved Hg(II) and nanoparticulate HgS (or dissolved Zn(II) and nanoparticulate ZnS). The amounts of Hg and Zn accumulated onto the DGT samplers were quantified over hours to days, and the rates of diffusion of the dissolved metal (i.e., the effective diffusion coefficient D) into the sampler's diffusion layer were calculated and compared for solutions containing varying concentrations of nanoparticles. The results suggested that the nanoparticles deposited on the surface of the samplers might have acted as sorbents, slowing the migration of the dissolved species into the samplers. The consequence was that the DGT sampler data underestimated the dissolved metal concentration in the solution. In addition, X-ray absorption spectroscopy was employed to determine the speciation of the Hg accumulated on the sampler binding layer, and the results indicated that HgS nanoparticles did not appear to directly contribute to the DGT measurement. Overall, our findings suggest that the deployment of DGT samplers in settings where nanoparticles are relevant (e.g., sediments) may result in DGT data that incorrectly estimated the dissolved metal concentrations. Models for metal uptake into the sampler may need to be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Le-Tuan Pham
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27503, United States
| | - Carol Johnson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27503, United States
| | - Devon Manley
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27503, United States
| | - Heileen Hsu-Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27503, United States
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13
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Parat C, Pinheiro JP. ISIDORE, a probe for in situ trace metal speciation based on Donnan membrane technique with related electrochemical detection part 1: Equilibrium measurements. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 896:1-10. [PMID: 26481984 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This work presents the development of a new probe (ISIDORE probe) based on the hyphenation of a Donnan Membrane Technique device (DMT) to a screen-printed electrode through a flow-cell to determine the free zinc, cadmium and lead ion concentration in natural samples, such as a freshwater river. The probe displays many advantages namely: (i) the detection can be performed on-site, which avoids all problems inherent to sampling, transport and storage; (ii) the low volume of the acceptor solution implies shorter equilibration times; (ii) the electrochemical detection system allows monitoring the free ion concentration in the acceptor solution without sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Parat
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, CNRS UMR 5254, LCABIE, 64000 Pau, France.
| | - J P Pinheiro
- Université de Lorraine/ENSG, CNRS UMR 7360, LIEC, 54500 Nancy, France
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14
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Dong Z, Lewis CG, Burgess RM, Shine JP. The Gellyfish: An in situ equilibrium-based sampler for determining multiple free metal ion concentrations in marine ecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:983-992. [PMID: 25598362 PMCID: PMC4731866 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Free metal ions are usually the most bioavailable and toxic metal species to aquatic organisms, but they are difficult to measure because of their extremely low concentrations in the marine environment. Many of the current methods for determining free metal ions are complicated and time-consuming, and they can only measure 1 metal at a time. The authors developed a new version of the "Gellyfish," an in situ equilibrium-based sampler, with significantly reduced equilibration time and the capability of measuring multiple free metal ions simultaneously. By calibrating the Gellyfish to account for its uptake of cationic metal complexes and validating them in multi-metal competition experiments, the authors were able to determine free metal ion concentrations previously collected over 10 mo at 5 locations in Boston Harbor for Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, and Cd. This generated 1 of the largest free metal ion datasets and demonstrated the applicability of the Gellyfish as an easy-to-use and inexpensive tool for monitoring free ion concentrations of metal mixtures in marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Dong
- Exposure, Epidemiology and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health. 665 Huntington Avenue, Building 1, B27 Boston, MA 02115, U.S.A
| | - Christopher G. Lewis
- Exposure, Epidemiology and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health. 665 Huntington Avenue, Building 1, B27 Boston, MA 02115, U.S.A
| | - Robert M. Burgess
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ORD/NHEERL - Atlantic Ecology Division. Narragansett, RI, U.S.A
| | - James P. Shine
- Exposure, Epidemiology and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health. 665 Huntington Avenue, Building 1, B27 Boston, MA 02115, U.S.A
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15
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Sekine R, Brunetti G, Donner E, Khaksar M, Vasilev K, Jämting ÅK, Scheckel KG, Kappen P, Zhang H, Lombi E. Speciation and lability of Ag-, AgCl-, and Ag2S-nanoparticles in soil determined by X-ray absorption spectroscopy and diffusive gradients in thin films. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:897-905. [PMID: 25436975 DOI: 10.1021/es504229h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Long-term speciation and lability of silver (Ag-), silver chloride (AgCl-), and silver sulfide nanoparticles (Ag2S-NPs) in soil were studied by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and newly developed “nano” Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films (DGT) devices. These nano-DGT devices were designed specifically to avoid confounding effects when measuring element lability in the presence of nanoparticles. The aging profile and stabilities of the three nanoparticles and AgNO3 (ionic Ag) in soil were examined at three different soil pH values over a period of up to 7 months. Transformation of ionic Ag, Ag-NP and AgCl-NPs were dependent on pH. AgCl formation and persistence was observed under acidic conditions, whereas sulfur-bound forms of Ag dominated in neutral to alkaline soils. Ag2S-NPs were found to be very stable under all conditions tested and remained sulfur bound after 7 months of incubation. Ag lability was characteristically low in soils containing Ag2S-NPs. Other forms of Ag were linked to higher DGT-determined lability, and this varied as a function of aging and related speciation changes as determined by XAS. These results clearly indicate that Ag2S-NPs, which are the most environmentally relevant form of Ag that enter soils, are chemically stable and have profoundly low Ag lability over extended periods. This may minimize the long-term risks of Ag toxicity in the soil environment.
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16
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Zielińska K, Town RM, Yasadi K, van Leeuwen HP. Partitioning of humic acids between aqueous solution and hydrogel. 2. Impact of physicochemical conditions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 31:283-291. [PMID: 25479141 DOI: 10.1021/la504393r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The effects of the physicochemical features of aqueous medium on the mode of partitioning of humic acids (HAs) into a model biomimetic gel (alginate) and a synthetic polyacrylamide gel (PAAm) were explored. Experiments were performed under conditions of different pH and ionic strength as well as in the presence or absence of complexing divalent metal ions. The amount of HA penetrating the gel phase was determined by measuring its natural fluorescence by confocal laser scanning microscopy. In both gel types, the accumulation of HA was spatially heterogeneous, with a much higher concentration located within a thin film at the gel surface. The thickness of the surface film (ca. 15 μm) was similar for both types of gel and practically independent of pH, ionic strength, and the presence of complexing divalent metal ions. The extent of HA accumulation was found to be dependent on the composition of the medium and on the type of gel. Significantly more HA was accumulated in PAAm gel as compared to that in alginate gel. In general, more HA was accumulated at lower background salt concentration levels. The distribution of different types of HA species in the gel body was linked to their behavior in the medium and the differences in physicochemical conditions inside the two phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Zielińska
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Colloid Science, Wageningen University , Dreijenplein 6, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Zhou XX, Liu R, Liu JF. Rapid chromatographic separation of dissoluble Ag(I) and silver-containing nanoparticles of 1-100 nanometer in antibacterial products and environmental waters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:14516-14524. [PMID: 25417798 DOI: 10.1021/es504088e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Sensitive and rapid methods for speciation analysis of nanoparticulate Ag (NAg) and Ag(I) in complex matrices are urgently needed for understanding the environmental effects and biological toxicity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Herein we report the development of a universal liquid chromatography (LC) method for rapid and high resolution separation of dissoluble Ag(I) from nanoparticles covering the entire range of 1-100 nm in 5 min. By using a 500 Å poresize amino column, and an aqueous mobile phase containing 0.1% (v/v) FL-70 (a surfactant) and 2 mM Na2S2O3 at a flow rate of 0.7 mL/min, all the nanoparticles of various species such as Ag and Ag2S were eluted in one fraction, while dissoluble Ag(I) was eluted as a baseline separated peak. The dissoluble Ag(I) was quantified by the online coupled ICP-MS with a detection limit of 0.019 μg/L. The NAg was quantified by subtracting the dissoluble Ag(I) from the total Ag content, which was determined by ICP-MS after digestion of the sample without LC separation. While the addition of FL-70 and Na2S2O3 into the mobile phase is essential to elute NAg and Ag(I) from the column, the use of 500 Å poresize column is the key to baseline separation of Ag(I) from ∼ 1 nm AgNPs. The feasibility of the proposed method was demonstrated in speciation analysis of dissoluble Ag(I) and NAg in antibacterial products and environmental waters, with very good chromatographic repeatability (relative standard deviations) in both peak area (<2%) and retention time (<0.6%), excellent spiked recoveries in the range of 84.7-102.7% for Ag(I) and 81.3-106.3% for NAg. Our work offers a novel approach to rapid and baseline separation of dissoluble metal ions from their nanoparticulate counterparts covering the whole range of 1-100 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
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18
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Puy J, Galceran J, Cruz-González S, David CA, Uribe R, Lin C, Zhang H, Davison W. Measurement of Metals Using DGT: Impact of Ionic Strength and Kinetics of Dissociation of Complexes in the Resin Domain. Anal Chem 2014; 86:7740-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac501679m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Puy
- Departament
de Química, Universitat de Lleida and AGROTECNIO, Rovira
Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Josep Galceran
- Departament
de Química, Universitat de Lleida and AGROTECNIO, Rovira
Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Sara Cruz-González
- Departament
de Química, Universitat de Lleida and AGROTECNIO, Rovira
Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Calin A. David
- Departament
de Química, Universitat de Lleida and AGROTECNIO, Rovira
Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Ramiro Uribe
- Departament
de Química, Universitat de Lleida and AGROTECNIO, Rovira
Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
- Departamento
de Física, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué 730001, Colombia
| | - Chun Lin
- Lancaster
Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, United Kingdom
| | - Hao Zhang
- Lancaster
Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, United Kingdom
| | - William Davison
- Lancaster
Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, United Kingdom
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19
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Pouran HM, Martin FL, Zhang H. Measurement of ZnO Nanoparticles Using Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films: Binding and Diffusional Characteristics. Anal Chem 2014; 86:5906-13. [DOI: 10.1021/ac500730s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid M. Pouran
- Lancaster Environment Centre and ‡Centre for Biophotonics, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Francis L. Martin
- Lancaster Environment Centre and ‡Centre for Biophotonics, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Hao Zhang
- Lancaster Environment Centre and ‡Centre for Biophotonics, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
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20
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Zielińska K, Town RM, Yasadi K, van Leeuwen HP. Partitioning of humic acids between aqueous solution and hydrogel: concentration profiling of humic acids in hydrogel phases. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:2084-2092. [PMID: 24512499 DOI: 10.1021/la4050094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The partitioning of the natural polyelectrolyte humic acid (HA) from an aqueous dispersion into a model biomimetic gel (alginate) and a synthetic polyacrylamide gel (PAAm) is explored. In both gels, the spatial distribution of HA in the gel body, as measured by confocal laser scanning microscopy, is markedly nonhomogeneous. A striking feature is the enhanced accumulation of HA in a thin film of thickness ca. 15 μm at the surface of the gel body, resulting in average local concentrations that are, for PAAm and alginate respectively, a factor of 10 and 4 greater than that in the bulk solution. The time dependence of accumulation in the surface film is predominantly controlled by the diffusive supply of HA from the aqueous medium, with a time constant on the order of 10(3) s for both gels. The concentration of HA within the bulk gel body differs significantly from that in the bulk aqueous medium: substantially higher for PAAm but much lower for alginate. The results are significant for understanding the nature and rate of sink/source functioning at permeable phases in contact with aqueous media, e.g., biofilms and gel-like layers at biological interfaces or employed in chemical speciation sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Zielińska
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Colloid Science, Wageningen University , Dreijenplein 6, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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21
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Pouran HM, Llabjani V, Martin FL, Zhang H. Evaluation of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy with multivariate analysis to study the binding mechanisms of ZnO nanoparticles or Zn2+ to Chelex-100 or metsorb. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:11115-11121. [PMID: 23947918 DOI: 10.1021/es4017552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Advancements in nanotechnology and the expected increases in production of commercial products with incorporated manufactured nanomaterials will very likely lead to increasing contamination of nanoparticles (NPs) in the environment. Though studying adverse impacts of NPs in the environment and their ecotoxicological fate and behavior is not new, limited information is available. A major challenge in this respect is the lack of a proper sampling technique that could provide data on concentrations of these materials in the environment. Diffusive gradient in thin-films (DGT) is a well-established method that can measure available concentrations of trace metals in soils and waters. Using this approach, different binding resins are employed as a sink to collect targeted chemicals during fixed times. Here, we examine the suitability of two common types of the DGT binding agents, commercially available Chelex-100 and Metsorb, to investigate whether these materials could irreversibly retain a model nanoparticle, ZnO, and if so, what would be the difference between bound ZnO NP and Zn(2+) ion. Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy was used to study the binding materials before and after exposure to ZnO NP and Zn(2+). Based on computational analysis using principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA), it was demonstrated that both Chelex-100 and Metsorb form chemical bonds with ZnO NP and Zn(2+), however the binding mechanisms of these zinc species as inferred from their infrared (IR) spectra are statistically different (95% confidence level). The experimental results suggest that the binding resins hold ZnO NP with fewer and weaker chemical bonds compared to Zn(2+). This research shows the potential of the DGT method to measure available concentrations of nanoparticles in the environment and demonstrate how ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, when used with computational analysis, can differentiate between diverse chemical species that are simultaneously retained by the binding layer in a DGT device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid M Pouran
- Lancaster Environment Centre, ‡Centre for Biophotonics, Lancaster University , Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, U.K
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22
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Santner J, Smolders E, Wenzel WW, Degryse F. First observation of diffusion-limited plant root phosphorus uptake from nutrient solution. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2012; 35:1558-1566. [PMID: 22452489 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2012.02509.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion towards the root surface has recently been shown to control the uptake of metal ions from solutions. The uptake flux of phosphorus (P) from solutions often approaches the maximal diffusion flux at low external concentrations, suggesting diffusion-controlled uptake also for P. Potential diffusion limitation in P uptake from nutrient solutions was investigated by measuring P uptake of Brassica napus from solutions using P-loaded Al(2) O(3) nanoparticles as mobile P buffer. At constant, low free phosphate concentration, plant P uptake increased up to eightfold and that of passive, diffusion-based samplers up to 40-fold. This study represents the first experimental evidence of diffusion-limited P uptake by plant roots from nutrient solution. The Michaelis constant of the free phosphate ion obtained in unbuffered solutions (K(m) = 10.4 µmol L(-1) ) was 20-fold larger than in the buffered system (K(m) ∼0.5 µmol L(-1) ), indicating that K(m) s determined in unbuffered solutions do not represent the transporter affinity. Increases in the P uptake efficiency of plants by increasing the carrier affinity are therefore unlikely, while increased root surface area or exudation of P-solubilizing compounds are more likely to enhance P uptake. Furthermore, our results highlight the important role natural nanoparticles may have in plant P nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Santner
- Rhizosphere Ecology and Biogeochemistry Group, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Soil Science, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
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23
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Puy J, Uribe R, Mongin S, Galceran J, Cecília J, Levy J, Zhang H, Davison W. Lability Criteria in Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:6564-73. [DOI: 10.1021/jp212629z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramiro Uribe
- Departamento
de Física, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
| | | | | | | | - Jacqueline Levy
- Lancaster Environment
Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster,
United Kingdom
| | - Hao Zhang
- Lancaster Environment
Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster,
United Kingdom
| | - William Davison
- Lancaster Environment
Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster,
United Kingdom
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24
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Ciffroy P, Nia Y, Garnier JM. Probabilistic multicompartmental model for interpreting DGT kinetics in sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:9558-9565. [PMID: 21707053 DOI: 10.1021/es104221b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Extensive research has been performed on the use of the DIFS (DGT-Induced Fluxes in Soils and Sediments) model to interpret diffusive gradients in thin-film, or DGT, measurements in soils and sediments. The current report identifies some areas where the DIFS model has been shown to yield poor results and proposes a model to address weaknesses. In particular, two major flaws in the current approaches are considered: (i) many studies of accumulation kinetics in DGT exhibit multiple kinetic stages and (ii) several combinations of the two fitted DIFS parameters can yield identical results, leaving the question of how to select the 'best' combination. Previously, problem (i) has been addressed by separating the experimental data sets into distinct time segments. To overcome these problems, a model considering two types of particulate binding sites is proposed, instead of the DIFS model which assumed one single particulate pool. A probabilistic approach is proposed to fit experimental data and to determine the range of possible physical parameters using Probability Distribution Functions (PDFs), as opposed to single values without any indication of their uncertainty. The new probabilistic model, called DGT-PROFS, was tested on three different formulated sediments which mainly differ in the presence or absence of iron oxides. It was shown that a good fit can be obtained for the complete set of data (instead of DIFS-2D) and that a range of uncertainty values for each modeling parameter can be obtained. The interpretation of parameter PDFs allows one to distinguish between a variety of geochemical behaviors, providing useful information on metal dynamics in sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ciffroy
- EDF, Division Recherche et Développement, Département Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique et Environnement, 78401 Chatou, France.
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25
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Nia Y, Garnier JM, Rigaud S, Hanna K, Ciffroy P. Mobility of Cd and Cu in formulated sediments coated with iron hydroxides and/or humic acids: a DGT and DGT-PROFS modeling approach. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 85:1496-1504. [PMID: 21992716 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The diffusive gradients technique in thin films (DGT) was used to investigate the kinetic resupply of Cd and Cu to pore water from the solid phase. For the sake of simplification, experiments were performed using formulated sediments that differed in the presence or absence of humic acids (HA) and/or of iron hydroxides (i.e., goethite and ferrihydrite). The effects of the time after the contamination of the solid phase (aging effect) on formulated sediments that were coated with goethite and HA and spiked with Cd were also evaluated. Kinetic DGT results were interpreted using the newly developed, multi-compartmental model DGT-PROFS. Due to Cu humate formation, the addition of HA slightly increased the Cu concentration in the pore water independent of the effect of the iron hydroxide coating on the formulated sediments and slightly decreased that of Cd. The impact of 8-190d of aging resulted in a significant decrease in the Cd concentration of the pore water over an increasing incubation time. Modeling our results with DGT-PROFS led to the following conclusions concerning the impact of HA and iron hydroxides on Cd and Cu availability. First, in the presence of HA and absence of iron hydroxides, Cd is associated mainly with weak sites, while Cu is bound to strong sites. Similarly, in the presence of both iron hydroxides and HA, Cu appeared to be more heavily associated with the strong sites than did Cd. When the incubation time increased from 8 to 190d, a proportion of Cd initially adsorbed onto weak sites transferred to the strong sites, suggesting that the adsorption of Cd on sediments is controlled partially by slow kinetic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Nia
- EDF, R&D Division, Département Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique et Environnement, 6 Quai Watier, Chatou, France
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26
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Burton GA, Johnston EL. Assessing contaminated sediments in the context of multiple stressors. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2010; 29:2625-2643. [PMID: 20931605 DOI: 10.1002/etc.332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Sediments have a major role in ecosystem functioning but can also act as physical or chemical stressors. Anthropogenic activities may change the chemical constituency of sediments and the rate, frequency, and extent of sediment transport, deposition, and resuspension. The importance of sediments as stressors will depend on site ecosystem attributes and the magnitude and preponderance of co-occurring stressors. Contaminants are usually of greater ecological consequence in human-modified, depositional environments, where other anthropogenic stressors often co-occur. Risk assessments and restoration strategies should better consider the role of chemical contamination in the context of multiple stressors. There have been numerous advances in the temporal and spatial characterization of stressor exposures and quantification of biological responses. Contaminated sediments causing biological impairment tend to be patchy, whereas more pervasive anthropogenic stressors, such as alterations to habitat and flow, physical disturbance, and nutrient addition, may drive large-scale ecosystem responses. A systematic assessment of relevant ecosystem attributes and reference conditions can assist in understanding the importance of sediments in the context of other stressors. Experimental manipulations then allow for the controlled study of dominant stressors and the establishment of causal links. This approach will result in more effective management of watersheds and waterways.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Allen Burton
- Cooperative Institute for Limnology and Ecosystems Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1041, USA.
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27
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Veeken PLRVD, Leeuwen HPV. DGT/DET gel partition features of humic acid/metal species. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:5523-5527. [PMID: 20553040 DOI: 10.1021/es100861t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Gel layer based sensors are increasingly employed for dynamic trace metal speciation analysis in aquatic and soil media, in which humic and fulvic acid species are generally known to be relevant. In DGT (diffusive gradient in thin film), polyacrylamide hydrogels are commonly used for the diffusive gel layer. Various effects of the presence of humic species on the amount of metal detected by DGT have been observed, but the role of the different metal/humic species is still unknown. Recently it was shown that in the absence of metal, humic acid accumulates significantly in the polyacrylamide hydrogel. Here we analyze the extent of this accumulation in the presence of cadmium under various conditions of ionic strength and total humic and fulvic acid concentrations. At millimolar ionic strength level, DET data show significant accumulation of cadmium(II) in the gel phase, on top of some Donnan enrichment. The results are essential for the interpretation of DGT/DET data on metals in the presence of humics, especially in freshwaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal L R van der Veeken
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Colloid Science, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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28
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van der Veeken PLR, Chakraborty P, Leeuwen HPV. Accumulation of humic acid in DET/DGT gels. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:4253-4257. [PMID: 20446728 DOI: 10.1021/es100510u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Gel layer based sensors are increasingly employed for dynamic trace metal speciation analysis in aquatic and soil media. In DGT (Diffusive Gradient in Thin film), polyacrylamide hydrogels are commonly used for the diffusive gel layer. While some effects of humic and fulvic acids on the DGT detection of metal species have been observed, the gel permeation properties of the actual humic and fulvic acid compounds themselves have not been analyzed thus far. Here we show with DET (Diffusive Equilibrium in Thin film) that these natural complexing agents do enter the gel layer, and that humic acids even appear to accumulate in the gel, with enrichment factors typically on the order of 10. The results have consequences for the interpretation of DGT-data on metal fluxes from aquatic media containing humics and fulvics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal L R van der Veeken
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Colloid Science, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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29
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Sherwood JE, Barnett D, Barnett NW, Dover K, Howitt J, Ii H, Kew P, Mondon J. Deployment of DGT units in marine waters to assess the environmental risk from a deep sea tailings outfall. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 652:215-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2009] [Revised: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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