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Mello FV, Marmelo I, Fogaça FHS, Déniz FL, Alonso MB, Maulvault AL, Torres JPM, Marques A, Fernandes JO, Cunha SC. Behavior of diclofenac from contaminated fish after cooking and in vitro digestion. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:5964-5972. [PMID: 38437521 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seafood consumers are widely exposed to diclofenac due to the high contamination levels often present in aquatic organisms. It is a potential risk to public health due its endocrine disruptor properties. Limited information is available about diclofenac behavior after food digestion to enable a more realistic scenario of consumer exposure. This study aimed to evaluate cooking effects on diclofenac levels, and determine diclofenac bioaccessibility by an in vitro digestion assay, using commercial fish species (seabass and white mullet) as models. The production of the main metabolite 4'-hydroxydiclofenac was also investigated. Fish hamburgers were spiked at two levels (150 and 1000 ng g-1) and submitted to three culinary treatments (roasting, steaming and grilling). RESULTS The loss of water seems to increase the diclofenac levels after cooking, except in seabass with higher levels. The high bioaccessibility of diclofenac (59.1-98.3%) observed in both fish species indicates that consumers' intestines are more susceptible to absorption, which can be worrisome depending on the level of contamination. Contamination levels did not affect the diclofenac bioaccessibility in both species. Seabass, the fattest species, exhibited a higher bioaccessibility of diclofenac compared to white mullet. Overall, cooking decreased diclofenac bioaccessibility by up to 40% in seabass and 25% in white mullet. The main metabolite 4'-hydroxydiclofenac was not detected after cooking or digestion. CONCLUSION Thus, consumption of cooked fish, preferentially grilled seabass and steamed or baked white mullet are more advisable. This study highlights the importance to consider bioaccessibility and cooking in hazard characterization studies. © 2024 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia V Mello
- Laboratory of Radioisotopes Eduardo Penna Franca, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Micropollutants, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IPMA, Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Divisão de Aquacultura e Valorização, I.P, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Isa Marmelo
- IPMA, Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Divisão de Aquacultura e Valorização, I.P, Lisboa, Portugal
- 4UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology - NOVA University of Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
- CIIMAR, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fabíola H S Fogaça
- Laboratory of Bioaccessibility, Embrapa Food Agroindustry, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando Lafont Déniz
- SCAI, Mass Spectrometry and Chromatography Lab, Campus Universitario de Rabanales. Edificio Ramón y Cajal, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Mariana B Alonso
- Laboratory of Radioisotopes Eduardo Penna Franca, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Luísa Maulvault
- IPMA, Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Divisão de Aquacultura e Valorização, I.P, Lisboa, Portugal
- 4UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology - NOVA University of Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
| | - João Paulo M Torres
- Laboratory of Radioisotopes Eduardo Penna Franca, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Micropollutants, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Antônio Marques
- IPMA, Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Divisão de Aquacultura e Valorização, I.P, Lisboa, Portugal
- CIIMAR, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José O Fernandes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara C Cunha
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Starr JM, Valentini E, Parker B, Graham SE, Waldron F. In vitro modeling of the post-ingestion mobilization and bioaccessibility of pesticides sorbed to soil and house dust. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 344:123295. [PMID: 38184152 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Soils and dusts can act as sinks for semivolatile lipophilic organic compounds and children ingest relatively large amounts of both soils and dusts. Following intake, sorbed chemicals may desorb (mobilize) and become available for intestinal absorption (bioaccessible). When chemicals are not degraded in the digestive tract, mobilization can approximate bioaccessibility. Alternatively, when gastrointestinal degradation of mobilized chemicals does occur, it can be useful to separate mobilization from bioaccessibility. In this study we used synthetic digestive fluids in a sequential, three-compartment (saliva, gastric, and intestinal) in vitro assay to construct mobilization and bioaccessibility models for 16 pesticides (log Kow 2.5-6.8) sorbed to 32 characterized soils and house dusts. To address the potential loss of mobilized pesticides due to absorption, the assays were repeated using a solid phase sorbent (tenax) added to the digestive fluid immediately after addition of the intestinal fluid components. We found that pesticide mobilization was predicted by pesticide log Kow and the carbon content of the soils and dusts. Pesticide loss measurably reduced the bioaccessibility of most pesticides, and bioaccessibility was largely predicted by log Kow and pesticide loss rate constants. Introduction of the sink increased mobilization by x̄ = 4 ± 6% (soil) and x̄ = 9 ± 7% (dust) while bioaccessibility increases were x̄ = 41 ± 21% (soil) and x̄ = 24 ± 12% (dust). The physicochemical properties of the soils, dusts, and pesticides used in this study successfully predicted the in vitro mobilization and bioaccessibility of the pesticides. This suggests that modeling of pesticide mobilization and bioaccessibility could reduce uncertainty in exposure and risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Starr
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Evelyn Valentini
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Bethany Parker
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Fellow at the United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Stephen E Graham
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Faith Waldron
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Fellow at the United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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3
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He Y, Cheng J, Lyu Y, Tang Z. Uptake and elimination of methylsiloxanes in hens after oral exposure: Implication for risk estimation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168838. [PMID: 38030011 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Methylsiloxanes are accumulated easily in aquatic organisms and may pose potential risks. However, available information on their uptake and accumulation in terrestrial species remains scarce. This study investigated the uptake, elimination and accumulation of eight typical methylsiloxanes in hens after a single oral exposure. At 1440 min after oral exposure, methylsiloxanes were mainly accumulated in kidney, liver and ovary, representing for 29.5 %, 20.4 % and 17.4 % of the summed methylsiloxanes in all tissues, respectively; all investigated chemicals were also detected in brains and unformed yolks. We found much higher mass uptake fractions (MUFs) of cyclic (27.5-66.5 %) than linear chemicals (9.9-17.3 %) by hens via this exposure, and the observed MUFs of individual cyclic congeners were comparable to the higher values of those reported for rats or fish previously. However, the metabolic half-life (t1/2) of these chemicals in hen tissues were in the range of 1.04-57.5 h based on kinetic analyses, indicating higher clearances in comparison with those reported for fish and rats. More research is needed on the metabolic mechanism of these chemicals in hens. Our findings provide important information for further understanding of transportation and transformation of these chemicals in terrestrial organisms and the associated potential risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying He
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Jiali Cheng
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Yang Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Zhenwu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
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Zheng C, Yang ZB, Xu XX, Cheng Z. Assessing the risk of human exposure to bioaccessible arsenic from total diet through market food consumption in Chengdu, China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:2065-2076. [PMID: 35789313 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01325-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To assess the daily intake of total arsenic (tAs) and arsenic speciation and their potential health risks, different food groups, including vegetables, rice, meat, viscera, freshwater fish, and seafood from Chengdu, China were analyzed. The concentrations of tAs ranged from 41.3 to 1185 μg kg-1 with a median of 238 μg kg-1, and 26.0% of tAs in the food groups was of inorganic toxic form. The median concentration of As(V) in rice (184 ± 21.6 μg kg-1) was approximately 2 to 6 times higher than those in other food groups. The bioaccessible inorganic arsenic (iAs) concentrations of the food items obtained from the local markets of Chengdu ranged from 1.07 to 24.6 μg kg-1 (mean of 6.04 μg kg-1). Rice contributed toward the largest amount of daily iAs intake (66.2%). The mean daily iAs intake from vegetable, meat and viscera contributed 10.7%, 12.5% and 6.04% of total iAs intake, respectively. The actual concentration of arsenic in the food exposed to the human body depends on oral bioaccessible fraction. The oral bioaccessibility estimated daily intake (μg kg-1 bw d-1) of tAs and iAs for the residents of Chengdu was 0.32 and 0.16. Health risk assessments carried out based on bioaccessible iAs concentrations showed that the food items were safe for consumption from the iAs perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zheng
- College of Environment Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Zhan-Biao Yang
- College of Environment Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiao-Xun Xu
- College of Environment Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Zhang Cheng
- College of Environment Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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Lv YZ, Luo XJ, Li QQ, Yang Y, Zeng YH, Mai BX. A new insight into the emission source of DDT in indoor environment from rural area of South China and comprehensive human health exposure assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:35189-35199. [PMID: 36527556 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24743-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) and the subsequent risk to human health remain an important concern due to the "new" input of DDTs in the environment, especially since exposure to DDTs in indoor microenvironments is often ignored. In this study, we identified a new source of DDT emission in indoor environments and evaluated the health risk from the exposure to DDTs by investigating DDTs in indoor and outdoor dust, air, and coatings of household items in rural areas of Qingyuan, South China. The concentrations of DDTs in house dust and air were < MQL (method quantification limit)-3450 ng/g (median 42.4 ng/g) and 22.7-965 pg/m3 (median 49.5 pg/m3), respectively, which were significantly higher than the outdoor DDT values. Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) was the main isomer in air samples, while DDT was the dominant isomer in indoor dust. Significant correlations between different DDT isomers were observed in indoor samples but not in outdoor samples. Furniture coating was identified as a source of DDTs in the indoor dust. The total daily exposure dose of DDTs (1.75 × 10-2 ng/kg bw/day for adults and 1.28 × 10-1 ng/kg bw/day for toddlers) through inhalation, dust ingestion, and dermal contact was found unlikely to pose a health risk. Our findings provide new insights into the emission sources and health risks caused by DDT indoors, highlighting the need to further investigate the toxicity mechanisms of parent DDT compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Zhi Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Qi-Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yan-Hong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Bi-Xian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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6
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Liu X, Wang P, Liang Y, Zhan J, Liu D, Zhou Z. Enantioselective characteristics, bioaccumulation and toxicological effects of chlordane-related compounds in laying hens. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 300:134486. [PMID: 35385762 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chlordane-related compounds are ubiquitously detected in the environment and can transfer and accumulate to animals through food chain to cause adverse effects. In this study, the dynamic distribution and the enantiomeric profile of chlordane-related compounds in laying hens over time were investigated. The effect of these compounds on immune-associated cells in the intestinal tract and histopathology in some tissues were also evaluated after long-term exposure. The chlordane-related compounds preferentially accumulated in fat, followed by the intestines, ovum, and egg yolk during long-term exposure. The metabolites heptachlor epoxide and oxychlordane were mainly formed in the liver of hens by epoxidation or hydroxylation. The high accumulation ratios of trans-nonachlor and MC5 were found in ovum and egg yolk after long-term exposure, implying a greater risk to the hens' offspring. Chlordane-related compounds may cause abnormal lipometabolism and glycometabolism in liver of hens. Additionally, (-)-Cis-chlordane was dominant in all tissues of laying hens and its dominance increased over time. Conversely, (+)-isomer of metabolite oxychlordane was overwhelmingly dominant during the experiment. These findings about enantioselectivity, metabolic processes and toxicological effects are crucial in understanding the exposure risk of chlordane-related compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueke Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Peng Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Yiran Liang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Jing Zhan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Donghui Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
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Ma G, Ma B, Wang L, Tao W. Occurrence and dietary exposure risks of phthalate esters in food in the typical valley city Xi'an, Northwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:31426-31440. [PMID: 35006560 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18592-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Diet is an important exposure pathway of phthalate esters (PAEs) for humans. A total of 174 food samples covering 11 food groups were collected from Xi'an, a typical valley city in Northwest China, and analyzed to assess the occurrence and exposure risks for PAEs in the food. Twenty-two PAEs were detected. The sum of the 22 PAEs (∑22PAEs) varied between 0.0340 and 56.8 µg/g, with a mean of 3.94 µg/g. The major PAEs were di-iso-butyl phthalate (DiBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-iso-nonyl phthalate (DiNP), and di-iso-decyl phthalate (DiDP), which were associated mainly with the usage of plasticizers. Bio-availability of the PAEs in the combined gastro-intestinal fluid simulant of digestion was higher than that in the single gastric or intestinal fluid simulant. Bis(2-methoxyethyl) phthalate exhibited the highest bio-availability in each of the three simulants. Bio-availability of the PAEs was negatively correlated with the molecular weight and octanol-water partition coefficient of the PAEs and positively correlated with the solubility and vapor pressure of the PAEs. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of PAEs based on national and municipal food consumption data was lower than the reference dose (RfD) of the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the tolerable dairy intake (TDI) of European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), except for the EDI of DnBP and DiBP being higher than the TDI of EFSA. Grains and vegetables were the major sources of human dietary exposure to PAEs. The hazardous quotient for human dietary exposure to PAEs was less than the critical value of 1 and the cancer risk of butyl benzyl phthalate and DEHP was in the range of 10-11-10-6, suggesting relatively low health risks. The results indicated that human exposure to DnBP, DiBP, DEHP, DiNP, and DiDP in food is considerable and a health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Ma
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - Bianbian Ma
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wendong Tao
- College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, 1 Forestry Dr., Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
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Li C, Xu S, Guan DX, Chen XX, He H. Assessment of DDT and its Metabolites Bioaccessibility in Historically Contaminated Soils Using Unfed and Fed in Vitro Methods. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 108:672-677. [PMID: 35039886 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-021-03420-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bioaccessibility of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) from unintentional ingestion of soil is increasingly assessed with in vitro gastrointestinal models incorporating a sorption sink. In this study, the bioaccessibility of DDTs in contaminated soils (n = 11) was determined using "unfed" unified bioaccessibility method (UBM) and fed organic estimation human simulation test (FOREhST) with/without Tenax as an absorbent. By adding Tenax, the bioaccessibility of DDTs determined using UBM was significantly increased from 4.9-30.6% to 31.6-86.0%. In contrast, the bioaccessibility of DDTs determined using FOREhST without/with Tenax were similar with values of 20.0-60.9% vs 31.5-47.6%, implying that the influence of food components on the absorption efficiency of the sink should not be overlooked. Much high fraction of DDTs (bioaccessibility: 11.7-24.8%) remained in FOREhST supernatant after Tenax collection, suggesting that prediction of bioavailability through bioaccessibility obtained by absorbent needs to be treated with caution when bioaccessibility is determined using a "fed state" in vitro method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shen Xu
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Dong-Xing Guan
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xian-Xian Chen
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Huan He
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Wang X, Tan Y, Gao M, Liu W, Yu Y. Bioaccessibility dependence of dietary exposure to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites and hexachlorocyclohexane isomers and their induced health risk: A case study in Beijing City, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 281:117065. [PMID: 33872892 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bioaccessibility is essential for evaluating dietary intake of contaminants. However, there is insufficient information on the dependence of dietary intake and risk assessment of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDXs) and hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs) on bioaccessibility. Here, we investigated the bioaccessibilities of DDXs and HCHs in various foods and their influences on assessing exposure in the residents of Beijing City, China. Forty-three major foods in five types (fruit, vegetables, cereals, aquatic food, and meat) were sampled, and the bioaccessibility of DDXs and HCHs was evaluated using a static in vitro gastrointestinal digestion model. The bioaccessibility of DDXs in different food types ranked in the order of meat > vegetables > fruit > cereals > aquatic food, with mean ± standard deviation values of 62.2 ± 22.1%, 20.5 ± 10.6%, 12.4 ± 3.66%, 11.2 ± 9.69%, and 10.7 ± 4.97%, respectively. The highest average bioaccessibility of HCHs was found in meat (83.4 ± 14.2%), followed by fruit (41.0 ± 12.5%), vegetables (37.6 ± 18.1%), aquatic foods (24.2 ± 9.22%), and cereals (8.73 ± 4.07%). The estimated daily intakes (EDI) of the sum of DDXs and the sum of HCHs based on the bioaccessible concentration were only about 17% and 55% of the total EDI based on the residual concentration, respectively. Meat was found to play a more important role in EDI after bioaccessibility correction. The proportion of the population with potential non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks markedly decreased when considering bioaccessibility. It was concluded that bioaccessibility should be integrated into dietary exposure evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuepeng Wang
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China
| | - Yixi Tan
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China
| | - Miaomiao Gao
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China
| | - Yanxin Yu
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China.
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Hao J, He Y, Hu X, Yin D, Zhang H, Hu S, Shen G. Bioaccessibility evaluation of pharmaceuticals in market fish with in vitro simulated digestion. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 411:125039. [PMID: 33858081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of pharmaceuticals-contaminated aquatic products could pose risks to human health, and risk assessments considering bioaccessibility can provide better dietary recommendations. In this study, the bioaccessibility of 6 pharmaceuticals (sulfadiazine (SD), sulfapyridine (SPD), roxithromycin (ROX), tylosin (TYL), diclofenac (DIC) and carbamazepine (CMZP)) in several fish species collected from Shanghai markets was evaluated using in vitro simulated digestion. The total mixed pharmaceuticals concentration in freshwater fish were lower than those in marine fish, and statistics showed that the total concentrations of SD, SPD and CMZP in freshwater fish were significantly lower than those of marine fish (p < 0.05). The bioaccessible concentration of each pharmaceutical accounted for 26.3% (TYL) to 101.5% (CMZP) of the total concentration in market fish (n = 70). The bioaccessibility of 6 pharmaceuticals in species of fish was 18.8% (cutlassfish) to 99.6% (bream), which may be related to the physical-chemical properties of the pharmaceutical and the characteristics of the matrix (e.g. lipid content). According to health risk assessments, the consumption of market fish in Shanghai posed no remarkable risk to human health (hazard quotient < 0.099). Ignoring the bioaccessibility of pharmaceuticals in aquatic products might overestimate the human health risks by dietary exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoyang Hao
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yi He
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xialin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Daqiang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hongchang Zhang
- Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Shuangqing Hu
- Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Genxiang Shen
- Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
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11
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Lu M, Li G, Yang Y, Yu Y. A review on in-vitro oral bioaccessibility of organic pollutants and its application in human exposure assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 752:142001. [PMID: 32892057 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Generally, human oral exposure assessments of contaminants have not considered the absorption factor in the human gastrointestinal tract, thus overestimating human exposure and associated health risk. Currently, more researchers are adding the absorption factor into human exposure assessment, and bioaccessibility measured by in-vitro methods is generally replacing bioavailability for estimation because of the cheap and rapid determination. However, no single unified in-vitro method is used for bioaccessibility measurement of organic pollutants, although several methods have been developed for these pollutants and have shown good in vitro-in vivo correlation between bioaccessibility and bioavailability. The present review has focused on the development of in-vitro methods, validation of these methods through in-vivo assays, determination of factors influencing bioaccessibility, application of bioaccessibility in human exposure assessment, and the challenges faced. Overall, most in-vitro methods were validated using bioavailability, and better in vitro-in vivo correlations were obtained when absorption sinks were added to the digestion solution to mimic dynamic absorption of organic chemicals by small intestine. Incorporating bioaccessibility into the estimation of human exposure by oral ingestion significantly decreases the estimated exposure dose. However, more investigations on bioaccessibility of hydrophobic organic compounds are urgently needed because many challenges for in-vitro methods remain to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijuan Lu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515041, PR China
| | - Yan Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515041, PR China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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12
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Craggs M, Gibson GR, Whalley P, Collins CD. Bioaccessibility of Difenoconazole in Rice Following Industry Standard Processing and Preparation Procedures. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:10167-10173. [PMID: 32786844 PMCID: PMC7499419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
For pesticide registration a post application assessment is made on the safety of any residue remaining in the edible portion of the treated crop. This assessment does not typically consider the bioaccessibility of pesticide residues. The effects of this on potential exposure to incurred difenoconazole residues passing through the human gastrointestinal tract were studied, including the impact of commodity processing. It has previously been demonstrated that solvent extraction methods have the potential to overestimate the bioaccessible fraction, so in vitro simulated gut systems may offer a better approach to determine residue bioaccessibility to refine the risk assessment process. The bioaccessibility of difenoconazole residues associated with processed rice samples was assessed using in vitro intestinal extraction and colonic fermentation methods. The mean bioaccessibility following intestinal digestion was 33.3% with a range from 13% to 70.6%. Quantification of the colonic bioaccessible fraction was not possible due to compound metabolism. Mechanical processing methods generally increased the residue bioaccessibility, while chemical methods resulted in a decrease. Both mechanical and chemical processing methods reduced the total difenoconazole residue level by ca. 50%.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Craggs
- Product Safety, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta International AG, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, United Kingdom
| | - G R Gibson
- Food Microbial Sciences Unit, School of Food Biosciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
| | - P Whalley
- Product Safety, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta International AG, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, United Kingdom
| | - C D Collins
- Department of Soil Science, School of Human & Environmental Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6DW, United Kingdom
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13
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Umeh AC, Duan L, Naidu R, Esposito M, Semple KT. In vitro gastrointestinal mobilization and oral bioaccessibility of PAHs in contrasting soils and associated cancer risks: Focus on PAH nonextractable residues. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 133:105186. [PMID: 31639608 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal mobilization and oral bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) nonextractable residues (NERs) from soils remain unexplored, including associated incremental lifetime cancer risks. This study investigated the gastrointestinal mobilization of PAHs and their NERs from contrasting soils, using a physiologically based extraction test that incorporates a silicone-rod (Si-Org-PBET) as PAH sink. Associated cancer risks following soil ingestion were also evaluated. Four solvent-spiked and aged soils, and four long-term contaminated manufactured gas plant (MGP) soils, were utilized. Total-extractable PAH concentrations were measured after exhaustive solvent extractions of soils. We evaluated the PAH sorption efficiency of the silicone rods and associated sorption kinetics, using PAH-spiked silica sand as the contaminated matrix. We then assessed gastrointestinal mobilization of benzo[a]pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene NERs from the solvent-spiked soils, and mobilization of six PAHs and their NERs from the MGP soils. PAH oral bioaccessibility was determined. The incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRs), using Si-Org-PBET- and total-extractable PAH concentrations from the MGP soils, were calculated. Sorption kinetics modelling showed that 95% of mobilized PAHs sorbed to the silicone rods within 2-19 h, depending on PAH physico-chemical properties. Total-extractable and Si-Org-PBET extractable PAH concentrations exceeded health investigation levels (3 mg/kg based on benzo[a]pyrene toxic equivalent quotients) in soils. PAH oral bioaccessibility approached 100% for solvent-spiked soils, but only 24-36% for the MGP soils. Associated ILCRs exceeded target levels (10-5) for one MGP soil, particularly for 2-3 year olds, despite oral bioaccessibility considerations. In contrast, mobilized PAH NERs did not exceed health investigation and ILCR levels, as the NERs were highly sequestered, especially in the MGP soils. PAH nonextractable residues in long-term contaminated soils are unlikely to be mobilized in concentrations that pose cancer risks to humans following soil ingestion, and do not need to be considered in risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Umeh
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Luchun Duan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Monica Esposito
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Kirk T Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
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14
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Zeng D, Kang Y, Chen J, Li A, Chen W, Li Z, He L, Zhang Q, Luo J, Zeng L. Dermal bioaccessibility of plasticizers in indoor dust and clothing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 672:798-805. [PMID: 30978542 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Several studies indicate that human exposure to plasticizers via dermal pathway is not negligible, but the dermal bioaccessibility of phthalates and alternative plasticizers from the important environmental matrix including indoor dust and clothing and the importance weight of dermal exposure to those pollutants have been poorly studied. An in vitro physiologically based extraction test was employed to investigate the dermal bioaccessibility of target phthalates and alternative plasticizers from indoor dust and clothing. Temperature, incubation time, sweat/sebum ratio and solid/liquid ratio were selected to study their effects on the bioaccessibility. The bioaccessibility of Diethyl phthalates (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), bis-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), Acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC), bis-2-ethylhexyladipate (DEHA) and bis-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate (DEHT) in indoor dust were 66.20 ± 1.93%, 94.27 ± 1.31%, 80.37 ± 8.09%, 75.02 ± 2.12%, 94.50 ± 3.42% and 74.09 ± 3.79%, respectively, under the condition of 1:1 sweat/sebum ratio, 1/100 solid/liquid ratio (indoor dust), 1:1 area/area ratio (1:1, clothing) and 90 min incubation time at 36.3 °C which are chosen based on the experimental results and human physical conditions. DBP showed the highest bioaccessibility in all samples. The time course of the plasticizer release was fitted to a first-order one-compartment model. DBP showed the highest release rate (k1) calculated from the model, which was consistent with the bioaccessibility result. Risk assessment indicated that dermal exposure of DBP was an important exposure route, accounting for about 21.58% of total intake, and indoor dust was an important exposure media when considering the dermal bioaccessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diya Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Kang
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Drinking Water Safety, and Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Junheng Chen
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Anyao Li
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanyu Chen
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhumei Li
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Lintao He
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuyun Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Drinking Water Safety, and Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiwen Luo
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Drinking Water Safety, and Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixuan Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Drinking Water Safety, and Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
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15
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Chen G, Jiang X, Gu C, Sun C, Li M. Bioaccessibility of BDE 47 in a simulated gastrointestinal system and its metabolic transformation mechanisms in Caco-2 cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 214:408-417. [PMID: 30268896 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been regarded as ubiquitous environmental pollutants. However, the absorption and transformation of these compounds after ingestion are not well understood yet. In this study, the bioaccessibility and metabolic pathway of 2,2',4,4'- tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE47) was investigated in an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell. Gastric and intestinal bioaccessibilities of BDE47 in 5 kinds of spiked soil samples were ranging from 11.39 ± 0.83% to 36.02 ± 4.34%, and 48.24 ± 3.24% to 81.52 ± 6.43%, respectively. Upon exposure to differentiated Caco-2 cells for 6 h, it was found that only a small amount of BDE47 in the gastrointestinal (GI) solution could pass through Caco-2 cells, and might enter the body. Moreover, BDE47 was found to be metabolized or transformed into BDE28, BDE75, BDE37, BDE32, BDE15 and BDE8 in Caco-2 cells. The metabolic pathway could be explained by using the Becke three-parameter hybrid functional (B3Lucifer yellow CHP) in the Density Functional Theory (DFT), denoted as the values of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) at the atoms of BDE47 and its metabolic products. The obtained results suggest that oral intake of PBDEs is associated with low bioaccessibility, but also emphasize the risks associated with oral ingestion, namely toxicity resulting from the debromination of highly brominated diphenyl ethers. Although highly brominated diphenyl ethers are known to be the least toxic PBDEs, the debrominated products in human intestinal epithelia may elicit greater than expected toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Department of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, China
| | - Xiaofeng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chenggang Gu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Cheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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16
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Dang F, Jiang Y, Li M, Zhong H, Peijnenburg WGM, Shi W, Zhou D. Oral bioaccessibility of silver nanoparticles and ions in natural soils: Importance of soil properties. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 243:364-373. [PMID: 30199811 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.08.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The abundance of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in consumer products has led to their environmental release and therefore to concern about their impact on human health. The ingestion of AgNP-contaminated soil from urban sites is an important exposure pathway, especially for children. Given the limited information on oral bioaccessibility of soil Ag, we used a physiologically based extraction test (PBET) to evaluate the bioaccessibility of AgNPs and AgNO3 from soil digestion. The AgNPs underwent several biochemical transformations, including their simultaneous dissolution and agglomeration in gastric fluid followed by the disintegration in the intestinal fluid of the agglomerates into NPs containing silver and chlorine. Therefore, Ag-containing soil exposed the intestine to nanoparticulate Ag in forms that were structurally different from the original forms. The bioaccessibility of AgNPs (0.5 ± 0.05%-10.9 ± 0.7%) was significantly lower than that of AgNO3 (4.7 ± 0.6%-14.4 ± 0.1%), as a result of the lower adsorption of nanoparticles to soil residues during the digestive process. For the soils tested, the bioaccessibility of AgNPs increased with decreasing clay contents and lower pH. By identifying the soil properties that control AgNP bioaccessibility, a more efficient and accurate screening can be performed of soil types that pose the greatest health risk associated with AgNP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Dang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yuanyuan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Kerui Road 1 in Gaoxin Section, Suzhou, 215011, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Huan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - WillieJ G M Peijnenburg
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Center for Safety of Substances and Products, 3720, BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, 2300, RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Weilin Shi
- Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Kerui Road 1 in Gaoxin Section, Suzhou, 215011, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dongmei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China.
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17
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Yu Y, Jiang Z, Zhao Z, Chong D, Li G, Ma S, Zhang Y, An T. Novel in vitro method for measuring the mass fraction of bioaccessible atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using simulated human lung fluids. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:1633-1641. [PMID: 30082153 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The bioaccessibility of organic pollutants is a key factor in human health risk assessments. We developed a novel in vitro method for determining the mass fraction of bioaccessible atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using an air-washing device containing simulated human lung fluid. The experimental parameters were optimized based on the deposition fractions (DFs) of PAHs in human lung fluids. The DFs were measured for PAHs based on the mass of compounds in the mainstream and exhaled cigarette smoke. The mass fractions of bioaccessible PAHs were measured by passing the mainstream cigarette smoke through the air-washing device, and they were calculated via a simple mass balance equation based on the PAHs in the fluid and mainstream cigarette smoke. The DFs of individual PAHs ranged from 20.5% to 78.1%, and the bioaccessible mass fractions varied between 45.5% and 99.8%. The octanol-water partition coefficients (KOW) significantly influenced both the DFs and bioaccessible mass fractions of PAHs, and the optimized in vitro method could be used to estimate the bioavailable atmospheric PAHs. This in vitro method can potentially be used to measure the mass fraction of bioaccessible atmospheric PAHs and to assess the health risk related to human exposure to airborne PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Yu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Zi'an Jiang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Zhishen Zhao
- Teaching Equipment and Laboratory Management Center, Guiyang University, Guiyang, 550005, PR China
| | - Dan Chong
- Institute of Construction and Project Management, School of Management, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, PR China.
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18
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Gao P, Lei T, Jia L, Yury B, Zhang Z, Du Y, Feng Y, Xing B. Bioaccessible trace metals in lip cosmetics and their health risks to female consumers. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 238:554-561. [PMID: 29605615 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Females can be exposed to toxic elements in lip cosmetics following ingestion. The bioaccessibility of Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Cd, Sb and Pb in lip cosmetics (n = 32) were assessed via the dilute HCl extraction method, In Vitro Gastrointestinal protocol (IVG) and the United States Pharmacopeia Methodology (USPM), and then health risks were characterized. The total concentrations of trace metals (TMs) in lip cosmetics were in the range of 15.55-111.97 mg/kg (Mean: 60.99 mg/kg). Cu, Pb and Cr were the three major TMs and accounting for >75% of the total concentrations. Except Sb and Pb in 4/32 and 4/32 samples were higher than the US FDA (Food and Drug Administration of the United States) limits, the other TMs were lower than that limits. Only bioaccessible Pb in all samples significantly exceeded the FDA limit 0.1 mg/kg in candy. Using IVG or USPM might be preferable for evaluating the TMs exposure over HCl since they better represent gastrointestinal physiology. The estimated average daily intake (ADI) of bioaccessible ∑TMs through lip cosmetics ingestion of career women and female college students were under safety level. The long-term exposure of bioaccessible TMs by lip cosmetics using would inevitably cause non-carcinogenic health risk. This is the first report on the in vitro tests used for evaluating bioaccessible TMs in lip cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Gao
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Tingting Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Liming Jia
- Environmental Monitoring Centre of Heilongjiang Province, 2 Weixing Road, Harbin, 150056, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Badmatsybenov Yury
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhaohan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yingqiu Du
- Agricultural Products Quality and Safety Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 368 Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yujie Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, United States
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19
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Zhang R, Wu W, Zhang Z, Park Y, He L, Xing B, McClements DJ. Effect of the Composition and Structure of Excipient Emulsion on the Bioaccessibility of Pesticide Residue in Agricultural Products. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:9128-9138. [PMID: 28914056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The influence of co-ingestion of food emulsions with tomatoes on the bioaccessibility of a model pesticide (chlorpyrifos) was studied. Emulsions were fabricated with different oil contents (0-8%), lipid compositions (medium chain triglyceride (MCT) and corn oil), and particle diameters (d32 = 0.17 and 10 μm). The emulsions were then mixed with chlorpyrifos-contaminated tomato puree, and the mixtures were subjected to a simulated gastrointestinal tract (GIT) consisting of mouth, stomach, and small intestine. The particle size, surface charge, and microstructure of the emulsions was measured as they passed through the GIT, and chlorpyrifos bioaccessibility was determined after digestion. The composition and structure of the emulsions had a significant impact on chlorpyrifos bioaccessibility. Bioaccessibility increased with increasing oil content and was higher for corn oil than MCT, but did not strongly depend on oil droplet size. These results suggest that co-ingestion of emulsions with fruits or vegetables could increase pesticide bioaccessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruojie Zhang
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Wenhao Wu
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Zipei Zhang
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Yeonhwa Park
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Lili He
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - David Julian McClements
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Laboratory for Environmental Health NanoScience, Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University , 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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Lin L, Zheng F, Zhou H, Li S. Biomimetic Gastrointestinal Tract Functions for Metal Absorption Assessment in Edible Plants: Comparison to In Vivo Absorption. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:6282-6287. [PMID: 28685577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A biomimetic gastrointestinal tract, including in vitro digestion and biomimetic biomembrane extraction, has been proposed for absorption assessment of metals from edible plants. However, its validity is still unknown. Herein, two species of edible plants, Anoectochilus roxburghii and Radix astragali, were selected and digested in a bionic mouth, stomach, and intestine, and then trace metals (Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Sr, As, and Pb) were transformed to their final metal species. To check model predictability, in vitro and in vivo metal absorption were imitated and tested by monolayer liposome extraction and rat stomach or single-pass duodenal intestine, respectively. A strong correlation was established between in vivo and in vitro metal absorption ratios, with 0.89 > R2 > 0.66, and a significant relationship (p < 0.05) was exhibited for stomach, intestine, two plant species, and 10 metal species. Our biomimetic system could be used as low-cost alternatives to animal and clinical studies for multi-metal absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luxiu Lin
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology and §College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Minnan Normal University , Zhangzhou, Fujian 363000, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengying Zheng
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology and §College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Minnan Normal University , Zhangzhou, Fujian 363000, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Zhou
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology and §College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Minnan Normal University , Zhangzhou, Fujian 363000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunxing Li
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology and §College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Minnan Normal University , Zhangzhou, Fujian 363000, People's Republic of China
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21
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Mi XB, Su Y, Bao LJ, Tao S, Zeng EY. Significance of Cooking Oil to Bioaccessibility of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Raw and Cooked Fish: Implications for Human Health Risk. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:3268-3275. [PMID: 28382825 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined the bioacessibility of DDTs and PBDEs in cooked fish (yellow grouper; Epinephelus awoara) with and without heating using the colon extended physiologically based extraction test. The bioaccessibility of DDTs and PBDEs increased from 60 and 26% in raw fish to 83 and 63%, respectively, after the addition of oil to raw fish. However, they decreased from 83 to 66% and from 63 to 40%, respectively, when oil-added fish were cooked. Human health risk assessment based on bioaccessible concentrations of DDTs and PBDEs in fish showed that the maximum allowable daily fish consumption rates decreased from 25, 59, and 86 g day-1 to 22, 53, and 77 g day-1 for children, youths, and adults, respectively, after fish were cooked with oil. These findings indicated that the significance of cooking oil to the bioaccessibility of DDTs and PBDEs in food should be considered in assessments of human health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Bo Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Su
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lian-Jun Bao
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shu Tao
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
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22
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Umeh AC, Duan L, Naidu R, Semple KT. Residual hydrophobic organic contaminants in soil: Are they a barrier to risk-based approaches for managing contaminated land? ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 98:18-34. [PMID: 27745947 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Risk-based approaches to managing contaminated land, rather than approaches based on complete contaminant removal, have gained acceptance as they are likely to be more feasible and cost effective. Risk-based approaches aim to minimise risks of exposure of a specified contaminant to humans. However, adopting a risk-based approach over alternative overly-conservative approaches requires that associated uncertainties in decision making are understood and minimised. Irrespective of the nature of contaminants, a critical uncertainty is whether there are potential risks associated with exposure to the residual contaminant fractions in soil to humans and other ecological receptors, and how they should be considered in the risk assessment process. This review focusing on hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs), especially polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), suggests that there is significant uncertainty on the residual fractions of contaminants from risk perspectives. This is because very few studies have focused on understanding the desorption behaviour of HOCs, with few or no studies considering the influence of exposure-specific factors. In particular, it is not clear whether the exposure of soil-associated HOCs to gastrointestinal fluids and enzyme processes release bound residues. Although, in vitro models have been used to predict PAH bioaccessibility, and chemical extractions have been used to determine residual fractions in various soils, there are still doubts about what is actually being measured. Therefore it is not certain which bioaccessibility method currently represents the best choice, or provides the best estimate, of in vivo PAH bioavailability. It is suggested that the fate and behaviour of HOCs in a wide range of soils, and that consider exposure-specific scenarios, be investigated. Exposure-specific scenarios are important for validation purposes, which may be useful for the development of standardised methods and procedures for HOC bioaccessibility determinations. Research is needed to propose the most appropriate testing methods and for assessing potential risks posed by residual fractions of HOCs. Such investigations may be useful for minimising uncertainties associated with a risk-based approach, so that consideration may then be given to its adoption on a global scale. This review critically appraises existing information on the bioavailability of HOC residues in soil to establish whether there may be risks from highly sequestered contaminant residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Umeh
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Co-operative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Luchun Duan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Co-operative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Co-operative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Kirk T Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
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Kang Y, Pan W, Liang S, Zeng L, Zhang Q, Luo J, Guo X. In vitro digestion and absorption of BDE-28, -47, -99 and -153 in indoor dust and its implication in risk assessment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 134P1:11-16. [PMID: 27573363 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The bioaccessibility of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in indoor dust was estimated by a series of in vitro digestion methods. However, the absorption of PBDEs by intestinal cells after in vitro digestion was seldom studied. In the present study, the bioaccessibility of BDE-28, 47, 99 and 153 in indoor dust was firstly investigated by using the in vitro digestion method. Bioaccessibility in intestinal phase (BDE-28: 24.5-30.1%; BDE-47: 6.99-13.0; BDE-99: 1.61-14.2%; and BDE-153 5.97-24.4%.) was higher than that in gastric phase (BDE-28: 38.3-58.0; BDE-47: 9.62-30.9%; BDE-99: 9.71-24.3%; and BDE-153: 13.8-57.4%). The organic matter contents in indoor dust showed variable influence on the bioaccessibility of PBDEs. For the Caco-2 uptake assay, the BDE-28 showed greatest transport rate from medium to cell (Kmc: 0.525h-1), followed by -47, -99 and -153. The Kmc of PBDEs was significantly negative correlated with its corresponding KOW value. Similar pattern was found for the maximum uptake flux (Ju, max) and the transport rate from cell to medium (Kcm). The combination of bioacessibility and the absorption factor by Caco-2 cells could be used to estimate human intake of PBDEs via indoor dust would avoid overestimate the health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Kang
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Drinking Water Safety, School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weijian Pan
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Drinking Water Safety, School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyun Liang
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Drinking Water Safety, School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixuan Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Drinking Water Safety, School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qiuyun Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Drinking Water Safety, School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiwen Luo
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Drinking Water Safety, School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinmei Guo
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Drinking Water Safety, School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
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24
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Zhang Y, Pignatello JJ, Tao S. Bioaccessibility of nitro- and oxy-PAHs in fuel soot assessed by an in vitro digestive model with absorptive sink. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 218:901-908. [PMID: 27531622 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ingestion of soot present in soil or other environmental particles is expected to be an important route of exposure to nitro and oxygenated derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). We measured the apparent bioaccessibility (Bapp) of native concentrations of 1-nitropyrene (1N-PYR), 9-fluorenone (9FLO), anthracene-9,10-dione (ATQ), benzo[a]anthracene-7,12-dione (BaAQ), and benzanthrone (BZO) in a composite fuel soot sample using a previously-developed in vitro human gastrointestinal model that includes silicone sheet as a third-phase absorptive sink. Along with Bapp, we determined the 24-h sheet-digestive fluid partition coefficient (Ks,24h), the soot residue-fluid distribution ratio of the labile sorbed fraction after digestion (Kr,lab), and the maximum possible (limiting) bioaccessibility, Blim. The Bapp of PAH derivatives was positively affected by the presence of the sheet due to mass-action removal of the sorbed compounds. In all cases Bapp increased with imposition of fed conditions. The enhancement of Bapp under fed conditions is due to increasingly favorable mass transfer of target compounds from soot to fluid (increasing bile acid concentration, or adding food lipids) or transfer from fluid to sheet (by raising small intestinal pH). Food lipids may also enhance Bapp by mobilizing contaminants from nonlabile to labile states of the soot. Compared to the parent PAH, the derivatives had larger Kr,lab, despite having lower partition coefficients to various hydrophobic reference phases including silicone sheet. The Blim of the derivatives under the default conditions of the model ranged from 65.5% to 34.4%, in the order, 1N-PYR > ATQ > 9FLO > BZO > BaAQ, with no significant correlation with hydrophobic parameters, nor consistent relationship with Blim of the parent PAH. Consistent with earlier experiments on a wider range of PAHs, the results suggest that a major determinant of bioaccessibility is the distribution of chemical between nonlabile and labile states in the original solid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Joseph J Pignatello
- Department of Environmental Sciences, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, 06504-1106, United States.
| | - Shu Tao
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China.
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25
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Cui XY, Xiang P, He RW, Juhasz A, Ma LQ. Advances in in vitro methods to evaluate oral bioaccessibility of PAHs and PBDEs in environmental matrices. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 150:378-389. [PMID: 26921590 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cleanup goals for sites contaminated with persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are often established based on total contaminant concentrations. However, mounting evidence suggests that understanding contaminant bioavailability in soils is necessary for accurate assessment of contaminant exposure to humans via oral ingestion pathway. Animal-based in vivo tests have been used to assess contaminant bioavailability in soils; however, due to ethical issues and cost, it is desirable to use in vitro assays as alternatives. Various in vitro methods have been developed, which simulate human gastrointestinal (GI) tract using different digestion fluids. These methods can be used to predict POP bioavailability in soils, foods, and indoor dust after showing good correlation with in vivo animal data. Here, five common in vitro methods are evaluated and compared using PAHs and PBDEs as an example of traditional and emerging POPs. Their applications and limitations are discussed while focusing on method improvements and future challenges to predict POP bioavailability in different matrices. The discussions should shed light for future research to accurately assess human exposure to POPs via oral ingestion pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yi Cui
- State Key Lab of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210046, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- State Key Lab of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210046, China
| | - Rui-Wen He
- State Key Lab of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210046, China
| | - Albert Juhasz
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Lena Q Ma
- State Key Lab of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210046, China; Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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26
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Zhang Y, Pignatello JJ, Tao S, Xing B. Bioaccessibility of PAHs in Fuel Soot Assessed by an in Vitro Digestive Model with Absorptive Sink: Effect of Food Ingestion. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:14641-14648. [PMID: 26551410 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of changing physiological conditions in the digestive tract expected with food ingestion on the apparent bioaccessibility (Bapp) of 11 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a fuel soot. A previously established in vitro digestive model was applied that included silicone sheet as a third-phase absorptive sink simulating passive transfer of PAHs to intestinal epithelium in the small intestine stage. The Bapp is defined as the fraction found in the digestive fluid plus sheet after digestion. We determined that Bapp was independent of gastric pH and addition of nonlipid milk representing dietary proteins and carbohydrates, whereas it increased with bile acids concentration (2.0-10 g/L), small intestinal pH (5.00-7.35), and addition of soybean oil representing dietary lipid (100% and 200% of the mean daily ingestion by 2-5 year olds in the U.S.). Bapp of PAHs increases with small intestinal pH due to the combined effects of mass transfer promotion from nonlabile to labile sorbed states in the soot, weaker sorption of the labile state, and increasingly favorable partitioning from the digestive fluid to the silicone sink. Under fed conditions, Bapp increases with inclusion of lipids due to the combined effects of mass transfer promotion from nonlabile to labile states, and increasingly favorable partitioning into bile acid micelles. Our results indicate significant variability in soot PAH bioaccessibility within the range of physiological conditions experienced by humans, and suggest that bioaccessibility will increase with coconsumption of food, especially food with high fat content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Joseph J Pignatello
- Department of Environmental Sciences, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station , New Haven, Connecticut 06504-1106, United States
| | - Shu Tao
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9246, United States
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Cheng Z, Mo WY, Lam CL, Choi WM, Wong MH. Replacing fish meal by food waste to produce lower trophic level fish containing acceptable levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Health risk assessments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 523:253-261. [PMID: 25880597 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed at using different types of food wastes (mainly containing cereal [food waste A] and meat meal [food waste B]) as major sources of protein to replace the fish meal used in fish feeds to produce quality fish. The traditional fish farming model used to culture low trophic level fish included: bighead, (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis), grass carp, (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), and mud carp, (Cirrhinus molitorella) of omnivorous chain. The results indicated that grass carp and bighead carp fed with food waste feeds were relatively free of PAHs. The results of health risk assessment showed that the fish fed with food waste feeds were safe for consumption from the PAHs perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Cheng
- College of Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), Hong Kong Institute of Education, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China; Department of Science and Environmental Studies, Hong Kong Institute of Education, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing-Yin Mo
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), Hong Kong Institute of Education, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China; Department of Science and Environmental Studies, Hong Kong Institute of Education, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cheung-Lung Lam
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), Hong Kong Institute of Education, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China; Department of Science and Environmental Studies, Hong Kong Institute of Education, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai-Ming Choi
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), Hong Kong Institute of Education, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China; Department of Science and Environmental Studies, Hong Kong Institute of Education, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ming-Hung Wong
- College of Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), Hong Kong Institute of Education, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China; Department of Science and Environmental Studies, Hong Kong Institute of Education, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China; School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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28
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Collins CD, Craggs M, Garcia-Alcega S, Kademoglou K, Lowe S. 'Towards a unified approach for the determination of the bioaccessibility of organic pollutants'. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 78:24-31. [PMID: 25728561 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Bioaccessibility studies have been widely used as a research tool to determine the potential human exposure to ingested contaminants. More recently they have been practically applied for soil borne toxic elements. This paper reviews the application of bioaccessibility tests across a range of organic pollutants and contaminated matrices. Important factors are reported to be: the physiological relevance of the test, the components in the gut media, the size fraction chosen for the test and whether it contains a sorptive sink. The bioaccessibility is also a function of the composition of the matrix (e.g. organic carbon content of soils) and the physico-chemical characteristics of the pollutant under test. Despite the widespread use of these tests, there are a large number of formats used and very few validation studies with animal models. We propose a unified format for a bioaccessibility test for organic pollutants. The robustness of this test should first be confirmed through inter laboratory comparison, then tested in-vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Craggs
- Soil Research Centre, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | | | | | - Stephen Lowe
- Soil Research Centre, University of Reading, Reading, UK
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29
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Zhang Y, Pignatello JJ, Tao S, Xing B. Bioacessibility of PAHs in fuel soot assessed by an in vitro digestive model: effect of including an absorptive sink. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:3905-3912. [PMID: 25692464 DOI: 10.1021/es505898v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) associated with soot or black carbon can enter the human digestive tract by unintentional ingestion of soil or other particles. This study investigated the bioaccessibility of 11 PAHs in a composite fuel soot sample using an in vitro digestive model that included silicone sheet as an absorptive sink during the small intestinal digestion stage. The sheet was meant to simulate the passive transfer of PAHs in lumen fluid across the small intestinal epithelium, which was postulated to promote desorption of labile PAHs from the soot by steepening the soot-fluid concentration gradient. We show that the presence of silicone sheet during a 4 h default digestion time significantly increased the apparent bioaccessible fraction (Bapp, %), defined as the sum in the sheet and digestive fluid relative to the total PAH determined. The ability to increase Bapp for most PAHs leveled off above a sheet-to-soot ratio of 2.0 g per 50 mg, indicating that the sheet is an effective absorptive sink and promotes desorption in the mentioned way. Enhancement of Bapp by the sheet correlated positively with the octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow), even though the partition coefficient of PAH between sheet and digestive fluid (which contains bile acid micelles) correlated negatively with Kow. It was hypothesized that PAHs initially in the soot exist in labile and nonlabile states. The fraction of labile PAH still sorbed to the soot residue after digestion, and the maximum possible (limiting) bioaccessibility (Blim) could be estimated by varying the sheet-to-soot ratio. We show conclusively that the increase in bioccessibility due to the presence of the sheet is accounted for by a corresponding decrease in fraction of labile PAH still sorbed to the soot. The Blim ranged from 30.8 to 62.4%, independent of molecular size. The nonlabile fraction of individual PAHs (69.2-37.6% in this case) is therefore large and needs to be taken into account in risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhang
- †Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Joseph J Pignatello
- ‡Department of Environmental Sciences, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut 06504-1106, United States
| | - Shu Tao
- †Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- §Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9246, United States
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Li C, Cui XY, Fan YY, Teng Y, Nan ZR, Ma LQ. Tenax as sorption sink for in vitro bioaccessibility measurement of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 196:47-52. [PMID: 25299793 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Physiologically based in vitro methods have been developed to measure bioaccessibility of organic contaminants in soils. However, bioaccessibility of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) can be underestimated by in vitro tests if gastrointestinal (GI) solution fails to provide sufficient sorption sink for HOCs. To circumvent this drawback, Tenax was included in GI solution as sorption sink to trap mobilized HOCs and maintain the desorption gradient between soil and GI solution. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were selected as target HOCs, and physiologically based extraction test (PBET) was selected as the in vitro method. Inclusion of Tenax in GI solution increased bioaccessibility of PAHs in five spiked soils from 8.25-20.8% to 55.7-65.9% and the bioaccessibility of PAHs in a field contaminated soil from 3.70-6.92% to 16.3-31.0%. Our results demonstrated the effectiveness of Tenax as sorption sink to enhance PAH mobilization in bioaccessibility measurement in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Xin Yi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China.
| | - Ying Ying Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Ying Teng
- Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Zhong Ren Nan
- National Laboratory of West China's Environment System, College of Resource & Environment, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lena Q Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China; Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
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Ramos CL, Thorsen L, Ryssel M, Nielsen DS, Siegumfeldt H, Schwan RF, Jespersen L. Effect of the gastrointestinal environment on pH homeostasis of Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus brevis cells as measured by real-time fluorescence ratio-imaging microscopy. Res Microbiol 2014; 165:215-25. [PMID: 24607712 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, an in vitro model of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) was developed to obtain real-time observations of the pH homeostasis of single cells of probiotic Lactobacillus spp. strains as a measure of their physiological state. Changes in the intracellular pH (pHi) were determined using fluorescence ratio imaging microscopy (FRIM) for potential probiotic strains of Lactobacillus plantarum UFLA CH3 and Lactobacillus brevis UFLA FFC199. Heterogeneous populations were observed, with pHi values ranging from 6.5 to 7.5, 3.5 to 5.6 and 6.5 to 8.0 or higher during passage of saliva (pH 6.4), gastric (pH 3.5) and intestinal juices (pH 6.4), respectively. When nutrients were added to gastric juice, the isolate L. brevis significantly decreased its pH(i) closer to the extracellular pH (pH(ex)) than in gastric juice without nutrients. This was not the case for L. plantarum. This study is the first to produce an in vitro GIT model enabling real-time monitoring of pH homeostasis of single cells in response to the wide range of pH(ex) of the GIT. Furthermore, it was possible to observe the heterogeneous response of single cells. The technique can be used to determine the survival and physiological conditions of potential probiotics and other microorganisms during passage through the GIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cíntia Lacerda Ramos
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Lavras, 37.200-000 Lavras, MG, Brazil; Food Microbiology, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Line Thorsen
- Food Microbiology, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mia Ryssel
- Food Microbiology, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dennis S Nielsen
- Food Microbiology, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Siegumfeldt
- Food Microbiology, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Lene Jespersen
- Food Microbiology, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Sun H, Ruan Y, Zhu H, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Yu L. Enhanced bioaccumulation of pentachlorophenol in carp in the presence of multi-walled carbon nanotubes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:2865-2875. [PMID: 24151027 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2234-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The impact of suspended particles on the bioavailability of pollutants has long been a controversial topic. In this study, adsorption of pentachlorophenol (PCP) onto a natural suspended particulate matter (SPM) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was studied. Facilitated transports of PCP into carp by SPM and MWCNTs were evaluated by bioaccumulation tests exposing carp (Carassius auratus red var.) to PCP-contaminated water in the presence of SPM and MWCNTs, respectively. Desorption of PCP on SPM and MWCNTs in simulated digested fluids was also investigated. The results demonstrate that MWCNTs (K F = 7.99 × 10(4)) had a significantly stronger adsorption capacity for PCP than the SPM (K F = 19.0). The presence of SPM and MWCNTs both improved PCP accumulation in the carp during the 21 days of exposure, and the 21 days PCP concentration in the carp was enhanced by 25.9 and 12.8 % than that without particles, respectively. The enhancement in bioaccumulation by MWCNTs was less than that by the SPM. Considerably more PCP was accumulated in the viscera of the fish (BCF = 519495 for SPM and 148955 for MWCNTs), and the difference in PCP concentrations between different tissues became greater with particles. PCP desorption in the simulated digestive fluids was faster than that in the background solution. Compared to MWCNTs-bound PCP, more SPM-bound PCP was desorbed, and K F of desorption for SPM was at least 4 orders of magnitude higher than that for MWCNTs, which can explain the greater enhancement in bioaccumulation in the presence of SPM. Particle-bound pollutants might pose more risk than pollutants alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China,
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Wang W, Wu FY, Huang MJ, Kang Y, Cheung KC, Wong MH. Size fraction effect on phthalate esters accumulation, bioaccessibility and in vitro cytotoxicity of indoor/outdoor dust, and risk assessment of human exposure. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 261:753-762. [PMID: 23755845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Indoor and outdoor dusts from two urban centers in the Pearl River Delta, China, were analyzed and phthalate esters varied from 4.95 to 2,220 μg g(-1) in indoor dust, significantly higher than outdoor dust (1.70-869 μg g(-1)). Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) was the dominant phthalate found and the highest distribution factor (DF) (1.56 ± 0.41) was noted in the <63 μm fraction (p<0.05). In vitro cytotoxicity of dust extract on human T cell lymphoblast leukemic cell line (CCRF-CEM) indicated by Lethal Concentration 50 (LC50) decreased with particle size. The power model was found as a better fit for explaining the relationship between LC50 and phthalates (R(2)=0.46, p<0.01). Bioaccessibility of phthalates in dust varied with different particle sizes, with the greatest bioaccessible fraction (2.49-38.6%) obtained in <63 μm. Risk assessment indicated that indoor dust ingestion accounted for the major source for DEHP exposure (81.4-96.4% of non-dietary exposure and 36.5% of total exposure), especially for toddlers. The cancer risks associated with DEHP via home dust were high (10(-6)-10(-4)), with 10% of houses estimated with unacceptable risks (>10(-4)). After corrected with the bioaccessibility of phthalates, the cancer risks of dust exposure were moderate (10(-7)-10(-5)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution - Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University and City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, PR China
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Cheng Z, Nie XP, Wang HS, Wong MH. Risk assessments of human exposure to bioaccessible phthalate esters through market fish consumption. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 57-58:75-80. [PMID: 23688402 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The bioaccessibility of phthalate esters in 20 fish species collected from Hong Kong market was evaluated using an in vitro gastrointestinal model. The ∑phthalate ester concentration detected in fresh water fish ranged from 1.66 to 3.14μg/g wet weight (ww) and in marine fish ranged from 1.57 to 7.10μg/g ww, respectively. di-2-Ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) were the predominant compounds in both freshwater fish and marine fish. The digestible concentrations of phthalate esters ranged from 0.20 to 1.23μg/g ww (mean 0.35μg/g ww), and account for 2.44 to 45.5% (mean 16.8%) for raw concentrations of phthalate esters. In the present study, the accumulation ratio Rnn value of all phthalate esters was greater than 1 except for diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), DBP and di-n-hexyl phthalate (DHP), suggesting that these phthalate esters could be accumulated during gastrointestinal digestion. Based on this health risk assessment, most of fish species were considered safe for consumption, however Hong Kong residents should take caution when consuming Mud carp and Bighead carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory on Marine Pollution, Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University and City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
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36
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Wang HS, Xu WF, Chen ZJ, Cheng Z, Ge LC, Man YB, Giesy JP, Du J, Wong CKC, Wong MH. In vitro estimation of exposure of Hong Kong residents to mercury and methylmercury via consumption of market fishes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 248-249:387-393. [PMID: 23416482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In order to evaluate effects of exposure to mercury (tHg) and methylmercury (MeHg) of Hong Kong residents via consumption of fish, total and bioaccessible concentrations of tHg and MeHg were measured in 10 freshwater and 10 marine fishes collected from markets in Hong Kong. Concentrations of tHg and MeHg in fishes ranged from 27.2 to 311ngg(-1) (median 88.9ngg(-1)) and ND to 116ngg(-1) (median 45.0ngg(-1)), respectively. Concentrations of MeHg in marine fishes (64.4±28.5ngg(-1)) were significantly greater than those in freshwater fishes (40.3±26.0ngg(-1)). Bioaccessibility tHg and MeHg was predicted for edible flesh of twenty fishes by use of an in vitro gastrointestinal assay. Bioaccessibilities of tHg and MeHg ranged from 21.4 to 51.7% (mean 37.4%) and 19.5 to 59.2% (mean 43.7%), respectively. Based on total concentrations, diets of 36% of adults and 51% of children exceeded the reference dose (RfD, 100ngkg(-1)bodymass(bm)d(-1)) for MeHg, but when bioaccessibility was considered, consumption of local market fish would not result in an EDIbio exceeded the RfD of MeHg for Hong Kong adults. These contradictory results suggested that risk assessments based on total concentrations would overestimate exposure because not all of contaminants consumed are bioaccessible. Furthermore, 9% of children had EDIbio for MeHg that exceeded the RfD, which suggests that more attention should be paid to consumption of local fish on health and development of children in Hong Kong.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Sheng Wang
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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Gouliarmou V, Collins CD, Christiansen E, Mayer P. Sorptive physiologically based extraction of contaminated solid matrices: incorporating silicone rod as absorption sink for hydrophobic organic contaminants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:941-948. [PMID: 23214713 DOI: 10.1021/es303165u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The oral bioaccessibility of soil contaminants is increasingly assessed with physiologically based extraction tests (PBETs): the contaminant fraction that is desorbed into simulated digestive fluids is measured and classified as bioaccessible. However, this approach can lead to underestimations if the capacity of the fluids is insufficient to provide infinite sink conditions. Desorption will then progressively decrease and finally stop when equilibrium between soil and medium is reached. To circumvent this artifact, we incorporated a silicone rod as an absorption sink into the PBET to continuously absorb mobilized contaminants and maintain the desorption gradient. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons served as model contaminants and the colon extended PBET as the extraction model. The inclusion of the silicone rod sink (1) increased the extraction capacity of the test by orders of magnitude, (2) ensured near infinite sink conditions, and (3) allowed for simple back-extraction of PAHs for their quantification by GC-MS. The silicone rod provided fast enrichment when applied to the stomach and small intestine compartment, but was somewhat slower in the richer colon compartment. Finally, the sorptive-PBET was applied to wood soot and a kindergarten soil. The present article provides the basis for how an absorption sink can be integrated into PBET models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varvara Gouliarmou
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, P.O. Box 358, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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38
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Yu Y, Li C, Zhang X, Zhang X, Pang Y, Zhang S, Fu J. Route-specific daily uptake of organochlorine pesticides in food, dust, and air by Shanghai residents, China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2012; 50:31-37. [PMID: 23063733 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) are widely detected in the environment, although they have been banned in China since 1980s. To better understand the route-specific daily uptake of the pesticides by humans, a total of 322 food, dust, and air samples were collected in Shanghai, China, during 2008-2011. The median concentrations were 0.2-126.6 and 0.03-1.6 ng/g wet weight for DDTs (DDT and its metabolites) and HCHs, respectively, in different types of foods. The values in dust (indoors and outdoors) were 5.7-29.8 and 1.3-5.4 ng/g, and 13.9×10(-3) and 2.6×10(-3)ng/m(3) in air (gas+particle) for DDTs and HCHs, respectively. The daily uptake of a pesticide by humans was calculated via the pesticide intake multiplied by its uptake efficiency. The uptake efficiencies of DDTs and HCHs in food through human intestines were estimated using bioaccessibility measured via an in vitro method simulating the human gastrointestinal digestion process. The total daily uptakes of DDTs and HCHs through three routes (i.e., ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact) were 79.4 and 4.9 ng/day, respectively, for children, and 131.1 and 8.0 ng/day, respectively, for adults. Ingestion via food and dust was the main route of human exposure to the pesticides, and the daily uptake of the pesticides via food consumption accounted for 95.0-99.2% of the total.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Yu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, PR China.
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Chen ML, Wang L, Chi YK, Mao CC, Lung SCC, Mao IF. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in foodstuffs from Taiwan: level and human dietary exposure assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 431:183-187. [PMID: 22683758 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) may contaminate food through bioconcentration and biomagnification. PBDEs often exist in the food chain and are consumed by humans. This study aims to determine the concentrations of PBDEs in food intake and to estimate the daily exposure of Taiwanese citizens to PBDEs. One hundred and eight food samples from nine types of commonly consumed foodstuffs were collected from northern, central, southern, and eastern regions of Taiwan. The samples were analyzed for PBDE level by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Also, a daily dietary intake survey was conducted of 466 adults (153 men, 313 women) in these four regions of Taiwan. Taiwanese daily dietary intake of PBDE is calculated by means of food PBDEs level and daily dietary intake. The result of this study showed the highest concentration of ΣPBDE was found in butter (890.3±309.0 pg/g wet weight), followed by egg and pork (553.0±185.0 pg/g wet weight and 545.4±181.0 pg/g wet weight). Deca-BDE was found the highest concentration among eight kinds PBDEs. The average daily intake of PBDEs for the 466 subjects was 67.95±23.01 ng/day. There was a significant difference between the daily intake of ΣPBDE in different regions of Taiwan (p<0.05). The highest daily intake of ΣPBDE was in northern Taiwan, which is also the most urbanized area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Lien Chen
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Shi-Pai, Taipei, Taiwan
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Lo Curto A, Pitino I, Mandalari G, Dainty JR, Faulks RM, John Wickham MS. Survival of probiotic lactobacilli in the upper gastrointestinal tract using an in vitro gastric model of digestion. Food Microbiol 2011; 28:1359-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lu Z, Xue M, Shen G, Li K, Li X, Wang X, Tao S. Accumulation dynamics of chlordanes and their enantiomers in cockerels (Gallus gallus) after oral exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:7928-7935. [PMID: 21823571 DOI: 10.1021/es201629p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
After a single oral exposure of technical chlordane, levels of cis-chlordane (CC), trans-chlordane (TC), heptachlor (HEP), heptachlorepoxide (HEPX), and oxychlordane (OXY) were determined in gastrointestinal residues, droppings, and various tissues of cockerels at times of 60, 120, 160, 200, 300, 500, 1000, and 2000 min. Over 98% of CC and TC were found to be bioaccessible; only 1.1% of CC and TC were directly excreted through droppings without further biotransformation. According to the single-compartment toxicokinetic modeling, CC and TC shared similar absorption rates in the whole body while TC showed a slightly more rapid elimination rate, with a half-life of 13.4 h for CC and 12.5 h for TC. The metabolites HEPX and OXY appeared quickly in tissues 60 min after exposure and were mainly accumulated in fat and liver tissues. Concentrations of CC, TC, and HEP in cockerel tissues roughly followed the order as fat > intestine > skin > liver> brain > muscle > blood. Levels of CC, TC, and HEP in various tissues showed significant correlation with the lipid contents of the tissues (p < 0.05) for samples beginning 500 min after exposure. A multicompartment toxicokinetic model was developed to characterize the accumulation dynamics of CC and TC in the various tissues. All tissues of cockerels enantioselectively accumulated (-)-CC and (+)-TC, and fat, skin, and liver tissues showed a relatively stronger capacity of enantioenrichment. The enantiomer fractions (EFs) of droppings remained nearly racemic at first but gradually decreased to less than 0.5 for CC and increased to more than 0.5 for TC, which could rule out enantioselective absorption and excretion of CC and TC in cockerels. The one-compartment toxicokinetic model was applied to the individual enantiomers of CC and TC. Different elimination rates but similar absorption rates were observed between the enantiomers for both CC and TC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijiang Lu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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42
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Wang HS, Zhao YG, Man YB, Wong CK, Wong MH. Oral bioaccessibility and human risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) via fish consumption, using an in vitro gastrointestinal model. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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43
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Caicedo P, Schröder A, Ulrich N, Schröter U, Paschke A, Schüürmann G, Ahumada I, Richter P. Determination of lindane leachability in soil-biosolid systems and its bioavailability in wheat plants. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 84:397-402. [PMID: 21524779 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The leachability of lindane from different biosolid amended soils was determined and compared to its bioavailability. Sand, soil, and a mixture of soil-sand (1:1 w/w) were spiked with lindane, blended with different amounts of biosolids, and subjected to a leaching process with water that lasted for 1-28 d. This procedure is in accordance with ISO/TS 21268-1: 2007. After these batch tests, lindane was extracted from the leachates using three different solvent-free microextraction techniques, including solid phase microextraction (SPME), stir-bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), and silicone rod extraction (SRE). The amount of lindane was determined with thermal desorption and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The efficiencies of the three microextraction techniques were statistically different, and the efficiency could be related to the amount of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) in each extraction device. However, all of the techniques provide data that shows that the leachability of lindane is dependent on the amount of organic matter contained in the matrix. The results of the lindane leachability assay were compared to the bioavailability of lindane, which was determined by measuring the amount of lindane that accumulated in the roots of wheat plants grown in similar soil-biosolid systems. It was confirmed that the amount of organic matter in the matrix is a determining factor for lindane immobilization. The presence of biosolids decreases the mobility of lindane in all of the systems under study. Similarly, increasing biosolid concentrations in the soil significantly decreased the bioavailability of lindane and, consequently, plant absorption. The good correlation (R(2)=0.997) between the leachability of lindane from the matrix and plant absorption of lindane indicates that the proposed biomimetic methodology can predict the bioavailability of lindane in a time period as short as 7d. The results of this work confirm that amending contaminated soils with biosolids is beneficial for immobilizing lindane and helps prevent the percolation of lindane through the soil profile and into groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Caicedo
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 233, Santiago, Chile
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44
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Wang B, Xue M, Lv Y, Yang Y, Zhong J, Su Y, Wang R, Shen G, Wang X, Tao S. Cell absorption induced desorption of hydrophobic organic contaminants from digested soil residue. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 83:1461-1466. [PMID: 21459407 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 03/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Oral ingestion of contaminated soil is an important pathway of human exposure to hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs), particularly for children in developing countries. The mobilization potential of various contaminants from ingested soil is often characterized using an in vitro gastrointestinal model, based on the quantities of contaminants remaining in digestive fluid after digestion and separation. Recently, it was experimentally demonstrated that a large fraction of mobilized contaminants sorbed on the digested residue could be released if the dissolved fraction was removed by intestinal absorption. This hypothesis was further tested in this study. Soil spiked with dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDXs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was digested using an in vitro gastrointestinal model. A human colon carcinoma cell line (Caco-2) was cultured in digestive fluid with or without soil residue (pre-equilibrated with the soil) for 2h. A large proportion of the contaminants (37-68%) was sorbed on the digested residue. Without this residue, 66±13% of DDXs and 73±14% of PAHs dissolved in the fluid, as means and standard deviations, were absorbed by the cell monolayer after exposure. With both digestive fluid and residue, the sorbed fraction of PAHs and DDXs decreased by 38-92%, while the ratios of the cellular to the dissolved concentrations were 2.7-2.8 times higher than those without the residue. This supported the hypothesis that the cell absorption of dissolved HOCs induces desorption of the sorbed fraction from digestive residue, and the desorbed HOCs can be absorbed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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45
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Yu YX, Huang NB, Zhang XY, Li JL, Yu ZQ, Han SY, Lu M, Van de Wiele T, Wu MH, Sheng GY, Fu JM. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in food and associated human daily intake assessment considering bioaccessibility measured by simulated gastrointestinal digestion. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 83:152-160. [PMID: 21215988 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of PBDEs in 299 vegetable and animal-based food samples of 31 species, collected in Shanghai, China, and the bioaccessibility of PBDEs in part of the samples were determined. The PBDE concentrations ranged from 0 to 1245.4pgg(-1) with animal-based food containing more PBDEs than vegetables. The bioaccessibility of PBDEs, determined by a method simulating human gastrointestinal digestion process, were from 2.6% to 39.9% in vegetables, and from 5.2% to 105.3% in animal-based food. For animal-based food, good correlations were observed between the bioaccessibility of PBDEs and the fat content, thus the fat content in animal-based food was able to be used to estimate the bioaccessibility of PBDEs. The total daily intake of PBDEs via ingestion of vegetables and animal-based food for an average Shanghai resident was estimated as 13235.7 and 13668.0pg d(-1), respectively, but the amounts available for human absorption were reduced to 2674.4 and 4316.6pgd(-1) after the PBDE bioaccessibility was considered. Finally, the contributions of different food groups to the total daily intake of PBDEs were evaluated. The results revealed that, when not considering the bioaccessibility of PBDEs, vegetables were the leading contributor (49.2%), followed by fish (34.0%). However, the sequence was reversed after the PBDE bioaccessibility was taken into account. The results indicated that human exposure to PBDEs via food ingestion might have been significantly overestimated and the exposure assessment could be misleading if the bioaccessibility of PBDEs was not considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Xin Yu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, PR China.
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Tao S, Li L, Ding J, Zhong J, Zhang D, Lu Y, Yang Y, Wang X, Li X, Cao J, Lu X, Liu W. Mobilization of soil-bound residue of organochlorine pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an in vitro gastrointestinal model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:1127-32. [PMID: 21175124 PMCID: PMC3031735 DOI: 10.1021/es1025849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A previous study on mobilization of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in contaminated soils from the field revealed that the total amount of OCPs measured in digestive fluid and chyme of an in vitro gastrointestinal model was higher than the quantity directly extracted using a solvent extraction without digestion, providing a clue that the bound residue of OCPs might be mobilized. This hypothesis was tested in this study for both OCPs and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Three contaminated surface soil samples with different organic carbon (OC) contents were collected from the field, and extracted with a solvent with and without digestion in an in vitro gastrointestinal model. It was found that bound residues of OCPs and PAHs were mobilized to a certain extent during digestion. The ratios of the mobilized bound residues over the total quantities extracted after digestion (R(b)) varied from 0 to 0.96 for individual compounds. The R(b) was positively correlated with OC content. Among the five constitutes of digestive juice, bile salt was the only one that served to mobilize the bound residues and the extractability of bile salt was constant over a concentration range from 2 to 20 mg/mL. The mobilization process followed typical first-order kinetics. The calculated rate constants suggest that mobilization was fast and 90% of extracted bound residues of OCPs and PAHs were mobilized within 2.4 and 4.8 h, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Tao
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Wang HS, Man YB, Wu FY, Zhao YG, Wong CKC, Wong MH. Oral bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) through fish consumption, based on an in vitro digestion model. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:11517-11524. [PMID: 20929255 DOI: 10.1021/jf102242m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
An in vitro gastrointestinal digestion model was used to evaluate bioaccessibility of PAHs in 20 fish species collected from Hong Kong markets. The average bioaccessibilities of PAHs were 24.3 and 31.1%, respectively, in gastric and intestinal conditions. When bioaccessibility was taken into consideration, the values of potency equivalent concentrations (PEC) decreased from 0.53 to 0.18 ng g(-1) for freshwater fish and from 1.43 to 0.35 ng g(-1) for marine fish. This indicated that bioaccessibility should be taken into account for health risk assessment with regard to PAH contamination in fish. The relative accumulation ratios (R(nn)) of PAH congeners were significantly correlated with their physicochemical parameters and their corresponding concentrations reported in subcutaneous fats of Hong Kong residents. The data suggest that R(nn) values calculated in the present study could effectively reflect the accumulations of PAHs in the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Sheng Wang
- Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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Tao S, Zhang D, Lu Y, Li L, Ding J, Yang Y, Yang Y, Wang X, Liu W, Xing B. Mobility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the gastrointestinal tract assessed using an in vitro digestion model with sorption rectification. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:5608-5612. [PMID: 20578704 DOI: 10.1021/es1010626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In a previous study, it was demonstrated that mobilization of organochlorine pesticides would be underestimated by an in vitro gastrointestinal model if the sorption of the mobilized pollutants on the digestive residue was not taken into consideration. A multiple fluid/solid ratio procedure was developed to characterize the sorption. In this study, the sorption hypothesis was further tested for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and the sorption of the mobilized PAHs on digestive residue was directly characterized by spiking the gastrointestinal digest with several deuterated PAHs. It was demonstrated that 10-41% of the spiked deuterated PAHs were sorbed on the assimilated residue, which would remain in the solid phase after separation. It appears that the mobility of PAHs would be underestimated if only those dissolved in the fluid is measured. The total mobilized fraction of a PAH compound was defined as a sum of that dissolved in the fluid and that sorbed on the residue. The average mobilized PAH fractions in the studied soils was 70 +/- 24% which was significantly higher than 47 +/- 19% in the fluid. It was also found that the sorption of the mobilized PAHs on the digestive residue was positively correlated with both soil organic carbon (SOC) and molecular weight (MW(t)) of PAHs, and a regression model was developed so that the sorption of different PAHs on soils with different SOCs could be estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Tao
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Yu YX, Li JL, Zhang XY, Yu ZQ, Van de Wiele T, Han SY, Wu MH, Sheng GY, Fu JM. Assessment of the bioaccessibility of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in foods and the correlations of the bioaccessibility with nutrient contents. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:301-308. [PMID: 20014849 DOI: 10.1021/jf9036358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Bioaccessibility of a contaminant in foods is the fraction of the contaminant mobilized from the food matrices during gastrointestinal digestion. In the present paper, the bioaccessibility of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in 13 types of foods, including fish, meat, rice, flour, and vegetables, was determined using an in vitro digestion method. The bioaccessibility obtained ranged from 2.6% to 41.3%. It was found that the bioaccessibility of PBDEs exhibited positive correlations with fat and carbohydrate contents and negative correlations with protein and dietary fiber contents in the foods. Fat was the most important factor affecting the bioaccessibility of PBDEs. The mechanism underlying the correlations was discussed in view of partition of PBDEs between liquid and solid phases. To our knowledge, this is the first article systematically investigating the bioaccessibility of PBDEs in foods and demonstrating the influence of the food constituents on the bioaccessibility of PBDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Xin Yu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China.
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Jayawardene I, Saper R, Lupoli N, Sehgal A, Wright RO, Amarasiriwardena C. Determination of in vitro bioaccessibility of Pb, As, Cd and Hg in selected traditional Indian medicines. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY 2010; 25:1275-1282. [PMID: 21643429 PMCID: PMC3105223 DOI: 10.1039/c003960h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In vitro bioaccessibility of Pb, As, Cd and Hg in five traditional Indian medicine samples was measured as a determinant of bioavailability. The method is based on simulation of human digestion in the passage of material from the gastric to intestinal portions of the gastrointestinal tract. Total concentration and concentration in extracts from gastric and intestinal phases were analyzed for Pb, As and Cd by dynamic reaction cell inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (DRC-ICP-MS) and for Hg by direct mercury analyzer (DMA). Total lead ranged from 1.9 to 36000 µg g(-1). In each of the samples bioaccessibility of lead was significantly higher (range 28-88%) in the gastric phase than in the intestinal phase (range 1.4-75.4%). Only Ekangvir Ras had measurable arsenic (304 µg g(-1)). Its bioaccessibility in the gastric phase and intestinal phase was 82.6% and 78.1%, respectively. Only Ayu-Nephro-Tone had measurable cadmium (14.4 µg g(-1)). Its bioaccessibility in the gastric phase and intestinal phase was 80.5% and 2.2%, respectively. Three samples had measurable mercury (range 37 µg g(-1)-10000 µg g(-1)). Mercury in these samples was not bioaccessible. For the samples with measurable amount of metal, the estimated daily amount of bioaccessible (EDAB) metal was calculated. When compared with the most liberal published safety guideline, EDAB-Pb in Mahayograj Guggulu and Ekangvir Ras were 37 and 45 fold greater. When compared with the most conservative published safety guideline, all samples had higher EDAB-Pb or EDAB-As than the suggested limits. The EDAB-Cd and EDAB-Hg were acceptably below published safety limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Innocent Jayawardene
- Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayawardenapura, Sri Lanka
| | - Robert Saper
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, One Boston Medical Center Place, Dowling 5 South, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Nicola Lupoli
- Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anusha Sehgal
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, One Boston Medical Center Place, Dowling 5 South, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Faculty of Basic Principles, Ayurveda College Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Robert O. Wright
- Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chitra Amarasiriwardena
- Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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