1
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Yin JF, Amidani L, Chen J, Li M, Xue B, Lai Y, Kvashnina K, Nyman M, Yin P. Spatiotemporal Studies of Soluble Inorganic Nanostructures with X-rays and Neutrons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202310953. [PMID: 37749062 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
This Review addresses the use of X-ray and neutron scattering as well as X-ray absorption to describe how inorganic nanostructured materials assemble, evolve, and function in solution. We first provide an overview of techniques and instrumentation (both large user facilities and benchtop). We review recent studies of soluble inorganic nanostructure assembly, covering the disciplines of materials synthesis, processes in nature, nuclear materials, and the widely applicable fundamental processes of hydrophobic interactions and ion pairing. Reviewed studies cover size regimes and length scales ranging from sub-Ångström (coordination chemistry and ion pairing) to several nanometers (molecular clusters, i.e. polyoxometalates, polyoxocations, and metal-organic polyhedra), to the mesoscale (supramolecular assembly processes). Reviewed studies predominantly exploit 1) SAXS/WAXS/SANS (small- and wide-angle X-ray or neutron scattering), 2) PDF (pair-distribution function analysis of X-ray total scattering), and 3) XANES and EXAFS (X-ray absorption near-edge structure and extended X-ray absorption fine structure, respectively). While the scattering techniques provide structural information, X-ray absorption yields the oxidation state in addition to the local coordination. Our goal for this Review is to provide information and inspiration for the inorganic/materials science communities that may benefit from elucidating the role of solution speciation in natural and synthetic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Fu Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Lucia Amidani
- The Rossendorf Beamline at ESRF, The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) P.O. Box 510119, 01314, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jiadong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Mu Li
- Institute of Advanced Science Facilities, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Binghui Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yuyan Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Kristina Kvashnina
- The Rossendorf Beamline at ESRF, The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) P.O. Box 510119, 01314, Dresden, Germany
| | - May Nyman
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97330, USA
| | - Panchao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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2
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Daronnat L, Holfeltz V, Boubals N, Dumas T, Guilbaud P, Martinez DM, Moisy P, Sauge-Merle S, Lemaire D, Solari PL, Berthon L, Berthomieu C. Investigation of the Plutonium(IV) Interactions with Two Variants of the EF-Hand Ca-Binding Site I of Calmodulin. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:8334-8346. [PMID: 37184364 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Due to its presence in the nuclear industry and its strong radiotoxicity, plutonium is an actinide of major interest in the event of internal contamination. To improve the understanding of its mechanisms of transport and accumulation in the body, the complexation of Pu(IV) to the most common protein calcium-binding motif found in cells, the EF-hand motif of calmodulin, was investigated. Visible and X-ray absorption spectroscopies (XAS) in solution made it possible to investigate the speciation of plutonium at physiological pH (pH 7.4) and pH 6 in two variants of the calmodulin Ca-binding site I and using Pu(IV) in different media: carbonate, chloride, or nitrate solutions. Three different species of Pu were identified in the samples, with formation of 1:1 Pu(IV):calmodulin peptide complexes, Pu(IV) reduction, and formation of peptide-mediated Pu(IV) hexanuclear cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Daronnat
- CEA, DES, ISEC, DMRC, Univ Montpellier, Marcoule, Bagnols-sur-cèze 30200, France
| | - Vanessa Holfeltz
- CEA, DES, ISEC, DMRC, Univ Montpellier, Marcoule, Bagnols-sur-cèze 30200, France
| | - Nathalie Boubals
- CEA, DES, ISEC, DMRC, Univ Montpellier, Marcoule, Bagnols-sur-cèze 30200, France
| | - Thomas Dumas
- CEA, DES, ISEC, DMRC, Univ Montpellier, Marcoule, Bagnols-sur-cèze 30200, France
| | - Philippe Guilbaud
- CEA, DES, ISEC, DMRC, Univ Montpellier, Marcoule, Bagnols-sur-cèze 30200, France
| | | | - Philippe Moisy
- CEA, DES, ISEC, DMRC, Univ Montpellier, Marcoule, Bagnols-sur-cèze 30200, France
| | - Sandrine Sauge-Merle
- Aix Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, IPM, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance 13108, France
| | - David Lemaire
- Aix Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, IPM, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance 13108, France
| | - Pier Lorenzo Solari
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Départementale 128, Saint Aubin 91190, France
| | - Laurence Berthon
- CEA, DES, ISEC, DMRC, Univ Montpellier, Marcoule, Bagnols-sur-cèze 30200, France
| | - Catherine Berthomieu
- Aix Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, IPM, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance 13108, France
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3
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Virot M, Dumas T, Cot-Auriol M, Moisy P, Nikitenko SI. Synthesis and multi-scale properties of PuO 2 nanoparticles: recent advances and open questions. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:4938-4971. [PMID: 36504736 PMCID: PMC9680947 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00306f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Due to the increased attention given to actinide nanomaterials, the question of their structure-property relationship is on the spotlight of recent publications. Plutonium oxide (PuO2) particularly plays a central role in nuclear energetics and a comprehensive knowledge about its properties when nanosizing is of paramount interest to understand its behaviour in environmental migration schemes but also for the development of advanced nuclear energy systems underway. The element plutonium further stimulates the curiosity of scientists due to the unique physical and chemical properties it exhibits around the periodic table. PuO2 crystallizes in the fluorite structure of the face-centered cubic system for which the properties can be significantly affected when shrinking. Identifying the formation mechanism of PuO2 nanoparticles, their related atomic, electronic and crystalline structures, and their reactivity in addition to their nanoscale properties, appears to be a fascinating and challenging ongoing topic, whose recent advances are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Virot
- ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM Marcoule France
| | - Thomas Dumas
- CEA, DEN, DMRC, Univ Montpellier Marcoule France
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4
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Gerber E, Romanchuk AY, Weiss S, Kuzenkova A, Hunault MOJY, Bauters S, Egorov A, Butorin SM, Kalmykov SN, Kvashnina KO. To form or not to form: PuO 2 nanoparticles at acidic pH. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. NANO 2022; 9:1509-1518. [PMID: 35520632 PMCID: PMC9009106 DOI: 10.1039/d1en00666e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to synthesize PuO2 nanoparticles (NPs) at low pH values and characterize the materials using laboratory and synchrotron-based methods. Properties of the PuO2 NPs formed under acidic conditions (pH 1-4) are explored here at the atomic scale. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) is applied to characterize the crystallinity, morphology and size of the particles. It is found that 2 nm crystalline NPs are formed with a PuO2 crystal structure. High energy resolution fluorescence detected (HERFD) X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the Pu M4 edge has been used to identify the Pu oxidation states and recorded data are analysed using the theory based on the Anderson impurity model (AIM). The experimental data obtained on NPs show that the Pu(iv) oxidation state dominates in all NPs formed at pH 1-4. However, the suspension at pH 1 demonstrates the presence of Pu(iii) and Pu(vi) in addition to the Pu(iv), which is associated with redox dissolution of PuO2 NPs under acidic conditions. We discuss in detail the mechanism that affects the PuO2 NPs synthesis under acidic conditions and compare it with one in neutral and alkaline conditions. Hence, the results shown here, together with the first Pu M4 HERFD data on PuF3 and PuF4 compounds, are significant for the colloid facilitated transport governing the migration of plutonium in a subsurface environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Gerber
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Chemistry 119991 Moscow Russia
- The Rossendorf Beamline at ESRF - The European Synchrotron CS40220 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9 France
- Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Resource Ecology PO Box 510119 01314 Dresden Germany
| | - Anna Yu Romanchuk
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Chemistry 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Stephan Weiss
- Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Resource Ecology PO Box 510119 01314 Dresden Germany
| | | | | | - Stephen Bauters
- The Rossendorf Beamline at ESRF - The European Synchrotron CS40220 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9 France
- Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Resource Ecology PO Box 510119 01314 Dresden Germany
| | - Alexander Egorov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Chemistry 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Sergei M Butorin
- Condensed Matter Physics of Energy Materials, X-ray Photon Science, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University P.O. Box 516 SE-751 20 Uppsala Uppsala Sweden
| | - Stepan N Kalmykov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Chemistry 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Kristina O Kvashnina
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Chemistry 119991 Moscow Russia
- The Rossendorf Beamline at ESRF - The European Synchrotron CS40220 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9 France
- Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Resource Ecology PO Box 510119 01314 Dresden Germany
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5
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Romanchuk A, Trigub A, Plakhova T, Kuzenkova A, Svetogorov R, Kvashnina K, Kalmykov S. Effective coordination numbers from EXAFS: general approaches for lanthanide and actinide dioxides. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2022; 29:288-294. [PMID: 35254290 PMCID: PMC8900841 DOI: 10.1107/s160057752101300x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) is a comprehensive and usable method for characterizing the structures of various materials, including radioactive and nuclear materials. Unceasing discussions about the interpretation of EXAFS results for actinide nanoparticles (NPs) or colloids were still present during the last decade. In this study, new experimental data for PuO2 and CeO2 NPs with different average sizes were compared with published data on AnO2 NPs that highlight the best fit and interpretation of the structural data. In terms of the structure, PuO2, CeO2, ThO2, and UO2 NPs exhibit similar behaviors. Only ThO2 NPs have a more disordered and even partly amorphous structure, which results in EXAFS characteristics. The proposed new core-shell model for NPs with calculated effective coordination number perfectly fits the results of the variations in a metal-metal shell with a decrease in NP size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Romanchuk
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Bld. 3, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Trigub
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Bld. 3, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
- National Research Centre ‘Kurchatov Institute’, Pl. Kurchatova 1, Moscow 123182, Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana Plakhova
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Bld. 3, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Anastasiia Kuzenkova
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Bld. 3, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Roman Svetogorov
- National Research Centre ‘Kurchatov Institute’, Pl. Kurchatova 1, Moscow 123182, Russian Federation
| | - Kristina Kvashnina
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Bld. 3, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
- The Rossendorf Beamline at ESRF – The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), PO Box 510119, 01314 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stepan Kalmykov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Bld. 3, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
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6
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Estevenon P, Dumas T, Solari PL, Welcomme E, Szenknect S, Mesbah A, Kvashnina KO, Moisy P, Poinssot C, Dacheux N. Formation of plutonium(IV) silicate species in very alkaline reactive media. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:12528-12536. [PMID: 34545888 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02248b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Studying the speciation of Pu(IV) in very alkaline and silicate ion rich reactive media allowed identification of the formation of plutonium(IV)-silicate colloidal suspensions which were stable for months. These colloids were stabilized in aqueous solution for pH > 13 and for concentrations around 10-2 mol L-1. Successive filtration processes allowed evaluation of their size, which was found to be smaller than 6 nm. Their structural characterization by XAS evidenced that their structure was similar to those identified for the other tetravalent actinide-silicate colloidal systems like thorium, uranium and neptunium. Their formation could explain the increase of plutonium solubility usually observed in alkaline silicate-rich solutions and could affect the plutonium mobility as a result in contaminated sites or in other environmental permeable media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Estevenon
- CEA, DES, ISEC, DMRC, Univ Montpellier, Marcoule, France. .,ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, CEA, ENSCM, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France. .,The Rossendorf Beamline at the ESRF, CS40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.,Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Resource Ecology, P.O. Box 510119, 01314, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Dumas
- CEA, DES, ISEC, DMRC, Univ Montpellier, Marcoule, France.
| | - Pier Lorenzo Solari
- Synchrotron Soleil, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, F-91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | | | | | - Adel Mesbah
- ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, CEA, ENSCM, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France.
| | - Kristina O Kvashnina
- The Rossendorf Beamline at the ESRF, CS40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.,Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Resource Ecology, P.O. Box 510119, 01314, Dresden, Germany
| | - Philippe Moisy
- CEA, DES, ISEC, DMRC, Univ Montpellier, Marcoule, France.
| | | | - Nicolas Dacheux
- ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, CEA, ENSCM, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France.
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7
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Corbey JF, Sweet LE, Sinkov SI, Reilly DD, Parker CM, Lonergan JM, Johnson TJ. Quantitative Microstructural Characterization of Plutonium Oxalate Auto‐Degradation and Evidence for PuO
2
Nanocrystal Formation. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan F. Corbey
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory 902 Battelle Boulevard Richland, WA 99352 USA
| | - Lucas E. Sweet
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory 902 Battelle Boulevard Richland, WA 99352 USA
| | - Sergey I. Sinkov
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory 902 Battelle Boulevard Richland, WA 99352 USA
| | - Dallas D. Reilly
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory 902 Battelle Boulevard Richland, WA 99352 USA
| | - Cyrena M. Parker
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory 902 Battelle Boulevard Richland, WA 99352 USA
| | - Jason M. Lonergan
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory 902 Battelle Boulevard Richland, WA 99352 USA
| | - Timothy J. Johnson
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory 902 Battelle Boulevard Richland, WA 99352 USA
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8
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Ryzhkov MV, Enyashin AN, Delley B. Plutonium complexes in water: new approach to ab initio modeling. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2020-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Geometry optimization and the electronic structure calculations of Pu
Z+ complexes (Z = 3–6) in water solution have been performed, within the framework of the DMol3 and Relativistic Discrete-Variational (RDV) methods. For the simulation of Pu
Z+ molecular environment in aqueous solution we used 22 and 32 water molecules randomly distributed around cation. To model the effect of bulk solvent environment we used COSMO (Conductor-like Screening Model) potential for water (ε = 78.54). The obtained results showed that this approach allows the modeling of water dissociation and the formation of hydrolysis products. Our previously suggested scheme for the calculation of interaction energies between selected fragments of multi-molecular systems provides the quantitative estimation of the interaction strengths between plutonium in various oxidation states and each ligand in the first and second coordination shells in water solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V. Ryzhkov
- Institute of Solid State Chemistry, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Science , Ekaterinburg , Russia
| | - Andrei N. Enyashin
- Institute of Solid State Chemistry, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Science , Ekaterinburg , Russia
| | - Bernard Delley
- Paul Scherrer Institut WHGA 123 , CH-5232 , Villigen PSI , Switzerland
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9
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Gerber E, Romanchuk AY, Pidchenko I, Amidani L, Rossberg A, Hennig C, Vaughan GBM, Trigub A, Egorova T, Bauters S, Plakhova T, Hunault MOJY, Weiss S, Butorin SM, Scheinost AC, Kalmykov SN, Kvashnina KO. The missing pieces of the PuO 2 nanoparticle puzzle. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:18039-18048. [PMID: 32648876 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr03767b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The nanoscience field often produces results more mystifying than any other discipline. It has been argued that changes in the plutonium dioxide (PuO2) particle size from bulk to nano can have a drastic effect on PuO2 properties. Here we report a full characterization of PuO2 nanoparticles (NPs) at the atomic level and probe their local and electronic structures by a variety of methods available at the synchrotron, including extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) at the Pu L3 edge, X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) in high energy resolution fluorescence detection (HERFD) mode at the Pu L3 and M4 edges, high energy X-ray scattering (HEXS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The particles were synthesized from precursors with different oxidation states of plutonium (III, IV, and V) under various environmentally and waste storage relevant conditions (pH 8 and pH > 10). Our experimental results analyzed with state-of-the-art theoretical approaches demonstrate that well dispersed, crystalline NPs with a size of ∼2.5 nm in diameter are always formed in spite of diverse chemical conditions. Identical crystal structures and the presence of only the Pu(iv) oxidation state in all NPs, reported here for the first time, indicate that the structure of PuO2 NPs is very similar to that of the bulk PuO2. All methods give complementary information and show that investigated fundamental properties of PuO2 NPs, rather than being exotic, are very similar to those of the bulk PuO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Gerber
- The Rossendorf Beamline at ESRF - The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
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10
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Moreau LM, Herve A, Straub MD, Russo DR, Abergel RJ, Alayoglu S, Arnold J, Braun A, Deblonde GJP, Liu Y, Lohrey TD, Olive DT, Qiao Y, Rees JA, Shuh DK, Teat SJ, Booth CH, Minasian SG. Structural properties of ultra-small thorium and uranium dioxide nanoparticles embedded in a covalent organic framework. Chem Sci 2020; 11:4648-4668. [PMID: 34122920 PMCID: PMC8159168 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc06117g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the structural properties of ultra-small ThO2 and UO2 nanoparticles (NPs), which were synthesized without strong binding surface ligands by employing a covalent organic framework (COF-5) as an inert template. The resultant NPs were used to observe how structural properties are affected by decreasing grain size within bulk actinide oxides, which has implications for understanding the behavior of nuclear fuel materials. Through a comprehensive characterization strategy, we gain insight regarding how structure at the NP surface differs from the interior. Characterization using electron microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering indicates that growth of the ThO2 and UO2 NPs was confined by the pores of the COF template, resulting in sub-3 nm particles. X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy results indicate that the NPs are best described as ThO2 and UO2 materials with unpassivated surfaces. The surface layers of these particles compensate for high surface energy by exhibiting a broader distribution of Th-O and U-O bond distances despite retaining average bond lengths that are characteristic of bulk ThO2 and UO2. The combined synthesis and physical characterization efforts provide a detailed picture of actinide oxide structure at the nanoscale, which remains highly underexplored compared to transition metal counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liane M Moreau
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | | | - Mark D Straub
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Dominic R Russo
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Rebecca J Abergel
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Selim Alayoglu
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - John Arnold
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Augustin Braun
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | | | | | - Trevor D Lohrey
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Daniel T Olive
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
| | - Yusen Qiao
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Julian A Rees
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - David K Shuh
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Simon J Teat
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Corwin H Booth
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
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11
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Maloubier M, Emerson H, Peruski K, Kersting AB, Zavarin M, Almond PM, Kaplan DI, Powell BA. Impact of Natural Organic Matter on Plutonium Vadose Zone Migration from an NH 4Pu(V)O 2CO 3(s) Source. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:2688-2697. [PMID: 31942795 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the influence of natural organic matter (NOM) on the behavior of Pu(V) in the vadose zone through a combination of the field lysimeter and laboratory studies. Well-defined solid sources of NH4Pu(V)O2CO3(s) were placed in two 5-L lysimeters containing NOM-amended soil collected from the Savannah River Site (SRS) or unamended vadose zone soil and exposed to 3 years of natural South Carolina, USA, meteorological conditions. Lysimeter soil cores were removed from the field, used in desorption experiments, and characterized using wet chemistry methods and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. For both lysimeters, Pu migrated slowly with the majority (>95%) remaining within 2 cm of the source. However, without the NOM amendment, Pu was transported significantly farther than in the presence of NOM. Downward Pu migration appears to be influenced by the initial source oxidation state and composition. These Pu(V) sources exhibited significantly greater migration than previous studies using Pu(IV) or Pu(III) sources. However, batch laboratory experiments demonstrated that Pu(V) is reduced by the lysimeter soil in the order of hours, indicating that downward migration of Pu may be due to cycling between Pu(V) and Pu(IV). Under the conditions of these experiments, NOM appeared to both enhance reduction of the Pu(V) source as well as Pu sorption to soils. This indicates that NOM will tend to have a stabilizing effect on Pu migration under SRS vadose zone field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody Maloubier
- Department of Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Hilary Emerson
- Subsurface Science and Technology, Energy & Environment, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Kathryn Peruski
- Department of Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Annie B Kersting
- Glenn T. Seaborg Institute, Physical & Life Sciences, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Mavrik Zavarin
- Glenn T. Seaborg Institute, Physical & Life Sciences, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Philip M Almond
- Savannah River National Laboratory, Aiken, South Carolina 29808, United States
| | - Daniel I Kaplan
- Savannah River National Laboratory, Aiken, South Carolina 29808, United States
| | - Brian A Powell
- Department of Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
- Savannah River National Laboratory, Aiken, South Carolina 29808, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
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12
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Acher E, Masella M, Vallet V, Réal F. Properties of the tetravalent actinide series in aqueous phase from a microscopic simulation self-consistent engine. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:2343-2350. [PMID: 31932817 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp04912f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the context of nuclear fuel recycling and environmental issues, the understanding of the properties of radio-elements with various approaches remains a challenge regarding their dangerousness. Moreover, experimentally, some issues are also of importance; first, it is imperative to work at sufficiently high concentrations to reach the sensitivities of the analytical tools, however this condition often leads to precipitation for some of them; second, stabilizing specific oxidation states of some actinides remains a challenge, thus making it difficult to extract general trends across the actinide series. Complementary to experiments, modeling can be used to unbiasedly probe the actinide's properties in an aquatic environment and offers a predictive tool. We report the first molecular dynamics simulations based on homogeneously built force fields for the whole series of the tetravalent actinides in aqueous phase from ThIV to BkIV and including PuIV. The force fields used to model the interactions among the constituents include polarization and charge donation microscopic effects. They are built from a self-consistent iterative ab initio based engine that can be included in future developments as an element of a potential machine learning procedure devoted to generating accurate force fields. The comparison of our simulated hydrated actinide properties to available experimental data shows the model robustness and the relevance of our parameter assignment engine. Moreover, our simulated structural, dynamical and evolution of the hydration free energy data show that, apart from AmIV and CmIV, the actinide properties change progressively along the series.
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13
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Kvashnina KO, Romanchuk AY, Pidchenko I, Amidani L, Gerber E, Trigub A, Rossberg A, Weiss S, Popa K, Walter O, Caciuffo R, Scheinost AC, Butorin SM, Kalmykov SN. A Novel Metastable Pentavalent Plutonium Solid Phase on the Pathway from Aqueous Plutonium(VI) to PuO
2
Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201911637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina O. Kvashnina
- Institute of Resource EcologyHelmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) PO Box 510119 01314 Dresden Germany
- The Rossendorf Beamline at ESRFThe European Synchrotron, CS40220 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9 France
| | - Anna Yu. Romanchuk
- Department of ChemistryLomonosov Moscow State University 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Ivan Pidchenko
- Institute of Resource EcologyHelmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) PO Box 510119 01314 Dresden Germany
- The Rossendorf Beamline at ESRFThe European Synchrotron, CS40220 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9 France
| | - Lucia Amidani
- Institute of Resource EcologyHelmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) PO Box 510119 01314 Dresden Germany
- The Rossendorf Beamline at ESRFThe European Synchrotron, CS40220 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9 France
| | - Evgeny Gerber
- Institute of Resource EcologyHelmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) PO Box 510119 01314 Dresden Germany
- The Rossendorf Beamline at ESRFThe European Synchrotron, CS40220 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9 France
- Department of ChemistryLomonosov Moscow State University 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Alexander Trigub
- National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute” 123182 Moscow Russia
| | - Andre Rossberg
- Institute of Resource EcologyHelmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) PO Box 510119 01314 Dresden Germany
- The Rossendorf Beamline at ESRFThe European Synchrotron, CS40220 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9 France
| | - Stephan Weiss
- The Rossendorf Beamline at ESRFThe European Synchrotron, CS40220 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9 France
| | - Karin Popa
- Directorate for Nuclear Safety and SecurityEuropean Commission, Joint Research Centre Postfach 2340 76215 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Olaf Walter
- Directorate for Nuclear Safety and SecurityEuropean Commission, Joint Research Centre Postfach 2340 76215 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Roberto Caciuffo
- Directorate for Nuclear Safety and SecurityEuropean Commission, Joint Research Centre Postfach 2340 76215 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Andreas C. Scheinost
- Institute of Resource EcologyHelmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) PO Box 510119 01314 Dresden Germany
- The Rossendorf Beamline at ESRFThe European Synchrotron, CS40220 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9 France
| | - Sergei M. Butorin
- Department of Physics and AstronomyMolecular and Condensed Matter PhysicsUppsala University P.O. Box 516 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Stepan N. Kalmykov
- Department of ChemistryLomonosov Moscow State University 119991 Moscow Russia
- National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute” 123182 Moscow Russia
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14
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Kvashnina KO, Romanchuk AY, Pidchenko I, Amidani L, Gerber E, Trigub A, Rossberg A, Weiss S, Popa K, Walter O, Caciuffo R, Scheinost AC, Butorin SM, Kalmykov SN. A Novel Metastable Pentavalent Plutonium Solid Phase on the Pathway from Aqueous Plutonium(VI) to PuO 2 Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:17558-17562. [PMID: 31621992 PMCID: PMC6900038 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201911637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Here we provide evidence that the formation of PuO2 nanoparticles from oxidized PuVI under alkaline conditions proceeds through the formation of an intermediate PuV solid phase, similar to NH4PuO2CO3, which is stable over a period of several months. For the first time, state‐of‐the‐art experiments at Pu M4 and at L3 absorption edges combined with theoretical calculations unambiguously allow to determine the oxidation state and the local structure of this intermediate phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina O Kvashnina
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), PO Box 510119, 01314, Dresden, Germany.,The Rossendorf Beamline at ESRF, The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Anna Yu Romanchuk
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan Pidchenko
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), PO Box 510119, 01314, Dresden, Germany.,The Rossendorf Beamline at ESRF, The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Lucia Amidani
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), PO Box 510119, 01314, Dresden, Germany.,The Rossendorf Beamline at ESRF, The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Evgeny Gerber
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), PO Box 510119, 01314, Dresden, Germany.,The Rossendorf Beamline at ESRF, The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France.,Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Trigub
- National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", 123182, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andre Rossberg
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), PO Box 510119, 01314, Dresden, Germany.,The Rossendorf Beamline at ESRF, The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Stephan Weiss
- The Rossendorf Beamline at ESRF, The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Karin Popa
- Directorate for Nuclear Safety and Security, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Postfach 2340, 76215, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Olaf Walter
- Directorate for Nuclear Safety and Security, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Postfach 2340, 76215, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Roberto Caciuffo
- Directorate for Nuclear Safety and Security, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Postfach 2340, 76215, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Andreas C Scheinost
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), PO Box 510119, 01314, Dresden, Germany.,The Rossendorf Beamline at ESRF, The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Sergei M Butorin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Molecular and Condensed Matter Physics, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 516, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stepan N Kalmykov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.,National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", 123182, Moscow, Russia
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15
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Fifteen Years of Radionuclide Research at the KIT Synchrotron Source in the Context of the Nuclear Waste Disposal Safety Case. GEOSCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/geosciences9020091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
For more than 120 years, systematic studies of X-ray interaction with matter have been the basis for our understanding of materials—both of natural or man-made origin—and their structure-function relationships. Beginning with simple radiographic imaging at the end of the 19th century, X-ray based analytical tools such as X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence and photoemission or X-ray absorption techniques are indispensable in almost any field of chemical and material sciences—including basic and applied actinide and radionuclide studies. The advent of dedicated synchrotron radiation (SR) sources in the second half of the last century has revolutionized the analytical power of X-ray probes, while—with increasing number of SR facilities—beamline instrumentation followed a trend towards increasing specialization and adaption to a major research topic. The INE-Beamline and ACT station at the KIT synchrotron source belong to the exclusive club of a few synchrotron beamline facilities—mostly located in Europe—dedicated to the investigation of highly radioactive materials. Since commissioning of the INE-Beamline in 2005, capabilities for synchrotron-based radionuclide and actinide sciences at KIT have been continuously expanded, driven by in-house research programs and external user needs.
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16
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Sigmon GE, Hixon AE. Extension of the Plutonium Oxide Nanocluster Family to Include {Pu
16
} and {Pu
22
}. Chemistry 2019; 25:2463-2466. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ginger E. Sigmon
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences University of Notre Dame 301 Stinson-Remick Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
| | - Amy E. Hixon
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences University of Notre Dame 301 Stinson-Remick Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
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17
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Amidani L, Plakhova TV, Romanchuk AY, Gerber E, Weiss S, Efimenko A, Sahle CJ, Butorin SM, Kalmykov SN, Kvashnina KO. Understanding the size effects on the electronic structure of ThO2 nanoparticles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:10635-10643. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01283d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution XANES spectra of small ThO2 nanoparticles show the signature of the more exposed Th atoms at the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Amidani
- The Rossendorf Beamline at ESRF – The European Synchrotron
- CS40220
- 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9
- France
- Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR)
| | - Tatiana V. Plakhova
- Department of Chemistry
- Lomonosov Moscow State University
- Moscow
- Russian Federation
| | - Anna Yu. Romanchuk
- Department of Chemistry
- Lomonosov Moscow State University
- Moscow
- Russian Federation
| | - Evgeny Gerber
- The Rossendorf Beamline at ESRF – The European Synchrotron
- CS40220
- 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9
- France
- Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR)
| | - Stephan Weiss
- Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR)
- Institute of Resource Ecology
- 01314 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Anna Efimenko
- ESRF – The European Synchrotron
- CS40220
- 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9
- France
| | | | - Sergei M. Butorin
- Molecular and Condensed Matter Physics
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- Uppsala University
- Uppsala
- Sweden
| | - Stepan N. Kalmykov
- Department of Chemistry
- Lomonosov Moscow State University
- Moscow
- Russian Federation
| | - Kristina O. Kvashnina
- The Rossendorf Beamline at ESRF – The European Synchrotron
- CS40220
- 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9
- France
- Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR)
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18
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Hixon AE, Powell BA. Plutonium environmental chemistry: mechanisms for the surface-mediated reduction of Pu(v/vi). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2018; 20:1306-1322. [PMID: 30251720 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00369b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, interest in plutonium mobility has increased significantly due to the need of the United States, as well as other nations, to deal with commercial spent nuclear fuel, nuclear weapons disarmament, and the remediation of locations contaminated by nuclear weapons testing and production. Although there is a global consensus that geologic disposal is the safest existing approach to dealing with spent nuclear fuel and high-level nuclear waste, only a few nations are moving towards implementing a geologic repository due to technical and political barriers. Understanding the factors that affect the mobility of plutonium in the subsurface environment is critical to support the development of such repositories. The importance of redox chemistry in determining plutonium mobility cannot be understated. While Pu(iv) is generally assumed to be immobile in the subsurface environment due to sorption or precipitation, Pu(v) tends to be mobile due to its relatively low effective charge and weak complex formation. This review highlights one particularly important aspect of plutonium behaviour at the mineral-water interface-the concept of surface-mediated reduction, which describes the reduction of plutonium on a mineral surface. It provides a conceptual model for and evidence supporting or refuting each proposed mechanism for surface-mediated reduction including (i) radiolysis at the mineral surface, (ii) electron transfer via ferrous iron or manganese in the mineral structure, (iii) electron shuttling due to the semiconducting properties of the mineral, (iv) disproportionation of Pu(v), (v) facilitation by proton exchange sites, (vi) stabilisation of Pu(iv) due to the increased concentration gradient within the electrical double layer, and (vii) a Nernstian favourability of Pu(iv) surface complexes and colloids. It also provides new perspectives on future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Hixon
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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19
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Dumas T, Guigue M, Moisy P, Colina-Ruiz R, Mustre de Leon J, Matara-Aho M, Solari PL, Monfort M, Moulin C, Beccia MR, Auwer CD. Experimental Speciation of Plutonium(IV) in Natural Seawater. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201702762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dumas
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique; Nuclear Energy Division; Research Department on Mining and Fuel Recycling Processes; F-30207 Bagnols sur Cèze France
| | - Mireille Guigue
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique; Nuclear Energy Division; Research Department on Mining and Fuel Recycling Processes; F-30207 Bagnols sur Cèze France
| | - Philippe Moisy
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique; Nuclear Energy Division; Research Department on Mining and Fuel Recycling Processes; F-30207 Bagnols sur Cèze France
| | - Roberto Colina-Ruiz
- Université Côte d'Azur; CNRS; Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR7272; F-06100 Nice France
- Departamento de Fisica Aplicada; Cinvestav-Merida; Carretera Antigua a Progreso km. 6, Merida Yucatań 97310 Mexico
| | - Jose Mustre de Leon
- Departamento de Fisica Aplicada; Cinvestav-Merida; Carretera Antigua a Progreso km. 6, Merida Yucatań 97310 Mexico
| | - Minja Matara-Aho
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry; Department of Chemistry; University of Helsinki; FI-00014 Finland
- Université Côte d'Azur; CNRS; Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR7272; F-06100 Nice France
| | - Pier Lorenzo Solari
- Synchrotron SOLEIL L'Orme des Merisiers; Saint-Aubin; BP 48 F-91192 Gif-sur- Yvette Cedex France
| | - Marguerite Monfort
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique; Military application Division, DIF; F-91297 Arpajon France
| | - Christophe Moulin
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique; Military application Division, DIF; F-91297 Arpajon France
| | - Maria Rosa Beccia
- Université Côte d'Azur; CNRS; Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR7272; F-06100 Nice France
| | - Christophe Den Auwer
- Université Côte d'Azur; CNRS; Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR7272; F-06100 Nice France
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20
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Abstract
Abstract
The solubility and redox behavior of hydrous Pu(IV) oxide was comprehensively investigated by an experimental multi-method approach as a function of different redox conditions in 0.1 M NaCl solutions, allowing a detailed characterization of Pu(IV) and Pu(III) solubility and solid phase stability in these systems. Samples were prepared at ~3≤pHm≤~6 (pHm=–log
m
H
+
)
${{\text{m}}_{{{\text{H}}^{\text{ + }}}}})$
and ~8≤pHm≤~13 at T=(22±2)°C under Ar atmosphere. No redox buffer was used in one set of samples, whereas mildly and strongly reducing redox conditions were buffered in two series with hydroquinone or SnCl2, respectively, resulting in (pe+pHm)=(9.5±1) and (2±1). XRD, XANES and EXAFS confirmed the predominance of Pu(IV) and the nanocrystalline character of the original, aged PuO2(ncr,hyd) solid phase used as a starting material. Rietveld analysis of the XRD data indicated an average crystal (domain) size of (4±1) nm with a mean cell parameter of (5.405±0.005) Å. The solubility constant of this solid phase was determined as log
∗
K
°
s
,
0
$^ * K{^\circ _{{\text{s}},0}}$
=–(58.1±0.3) combining solubility data in acidic conditions and redox speciation by solvent extraction and CE–SF–ICP–MS. This value is in excellent agreement with the current thermodynamic selection in the NEA-TDB. Synchrotron-based in-situ XRD, XANES and EXAFS indicate that PuO2(ncr,hyd) is the solid phase controlling the solubility of Pu in hydroquinone buffered samples. Under these redox conditions and ~8≤pHm≤~13, the solubility of Pu is very low (~10−10.5 m) and pH-independent. This is consistent with the solubility equilibrium PuO2(am,hyd)+2H2O(l)⇔ Pu(OH)4(aq). Although in-situ XRD unequivocally shows the predominance of PuO2 in Sn(II)-buffered systems, XANES analyses indicate a significant contribution of Pu(III) (30±5%) in the solid phases controlling the solubility of Pu at (pe+pHm)=(2±1). For this system, EXAFS shows a systematic shortening of Pu–O and Pu–Pu distances compared to the starting Pu material and hydroquinone-buffered systems. The solubility of Pu remains very low (~10−10.5 m) at pHm>9, but shows a very large scattering (~10−9–10−10.5 m) at pHm=8. Experimental observations collected in Sn(II) buffered systems can be explained by the co-existence of both PuO2(ncr,hyd) and Pu(OH)3(am) solid phases, but also by assuming the formation of a sub-stoichiometric PuO2−x
(s) phase. This extensive study provides robust upper limits for Pu solubility in alkaline, mildly to strongly reducing conditions relevant in the context of nuclear waste disposal. The potential role of Pu(III) in the solid phases controlling the solubility of Pu under these conditions is analysed and discussed in view of the current NEA-TDB thermodynamic selection, which supports the predominance of PuO2(am,hyd) and constrains the formation of Pu(OH)3(am) at pHm>8 outside the stability field of water.
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21
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Vitova T, Pidchenko I, Fellhauer D, Pruessmann T, Bahl S, Dardenne K, Yokosawa T, Schimmelpfennig B, Altmaier M, Denecke M, Rothe J, Geckeis H. Exploring the electronic structure and speciation of aqueous and colloidal Pu with high energy resolution XANES and computations. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:12824-12827. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc06889e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pu L3 HR-XANES fingerprints loss of inversion symmetry: rising pre-edge (d,e), shorter A–B distance (d,e), split Pu d-DOS (e).
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22
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Xie J, Liang W, Lin J, Zhou X, Li M. Humic acids facilitated microbial reduction of polymeric Pu(IV) under anaerobic conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 610-611:1321-1328. [PMID: 28851152 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Flavins and humic substances have been extensively studied with emphasis on their ability to transfer extracellular electrons to insoluble metal oxides. Nevertheless, whether the low-solubility Pu(IV) polymers are microbially reduced to aqueous Pu(III) remains uncertain. Experiments were conducted under anaerobic and slightly alkaline conditions to study the difference between humic acids and flavins to transport extracellular electrons to Pu(IV) polymers. Our study demonstrates that Shewanella putrefaciens was unable to directly reduce polymeric Pu(IV) with a notably low reduction rate (3.4×10-12mol/L Pu(III)aq within 144h). The relatively high redox potential of flavins reveals the thermodynamically unfavorable reduction: Eh(PuO2(am)/Pu3+)<Eho'(FMN/FMNH2)≈Eho'(RBF/RBFH2)≈-220mV at pH7.2. The microbially reduced humic acids facilitated the extracellular electron transfer to the polymers and reduced polymeric Pu(IV) (2.1×10-10mol/L Pu(III)aq) 62 times more rapidly than the flavins. The driving force for electron transfer explains the observed reduction: Eh(HAox/HAred)<Eh(PuO2(am)/Pu3+) when S. putrefaciens oxidized lactate and respired on the humic acids. In contrast, flavins were able to substantially reduce aqueous Pu(IV)-EDTA (1.9×10-9mol/L Pu(III)aq) because of the available driving force for electron transfer: ΔrGm=-F[Eh(PuL24-/PuL25-)-Eho'(FMN/FMNH2)]=-33.5kJ/mol is a result of Eh(PuL24-/PuL25-)≫Eh(PuO2(am)/Pu3+), where L is the EDTA ligand. In the presence of humic acids, the reduction of Pu(IV)-EDTA exhibited the most rapid rate (2.2×10-9mol/L Pu(III)aq). This result further demonstrates that humic acids facilitated the extracellular electron transfer to polymeric and aqueous Pu(IV). Reductive solubilization of the polymers may enhance Pu mobility in the geosphere and hence increases risks to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchuan Xie
- Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, P.O. Box 69-14, Xi'an City, Shanxi Province 710024, PR China.
| | - Wei Liang
- Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, P.O. Box 69-14, Xi'an City, Shanxi Province 710024, PR China
| | - Jianfeng Lin
- Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, P.O. Box 69-14, Xi'an City, Shanxi Province 710024, PR China
| | - Xiaohua Zhou
- Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, P.O. Box 69-14, Xi'an City, Shanxi Province 710024, PR China
| | - Mei Li
- Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, P.O. Box 69-14, Xi'an City, Shanxi Province 710024, PR China
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23
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Romanchuk AY, Plakhova TV, Egorov AV, Egorova TB, Dorovatovskii PV, Zubavichus YV, Shiryaev AA, Kalmykov SN. Redox-mediated formation of plutonium oxide nanoparticles. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:11239-11244. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt02396d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Precipitates formed by the neutralisation of Pu(iii), Pu(iv), Pu(v), and Pu(vi) solutions were characterised by HRTEM, SAXS, and XRD in the suspensions. PuO2 nanoparticles uniform in size (typical diameter around 2.5 nm) and phase composition were observed in all cases under equilibrium conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrey A. Shiryaev
- Lomonosov Moscow State University
- Moscow
- Russia
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of Russian Academy of Science
- Moscow
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24
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Insights into the sonochemical synthesis and properties of salt-free intrinsic plutonium colloids. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43514. [PMID: 28256635 PMCID: PMC5335258 DOI: 10.1038/srep43514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fundamental knowledge on intrinsic plutonium colloids is important for the prediction of plutonium behaviour in the geosphere and in engineered systems. The first synthetic route to obtain salt-free intrinsic plutonium colloids by ultrasonic treatment of PuO2 suspensions in pure water is reported. Kinetics showed that both chemical and mechanical effects of ultrasound contribute to the mechanism of Pu colloid formation. In the first stage, fragmentation of initial PuO2 particles provides larger surface contact between cavitation bubbles and solids. Furthermore, hydrogen formed during sonochemical water splitting enables reduction of Pu(IV) to more soluble Pu(III), which then re-oxidizes yielding Pu(IV) colloid. A comparative study of nanostructured PuO2 and Pu colloids produced by sonochemical and hydrolytic methods, has been conducted using HRTEM, Pu LIII-edge XAS, and O K-edge NEXAFS/STXM. Characterization of Pu colloids revealed a correlation between the number of Pu-O and Pu-Pu contacts and the atomic surface-to-volume ratio of the PuO2 nanoparticles. NEXAFS indicated that oxygen state in hydrolytic Pu colloid is influenced by hydrolysed Pu(IV) species to a greater extent than in sonochemical PuO2 nanoparticles. In general, hydrolytic and sonochemical Pu colloids can be described as core-shell nanoparticles composed of quasi-stoichiometric PuO2 cores and hydrolyzed Pu(IV) moieties at the surface shell.
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25
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Wang P, Anderko A, Kosinski JJ, Springer RD, Lencka MM. Modeling Speciation and Solubility in Aqueous Systems Containing U(IV, VI), Np(IV, V, VI), Pu(III, IV, V, VI), Am(III), and Cm(III). J SOLUTION CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10953-017-0587-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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26
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Hellebrandt S, Lee SS, Knope KE, Lussier AJ, Stubbs JE, Eng PJ, Soderholm L, Fenter P, Schmidt M. A Comparison of Adsorption, Reduction, and Polymerization of the Plutonyl(VI) and Uranyl(VI) Ions from Solution onto the Muscovite Basal Plane. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:10473-10482. [PMID: 27678146 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b02513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
X-ray scattering techniques [in situ resonant anomalous X-ray reflectivity (RAXR) and specular crystal truncation rods (CTR)] were used to compare muscovite (001) surfaces in contact with solutions containing either 0.1 mM plutonyl(VI) or 1 mM uranyl(VI) at pH = 3.2 ± 0.2, I(NaCl) = 0.1 M, as well as in situ grazing-incidence X-ray absorption near-edge structure (GI XANES) spectroscopy and ex situ alpha spectrometry. Details of the surface coverage are found to be very different. In the case of Pu, alpha spectrometry finds a surface coverage of 8.3 Pu/AUC (AUC = 46.72 Å2, the unit cell area), far in excess of the 0.5 Pu/AUC expected for ionic adsorption of PuO22+. GI XANES results show that Pu is predominantly tetravalent on the surface, and the CTR/RAXR results show that the adsorbed Pu is broadly distributed. Taken together with previous findings, the results are consistent with adsorption of Pu in the form of Pu(IV)-oxo-nanoparticles. In contrast, uranyl shows only negligible, if any, adsorption according to all methods applied. These results are discussed and compared within the context of known Pu and U redox chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hellebrandt
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf , Dresden 01314, Germany
| | - Sang Soo Lee
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Karah E Knope
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Aaron J Lussier
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Joanne E Stubbs
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Peter J Eng
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - L Soderholm
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Paul Fenter
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Moritz Schmidt
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf , Dresden 01314, Germany
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27
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Scheinost AC, Steudtner R, Hübner R, Weiss S, Bok F. Neptunium V Retention by Siderite under Anoxic Conditions: Precipitation of NpO 2-Like Nanoparticles and of Np IV Pentacarbonate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:10413-10420. [PMID: 27585550 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The NpV retention by siderite, an FeII carbonate mineral with relevance for the near-field of high-level radioactive waste repositories, was investigated under anoxic conditions. Batch sorption experiments show that siderite has a high affinity for aqueous NpVO2+ across pH 7 to 13 as expressed by solid-water distribution coefficients, log Rd, > 5, similar to the log Rd determined for the (solely) tetravalent actinide Th on calcite, suggesting reduction of NpV to NpIV by siderite. Np L3-edge X-ray absorption near edge (XANES) spectroscopy conducted in a pH range typical for siderite-containing host rocks (7-8), confirmed the tetravalent Np oxidation state. Extended X-ray absorption fine-structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy revealed a local structure in line with NpO2-like nanoparticles with diameter < 1 nm, a result further corroborated by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The low solubility of these NpO2-like nanoparticles (∼10-9 M), along with their negligible surface charge at neutral pH conditions which favors particle aggregation, suggest an efficient retention of Np in the near-field of radioactive waste repositories. When NpV was added to ferrous carbonate solution, the subsequent precipitation of siderite did not lead to a structural incorporation of NpIV by siderite, but caused precipitation of a NpIV pentacarbonate phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas C Scheinost
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, D-01314, Germany
- The Rossendorf Beamline at ESRF, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Robin Steudtner
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, D-01314, Germany
| | - René Hübner
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, D-01314, Germany
| | - Stephan Weiss
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, D-01314, Germany
| | - Frank Bok
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, D-01314, Germany
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Zänker H, Weiss S, Hennig C, Brendler V, Ikeda‐Ohno A. Oxyhydroxy Silicate Colloids: A New Type of Waterborne Actinide(IV) Colloids. ChemistryOpen 2016; 5:174-182. [PMID: 27957406 PMCID: PMC5130165 DOI: 10.1002/open.201500207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
At the near-neutral and reducing aquatic conditions expected in undisturbed ore deposits or in closed nuclear waste repositories, the actinides Th, U, Np, and Pu are primarily tetravalent. These tetravalent actinides (AnIV) are sparingly soluble in aquatic systems and, hence, are often assumed to be immobile. However, AnIV could become mobile if they occur as colloids. This review focuses on a new type of AnIV colloids, oxyhydroxy silicate colloids. We herein discuss the chemical characteristics of these colloids and the potential implication for their environmental behavior. The binary oxyhydroxy silicate colloids of AnIV could be potentially more mobile as a waterborne species than the well-known mono-component oxyhydroxide colloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Zänker
- Institute of Resource EcologyHelmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-RossendorfP.O. Box 51 01 1901314DresdenGermany
| | - Stephan Weiss
- Institute of Resource EcologyHelmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-RossendorfP.O. Box 51 01 1901314DresdenGermany
| | - Christoph Hennig
- Institute of Resource EcologyHelmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-RossendorfP.O. Box 51 01 1901314DresdenGermany
| | - Vinzenz Brendler
- Institute of Resource EcologyHelmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-RossendorfP.O. Box 51 01 1901314DresdenGermany
| | - Atsushi Ikeda‐Ohno
- Institute of Resource EcologyHelmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-RossendorfP.O. Box 51 01 1901314DresdenGermany
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29
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Knope KE, Skanthakumar S, Soderholm L. Two Dihydroxo-Bridged Plutonium(IV) Nitrate Dimers and Their Relevance to Trends in Tetravalent Ion Hydrolysis and Condensation. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:10192-6. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karah E. Knope
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - S. Skanthakumar
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - L. Soderholm
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
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30
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Husar R, Hübner R, Hennig C, Martin PM, Chollet M, Weiss S, Stumpf T, Zänker H, Ikeda-Ohno A. Intrinsic formation of nanocrystalline neptunium dioxide under neutral aqueous conditions relevant to deep geological repositories. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:1301-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc08103j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Simple dilution of an aqueous Np(iv) bicarbonate solution triggers the intrinsic formation of nanocrystalline neptunium dioxide (NpO2). This new formation route could be a likely scenario in the repository and disposal of radioactive waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Husar
- Institute of Resource Ecology
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR)
- D-01328 Dresden
- Germany
| | - René Hübner
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR)
- D-01328 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Christoph Hennig
- Institute of Resource Ecology
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR)
- D-01328 Dresden
- Germany
- The Rossendorf Beamline at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF)
| | - Philippe M. Martin
- Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)
- DEN
- DEC
- F-13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance
- France
| | - Mélanie Chollet
- Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)
- DEN
- DEC
- F-13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance
- France
| | - Stephan Weiss
- Institute of Resource Ecology
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR)
- D-01328 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Thorsten Stumpf
- Institute of Resource Ecology
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR)
- D-01328 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Harald Zänker
- Institute of Resource Ecology
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR)
- D-01328 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Atsushi Ikeda-Ohno
- Institute of Resource Ecology
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR)
- D-01328 Dresden
- Germany
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31
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Lin J, Dang H, Xie J, Li M, Zhou G, Zhang J, Zhang H, Yi X. Goethite colloid enhanced Pu transport through a single saturated fracture in granite. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2014; 164:251-258. [PMID: 25016587 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
α-FeOOH, a stable iron oxide in nature, can strongly absorb the low-solubility plutonium (Pu) in aquifers. However, whether Pu transports though a single saturated fracture can be enhanced in the presence of α-FeOOH colloids remains unknown. Experimental studies were carried out to evaluate Pu mobilization at different water flow velocity, as affected by goethite colloids with various concentrations. Goethite nanorods were used to prepare (α-FeOOH)-associated Pu suspensions with α-FeOOH concentration of (0-150) mgL(-1). The work experimentally evidenced that α-FeOOH colloid does enhance transport of Pu through fractured granites. The fraction of mobile (239)Pu (RPu, m=41.5%) associated with the α-FeOOH of an extremely low colloid concentration (0.2mgL(-1)) is much larger than that in absence of α-FeOOH (RPu, m=6.98%). However, plutonium mobility began to decrease when α-FeOOH concentration was increased to 1.0mgL(-1). On the other hand, the fraction of mobile Pu increased gradually with the water flow velocity. Based on the experimental data, the mechanisms underlying the (α-FeOOH)-associated plutonium transport are comprehensively discussed in view of its dynamic deposition onto the granite surfaces, which is decided mainly by the relative interaction between the colloid particle and the immobile surface. This interaction is a balance of electrostatic force (may be repulsive or attractive), the van der Walls force, and the shear stress of flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Lin
- Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi'an 710024, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haijun Dang
- Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi'an 710024, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Jinchuan Xie
- Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi'an 710024, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mei Li
- Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi'an 710024, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guoqing Zhou
- Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi'an 710024, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jihong Zhang
- Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi'an 710024, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haitao Zhang
- Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi'an 710024, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaowei Yi
- Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi'an 710024, Shaanxi, China
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32
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Xie J, Lin J, Zhou X, Li M, Zhou G. Plutonium partitioning in three-phase systems with water, colloidal particles, and granites: new insights into distribution coefficients. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 99:125-133. [PMID: 24280054 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The traditional sorption experiments commonly treated the colloid-associated species of low-solubility contaminants as immobile species resulted from the centrifugation or ultrafiltration, and then solid/liquid distribution coefficients (Ks/d) were determined. This may lead to significantly underestimated mobility of the actinides in subsurface environments. Accordingly, we defined a new distribution coefficient (Ks/d+c) to more adequately describe the mobile characteristics of colloidal species. The results show that under alkaline aqueous conditions the traditional Ks/d was 2-3 orders of magnitude larger than the Ks/d+c involving the colloidal species of (239)Pu. The colloid/liquid distribution coefficients Kc/d≫0 (∼10(6)mL/g) revealed strong competition of the colloidal granite particles with the granite grains for Pu. The distribution percentages of Pu in the three-phase systems, depending on various conditions such as particle concentrations, Na(+) concentrations, pH and time, were determined. Moreover, we developed the thermodynamic and kinetic complexation models to explore the interaction of Pu with the particle surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchuan Xie
- Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, P.O. Box 69-14, Xi'an City, Shanxi Province 710024, PR China.
| | - Jianfeng Lin
- Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, P.O. Box 69-14, Xi'an City, Shanxi Province 710024, PR China
| | - Xiaohua Zhou
- Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, P.O. Box 69-14, Xi'an City, Shanxi Province 710024, PR China
| | - Mei Li
- Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, P.O. Box 69-14, Xi'an City, Shanxi Province 710024, PR China
| | - Guoqing Zhou
- Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, P.O. Box 69-14, Xi'an City, Shanxi Province 710024, PR China
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33
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Xie J, Lin J, Zhou X, Li M, Zhou G. Plutonium partitioning in three-phase systems with water, granite grains, and different colloids. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:7219-7226. [PMID: 24562456 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2649-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Low-solubility contaminants with high affinity for colloid surfaces may form colloid-associated species. The mobile characteristics of this species are, however, ignored by the traditional sorption/distribution experiments in which colloidal species contributed to the immobile fraction of the contaminants retained on the solids as a result of centrifugation or ultrafiltration procedures. The mobility of the contaminants in subsurface environments might be underestimated accordingly. Our results show that colloidal species of (239)Pu in three-phase systems remained the highest percentages in comparison to both the dissolved species and the immobile species retained on the granite grains (solid phase), although the relative fraction of these three species depended on the colloid types. The real solid/liquid distribution coefficients (K s/d) experimentally determined were generally smaller than the traditional K s/d (i.e., the K s+c/d in this study) by ~1,000 mL/g for the three-phase systems with the mineral colloids (granite particle, soil colloid, or kaolinite colloid). For the humic acid system, the traditional K s/d was 140 mL/g, whereas the real K s/d was approximately zero. The deviations from the real solid/liquid K s/d were caused by the artificially increased immobile fraction of Pu. One has to be cautious in using K s/d-based transport models to predict the fate and transport of Pu in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchuan Xie
- Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, P.O. Box 69-14, Xi'an City, Shanxi Province, 710024, People's Republic of China,
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34
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Zänker H, Hennig C. Colloid-borne forms of tetravalent actinides: a brief review. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2014; 157:87-105. [PMID: 24365396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Tetravalent actinides, An(IV), are usually assumed to be little mobile in near-neutral environmental waters because of their low solubility. However, there are certain geochemical scenarios during which mobilization of An(IV) in a colloid-borne (waterborne) form cannot be ruled out. A compilation of colloid-borne forms of tetravalent actinides described so far for laboratory experiments together with several examples of An(IV) colloids observed in field experiments and real-world scenarios are given. They are intended to be a knowledge base and a tool for those who have to interpret actinide behavior under environmental conditions. Synthetic colloids containing structural An(IV) and synthetic colloids carrying adsorbed An(IV) are considered. Their behavior is compared with the behavior of An(IV) colloids observed after the intentional or unintentional release of actinides into the environment. A list of knowledge gaps as to the behavior of An(IV) colloids is provided and items which need further research are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Zänker
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, P.O. Box 51 01 19, D-01314 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Christoph Hennig
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, P.O. Box 51 01 19, D-01314 Dresden, Germany
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35
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Odoh SO, Bylaska EJ, de Jong WA. Coordination and hydrolysis of plutonium ions in aqueous solution using Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics free energy simulations. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:12256-67. [PMID: 24168210 DOI: 10.1021/jp4096248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics (CPMD) simulations have been used to examine the hydration structures, coordination energetics, and the first hydrolysis constants of Pu(3+), Pu(4+), PuO2(+), and PuO2(2+) ions in aqueous solution at 300 K. The coordination numbers and structural properties of the first shell of these ions are in good agreement with available experimental estimates. The hexavalent PuO2(2+) species is coordinated to five aquo ligands while the pentavalent PuO2(+) complex is coordinated to four aquo ligands. The Pu(3+) and Pu(4+) ions are both coordinated to eight water molecules. The first hydrolysis constants obtained for Pu(3+) and PuO2(2+) are 6.65 and 5.70, respectively, all within 0.3 pH unit of the experimental values (6.90 and 5.50, respectively). The hydrolysis constant of Pu(4+), 0.17, disagrees with the value of -0.60 in the most recent update of the Nuclear Energy Agency Thermochemical Database (NEA-TDB) but supports recent experimental findings. The hydrolysis constant of PuO2(+), 9.51, supports the experimental results of Bennett et al. [Radiochim. Acta 1992, 56, 15]. A correlation between the pKa of the first hydrolysis reaction and the effective charge of the plutonium center was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel O Odoh
- Environmental and Molecular Science Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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36
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Priyadarshini N, Sampath M, Kumar S, Mudali UK, Natarajan R. A combined spectroscopic and light scattering study of hydrolysis of uranium(VI) leading to colloid formation in aqueous solutions. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-013-2624-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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37
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Batuk ON, Szabó DV, Denecke MA, Vitova T, Kalmykov SN. Synthesis and characterization of thorium, uranium and cerium oxide nanoparticles. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2013. [DOI: 10.1524/ract.2012.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We describe the synthesis of cerium, thorium and uranium oxide nanoparticles embedded in a mesoporous matrix as template in a kind of nanocasting technique. The solid matrix is used as a template to obtain and stabilize the actinide oxide nanoparticles. We apply high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) to show evidence of metal oxide incorporation into the matrix pores and analyze their structure. Measured interplanar distances and calculated lattice parameters for synthesized nanosized CeO2−x
and ThO2 samples differ from their bulk crystalline counterparts. We obtain with our synthesis CeO2−x
particles containing both Ce4+ and larger sized Ce3+. The lattice parameter for these ceria nanoparticles is found to be larger than the bulk value due to the presence of Ce3+ with its larger ionic radius. The presence of Ce3+ was established by means of high resolution X-ray emission spectroscopy (HRXES), applied to the investigation of nanoparticles for the first time. The ThO2 nanoparticles exhibit a decrease in interplanar distances, as one might generally expected for these nanoclusters. However, the lattice distance decrease for our particles is remarkable, up to 5%, indicating that contact with the surrounding silica matrix may exert a bond distance shortening effect such as through significant external pressure on the particle surface.
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Abstract
The recent estimated global stockpile of separated plutonium (Pu) worldwide is about 500 t, with equal contributions from nuclear weapons and civilian nuclear energy. Independent of the United States' future nuclear energy policy, the current large and increasing stockpile of Pu needs to be safely isolated from the biosphere and stored for thousands of years. Recent laboratory and field studies have demonstrated the ability of colloids (1-1000 nm particles) to facilitate the migration of strongly sorbing contaminants such as Pu. In understanding the dominant processes that may facilitate the transport of Pu, the initial source chemistry and groundwater chemistry are important factors, as no one process can explain all the different field observations of Pu transport. Very little is known about the molecular-scale geochemical and biochemical mechanisms controlling Pu transport, leaving our conceptual model incomplete. Equally uncertain are the conditions that inhibit the cycling and mobility of Pu in the subsurface. Without a better mechanistic understanding for Pu at the molecular level, we cannot advance our ability to model its transport behavior and achieve confidence in predicting long-term transport. Without a conceptual model that can successfully predict long-term Pu behavior and ultimately isolation from the biosphere, the public will remain skeptical that nuclear energy is a viable and an attractive alternative to counter global warming effects of carbon-based energy alternatives. This review summarizes our current understanding of the relevant conditions and processes controlling the behavior of Pu in the environment, gaps in our scientific knowledge, and future research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie B Kersting
- Glenn T. Seaborg Institute, Physical & Life Sciences, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, L-231, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94550, USA.
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39
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Walther C, Denecke MA. Actinide Colloids and Particles of Environmental Concern. Chem Rev 2013; 113:995-1015. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300343c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Walther
- Institute for Radioecology and
Radiation Protection, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Strasse 2, D-30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Melissa A. Denecke
- Institute for Nuclear Waste
Disposal, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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40
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Ekberg C, Larsson K, Skarnemark G, Ödegaard-Jensen A, Persson I. The structure of plutonium(iv) oxide as hydrolysed clusters in aqueous suspensions. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:2035-40. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt32185h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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41
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Batuk DN, Shiryaev AA, Kalmykov SN, Zakharova EV, Teterin YA, Batuk ON, Myasoedov BF. Interaction of U, Np, and Pu with colloidal SiO2 particles. RADIOCHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s1066362212060045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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42
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Knope KE, Soderholm L. Solution and Solid-State Structural Chemistry of Actinide Hydrates and Their Hydrolysis and Condensation Products. Chem Rev 2012; 113:944-94. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300212f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karah E. Knope
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439,
United States
| | - L. Soderholm
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439,
United States
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43
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Vasiliu M, Knope KE, Soderholm L, Dixon DA. Spectroscopic and Energetic Properties of Thorium(IV) Molecular Clusters with a Hexanuclear Core. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:6917-26. [DOI: 10.1021/jp303493t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Vasiliu
- Chemistry
Department, The University of Alabama,
Shelby Hall, Box 870336,
Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
| | - Karah E. Knope
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering
Division, Argonne National Laboratory,
Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - L. Soderholm
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering
Division, Argonne National Laboratory,
Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - David A. Dixon
- Chemistry
Department, The University of Alabama,
Shelby Hall, Box 870336,
Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering
Division, Argonne National Laboratory,
Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
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Vidaud C, Bourgeois D, Meyer D. Bone as Target Organ for Metals: The Case of f-Elements. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:1161-75. [DOI: 10.1021/tx300064m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claude Vidaud
- CEA, IBEB, LEPC, BP 17171, F-30207
Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Damien Bourgeois
- ICSM, UMR 5257/CEA/CNRS/UM2/ENSCM,
BP17171, F-30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Daniel Meyer
- ICSM, UMR 5257/CEA/CNRS/UM2/ENSCM,
BP17171, F-30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
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Rothe J, Butorin S, Dardenne K, Denecke MA, Kienzler B, Löble M, Metz V, Seibert A, Steppert M, Vitova T, Walther C, Geckeis H. The INE-Beamline for actinide science at ANKA. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2012; 83:043105. [PMID: 22559513 DOI: 10.1063/1.3700813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Since its inauguration in 2005, the INE-Beamline for actinide research at the synchrotron source ANKA (KIT North Campus) provides dedicated instrumentation for x-ray spectroscopic characterization of actinide samples and other radioactive materials. R&D work at the beamline focuses on various aspects of nuclear waste disposal within INE's mission to provide the scientific basis for assessing long-term safety of a final nuclear waste repository. The INE-Beamline is accessible for the actinide and radiochemistry community through the ANKA proposal system and the European Union Integrated Infrastructure Initiative ACTINET-I3. Experiments with activities up to 1 × 10(+6) times the European exemption limit are feasible within a safe but flexible containment concept. Measurements with monochromatic radiation are performed at photon energies varying between ~2.1 keV (P K-edge) and ~25 keV (Pd K-edge), including the lanthanide L-edges and the actinide M- and L3-edges up to Cf. The close proximity of the INE-Beamline to INE controlled area labs offers infrastructure unique in Europe for the spectroscopic and microscopic characterization of actinide samples. The modular beamline design enables sufficient flexibility to adapt sample environments and detection systems to many scientific questions. The well-established bulk techniques x-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy in transmission and fluorescence mode have been augmented by advanced methods using a microfocused beam, including (confocal) XAFS/x-ray fluorescence detection and a combination of (micro-)XAFS and (micro-)x-ray diffraction. Additional instrumentation for high energy-resolution x-ray emission spectroscopy has been successfully developed and tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rothe
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Nuclear Waste Disposal (KIT-INE), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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46
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Jensen MP, Aryal BP, Gorman-Lewis D, Paunesku T, Lai B, Vogt S, Woloschak GE. Submicron hard X-ray fluorescence imaging of synthetic elements. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 722:21-8. [PMID: 22444530 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) using hard X-rays focused into sub-micron spots is a powerful technique for elemental quantification and mapping, as well as microspectroscopic measurements such as μ-XANES (X-ray absorption near edge structure). We have used XFM to image and simultaneously quantify the transuranic element plutonium at the L(3) or L(2)-edge as well as Th and lighter biologically essential elements in individual rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells after exposure to the long-lived plutonium isotope (242)Pu. Elemental maps demonstrate that plutonium localizes principally in the cytoplasm of the cells and avoids the cell nucleus, which is marked by the highest concentrations of phosphorus and zinc, under the conditions of our experiments. The minimum detection limit under typical acquisition conditions with an incident X-ray energy of 18 keV for an average 202 μm(2) cell is 1.4 fg Pu or 2.9×10(-20) moles Pu μm(-2), which is similar to the detection limit of K-edge XFM of transition metals at 10 keV. Copper electron microscopy grids were used to avoid interference from gold X-ray emissions, but traces of strontium present in naturally occurring calcium can still interfere with plutonium detection using its L(α) X-ray emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Jensen
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
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47
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Wang S, Diwu J, Simonetti A, Booth CH, Albrecht-Schmitt TE. Interstitial incorporation of plutonium into a low-dimensional potassium borate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:9457-9463. [PMID: 21932804 DOI: 10.1021/es2028247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The molten boric acid flux reaction of PuBr(3) with KBO(2) at 200 °C results in the formation of large light-yellow crystals of K[B(5)O(7)(OH)(2)]·H(2)O:Pu(4+). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiments on the Pu-doped K[B(5)O(7)(OH)(2)]·H(2)O demonstrate two features: (1) K[B(5)O(7)(OH)(2)]·H(2)O:Pu(4+) adopts a one-dimensional borate chain structure with void spaces between the chains. (2) The doping plutonium atoms do not reside on the potassium sites. The latter are not fully occupied. Both laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and energy-dispersive spectrometry analyses indicate that plutonium atoms are uniformly distributed in crystals of K[B(5)O(7)(OH)(2)]·H(2)O with an atomic K:Pu ratio of approximately 65:1 measured by LA-ICP-MS. UV-vis-NIR spectra taken from both freshly made and one day old crystals show that the plutonium present within the crystals is predominantly characterized by Pu(IV). A small amount of Pu(III) is also present initially, but slowly oxidized to Pu(IV) via interaction with oxygen in the air. X-ray absorption near-edge structure and extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopic measurements confirm that plutonium is mainly present as a form similar to that of a PuO(2) cluster. The combined results suggest that the clusters containing Pu(IV) ions are uniformly distributed in the void spaces between the borate chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuao Wang
- Department of Civil Engineering and Geological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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49
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Wilson RE, Skanthakumar S, Soderholm L. Separation of Plutonium Oxide Nanoparticles and Colloids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:11234-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201105624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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50
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Kirsch R, Fellhauer D, Altmaier M, Neck V, Rossberg A, Fanghänel T, Charlet L, Scheinost AC. Oxidation state and local structure of plutonium reacted with magnetite, mackinawite, and chukanovite. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:7267-74. [PMID: 21755920 DOI: 10.1021/es200645a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Due to their redox reactivity, surface sorption characteristics, and ubiquity as corrosion products or as minerals in natural sediments, iron(II)-bearing minerals control to a large extent the environmental fate of actinides. Pu-L(III)-edge XANES and EXAFS spectra were used to investigate reaction products of aqueous (242)Pu(III) and (242)Pu(V) reacted with magnetite, mackinawite, and chukanovite under anoxic conditions. As Pu concentrations in the liquid phase were rapidly below detection limit, oxidation state and local structure of Pu were determined for Pu associated with the solid mineral phase. Pu(V) was reduced in the presence of all three minerals. A newly identified, highly specific Pu(III)-sorption complex formed with magnetite. Solid PuO(2) phases formed in the presence of mackinawite and chukanovite; in the case of chukanovite, up to one-third of plutonium was also present as Pu(III). This highlights the necessity to consider, under reducing anoxic conditions, Pu(III) species in addition to tetravalent PuO(2) for environmental risk assessment. Our results also demonstrate the necessity to support thermodynamic calculations with spectroscopic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Kirsch
- Institut für Radiochemie, Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Postfach 510119, 01314 Dresden, Germany.
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