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Shamjith S, Murali VP, Joesph MM, T S F, Chandana R, Jayarajan RO, Maiti KK. Hydrogen Sulfide-Induced Activatable Photodynamic Therapy Adjunct to Disruption of Subcellular Glycolysis in Cancer Cells by a Fluorescence-SERS Bimodal Iridium Metal-Organic Hybrid. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:27114-27126. [PMID: 38747624 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c02761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
The practical application of photodynamic therapy (PDT) demands targeted and activatable photosensitizers to mitigate off-target phototoxicity common in "always on" photosensitizers during light exposure. Herein, a cyclometalated iridium complex-based activatable photodynamic molecular hybrid, Cy-Ir-7-nitrobenzofurazan (NBD), is demonstrated as a biomedicine for molecular precision. This design integrates a hydrogen sulfide (H2S)-responsive NBD unit with a hydroxy-appended iridium complex, Cy-Ir-OH. In normal physiological conditions, the electron-rich Ir metal center exerts electron transfer to the NBD unit, quenches the excited state dynamics, and establishes a PDT-off state. Upon exposure to H2S, Cy-Ir-NBD activates into the potent photosensitizer Cy-Ir-OH through nucleophilic substitution. This mechanism ensures exceptional specificity, enabling targeted phototherapy in H2S-rich cancer cells. Additionally, we observed that Cy-Ir-NBD-induced H2S depletion disrupts S-sulfhydration of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme, impairing glycolysis and ATP production in the cellular milieu. This sequential therapeutic process of Cy-Ir-NBD is governed by the positively charged central iridium ion that ensures mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in cancer cells. Dual-modality SERS and fluorescence imaging validate apoptotic events, highlighting Cy-Ir-NBD as an advanced theranostic molecular entity for activatable PDT. Finally, as a proof of concept, clinical assessment is evaluated with the blood samples of breast cancer patients and healthy volunteers, based on their H2S overexpression capability through SERS and fluorescence, revealing Cy-Ir-NBD to be a promising predictor for PDT activation in advanced cancer phototherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmughan Shamjith
- Chemical Sciences & Technology Division (CSTD), Organic Chemistry Section, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Industrial Estate, Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Vishnu Priya Murali
- Chemical Sciences & Technology Division (CSTD), Organic Chemistry Section, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Industrial Estate, Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India
| | - Manu M Joesph
- Department of Life Sciences, Christ University, Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Fathima T S
- Chemical Sciences & Technology Division (CSTD), Organic Chemistry Section, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Industrial Estate, Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India
| | - Reghukumar Chandana
- Chemical Sciences & Technology Division (CSTD), Organic Chemistry Section, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Industrial Estate, Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Roopasree O Jayarajan
- Chemical Sciences & Technology Division (CSTD), Organic Chemistry Section, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Industrial Estate, Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Kaustabh Kumar Maiti
- Chemical Sciences & Technology Division (CSTD), Organic Chemistry Section, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Industrial Estate, Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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2
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Yang Y, Gao Y, Sun Y, Zhao J, Gou S. Study on the Multimodal Anticancer Mechanism of Ru(II)/Ir(III) Complexes Bearing a Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase 1 Inhibitor. J Med Chem 2023; 66:13731-13745. [PMID: 37788351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel ruthenium(II) and iridium(III) complexes (Ru1-Ru3 and Ir1-Ir3) with different ancillary ligands and a PARP-1-inhibitory chelating ligand 2-(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dimethoxybenzylidene)hydrazine-1-carbothioamide (L1) were designed and prepared. The target complexes were structurally characterized by NMR and ESI-MS techniques. Among them, the crystal and molecular structures of Ir1 and Ir2 were also determined by X-ray crystallography. These complexes retained the PARP-1 enzyme inhibitory effect of L1 and showed potent antiproliferative activity on the tested cancer cell lines. The ruthenium(II) complexes Ru1-Ru3 were found to be more cytotoxic than the iridium(III) complexes Ir1-Ir3. Further investigations revealed that the most active complex Ru3 induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells by multiple modes, inclusive of inducing DNA damage, suppressing DNA damage repair, disturbing cell cycle distribution, decreasing the mitochondrial membrane potential, and increasing the intracellular reactive oxygen species levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Yang
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Ya Gao
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Yanyan Sun
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Shaohua Gou
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
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3
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Li W, Shi C, Wu X, Zhang Y, Liu H, Wang X, Huang C, Liang L, Liu Y. Light activation of iridium(III) complexes driving ROS production and DNA damage enhances anticancer activity in A549 cells. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 236:111977. [PMID: 36030672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The work aimed to synthesize and characterize two iridium(III) complexes [Ir(ppy)2(IPPH)](PF6) (Ir1, IPPH = (2S,3R,5S,6R)-2-(2-(1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthrolin-2-yl)phenoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol, ppy = 2-phenylpyridine), [Ir(piq)2(IPPH)](PF6) (Ir2, piq = 1-phenylisoquinoline). The cytotoxicity of the complexes against BEL-7402, A549, HCT-116, B16 cancer cells and normal LO2 was evaluated through 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-biphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. The complexes show no cytotoxic activity (IC50 > 100 μM) against these cancer cells, while their cytotoxicity can significantly be elevated upon illumination. The IC50 values range from 0.2 ± 0.05 to 35.5 ± 3.5 μM. The cellular uptake, endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria localization, reactive oxygen species, the change of mitochondrial membrane potential, γ-H2AX levels, cycle arrest, apoptosis and the expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 were investigated. The calreticulin (CRT), heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) were explored. This study demonstrates that photoactivatable complexes induce cell death in A549 through ROS-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress-mitochondrial pathway, DNA damage pathways, immunogenic cell death (ICD), activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and inhibit the cell growth at S phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Chuanling Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xiaoyun Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Haimei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xiuzhen Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Chunxia Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Lijuan Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yunjun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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4
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Zhu S, Pan Q, Li Y, Liu W, Liu R, Zhu H. Fluorene-decorated Ir(III) complexes: synthesis, photophysics and tunable triplet excited state properties in aggregation. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:13322-13330. [PMID: 35983911 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01592g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two new heteroleptic cationic Ir(III) complexes bearing benzothiazole and pyridine motifs on fluorene groups were synthesized and characterized. Complexes Ir1 and Ir2 exhibit 1π,π* transitions below 430 nm, with broad but weak metal-to-ligand and ligand-to-ligand charge transfer absorption bands above 430 nm. Both complexes possess long-lived emissions (τem = 0.37 μs for Ir1, τem = 5.41 μs for Ir2) and triplet excited states (τTA = 0.14 μs for Ir1, τTA = 6.06 μs for Ir2). Their optical properties in solution and aggregated states were also investigated. Both Ir(III) complexes exhibit aggregation-induced phosphorescence emission behavior in an acetonitrile-water mixture. As the water content increased to 90%, the emission intensities of complexes Ir1 and Ir2 increased nearly 3 times and 2.8 times, respectively. Moreover, nonlinear transmittance experiments were performed in CH3CN and a CH3CN-H2O mixture (fw = 90%), and the strength of the reverse saturable absorption (RSA) at 532 nm followed the trend: Ir2 (CH3CN) ≥ Ir1 (CH3CN) > Ir2 (CH3CN-H2O) > Ir1 (CH3CN-H2O). Abundant triplet state excitons participated in the radiative transition progress, which inhibited the RSA process. These results indicate that the fluorene-decorated Ir(III) complexes are suitable for aggregation emission and optical power limiting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senqiang Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Qianqian Pan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Yuhao Li
- Institute of Bismuth and Rhenium, School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Wenqing Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200083, China
| | - Rui Liu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Hongjun Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
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5
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Synthesis and Characterization of Heteroleptic Bis-Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2022.122375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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6
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Lee LCC, Lo KKW. Strategic design of photofunctional transition metal complexes for cancer diagnosis and therapy. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adioch.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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7
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Hickey SM, Ung B, Bader C, Brooks R, Lazniewska J, Johnson IRD, Sorvina A, Logan J, Martini C, Moore CR, Karageorgos L, Sweetman MJ, Brooks DA. Fluorescence Microscopy-An Outline of Hardware, Biological Handling, and Fluorophore Considerations. Cells 2021; 11:35. [PMID: 35011596 PMCID: PMC8750338 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy has become a critical tool for researchers to understand biological processes at the cellular level. Micrographs from fixed and live-cell imaging procedures feature in a plethora of scientific articles for the field of cell biology, but the complexities of fluorescence microscopy as an imaging tool can sometimes be overlooked or misunderstood. This review seeks to cover the three fundamental considerations when designing fluorescence microscopy experiments: (1) hardware availability; (2) amenability of biological models to fluorescence microscopy; and (3) suitability of imaging agents for intended applications. This review will help equip the reader to make judicious decisions when designing fluorescence microscopy experiments that deliver high-resolution and informative images for cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane M. Hickey
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (C.B.); (R.B.); (J.L.); (I.R.D.J.); (A.S.); (J.L.); (C.M.); (C.R.M.); (L.K.); (M.J.S.); (D.A.B.)
| | - Ben Ung
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (C.B.); (R.B.); (J.L.); (I.R.D.J.); (A.S.); (J.L.); (C.M.); (C.R.M.); (L.K.); (M.J.S.); (D.A.B.)
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8
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Almeida MP, Kock FVC, de Jesus HCR, Carlos RM, Venâncio T. Probing the acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of a novel Ru(II) polypyridyl complex and the supramolecular interaction by (STD)-NMR. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 224:111560. [PMID: 34399231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Currently, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors are the only anti-Alzheimer drugs commercially available. Despite their wide use those drugs are all dose dependent and their effect last for no longer than two years, with several side effects. The search of novel acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors remains as the main scientific route. Here we describe the synthesis, characterization, biological activity and an NMR binding-target study of a novel cis-[Ru(Bpy)2(EtPy)2]2+, (RuEtPy), Bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine and EtPy = 4,2-Ethylamino-pyridine) as a potential AChE inhibitor. The classic Ellman's colorimetric assay suggests that the RuEtPy exhibits a high inhibitory activity, following a competitive mechanism, with a remarkable low inhibition constant (Ki ≈ 16.8 μM), together with a IC50 = 39 μM. Hence, we have studied the spatial interactions for this novel candidate towards the human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE) using saturation transfer difference (STD)-NMR, in order to describe the mechanism of the interaction. NMR binding-target results shows that the 4,2-Ethylamino-Pyridine group is spatially closer to hAChE surface chemical arrangement than 2,2' bipyridine counterpart, exerting an efficient intermolecular interaction, with a low dissociation constant (KD ≈ 55 μM), probing that 4,2-Ethylamino-pyridine motif plays a key role in the inhibitory action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon P Almeida
- Chemistry Department of Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Flávio V C Kock
- Chemistry Department of Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Hugo C R de Jesus
- Chemistry Department of Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Centre, 4.420 Life Sciences Centre, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, Canada
| | - Rose M Carlos
- Chemistry Department of Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Tiago Venâncio
- Chemistry Department of Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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9
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Gillam TA, Caporale C, Brooks RD, Bader CA, Sorvina A, Werrett MV, Wright PJ, Morrison JL, Massi M, Brooks DA, Zacchini S, Hickey SM, Stagni S, Plush SE. Neutral Re(I) Complex Platform for Live Intracellular Imaging. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:10173-10185. [PMID: 34210122 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Luminescent metal complexes are a valuable platform for the generation of cell imaging agents. However, many metal complexes are cationic, a factor that can dominate the intracellular accumulation to specific organelles. Neutral Re(I) complexes offer a more attractive platform for the development of bioconjugated imaging agents, where charge cannot influence their intracellular distribution. Herein, we report the synthesis of a neutral complex (ReAlkyne), which was used as a platform for the generation of four carbohydrate-conjugated imaging agents via Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition. A comprehensive evaluation of the physical and optical properties of each complex is provided, together with a determination of their utility as live cell imaging agents in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts. Unlike their cationic counterparts, many of which localize within mitochondria, these neutral complexes have localized within the endosomal/lysosomal network, a result consistent with examples of dinuclear carbohydrate-appended neutral Re(I) complexes that have been reported. This further demonstrates the utility of these neutral Re(I) complex imaging platforms as viable imaging platforms for the development of bioconjugated cell imaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Gillam
- UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, North Tce, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.,UniSA STEM, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Chiara Caporale
- Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Kent St., Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Robert D Brooks
- UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, North Tce, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Christie A Bader
- UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, North Tce, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Alexandra Sorvina
- UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, North Tce, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Melissa V Werrett
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Phillip J Wright
- Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Kent St., Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Janna L Morrison
- UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, North Tce, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Massimiliano Massi
- Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Kent St., Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Doug A Brooks
- UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, North Tce, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Shane M Hickey
- UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, North Tce, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Stefano Stagni
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Sally E Plush
- UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, North Tce, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.,UniSA STEM, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
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Zhu X, Liu B, Cui P, Kilina S, Sun W. Multinuclear 2-(Quinolin-2-yl)quinoxaline-Coordinated Iridium(III) Complexes Tethered by Carbazole Derivatives: Synthesis and Photophysics. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:17096-17108. [PMID: 33170657 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Five mono/di/trinuclear iridium(III) complexes (1-5) bearing the carbazole-derivative-tethered 2-(quinolin-2-yl)quinoxaline (quqo) diimine (N^N) ligand were synthesized and characterized. The photophysical properties of these complexes and their corresponding diimine ligands were systematically studied via UV-vis absorption, emission, and transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy and simulated by time-dependent density functional theory. All complexes possessed strong well-resolved absorption bands at <400 nm that have predominant ligand-based 1π,π* transitions and broad structureless charge-transfer (1CT) absorption bands at 400-700 nm. The energies or intensities of these 1CT bands varied pronouncedly when the number of tethered Ir(quqo)(piq)2+ (piq refers to 1-phenylisoquinoline) units, π conjugation of the carbazole derivative linker, or attachment positions on the carbazole linker were altered. All complexes were emissive at room temperature, with 1-3 showing near-IR (NIR) 3MLCT (metal-to-ligand charge-transfer)/3LLCT (ligand-to-ligand charge-transfer) emission at ∼710 nm and 4 and 5 exhibiting red or NIR 3ILCT (intraligand charge-transfer)/3LMCT (ligand-to-metal charge-transfer) emission in CH2Cl2. In CH3CN, 1-3 displayed an additional emission band at ca. 590 nm (3ILCT/3LMCT/3MLCT/3π,π* in nature) in addition to the 710 nm band. The different natures of the emitting states of 1-3 versus those of 4 and 5 also gave rise to different spectral features in their triplet TA spectra. It appears that the parentage and characteristics of the lowest triplet excited states in these complexes are mainly impacted by the π systems of the bridging carbazole derivatives and essentially no interactions among the Ir(quqo)(piq)2+ units. In addition, all of the diimine ligands tethered by the carbazole derivatives displayed a dramatic solvatochromic effect in their emission due to the predominant intramolecular charge-transfer nature of their emitting states. Aggregation-enhanced emission was also observed from the mixed CH2Cl2/ethyl acetate or CH2Cl2/hexane solutions of these ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Bingqing Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Peng Cui
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States.,Materials and Nanotechnology Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States.,Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, P. R. China
| | - Svetlana Kilina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
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11
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Luengo A, Marzo I, Reback M, Daubit IM, Fernández‐Moreira V, Metzler‐Nolte N, Gimeno MC. Luminescent Bimetallic Ir III /Au I Peptide Bioconjugates as Potential Theranostic Agents. Chemistry 2020; 26:12158-12167. [PMID: 32542887 PMCID: PMC7540463 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Diverse iridium peptide bioconjugates and the corresponding iridium/gold bimetallic complexes have been synthesized starting from a cyclometallated carboxylic acid substituted IrIII complex [Ir(ppy)2 (Phen-5-COO)] by solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). The selected peptide sequences were an enkephalin derivative Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu together with the propargyl-substituted species Tyr-Gly-Pgl-Phe-Leu to allow gold coordination (Pgl: propyrgyl-glycine, HC≡C-Gly), and a specific short peptide, Ala-Cys-Ala-Phen, containing a cysteine residue. Introduction of the gold center has been achieved via a click reaction with the alkynyl group leading to an organometallic Au-C(triazole) species, or by direct coordination to the sulfur atom of the cysteine. The photophysical properties of these species revealed predominantly an emission originating from the Ir complex, using mixed metal-to-ligand and ligand-to-ligand charge transfer excited states of triplet multiplicity. The formation of the peptide bioconjugates caused a systematic redshift of the emission profiles. Lysosomal accumulation was observed for all the complexes, in contrast to the expected mitochondrial accumulation triggered by the gold complexes. Only the cysteine-containing Ir/Au bioconjugate displayed cytotoxic activity. The absence of activity may be related to the lack of endosomal/lysosomal escape for the cationic peptide conjugates. Interestingly, the different coordination sphere of the gold atom may play a crucial role, as the Au-S(cysteine) bond may be more readily cleaved in a biological environment than the Au-C(triazole) bond, and thus the Au fragment could be released from or trapped in the lysosomes, respectively. This work represents a starting point in the development of bimetallic peptide bioconjugates as theranostics and in the knowledge of factors that contribute to anti-proliferative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Luengo
- Departamento de Química InorgánicaInstituto de Síntesis QuímicayCatálisis Homogénea (ISQCH)CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza50009ZaragozaSpain
| | - Isabel Marzo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología CelularUniversidad de Zaragoza-CSIC50009ZaragozaSpain
| | - Matthew Reback
- Inorganic Chemistry I—Bioinorganic ChemistryFaculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstrasse 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Isabelle M. Daubit
- Inorganic Chemistry I—Bioinorganic ChemistryFaculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstrasse 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Vanesa Fernández‐Moreira
- Departamento de Química InorgánicaInstituto de Síntesis QuímicayCatálisis Homogénea (ISQCH)CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza50009ZaragozaSpain
| | - Nils Metzler‐Nolte
- Inorganic Chemistry I—Bioinorganic ChemistryFaculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstrasse 15044801BochumGermany
| | - M. Concepción Gimeno
- Departamento de Química InorgánicaInstituto de Síntesis QuímicayCatálisis Homogénea (ISQCH)CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza50009ZaragozaSpain
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12
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Photophysical and Biological Properties of Iridium Tetrazolato Complexes Functionalised with Fatty Acid Chains. INORGANICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics8040023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Five cyclometalated Ir(III) tetrazolato complexes functionalised with fatty acid chains (octanoic, palmitic, stearic, palmitoleic, and oleic) have been synthesised. The fatty acids were chosen to evaluate the potential effect of the length and degree of unsaturation on the biological properties of the complexes for use as cellular imaging agents. The complexes were analysed in both organic and aqueous media to determine if the presence and nature of the fatty acid chains had a significant effect on their photophysical properties. The complexes display green–yellow emission in dichloromethane solutions with relatively long excited state decays, within the range 360–393 ns, and quantum yields between 5.4% and 6.7% (from degassed solutions). Temperature-dependent photophysical studies suggest that the emitting excited states of the complexes might be quenched by the thermal population of dark states. In water, the quantum yields drop within the range of 0.5%–2.4%, and the photophysical measurements are influenced by the variable degrees of aggregation. In general, the entire series displayed low cytotoxicity and relatively high photostability, which are favourable attributes in the design of cellular imaging agents. Images of live HeLa cells were obtained for all the complexes, but those functionalised with palmitic and stearic acids had limitations due the lower solubility conferred by the saturated aliphatic chains. The complexes were mainly detected within the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Thomas B, Yan KC, Hu XL, Donnier-Maréchal M, Chen GR, He XP, Vidal S. Fluorescent glycoconjugates and their applications. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:593-641. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00118a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent glycoconjugates are discussed for their applications in biology in vitro, in cell assays and in animal models. Advantages and limitations are presented for each design using a fluorescent core conjugated with glycosides, or vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Thomas
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique 2-Glycochimie
- UMR 5246
- CNRS and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
- Université de Lyon
| | - Kai-Cheng Yan
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
| | - Xi-Le Hu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
| | - Marion Donnier-Maréchal
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique 2-Glycochimie
- UMR 5246
- CNRS and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
- Université de Lyon
| | - Guo-Rong Chen
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
| | - Xiao-Peng He
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
| | - Sébastien Vidal
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique 2-Glycochimie
- UMR 5246
- CNRS and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
- Université de Lyon
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Liu X, Hao H, Ge X, He X, Liu Y, Wang Y, Wang H, Shao M, Jing Z, Tian L, Liu Z. Triphenylamine-appended cyclometallated iridium(III) complexes: Preparation, photophysical properties and application in biology/luminescence imaging. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 199:110757. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.110757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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15
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Ko CN, Li G, Leung CH, Ma DL. Dual function luminescent transition metal complexes for cancer theranostics: The combination of diagnosis and therapy. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Synthesis, photo- and electro-luminescence of dinuclear Ir(III) complexes containing bis-β-diketonate carbazole ligand. J Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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17
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Bright lights down under: Metal ion complexes turning the spotlight on metabolic processes at the cellular level. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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18
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Mathieu E, Sipos A, Demeyere E, Phipps D, Sakaveli D, Borbas KE. Lanthanide-based tools for the investigation of cellular environments. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:10021-10035. [PMID: 30101249 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc05271a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Biological probes constructed from lanthanides can provide a variety of readout signals, such as the luminescence of Eu(iii), Tb(iii), Yb(iii), Sm(iii) and Dy(iii), and the proton relaxation enhancement of Gd(iii) and Eu(ii). For numerous applications the intracellular delivery of the lanthanide probe is essential. Here, we review the methods for the intracellular delivery of non-targeted complexes (i.e. where the overall complex structure enhances cellular uptake), as well as complexes attached to a targeting unit (i.e. to a peptide or a small molecule) that facilitates delivery. The cellular applications of lanthanide-based supramolecules (dendrimers, metal organic frameworks) are covered briefly. Throughout, we emphasize the techniques that can confirm the intracellular localization of the lanthanides and those that enable the determination of the fate of the probes once inside the cell. Finally, we highlight methods that have not yet been applied in the context of lanthanide-based probes, but have been successful in the intracellular delivery of other metal-based probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Mathieu
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120, Uppsala, Sweden.
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20
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Morelli P, Bartolami E, Sakai N, Matile S. Glycosylated Cell‐Penetrating Poly(disulfide)s: Multifunctional Cellular Uptake at High Solubility. Helv Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201700266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Morelli
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Geneva Quai Ernest Ansermet 30 CH‐1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
| | - Eline Bartolami
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Geneva Quai Ernest Ansermet 30 CH‐1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
| | - Naomi Sakai
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Geneva Quai Ernest Ansermet 30 CH‐1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Geneva Quai Ernest Ansermet 30 CH‐1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
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21
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You Y. Recent Progress on the Exploration of the Biological Utility of Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201700379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Youngmin You
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 03760 Republic of Korea
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22
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Liu X, Liu Y, Yu T, Su W, Niu Y, Li Y, Zhao Y, Zhang H. Efficient green phosphorescent Ir(iii) complexes with β-diketonate ancillary ligands. Inorg Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qi00489g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Three new iridium complexes with β-diketonate ancillary ligands were synthesized as emissive materials for organic light-emitting devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Technology and Intelligent Control (Ministry of Education)
- Lanzhou Jiaotong University
- Lanzhou 730070
- China
- School of Mechatronic Engineering
| | - Ying Liu
- Printable electronics research center
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Suzhou 215123
- China
| | - Tianzhi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Technology and Intelligent Control (Ministry of Education)
- Lanzhou Jiaotong University
- Lanzhou 730070
- China
| | - Wenming Su
- Printable electronics research center
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Suzhou 215123
- China
| | - Yuying Niu
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Technology and Intelligent Control (Ministry of Education)
- Lanzhou Jiaotong University
- Lanzhou 730070
- China
| | - Yanmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Technology and Intelligent Control (Ministry of Education)
- Lanzhou Jiaotong University
- Lanzhou 730070
- China
| | - Yuling Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Technology and Intelligent Control (Ministry of Education)
- Lanzhou Jiaotong University
- Lanzhou 730070
- China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Technology and Intelligent Control (Ministry of Education)
- Lanzhou Jiaotong University
- Lanzhou 730070
- China
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23
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Tian Z, Yang Y, Guo L, Zhong G, Li J, Liu Z. Dual-functional cyclometalated iridium imine NHC complexes: highly potent anticancer and antimetastatic agents. Inorg Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qi00920a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Six cyclometalated iridium(iii) complexes have been synthesized and characterized. They showed strong anticancer and antimetastatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Tian
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu 273165
| | - Yuliang Yang
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu 273165
| | - Lihua Guo
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu 273165
| | - Genshen Zhong
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine
- School of Laboratory Medicine
- Xinxiang Medical University
- Xinxiang 453003
- China
| | - Juanjuan Li
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu 273165
| | - Zhe Liu
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu 273165
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24
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Han D, Wang C, Fu S, Li J, Lv S, Yu Y. Theoretical perspective on electronic structure and photophysical properties for three cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes bearing different substituent groups on the main ligands. CAN J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2017-0539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the influence of the different substituents in the main ligands on the electronic structures, phosphorescent properties, and organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) performance, three iridium(III) complexes 1, 2, and 3 are studied by means of the density functional theory/time-dependent density functional theory (DFT/TDDFT). Ionization potential, electron affinities, and reorganization energy have also been obtained to evaluate the charge transfer and balance properties between hole and electron for the three complexes. The lowest energy absorption wavelength calculated for complex 1 is in very good agreement with the experimental value. The lowest energy emissions of complexes 1, 2, and 3 are localised at 492, 565, and 510 nm, respectively, at M052X level. It is expected that this work might provide a way to develop potential iridium(III) phosphors with good electroluminescent performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deming Han
- School of Life Science and Technology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, P.R. China
| | - Chaoyu Wang
- School of Electronical and Information Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, P.R. China
| | - Shijie Fu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, P.R. China
| | - Jingmei Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, P.R. China
| | - Shuhui Lv
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, P.R. China
| | - Yuanhua Yu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, P.R. China
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25
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He L, Wang KN, Zheng Y, Cao JJ, Zhang MF, Tan CP, Ji LN, Mao ZW. Cyclometalated iridium(iii) complexes induce mitochondria-derived paraptotic cell death and inhibit tumor growthin vivo. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:6942-6953. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt00783g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A potent anticancer Ir(iii) complex induces paraptotic cell death by causing mitochondrial dysfunction rapidly and inhibits tumor growth significantlyin vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
| | - Kang-Nan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
| | - Yue Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
| | - Jian-Jun Cao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
| | - Ming-Fang Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
| | - Cai-Ping Tan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
| | - Liang-Nian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
| | - Zong-Wan Mao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
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26
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Venkatesh V, Berrocal-Martin R, Wedge CJ, Romero-Canelón I, Sanchez-Cano C, Song JI, Coverdale JPC, Zhang P, Clarkson GJ, Habtemariam A, Magennis SW, Deeth RJ, Sadler PJ. Mitochondria-targeted spin-labelled luminescent iridium anticancer complexes. Chem Sci 2017; 8:8271-8278. [PMID: 29568475 PMCID: PMC5857930 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc03216a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria generate energy but malfunction in many cancer cells, hence targeting mitochondrial metabolism is a promising approach for cancer therapy. Here we have designed cyclometallated iridium(iii) complexes, containing one TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl) spin label [C43H43N6O2Ir1·PF6]˙ (Ir-TEMPO1) and two TEMPO spin labels [C52H58N8O4Ir1·PF6]˙ (Ir-TEMPO2). Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy revealed spin-spin interactions between the TEMPO units in Ir-TEMPO2. Both Ir-TEMPO1 and Ir-TEMPO2 showed bright luminescence with long lifetimes (ca. 35-160 ns); while Ir-TEMPO1 displayed monoexponential decay kinetics, the biexponential decays measured for Ir-TEMPO2 indicated the presence of more than one energetically-accessible conformation. This observation was further supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The antiproliferative activity of Ir-TEMPO2 towards a range of cancer cells was much greater than that of Ir-TEMPO1, and also the antioxidant activity of Ir-TEMPO2 is much higher against A2780 ovarian cancer cells when compared with Ir-TEMPO1. Most notably Ir-TEMPO2 was particularly potent towards PC3 human prostate cancer cells (IC50 = 0.53 μM), being ca. 8× more active than the clinical drug cisplatin, and ca. 15× more selective towards cancer cells versus normal cells. Confocal microscopy showed that both Ir-TEMPO1 and Ir-TEMPO2 localise in the mitochondria of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Venkatesh
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK .
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry , Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore-560012 , India
| | | | - Christopher J Wedge
- Department of Chemical Sciences , University of Huddersfield , Huddersfield HD1 3DH , UK .
| | - Isolda Romero-Canelón
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK .
- School of Pharmacy , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston B15 2TT , UK
| | | | - Ji-Inn Song
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK .
| | | | - Pingyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Guy J Clarkson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Abraha Habtemariam
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Steven W Magennis
- School of Chemistry , WestCHEM , University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ , UK .
| | - Robert J Deeth
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Peter J Sadler
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK .
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Yu T, Yang Q, Zhu Z, Zhao Y, Liu X, Wei C, Zhang H. Synthesis, characterization and photophysical properties of a new Cu 2+ selective phosphorescent sensor. J Organomet Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2017.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Ertl CD, Brunner F, Constable EC, Housecroft CE. Sweetness and light: Sugar-functionalized CˆN and NˆN ligands in [Ir(CˆN)2(NˆN)]Cl complexes. J Organomet Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Zhu X, Cui P, Kilina S, Sun W. Multifunctional Cationic Iridium(III) Complexes Bearing 2-Aryloxazolo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline (N^N) Ligand: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Photophysics, Mechanochromic/Vapochromic Effects, and Reverse Saturable Absorption. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:13715-13731. [PMID: 29083889 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2-aryloxazolo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline ligands (N^N ligands) and their cationic iridium(III) complexes (1-11, aryl = 4-NO2-phenyl (1), 4-Br-phenyl (2), Ph (3), 4-NPh2-phenyl (4), 4-NH2-phenyl (5), pyridin-4-yl (6), naphthalen-1-yl (7), naphthalen-2-yl (8), phenanthren-9-yl (9), anthracen-9-yl (10), and pyren-1-yl (11)) were synthesized and characterized. By introducing different electron-donating or electron-withdrawing substituents at the 4-position of the 2-phenyl ring (1-5), or different aromatic substituents with varied degrees of π-conjugation (6-11) on oxazolo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline ligand, we aim to understand the effects of terminal substituents at the N^N ligands on the photophysics of cationic Ir(III) complexes using both spectroscopic methods and quantum chemistry calculations. Complexes with the 4-R-phenyl substituents adopted an almost coplanar structure with the oxazolo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline motif, while the polycyclic aryl substituents (except for naphthalen-2-yl) were twisted away from the oxazolo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline motif. All complexes possessed strong absorption bands below 350 nm that emanated from the ligand-localized 1π,π*/1ILCT (intraligand charge transfer) transitions, mixed with 1LLCT (ligand-to-ligand charge transfer)/1MLCT (metal-to-ligand charge transfer) transitions. At the range of 350-570 nm, all complexes exhibited moderately strong 1ILCT/1LLCT/1MLCT transitions at 350-450 nm, and broad but very weak 3LLCT/3MLCT absorption at 450-570 nm. Most of the complexes demonstrated moderate to strong room temperature phosphorescence both in solution and in the solid state. Among them, complex 7 also manifested a drastic mechanochromic and vapochromic luminescence effect. Except for complexes 1 and 4 that contain NO2 or NPh2 substituent at the phenyl ring, respectively, all other complexes exhibited moderate to strong triplet excited-state absorption in the spectral region of 440-750 nm. Moderate to very strong reverse saturable absorption (RSA) of these complexes appeared at 532 nm for 4.1 ns laser pulses. The RSA strength followed the trend of 7 > 11 > 9 > 3 > 2 ≈ 4 > 5 ≈ 10 ≈ 6 ≈ 8 > 1. The photophysical studies revealed that the different 2-aryl substituents on the oxazole ring impacted the singlet and triplet excited-state characteristics dramatically, which in turn notably influenced the RSA of these complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Peng Cui
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States.,Materials and Nanotechnology Program, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58105, United States
| | - Svetlana Kilina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
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Lau CTS, Chan C, Zhang KY, Roy VAL, Lo KKW. Photophysical, Cellular-Uptake, and Bioimaging Studies of Luminescent Ruthenium(II)-Polypyridine Complexes Containing a d
-Fructose Pendant. Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201701038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Tsan-Shing Lau
- Department of Chemistry; City University of Hong Kong; Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Christina Chan
- Department of Chemistry; City University of Hong Kong; Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Kenneth Yin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; City University of Hong Kong; Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Vellaisamy A. L. Roy
- Department of Material Science and Engineering; City University of Hong Kong; Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves; City University of Hong Kong; Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
- Center for Functional Photonics; City University of Hong Kong; Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo
- Department of Chemistry; City University of Hong Kong; Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves; City University of Hong Kong; Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
- Center for Functional Photonics; City University of Hong Kong; Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
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31
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Zhu C, Guo R, Sheng Z, Li Y, Chu C. A Facile Synthesis of Benzo[ h
]quinolines via Silica-TsOH-P 2
O 5
Promoted Condensation of 1-Naphthylamines with 1,3-Diketones under Solvent Free Conditions. CHINESE J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201700128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanlei Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Ruiqiang Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Zhe Sheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Yanzhe Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Changhu Chu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
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32
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Caporale C, Bader CA, Sorvina A, MaGee KDM, Skelton BW, Gillam TA, Wright PJ, Raiteri P, Stagni S, Morrison JL, Plush SE, Brooks DA, Massi M. Investigating Intracellular Localisation and Cytotoxicity Trends for Neutral and Cationic Iridium Tetrazolato Complexes in Live Cells. Chemistry 2017; 23:15666-15679. [PMID: 28782852 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A family of five neutral cyclometalated iridium(III) tetrazolato complexes and their methylated cationic analogues have been synthesised and characterised. The complexes are distinguished by variations of the substituents or degree of π conjugation on either the phenylpyridine or tetrazolato ligands. The photophysical properties of these species have been evaluated in organic and aqueous media, revealing predominantly a solvatochromic emission originating from mixed metal-to-ligand and ligand-to-ligand charge transfer excited states of triplet multiplicity. These emissions are characterised by typically long excited-state lifetimes (∼hundreds of ns), and quantum yields around 5-10 % in aqueous media. Methylation of the complexes caused a systematic red-shift of the emission profiles. The behaviour and the effects of the different complexes were then examined in cells. The neutral species localised mostly in the endoplasmic reticulum and lipid droplets, whereas the majority of the cationic complexes localised in the mitochondria. The amount of complexes found within cells does not depend on lipophilicity, which potentially suggests diverse uptake mechanisms. Methylated analogues were found to be more cytotoxic compared to the neutral species, a behaviour that might to be linked to a combination of uptake and intracellular localisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Caporale
- Curtin Institute of Functional Molecules and Interfaces and Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, 6102 WA, Australia
| | - Christie A Bader
- Mechanisms in Cell Biology and Disease Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Alexandra Sorvina
- Mechanisms in Cell Biology and Disease Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Karen D M MaGee
- Curtin Institute of Functional Molecules and Interfaces and Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, 6102 WA, Australia
| | - Brian W Skelton
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Todd A Gillam
- Mechanisms in Cell Biology and Disease Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Phillip J Wright
- Curtin Institute of Functional Molecules and Interfaces and Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, 6102 WA, Australia
| | - Paolo Raiteri
- Curtin Institute for Computation and Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, 6102 WA, Australia
| | - Stefano Stagni
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari"-, University of Bologna, viale del Risorgimento 4, Bologna, 40136, Italy
| | - Janna L Morrison
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Sally E Plush
- Mechanisms in Cell Biology and Disease Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.,Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia
| | - Douglas A Brooks
- Mechanisms in Cell Biology and Disease Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Massimiliano Massi
- Curtin Institute of Functional Molecules and Interfaces and Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, 6102 WA, Australia
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33
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Orwat B, Witkowska E, Kownacki I, Oh MJ, Hoffmann M, Kubicki M, Grzelak I, Marciniec B, Glowacki I, Luszczynska B, Wiosna-Salyga G, Ulanski J, Ledwon P, Lapkowski M. Microwave-assisted one-pot synthesis of new ionic iridium complexes of [Ir(bzq) 2(N^N)] +A - type and their selected electroluminescent properties. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:9210-9226. [PMID: 28678255 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01372h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Iridium C,N-cyclometalated complexes with an ionic structure are considered to be promising candidates for application in host/guest solid-state phosphorescent single-layer devices because the employment of such dopants offers the possibility of reducing their concentration in organic matrices as well as allows obtaining organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) with interesting emission parameters. We report herein a methodology enabling the synthesis of cyclometalated ionic iridium(iii) complexes of the type [Ir(C^N)2(N^N)]+A- according to a three-component one-pot strategy involving the acceleration of the reaction via microwave irradiation. The developed protocol allowed efficient synthesis of a series of new cationic iridium(iii) coordination derivatives, which were isolated and spectroscopically characterized, while the structures of two of them were determined by the X-ray method. Moreover, the iridium(iii) derivatives were subjected to the cyclic voltammetry studies in order to determine the energies of the HOMO and LUMO levels as well as to estimate their electrochemical properties and to predict some electronic properties. Additionally, the ONIOM calculation scheme that was used to predict HOMO-LUMO gaps for the studied Ir(iii) complexes showed a good correlation between the experimental and calculated values. In order to determine the influence of the structure and nature of the ancillary ligand on the location of the maximum emission band, the photophysical properties of the synthesized iridium complexes were characterized. Finally, the selected compounds were used as emitters for the construction of polymer light emitting diodes (PLEDs) based on a poly(N-vinylcarbazole)/2-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-5-(4-biphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (PVK/PBD) matrix. The highest luminance, above 10 000 cd m-2, was recorded for the device containing only 1.0 wt% of [Ir(bzq)2(1,10-phenanthroline)]+PF6- in the PVK/PBD. The fabricated PLEDs exhibit current efficiency in the range of 1.0 to 2.2 cd A-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Orwat
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, St. Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznan, Poland.
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34
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Zhang W, Zhang F, Wang YL, Song B, Zhang R, Yuan J. Red-Emitting Ruthenium(II) and Iridium(III) Complexes as Phosphorescent Probes for Methylglyoxal in Vitro and in Vivo. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:1309-1318. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b02443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory
of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Feiyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory
of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Lei Wang
- Applied Physical Chemistry, Department
of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bo Song
- State Key Laboratory
of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Run Zhang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering
and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jingli Yuan
- State Key Laboratory
of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
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35
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Yu T, Yang F, Chen X, Su W, Zhao Y, Zhang H, Li J. Synthesis and characterization of green-emitting Ir(iii) complexes based on a functionalized benzimidazole ligand. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj03532a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two new Ir(iii) complexes containing a functionalized benzimidazole ligand (L) were successfully synthesized for use in green phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Technology and Intelligent Control (Ministry of Education)
- Lanzhou Jiaotong University
- Lanzhou 730070
- China
| | - Fuzhi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Technology and Intelligent Control (Ministry of Education)
- Lanzhou Jiaotong University
- Lanzhou 730070
- China
| | - Xiaolian Chen
- Printable Electronics Research Center
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Suzhou 215123
- China
| | - Wenming Su
- Printable Electronics Research Center
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Suzhou 215123
- China
| | - Yuling Zhao
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Lanzhou Jiaotong University
- Lanzhou 730070
- China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Technology and Intelligent Control (Ministry of Education)
- Lanzhou Jiaotong University
- Lanzhou 730070
- China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Technology and Intelligent Control (Ministry of Education)
- Lanzhou Jiaotong University
- Lanzhou 730070
- China
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36
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Palmioli A, Aliprandi A, Septiadi D, Mauro M, Bernardi A, De Cola L, Panigati M. Glyco-functionalized dinuclear rhenium(i) complexes for cell imaging. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:1686-1699. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02559e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
New luminescent glycosilated rhenium complexes were synthesized and evaluated as dyes for optical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dedy Septiadi
- ISIS & icFRC
- Université de Strasbourg & CNRS
- 67000 Strasbourg
- France
| | - Matteo Mauro
- ISIS & icFRC
- Université de Strasbourg & CNRS
- 67000 Strasbourg
- France
| | - Anna Bernardi
- Department of Chemistry
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Luisa De Cola
- ISIS & icFRC
- Université de Strasbourg & CNRS
- 67000 Strasbourg
- France
| | - Monica Panigati
- Department of Chemistry
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
- Milan Unit of INSTM
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37
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Ouyang M, Zeng L, Huang H, Jin C, Liu J, Chen Y, Ji L, Chao H. Fluorinated cyclometalated iridium(iii) complexes as mitochondria-targeted theranostic anticancer agents. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:6734-6744. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01043e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cyclometalated iridium(iii) complexes bearing different numbers of fluorine atoms were developed to induce apoptosis via mitochondrial pathways and demonstrated much better anticancer activities than the widely used clinical chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Ouyang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
| | - Leli Zeng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
| | - Huaiyi Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
| | - Chengzhi Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
| | - Jiangping Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
| | - Liangnian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
| | - Hui Chao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
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38
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Tabrizi L, Chiniforoshan H. New cyclometalated Ir(iii) complexes with NCN pincer and meso-phenylcyanamide BODIPY ligands as efficient photodynamic therapy agents. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra05579j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new class of cyclometalated iridium(iii) with NCN pincer andmeso-phenylcyanamide BODIPY ligands has been synthesized and studied for photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Tabrizi
- School of Chemistry
- National University of Ireland, Galway
- Galway
- Ireland
- Department of Chemistry
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39
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Tang TSM, Liu HW, Lo KKW. Monochromophoric iridium(iii) pyridyl–tetrazine complexes as a unique design strategy for bioorthogonal probes with luminogenic behavior. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:3299-3302. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc00427c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This is the first reported use of the metal-coordination property of tetrazine in the construction of luminogenic bioorthogonal probes and modulation of the inverse electron-demand Diels–Alder reaction kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Siu-Ming Tang
- Department of Biology and Chemistry
- City University of Hong Kong
- Kowloon
- P. R. China
| | - Hua-Wei Liu
- Department of Biology and Chemistry
- City University of Hong Kong
- Kowloon
- P. R. China
| | - Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo
- Department of Biology and Chemistry
- City University of Hong Kong
- Kowloon
- P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves
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40
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Shimi M, Sankar V, Rahim MKA, Nitha PR, Das S, Radhakrishnan KV, Raghu KG. Novel glycoconjugated squaraine dyes for selective optical imaging of cancer cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:5433-5436. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc10282d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Glycoconjugated squaraine dyes for selective internalisation in cancer cell lines are reported. The cancer cell selectivity was achieved through the “Warburg effect”.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Shimi
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division
- CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology
- Trivandrum
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Vandana Sankar
- Agroprocessing and Natural Products Division
- CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology
- Trivandrum
- India
| | - M. K. Abdul Rahim
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division
- CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology
- Trivandrum
- India
| | - P. R. Nitha
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division
- CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology
- Trivandrum
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Suresh Das
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division
- CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology
- Trivandrum
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - K. V. Radhakrishnan
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division
- CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology
- Trivandrum
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - K. G. Raghu
- Agroprocessing and Natural Products Division
- CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology
- Trivandrum
- India
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41
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Tabrizi L. The discovery of half-sandwich iridium complexes containing lidocaine and (pyren-1-yl)ethynyl derivatives of phenylcyanamide ligands for photodynamic therapy. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:7242-7252. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01091e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The new design of two cyclopentadienyl iridium(iii) complexes with (pyren-1-yl)ethynyl derivatives of phenylcyanamide and lidocaine ligands, have been studied for photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Tabrizi
- School of Chemistry
- National University of Ireland
- Galway
- Ireland
- Department of Chemistry
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42
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Lameijer LN, Hopkins SL, Brevé TG, Askes SHC, Bonnet S. d- Versus l-Glucose Conjugation: Mitochondrial Targeting of a Light-Activated Dual-Mode-of-Action Ruthenium-Based Anticancer Prodrug. Chemistry 2016; 22:18484-18491. [PMID: 27859843 PMCID: PMC5214309 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Light-activated ruthenium polypyridyl anticancer prodrugs often suffer from poor water solubility, poor selectivity, and/or ill-defined intracellular targets. Coordination of the d- or l-glucose thioether ligand 3 (2-(2-(2-(methylthio)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl-β-glucopyranoside) to the highly lipophilic ruthenium complex [Ru(tpy)(dppn)(H2 O)]2+ ([1]2+ ; dppn=benzo[i]dipyrido-[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine, tpy=2,2':6',2''-terpyridine) solved all these problems at once. The two enantiomers of [Ru(tpy)(dppn)(3)][PF6 ]2 , [d-2][PF6 ]2 and [l-2][PF6 ]2 , were soluble in water, which allowed the influence of the chirality of the glucose moiety on uptake, toxicity, and intracellular localization of the prodrug to be probed without changing any other physicochemical properties. Both compounds showed mild, but different, cytotoxicity in A549 (human lung carcinoma) and MCF-7 (human breast adenocarcinoma) cancer cells in the dark, whereas following low doses of visible light irradiation (3.1 J cm-2 at λ = 454 nm), a similar, but high cytotoxicity (EC50 < 1 μm), was observed. Irrespective of the chirality, both slightly emissive Ru complexes were found in the mitochondria, and two modes of action may contribute to light-induced cell death: 1) the glucose thioether ligand is photosubstituted by water, thus [1]2+ , which interacts with DNA at an exceptionally high 400:1 base pair/Ru ratio, is released; 2) both [1]2+ and [2]2+ produce massive amounts of singlet oxygen, which leads to very efficient photodynamic DNA cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucien N. Lameijer
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityGorlaeus Laboratories, P.O. Box 95022300 RALeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Samantha L. Hopkins
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityGorlaeus Laboratories, P.O. Box 95022300 RALeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Tobias G. Brevé
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityGorlaeus Laboratories, P.O. Box 95022300 RALeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Sven H. C. Askes
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityGorlaeus Laboratories, P.O. Box 95022300 RALeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityGorlaeus Laboratories, P.O. Box 95022300 RALeidenThe Netherlands
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43
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Zhu X, Lystrom L, Kilina S, Sun W. Tuning the Photophysics and Reverse Saturable Absorption of Heteroleptic Cationic Iridium(III) Complexes via Substituents on the 6,6′-Bis(fluoren-2-yl)-2,2′-biquinoline Ligand. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:11908-11919. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b02028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Zhu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Levi Lystrom
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Svetlana Kilina
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
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44
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Li SPY, Yip AMH, Liu HW, Lo KKW. Installing an additional emission quenching pathway in the design of iridium(III)-based phosphorogenic biomaterials for bioorthogonal labelling and imaging. Biomaterials 2016; 103:305-313. [PMID: 27429251 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.06.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis, characterization, photophysical and electrochemical behaviour and biological labelling applications of new phosphorogenic bioorthogonal probes derived from iridium(III) polypyridine complexes containing a 1,2,4,5-tetrazine moiety. In contrast to common luminescent cyclometallated iridium(III) polypyridine complexes, these tetrazine complexes are almost non-emissive due to effective Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and/or photoinduced electron transfer (PET) from the excited iridium(III) polypyridine unit to the appended tetrazine moiety. However, they exhibited significant emission enhancement upon reacting with (1R,8S,9s)-bicyclo[6.1.0]non-4-yn-9-ylmethanol (BCN-OH) (ca. 19.5-121.9 fold) and BCN-modified bovine serum albumin (BCN-BSA) (ca. 140.8-1133.7 fold) as a result of the conversion of the tetrazine unit to a non-quenching pyridazine derivative. The complexes were applied to image azide-modified glycans in live cells using a homobifunctional crosslinker, 1,13-bis((1R,8S,9s)-bicyclo[6.1.0]non-4-yn-9-ylmethyloxycarbonylamino)-4,7,10-trioxatridecane (bis-BCN).
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Po-Yam Li
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alex Man-Hei Yip
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hua-Wei Liu
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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45
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Yang C, Mehmood F, Lam TL, Chan SLF, Wu Y, Yeung CS, Guan X, Li K, Chung CYS, Zhou CY, Zou T, Che CM. Stable luminescent iridium(iii) complexes with bis(N-heterocyclic carbene) ligands: photo-stability, excited state properties, visible-light-driven radical cyclization and CO 2 reduction, and cellular imaging. Chem Sci 2016; 7:3123-3136. [PMID: 29997803 PMCID: PMC6003676 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc04458h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Excited state properties, photo-catalysis and cellular imaging of photo-stable bis-NHC Ir(iii) complexes are described.
A new class of cyclometalated Ir(iii) complexes supported by various bidentate C-deprotonated (C^N) and cis-chelating bis(N-heterocyclic carbene) (bis-NHC) ligands has been synthesized. These complexes display strong emission in deaerated solutions at room temperature with photoluminescence quantum yields up to 89% and emission lifetimes up to 96 μs. A photo-stable complex containing C-deprotonated fluorenyl-substituted C^N shows no significant decomposition even upon irradiation for over 120 h by blue LEDs (12 W). These, together with the strong absorption in the visible region and rich photo-redox properties, allow the bis-NHC Ir(iii) complexes to act as good photo-catalysts for reductive C–C bond formation from C(sp3/sp2)–Br bonds cleavage using visible-light irradiation (λ > 440 nm). A water-soluble complex with a glucose-functionalized bis-NHC ligand catalysed a visible-light-driven radical cyclization for the synthesis of pyrrolidine in aqueous media. Also, the bis-NHC Ir(iii) complex in combination with a cobalt catalyst can catalyse the visible-light-driven CO2 reduction with excellent turnover numbers (>2400) and selectivity (CO over H2 in gas phase: >95%). Additionally, this series of bis-NHC Ir(iii) complexes are found to localize in and stain endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of various cell lines with high selectivity, and exhibit high cytotoxicity towards cancer cells, revealing their potential uses as bioimaging and/or anti-cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , Institute of Molecular Functional Materials , HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials and Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China . .,HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation , Shenzhen , China
| | - Faisal Mehmood
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , Institute of Molecular Functional Materials , HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials and Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China .
| | - Tsz Lung Lam
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen , PR China.,Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hung Hom , Hong Kong , China .
| | - Sharon Lai-Fung Chan
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen , PR China.,Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hung Hom , Hong Kong , China .
| | - Yuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , Institute of Molecular Functional Materials , HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials and Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China .
| | - Chi-Shun Yeung
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , Institute of Molecular Functional Materials , HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials and Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China .
| | - Xiangguo Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , Institute of Molecular Functional Materials , HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials and Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China .
| | - Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , Institute of Molecular Functional Materials , HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials and Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China . .,HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation , Shenzhen , China
| | - Clive Yik-Sham Chung
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , Institute of Molecular Functional Materials , HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials and Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China .
| | - Cong-Ying Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , Institute of Molecular Functional Materials , HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials and Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China . .,HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation , Shenzhen , China
| | - Taotao Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , Institute of Molecular Functional Materials , HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials and Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China .
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , Institute of Molecular Functional Materials , HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials and Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China . .,HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation , Shenzhen , China
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46
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Yu T, Xu Z, Su W, Zhao Y, Zhang H, Bao Y. Highly efficient phosphorescent materials based on Ir(iii) complexes-grafted on a polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane core. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:13491-502. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt02383e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Three hybrid materials containing a POSS core were synthesized and characterized, in which two materials were used for light-emitting devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Technology and Intelligent Control (Ministry of Education)
- Lanzhou Jiaotong University
- Lanzhou 730070
- China
| | - Zixuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Technology and Intelligent Control (Ministry of Education)
- Lanzhou Jiaotong University
- Lanzhou 730070
- China
| | - Wenming Su
- Printable electronics research center
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Suzhou 215123
- China
| | - Yuling Zhao
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Lanzhou Jiaotong University
- Lanzhou 730070
- China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Technology and Intelligent Control (Ministry of Education)
- Lanzhou Jiaotong University
- Lanzhou 730070
- China
| | - Yanjun Bao
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Technology and Intelligent Control (Ministry of Education)
- Lanzhou Jiaotong University
- Lanzhou 730070
- China
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47
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Lo KKW. Luminescent Iridium(III) and Rhenium(I) Complexes as Biomolecular Probes and Imaging Reagents. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adioch.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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48
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Lo KKW. Luminescent Rhenium(I) and Iridium(III) Polypyridine Complexes as Biological Probes, Imaging Reagents, and Photocytotoxic Agents. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:2985-95. [PMID: 26161527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although the interactions of transition metal complexes with biological molecules have been extensively studied, the use of luminescent transition metal complexes as intracellular sensors and bioimaging reagents has not been a focus of research until recently. The main advantages of luminescent transition metal complexes are their high photostability, long-lived phosphorescence that allows time-resolved detection, and large Stokes shifts that can minimize the possible self-quenching effect. Also, by the use of transition metal complexes, the degree of cellular uptake can be readily determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. For more than a decade, we have been interested in the development of luminescent transition metal complexes as covalent labels and noncovalent probes for biological molecules. We argue that many transition metal polypyridine complexes display triplet charge transfer ((3)CT) emission that is highly sensitive to the local environment of the complexes. Hence, the biological labeling and binding interactions can be readily reflected by changes in the photophysical properties of the complexes. In this laboratory, we have modified luminescent tricarbonylrhenium(I) and bis-cyclometalated iridium(III) polypyridine complexes of general formula [Re(bpy-R(1))(CO)3(py-R(2))](+) and [Ir(ppy-R(3))2(bpy-R(4))](+), respectively, with reactive functional groups and used them to label the amine and sulfhydryl groups of biomolecules such as oligonucleotides, amino acids, peptides, and proteins. Additionally, using a range of biological substrates such as biotin, estradiol, and indole, we have designed luminescent rhenium(I) and iridium(III) polypyridine complexes as noncovalent probes for biological receptors. The interesting results generated from these studies have prompted us to investigate the possible applications of luminescent transition metal complexes in intracellular systems. Thus, in the past few years, we have developed an interest in the cytotoxic activity, cellular uptake, and bioimaging applications of these complexes. Additionally, we and other research groups have demonstrated that many transition metal complexes have facile cellular uptake and organelle-localization properties and that their cytotoxic activity can be readily controlled. For example, complexes that can target the nucleus, nucleolus, mitochondria, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus have been identified. We anticipate that this selective localization property can be utilized in the development of intracellular sensors and bioimaging reagents. Thus, we have functionalized luminescent rhenium(I) and iridium(III) polypyridine complexes with various pendants, including molecule-binding moieties, sugar molecules, bioorthogonal functional groups, and polymeric chains such as poly(ethylene glycol) and polyethylenimine, and examined their potentials as biological reagents. This Account describes our design of luminescent rhenium(I) and iridium(III) polypyridine complexes and explains how they can serve as a new generation of biological reagents for diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo
- Department of Biology and
Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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49
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Connell TU, James JL, White AR, Donnelly PS. Protein Labelling with Versatile Phosphorescent Metal Complexes for Live Cell Luminescence Imaging. Chemistry 2015; 21:14146-55. [PMID: 26264214 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
To take advantage of the luminescent properties of d(6) transition metal complexes to label proteins, versatile bifunctional ligands were prepared. Ligands that contain a 1,2,3-triazole heterocycle were synthesised using Cu(I) catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition "click" chemistry and were used to form phosphorescent Ir(III) and Ru(II) complexes. Their emission properties were readily tuned, by changing either the metal ion or the co-ligands. The complexes were tethered to the metalloprotein transferrin using several conjugation strategies. The Ir(III)/Ru(II)-protein conjugates could be visualised in cancer cells using live cell imaging for extended periods without significant photobleaching. These versatile phosphorescent protein-labelling agents could be widely applied to other proteins and biomolecules and are useful alternatives to conventional organic fluorophores for several applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy U Connell
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010 (Australia)
| | - Janine L James
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010 (Australia)
| | - Anthony R White
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010 (Australia)
| | - Paul S Donnelly
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010 (Australia).
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50
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He L, Li Y, Tan CP, Ye RR, Chen MH, Cao JJ, Ji LN, Mao ZW. Cyclometalated iridium(iii) complexes as lysosome-targeted photodynamic anticancer and real-time tracking agents. Chem Sci 2015; 6:5409-5418. [PMID: 29861886 PMCID: PMC5947539 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc01955a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the rational design and photodynamic anticancer mechanism studies of iridium(iii) complexes with pH-responsive singlet oxygen (1O2) production and lysosome-specific imaging properties.
Stimuli-activatable photosensitizers (PSs) are highly desirable for photodynamic therapy (PDT) to selectively demolish tumor cells. On the other hand, lysosomes are emerging as attractive anticancer targets. Herein, four cyclometalated iridium(iii)–β-carboline complexes with pH-responsive singlet oxygen (1O2) production and lysosome-specific imaging properties have been designed and synthesized. Upon visible light (425 nm) irradiation, they show highly selective phototoxicities against cancer cells. Notably, complex 2 ([Ir(N^C)2(N^N)](PF6) in which N^C = 2-phenylpyridine and N^N = 1-(2-benzimidazolyl)-β-carboline) displays a remarkably high phototoxicity index (PI = IC50 in the dark/IC50 in light) of >833 against human lung carcinoma A549 cells. Further studies show that 2-mediated PDT induces caspase-dependent apoptosis through lysosomal damage. The pH-responsive phosphorescence of complex 2 can be utilized to monitor the lysosomal integrity upon PDT, which provides a reliable and convenient method for in situ monitoring of therapeutic effect and real-time assessment of treatment outcome. Our work provides a strategy for the construction of highly effective multifunctional subcellular targeted photodynamic anticancer agents through rational structural modification of phosphorescent metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , P. R. China . ;
| | - Yi Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , P. R. China . ;
| | - Cai-Ping Tan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , P. R. China . ;
| | - Rui-Rong Ye
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , P. R. China . ;
| | - Mu-He Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , P. R. China . ;
| | - Jian-Jun Cao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , P. R. China . ;
| | - Liang-Nian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , P. R. China . ;
| | - Zong-Wan Mao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , P. R. China . ;
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