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Ganguly K, Adhikary K, Acharjee A, Acharjee P, Trigun SK, Mutlaq AS, Ashique S, Yasmin S, Alshahrani AM, Ansari MY. Biological significance and pathophysiological role of Matrix Metalloproteinases in the Central Nervous System. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 280:135967. [PMID: 39322129 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2024] [Revised: 09/21/2024] [Accepted: 09/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs), which are endopeptidase reliant on zinc, are low in embryonic tissues but increases in response to a variety of physiological stimulus and pathological stresses. Neuro-glial cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and leucocytes secrete MMPs, which cleave extracellular matrix proteins in a time-dependent manner. MMPs affect synaptic plasticity and the development of short-term memory by controlling the size, shape, and excitatory synapses' function through the lateral diffusion of receptors. In addition, MMPs influence the Extracellular Matrix proteins in the Peri-Neuronal Net at the Neuro-glial interface, which aids in the establishment of long-term memory. Through modulating neuronal, and glial cells migration, differentiation, Neurogenesis, and survival, MMPs impact brain development in mammals. In adult brains, MMPs play a beneficial role in physiological plasticity, which includes learning, memory consolidation, social interaction, and complex behaviors, by proteolytically altering a wide variety of factors, including growth factors, cytokines, receptors, DNA repair enzymes, and matrix proteins. Additionally, stress, depression, addiction, hepatic encephalopathy, and stroke may all have negative effects on MMPs. In addition to their role in glioblastoma development, MMPs influence neurological diseases such as epilepsy, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, brain damage, pain, neurodegeneration, and Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. To help shed light on the potential of MMPs as a therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases, this review summarizes their regulation, mode of action, and participation in brain physiological plasticity and pathological damage. Finally, by employing different MMP-based nanotools and inhibitors, MMPs may also be utilized to map the anatomical and functional connectome of the brain, analyze its secretome, and treat neurodegenerative illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnendu Ganguly
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, Paramedical College Durgapur, Helen Keller Sarani, Durgapur 713212, West Bengal, India.
| | - Krishnendu Adhikary
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, Paramedical College Durgapur, Helen Keller Sarani, Durgapur 713212, West Bengal, India.
| | - Arup Acharjee
- Molecular Omics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Papia Acharjee
- Biochemistry Section, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Surendra Kumar Trigun
- Biochemistry Section, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | | | - Sumel Ashique
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India; Department of Pharmaceutics, Bengal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, Durgapur 713212, West Bengal, India.
| | - Sabina Yasmin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Asma M Alshahrani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammad Yousuf Ansari
- MM college of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana 133207, India.
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Radisky ES. Extracellular proteolysis in cancer: Proteases, substrates, and mechanisms in tumor progression and metastasis. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107347. [PMID: 38718867 PMCID: PMC11170211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
A vast ensemble of extracellular proteins influences the development and progression of cancer, shaped and reshaped by a complex network of extracellular proteases. These proteases, belonging to the distinct classes of metalloproteases, serine proteases, cysteine proteases, and aspartic proteases, play a critical role in cancer. They often become dysregulated in cancer, with increases in pathological protease activity frequently driven by the loss of normal latency controls, diminished regulation by endogenous protease inhibitors, and changes in localization. Dysregulated proteases accelerate tumor progression and metastasis by degrading protein barriers within the extracellular matrix (ECM), stimulating tumor growth, reactivating dormant tumor cells, facilitating tumor cell escape from immune surveillance, and shifting stromal cells toward cancer-promoting behaviors through the precise proteolysis of specific substrates to alter their functions. These crucial substrates include ECM proteins and proteoglycans, soluble proteins secreted by tumor and stromal cells, and extracellular domains of cell surface proteins, including membrane receptors and adhesion proteins. The complexity of the extracellular protease web presents a significant challenge to untangle. Nevertheless, technological strides in proteomics, chemical biology, and the development of new probes and reagents are enabling progress and advancing our understanding of the pivotal importance of extracellular proteolysis in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evette S Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.
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Qiu Y, Liao Y, Zhang J, Ye Y, Zhang Z, Jiang Z, Zhang J, Xin J, Lv S, Peng H. Exploring the role of coagulation-related genes in renal cell carcinoma: Implications for tumor microenvironment and prognostic biomarkers. Comput Biol Chem 2024; 110:108082. [PMID: 38663187 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2024.108082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) frequently progresses to advanced stages due to tumor thrombus (TTs) formation. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of coagulation-related pathway activation in the progression of ccRCC. METHODS Consensus clustering was used to identify coagulation-related molecular clusters of ccRCC patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas Program (TCGA) database. The function of coagulation and its correlation with the immune microenvironment were investigated. Protein-protein interactions and differential expression analysis were used to identify the key gene, which was verified by external experiments. The coagulation-associated risk score was constructed by cox proportional hazards regression. RESULTS Notable disparities were detected in immune characteristics, prognostic differentiation and drug sensitivity between two coagulation-related clusters. Through the integration of clinical stage significance and protein-protein interactions, the key gene MMP9 was screened and it was significantly correlated with CD4+T cells, CD8+T cells and Treg cells. A coagulation-related risk score prognostic model was developed in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort for risk stratification and prognosis prediction. The prognostic predictive values of the coagulation-related risk score were further authenticated in both TCGA-KIRC and E-MTAB-1980 cohorts. CONCLUSION There is an obvious correlation between the coagulation and the tumor microenvironment in ccRCC. As a key coagulation-related gene, MMP9 may promote the progression of renal cell carcinoma by influencing immune infiltration of CD8+T cells and Treg cells. Additionally, the risk score could be used as a durable prognostic biomarker, which could assist in clinical decision making for ccRCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Qiu
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanpeng Liao
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianqiang Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First People's Hospital of Nanning, No.89 Qixing Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning, China
| | - Yuedian Ye
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhongshu Zhang
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zheng Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Yibin Health School, Yibin, Sichuang, China
| | - Jiaai Zhang
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinghan Xin
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shidong Lv
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hongmei Peng
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Rodríguez-Banqueri A, Moliner-Culubret M, Mendes SR, Guevara T, Eckhard U, Gomis-Rüth FX. Structural insights into latency of the metallopeptidase ulilysin (lysargiNase) and its unexpected inhibition by a sulfonyl-fluoride inhibitor of serine peptidases. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:3610-3622. [PMID: 36857690 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt00458a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Peptidases are regulated by latency and inhibitors, as well as compatibilization and cofactors. Ulilysin from Methanosarcina acetivorans, also called lysargiNase, is an archaeal metallopeptidase (MP) that is biosynthesized as a zymogen with a 60-residue N-terminal prosegment (PS). In the presence of calcium, it self-activates to yield the mature enzyme, which specifically cleaves before basic residues and thus complements trypsin in proteomics workflows. Here, we obtained a low-resolution crystal structure of proulilysin, in which 28 protomers arranged as 14 dimers form a continuous double helix of 544 Å pitch that parallels cell axis b of the crystal. The PS includes two α-helices and obstructs the active-site cleft of the catalytic domain (CD) by traversing it in the opposite orientation of a substrate, and a cysteine blocks the catalytic zinc according to a "cysteine-switch mechanism". Moreover, the PS interacts through its first helix with an "S-loop" of the CD, which acts as an "activation segment" that lacks one of two essential calcium cations. Upon PS removal during maturation, the S-loop adopts its competent conformation and binds the second calcium ion. Next, we found that in addition to general MP inhibitors, ulilysin was competitively and reversibly inhibited by 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonyl fluoride (AEBSF; Ki = 4 μM). This is a compound that normally forms an irreversible covalent complex with serine peptidases but does not inhibit MPs. A high-resolution crystal structure of the complex revealed that the inhibitor penetrates the specificity pocket of ulilysin. A primary amine of the inhibitor salt-bridges an aspartate at the pocket bottom, thus mimicking the basic side chain of substrates. In contrast, the sulfonyl fluoride warhead is not involved and the catalytic zinc ion is freely accessible. Thus, the usage of inhibitor cocktails of peptidases, which typically contain AEBSF at ∼25-fold higher concentrations than the determined Ki, should be avoided when working with ulilysin. Finally, the structure of the complex, which occurred as a crystallographic dimer recurring in previous mature ulilysin structures, unveiled an N-terminal product fragment that delineated the non-primed side of the cleft. These results complement prior structures of ulilysin with primed-side product fragments and inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Rodríguez-Banqueri
- Proteolysis Laboratory; Department of Structural and Molecular Biology; Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB), Higher Scientific Research Council (CSIC); Barcelona Science Park; c/Baldiri Reixac 4-8, Tower R, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Marina Moliner-Culubret
- Proteolysis Laboratory; Department of Structural and Molecular Biology; Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB), Higher Scientific Research Council (CSIC); Barcelona Science Park; c/Baldiri Reixac 4-8, Tower R, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Soraia R Mendes
- Proteolysis Laboratory; Department of Structural and Molecular Biology; Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB), Higher Scientific Research Council (CSIC); Barcelona Science Park; c/Baldiri Reixac 4-8, Tower R, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Tibisay Guevara
- Proteolysis Laboratory; Department of Structural and Molecular Biology; Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB), Higher Scientific Research Council (CSIC); Barcelona Science Park; c/Baldiri Reixac 4-8, Tower R, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Ulrich Eckhard
- Proteolysis Laboratory; Department of Structural and Molecular Biology; Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB), Higher Scientific Research Council (CSIC); Barcelona Science Park; c/Baldiri Reixac 4-8, Tower R, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - F Xavier Gomis-Rüth
- Proteolysis Laboratory; Department of Structural and Molecular Biology; Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB), Higher Scientific Research Council (CSIC); Barcelona Science Park; c/Baldiri Reixac 4-8, Tower R, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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Molecular Characteristics of Toxicity of Acrolein Produced from Spermine. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020298. [PMID: 36830667 PMCID: PMC9952977 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Acrolein (CH2=CH-CHO), an unsaturated aldehyde produced from spermine, is one of the major contributors to oxidative stress. Acrolein has been found to be more toxic than reactive oxygen species (H2O2 and •OH), and it can be easily conjugated with proteins, bringing about changes in nature of the proteins. Acrolein is detoxified by glutathione in cells and was found to be mainly produced from spermine through isolating two cell lines of acrolein-resistant Neuro2a cells. The molecular characteristics of acrolein toxicity and tissue damage elicited by acrolein were investigated. It was found that glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH); cytoskeleton proteins such as vimentin, actin, α- and β-tubulin proteins; and apolipoprotein B-100 (ApoB100) in LDL are strongly damaged by acrolein conjugation. In contrast, activities of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and proheparanase (proHPSE) are enhanced, and antibody-recognizing abilities of immunoglobulins are modified by acrolein conjugation, resulting in aggravation of diseases. The functional changes of these proteins by acrolein have been elucidated at the molecular level. The findings confirmed that acrolein is the major contributor causing tissue damage in the elderly.
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Gomis-Rüth FX, Stöcker W. Structural and evolutionary insights into astacin metallopeptidases. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 9:1080836. [PMID: 36685277 PMCID: PMC9848320 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1080836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The astacins are a family of metallopeptidases (MPs) that has been extensively described from animals. They are multidomain extracellular proteins, which have a conserved core architecture encompassing a signal peptide for secretion, a prodomain or prosegment and a zinc-dependent catalytic domain (CD). This constellation is found in the archetypal name-giving digestive enzyme astacin from the European crayfish Astacus astacus. Astacin catalytic domains span ∼200 residues and consist of two subdomains that flank an extended active-site cleft. They share several structural elements including a long zinc-binding consensus sequence (HEXXHXXGXXH) immediately followed by an EXXRXDRD motif, which features a family-specific glutamate. In addition, a downstream SIMHY-motif encompasses a "Met-turn" methionine and a zinc-binding tyrosine. The overall architecture and some structural features of astacin catalytic domains match those of other more distantly related MPs, which together constitute the metzincin clan of metallopeptidases. We further analysed the structures of PRO-, MAM, TRAF, CUB and EGF-like domains, and described their essential molecular determinants. In addition, we investigated the distribution of astacins across kingdoms and their phylogenetic origin. Through extensive sequence searches we found astacin CDs in > 25,000 sequences down the tree of life from humans beyond Metazoa, including Choanoflagellata, Filasterea and Ichtyosporea. We also found < 400 sequences scattered across non-holozoan eukaryotes including some fungi and one virus, as well as in selected taxa of archaea and bacteria that are pathogens or colonizers of animal hosts, but not in plants. Overall, we propose that astacins originate in the root of Holozoa consistent with Darwinian descent and that the latter genes might be the result of horizontal gene transfer from holozoan donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Xavier Gomis-Rüth
- Proteolysis Laboratory, Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB), Higher Scientific Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain,*Correspondence: F. Xavier Gomis-Rüth, ; Walter Stöcker,
| | - Walter Stöcker
- Institute of Molecular Physiology (IMP), Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz (JGU), Mainz, Germany,*Correspondence: F. Xavier Gomis-Rüth, ; Walter Stöcker,
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Guevara T, Rodríguez-Banqueri A, Stöcker W, Becker-Pauly C, Gomis-Rüth FX. Zymogenic latency in an ∼250-million-year-old astacin metallopeptidase. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2022; 78:1347-1357. [PMID: 36322418 PMCID: PMC9629494 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798322009688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus is one of few extant Limulus species, which date back to ∼250 million years ago under the conservation of a common Bauplan documented by fossil records. It possesses the only proteolytic blood-coagulation and innate immunity system outside vertebrates and is a model organism for the study of the evolution and function of peptidases. The astacins are a family of metallopeptidases that share a central ∼200-residue catalytic domain (CD), which is found in >1000 species across holozoans and, sporadically, bacteria. Here, the zymogen of an astacin from L. polyphemus was crystallized and its structure was solved. A 34-residue, mostly unstructured pro-peptide (PP) traverses, and thus blocks, the active-site cleft of the CD in the opposite direction to a substrate. A central `PP motif' (F35-E-G-D-I39) adopts a loop structure which positions Asp38 to bind the catalytic metal, replacing the solvent molecule required for catalysis in the mature enzyme according to an `aspartate-switch' mechanism. Maturation cleavage of the PP liberates the cleft and causes the rearrangement of an `activation segment'. Moreover, the mature N-terminus is repositioned to penetrate the CD moiety and is anchored to a buried `family-specific' glutamate. Overall, this mechanism of latency is reminiscent of that of the other three astacins with known zymogenic and mature structures, namely crayfish astacin, human meprin β and bacterial myroilysin, but each shows specific structural characteristics. Remarkably, myroilysin lacks the PP motif and employs a cysteine instead of the aspartate to block the catalytic metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibisay Guevara
- Proteolysis Laboratory, Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB), Higher Scientific Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 15–21, Helix Building, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Arturo Rodríguez-Banqueri
- Proteolysis Laboratory, Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB), Higher Scientific Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 15–21, Helix Building, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Walter Stöcker
- Institut für Molekulare Physiologie (IMP), Johannes-Gutenberg Universität Mainz (JGU), Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Becker-Pauly
- Biochemical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - F. Xavier Gomis-Rüth
- Proteolysis Laboratory, Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB), Higher Scientific Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 15–21, Helix Building, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Augoff K, Hryniewicz-Jankowska A, Tabola R, Stach K. MMP9: A Tough Target for Targeted Therapy for Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14071847. [PMID: 35406619 PMCID: PMC8998077 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Having the capability to proteolyze diverse structural and signaling proteins, matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), one of the best-studied secretory endopeptidases, has been identified as a crucial mediator of processes closely associated with tumorigenesis, such as the extracellular matrix reorganization, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, cell migration, new blood vessel formation, and immune response. In this review, we present the current state of knowledge on MMP9 and its role in cancer growth in the context of cell adhesion/migration, cancer-related inflammation, and tumor microenvironment formation. We also summarize recent achievements in the development of selective MMP9 inhibitors and the limitations of using them as anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Augoff
- Department of Surgical Education, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Chemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Renata Tabola
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Kamilla Stach
- Department of Chemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland;
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Porter KN, Sarkar SN, Dakhlallah DA, Vannoy ME, Quintana DD, Simpkins JW. Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Impairs Amyloid Beta Degradation in a Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Dependent Manner. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:92. [PMID: 32317959 PMCID: PMC7155169 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the extensive use of hormonal methods as either contraception or menopausal hormone therapy (HT), there is very little known about the potential effects of these compounds on the cellular processes of the brain. Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (MPA) is a progestogen used globally in the hormonal contraceptive, Depo Provera, by women in their reproductive prime and is a major compound found in HT formulations used by menopausal women. MPA promotes changes in the circulating levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), such as MMP-9, in the endometrium, yet limited literature studying the effects of MPA on neurons and astroglia cells has been conducted. Additionally, the dysregulation of MMPs has been implicated in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), where inhibiting the secretion of MMP-9 from astroglia reduces the proteolytic degradation of amyloid-beta. Thus, we hypothesize that exposure to MPA disrupts proteolytic degradation of amyloid-beta through the downregulation of MMP-9 expression and subsequent secretion. To assess the effect of progestins on MMP-9 and amyloid-beta, in vitro, C6 rat glial cells were exposed to MPA for 48 h and then the enzymatic, secretory, and amyloid-beta degrading capacity of MMP-9 was assessed from the conditioned culture medium. We found that MPA treatment inhibited transcription of MMP-9, which resulted in a subsequent decrease in the production and secretion of MMP-9 protein, in part through the glucocorticoid receptor. Additionally, we investigated the consequences of amyloid beta-degrading activity and found that MPA treatment decreased proteolytic degradation of amyloid-beta. Our results suggest MPA suppresses amyloid-beta degradation in an MMP-9-dependent manner, in vitro, and potentially compromises the clearance of amyloid-beta in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyana N. Porter
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Saumyendra N. Sarkar
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Duaa A. Dakhlallah
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Mya E. Vannoy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Dominic D. Quintana
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - James W. Simpkins
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
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Guevara T, Rodriguez-Banqueri A, Ksiazek M, Potempa J, Gomis-Rüth FX. Structure-based mechanism of cysteine-switch latency and of catalysis by pappalysin-family metallopeptidases. IUCRJ 2020; 7:18-29. [PMID: 31949901 PMCID: PMC6949598 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252519013848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Tannerella forsythia is an oral dysbiotic periodontopathogen involved in severe human periodontal disease. As part of its virulence factor armamentarium, at the site of colonization it secretes mirolysin, a metallopeptidase of the unicellular pappalysin family, as a zymogen that is proteolytically auto-activated extracellularly at the Ser54-Arg55 bond. Crystal structures of the catalytically impaired promirolysin point mutant E225A at 1.4 and 1.6 Å revealed that latency is exerted by an N-terminal 34-residue pro-segment that shields the front surface of the 274-residue catalytic domain, thus preventing substrate access. The catalytic domain conforms to the metzincin clan of metallopeptidases and contains a double calcium site, which acts as a calcium switch for activity. The pro-segment traverses the active-site cleft in the opposite direction to the substrate, which precludes its cleavage. It is anchored to the mature enzyme through residue Arg21, which intrudes into the specificity pocket in cleft sub-site S1'. Moreover, residue Cys23 within a conserved cysteine-glycine motif blocks the catalytic zinc ion by a cysteine-switch mechanism, first described for mammalian matrix metallopeptidases. In addition, a 1.5 Å structure was obtained for a complex of mature mirolysin and a tetradecapeptide, which filled the cleft from sub-site S1' to S6'. A citrate molecule in S1 completed a product-complex mimic that unveiled the mechanism of substrate binding and cleavage by mirolysin, the catalytic domain of which was already preformed in the zymogen. These results, including a preference for cleavage before basic residues, are likely to be valid for other unicellular pappalysins derived from archaea, bacteria, cyanobacteria, algae and fungi, including archetypal ulilysin from Methanosarcina acetivorans. They may further apply, at least in part, to the multi-domain orthologues of higher organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibisay Guevara
- Proteolysis Laboratory, Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, CSIC, Barcelona Science Park, Helix Building, c/ Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Arturo Rodriguez-Banqueri
- Proteolysis Laboratory, Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, CSIC, Barcelona Science Park, Helix Building, c/ Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miroslaw Ksiazek
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, 501 South Preston Street, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, Kraków 30-387, Poland
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, 501 South Preston Street, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, Kraków 30-387, Poland
| | - F. Xavier Gomis-Rüth
- Proteolysis Laboratory, Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, CSIC, Barcelona Science Park, Helix Building, c/ Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Cuesta SA, Mora JR, Zambrano CH, Torres FJ, Rincón L. Comparative study of the nucleophilic attack step in the proteases catalytic activity: A theoretical study. Mol Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2019.1705412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián A. Cuesta
- Instituto de Simulación Computacional (ISM), Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Quito, Ecuador
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química – Grupo de Química Computacional y Teórica (QCT), Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Quito, Ecuador
| | - José R. Mora
- Instituto de Simulación Computacional (ISM), Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Quito, Ecuador
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química – Grupo de Química Computacional y Teórica (QCT), Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Quito, Ecuador
| | - Cesar H. Zambrano
- Instituto de Simulación Computacional (ISM), Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Quito, Ecuador
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química – Grupo de Química Computacional y Teórica (QCT), Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Quito, Ecuador
| | - F. Javier Torres
- Instituto de Simulación Computacional (ISM), Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Quito, Ecuador
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química – Grupo de Química Computacional y Teórica (QCT), Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Quito, Ecuador
| | - Luis Rincón
- Instituto de Simulación Computacional (ISM), Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Quito, Ecuador
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química – Grupo de Química Computacional y Teórica (QCT), Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Quito, Ecuador
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12
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Boguszewska-Czubara A, Budzynska B, Skalicka-Wozniak K, Kurzepa J. Perspectives and New Aspects of Metalloproteinases' Inhibitors in the Therapy of CNS Disorders: From Chemistry to Medicine. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:3208-3224. [PMID: 29756562 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180514111500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a key role in remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and, at the same time, influence cell differentiation, migration, proliferation, and survival. Their importance in a variety of human diseases including cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, pulmonary emphysema and fibrotic disorders has been known for many years but special attention should be paid on the role of MMPs in the central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Till now, there are not many well documented physiological MMP target proteins in the brain but only some pathological ones. Numerous neurodegenerative diseases are a consequence of or result in disturbed remodeling of brain ECM, therefore proper action of MMPs as well as control of their activity may play crucial roles in the development of these diseases. In the present review, we discuss the role of metalloproteinase inhibitors, from the wellknown natural endogenous tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) to the exogenous synthetic ones like (4-phenoxyphenylsulfonyl)methylthiirane (SB-3CT), tetracyclines, batimastat (BB-94) and FN-439. As the MMP-TIMP system has been well described in physiological development as well as in pathological conditions mainly in neoplastic diseases, the knowledge about the enzymatic system in mammalian brain tissue still remains poorly understood in this context. Therefore, we focus on MMPs inhibition in the context of the physiological function of the adult brain as well as pathological conditions including neurodegenerative diseases, brain injuries, and others.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Budzynska
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Krystyna Skalicka-Wozniak
- Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plants Unit, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jacek Kurzepa
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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13
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Adhipandito CF, Ludji DPKS, Aprilianto E, Jenie RI, Al-Najjar B, Hariono M. Matrix metalloproteinase9 as the protein target in anti-breast cancer drug discovery: an approach by targeting hemopexin domain. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-019-0001-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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14
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Szabo B, Horvath T, Schad E, Murvai N, Tantos A, Kalmar L, Chemes LB, Han KH, Tompa P. Intrinsically Disordered Linkers Impart Processivity on Enzymes by Spatial Confinement of Binding Domains. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092119. [PMID: 31032817 PMCID: PMC6540235 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Processivity is common among enzymes and mechanochemical motors that synthesize, degrade, modify or move along polymeric substrates, such as DNA, RNA, polysaccharides or proteins. Processive enzymes can make multiple rounds of modification without releasing the substrate/partner, making their operation extremely effective and economical. The molecular mechanism of processivity is rather well understood in cases when the enzyme structurally confines the substrate, such as the DNA replication factor PCNA, and also when ATP energy is used to confine the succession of molecular events, such as with mechanochemical motors. Processivity may also result from the kinetic bias of binding imposed by spatial confinement of two binding elements connected by an intrinsically disordered (ID) linker. (2) Method: By statistical physical modeling, we show that this arrangement results in processive systems, in which the linker ensures an optimized effective concentration around novel binding site(s), favoring rebinding over full release of the polymeric partner. (3) Results: By analyzing 12 such proteins, such as cellulase, and RNAse-H, we illustrate that in these proteins linker length and flexibility, and the kinetic parameters of binding elements, are fine-tuned for optimizing processivity. We also report a conservation of structural disorder, special amino acid composition of linkers, and the correlation of their length with step size. (4) Conclusion: These observations suggest a unique type of entropic chain function of ID proteins, that may impart functional advantages on diverse enzymes in a variety of biological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Szabo
- Institute of Enzymology, Center of Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1117, Hungary.
| | - Tamas Horvath
- Institute of Enzymology, Center of Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1117, Hungary.
| | - Eva Schad
- Institute of Enzymology, Center of Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1117, Hungary.
| | - Nikoletta Murvai
- Institute of Enzymology, Center of Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1117, Hungary.
| | - Agnes Tantos
- Institute of Enzymology, Center of Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1117, Hungary.
| | - Lajos Kalmar
- Institute of Enzymology, Center of Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1117, Hungary.
| | - Lucía Beatriz Chemes
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas IIB-INTECH, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Buenos Aires 1650, Argentina.
| | - Kyou-Hoon Han
- Genome Editing Research Center, Division of Biomedical Science, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea.
- Department of Nano and Bioinformatics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea.
| | - Peter Tompa
- Institute of Enzymology, Center of Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1117, Hungary.
- VIB Center for Structural Biology, Vrije Univresiteit Brussel, 1050, Belgium.
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15
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Afratis NA, Sagi I. Novel Approaches for Extracellular Matrix Targeting in Disease Treatment. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1952:261-275. [PMID: 30825181 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9133-4_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) macromolecules, apart from structural role for the surrounding tissue, have also been defined as crucial mediators in several cell mechanisms. The proteolytic and cross-linking cascades of ECM have fundamental importance in health and disease, which is increasingly becoming acknowledged. However, formidable challenges remain to identify the diverse and novel role of ECM molecules, especially with regard to their distinct biophysical, biochemical, and structural properties. Considering the heterogeneous, dynamic, and hierarchical nature of ECM, the characterization of 3D functional molecular view of ECM in atomic detail will be very useful for further ECM-related studies. Nowadays, the creation of a pioneer ECM multidisciplinary integrated platform in order to decipher ECM homeostasis is more possible than ever. The access to cutting-edge technologies, such as optical imaging and electron and atomic force microscopies, along with diffraction and X-ray-based spectroscopic methods can integrate spanning wide ranges of spatial and time resolutions. Subsequently, ECM image-guided site-directed proteomics can reveal molecular compositions in defined native and reconstituted ECM microenvironments. In addition, the use of highly selective ECM enzyme inhibitors enables the comparative molecular analyses within pre-classified remodeled ECM microenvironments. Mechanistic information which will be derived can be used to develop novel protein-based inhibitors for effective diagnostic and/or therapeutic modalities targeting ECM reactions within tissue microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos A Afratis
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Irit Sagi
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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16
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Arolas JL, Goulas T, Cuppari A, Gomis-Rüth FX. Multiple Architectures and Mechanisms of Latency in Metallopeptidase Zymogens. Chem Rev 2018; 118:5581-5597. [PMID: 29775286 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Metallopeptidases cleave polypeptides bound in the active-site cleft of catalytic domains through a general base/acid mechanism. This involves a solvent molecule bound to a catalytic zinc and general regulation of the mechanism through zymogen-based latency. Sixty reported structures from 11 metallopeptidase families reveal that prosegments, mostly N-terminal of the catalytic domain, block the cleft regardless of their size. Prosegments may be peptides (5-14 residues), which are only structured within the zymogens, or large moieties (<227 residues) of one or two folded domains. While some prosegments globally shield the catalytic domain through a few contacts, others specifically run across the cleft in the same or opposite direction as a substrate, making numerous interactions. Some prosegments block the zinc by replacing the solvent with particular side chains, while others use terminal α-amino or carboxylate groups. Overall, metallopeptidase zymogens employ disparate mechanisms that diverge even within families, which supports that latency is less conserved than catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan L Arolas
- Proteolysis Laboratory, Structural Biology Unit ("María-de-Maeztu" Unit of Excellence) , Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas , Barcelona Science Park, c/Baldiri Reixac 15-21 , 08028 Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain
| | - Theodoros Goulas
- Proteolysis Laboratory, Structural Biology Unit ("María-de-Maeztu" Unit of Excellence) , Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas , Barcelona Science Park, c/Baldiri Reixac 15-21 , 08028 Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain
| | - Anna Cuppari
- Proteolysis Laboratory, Structural Biology Unit ("María-de-Maeztu" Unit of Excellence) , Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas , Barcelona Science Park, c/Baldiri Reixac 15-21 , 08028 Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain
| | - F Xavier Gomis-Rüth
- Proteolysis Laboratory, Structural Biology Unit ("María-de-Maeztu" Unit of Excellence) , Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas , Barcelona Science Park, c/Baldiri Reixac 15-21 , 08028 Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain
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17
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Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are structurally related endopeptidases. They are also known as metzincins due to their interaction with zinc ion of the conserved methionine (Met) at the active site. MMPs play an important role in physiological and signaling processes of wound healing, bone resorption and angiogenesis. The structure of MMPs consists of signal peptide, propeptide, catalytic domain, hinge region and hemopexin-like domain. MMP-9 shares high structural and functional similarities with MMP-2, therefore designing selective MMP-9 inhibitors (MMPIs) is challenging. The selectivity can be achieved by targeting S2 subsite of MMP-9 that is having difference with MMP-2. Further, targeting its exosite and protein disulfide isomerase may also provide selective MMPIs. The review highlights the molecular features and basis of MMP-9 enzyme action. The MMPIs reported in the recent years have also been included.
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18
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Igarashi K, Uemura T, Kashiwagi K. Acrolein toxicity at advanced age: present and future. Amino Acids 2018; 50:217-228. [PMID: 29249019 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2527-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It is thought that tissue damage at advanced age is mainly caused by ROS (reactive oxygen species, O2-, H2O2, and ·OH). However, it was found that acrolein (CH2=CH-CHO) is more toxic than ROS, and is mainly produced from spermine (SPM), one of the polyamines, rather than from unsaturated fatty acids. Significant amounts of SPM are present normally as SPM-ribosome complexes, and contribute to protein synthesis. However, SPM was released from ribosomes due to the degradation of ribosomal RNA by ·OH or the binding of Ca2+ to ribosomes, and acrolein was produced from free SPM by polyamine oxidases, particularly by SPM oxidase. Acrolein inactivated several proteins such as GAPDH (glycelaldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase), and also stimulated MMP-9 (matrix metalloproteinase-9) activity. Acrolein-conjugated GAPDH translocated to nucleus, and caused apoptosis like nitrosylated GAPDH. Through acrolein conjugation with several proteins, acrolein causes tissue damage during brain stroke, dementia, renal failure, and primary Sjögren's syndrome. Thus, development of acrolein scavengers with less side effects is very important to maintain QOL (quality of life) of elderly people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuei Igarashi
- Amine Pharma Research Institute, Innovation Plaza at Chiba University, 1-8-15 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 260-0856, Japan.
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Uemura
- Amine Pharma Research Institute, Innovation Plaza at Chiba University, 1-8-15 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 260-0856, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Keiko Kashiwagi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science, 15-8 Shiomi-cho, Choshi, Chiba, 288-0025, Japan
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19
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Linder DP, Baker BE, Rodgers KR. [(H2O)Zn(Imidazole)n]2+: the vital roles of coordination number and geometry in Zn–OH2 acidity and catalytic hydrolysis. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:24979-24991. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03121e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Zn(ii)–(Imidazole(ate))n coordination motif occurs in numerous biochemical systems, including carbonic anhydrase and the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas P. Linder
- Department of Chemistry and Physics
- Southwestern Oklahoma State University
- Weatherford
- USA
| | - Brett E. Baker
- Department of Chemistry and Physics
- Southwestern Oklahoma State University
- Weatherford
- USA
| | - Kenton R. Rodgers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- North Dakota State University
- Fargo
- USA
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20
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Radisky ES, Raeeszadeh-Sarmazdeh M, Radisky DC. Therapeutic Potential of Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibition in Breast Cancer. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:3531-3548. [PMID: 28585723 PMCID: PMC5621753 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc endopeptidases that cleave nearly all components of the extracellular matrix as well as many other soluble and cell-associated proteins. MMPs have been implicated in normal physiological processes, including development, and in the acquisition and progression of the malignant phenotype. Disappointing results from a series of clinical trials testing small molecule, broad spectrum MMP inhibitors as cancer therapeutics led to a re-evaluation of how MMPs function in the tumor microenvironment, and ongoing research continues to reveal that these proteins play complex roles in cancer development and progression. It is now clear that effective targeting of MMPs for therapeutic benefit will require selective inhibition of specific MMPs. Here, we provide an overview of the MMP family and its biological regulators, the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). We then summarize recent research from model systems that elucidate how specific MMPs drive the malignant phenotype of breast cancer cells, including acquisition of cancer stem cell features and induction of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and we also outline clinical studies that implicate specific MMPs in breast cancer outcomes. We conclude by discussing ongoing strategies for development of inhibitors with therapeutic potential that are capable of selectively targeting the MMPs most responsible for tumor promotion, with special consideration of the potential of biologics including antibodies and engineered proteins based on the TIMP scaffold. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 3531-3548, 2017. © 2017 The Authors. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evette S Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville 32224, Florida
| | | | - Derek C Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville 32224, Florida
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21
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Activation of MMP-9 activity by acrolein in saliva from patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome and its mechanism. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 88:84-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Vandooren J, Knoops S, Aldinucci Buzzo JL, Boon L, Martens E, Opdenakker G, Kolaczkowska E. Differential inhibition of activity, activation and gene expression of MMP-9 in THP-1 cells by azithromycin and minocycline versus bortezomib: A comparative study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174853. [PMID: 28369077 PMCID: PMC5378356 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Gelatinase B or matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) (EC 3.4.24.35) is increased in inflammatory processes and cancer, and is associated with disease progression. In part, this is due to MMP-9-mediated degradation of extracellular matrix, facilitating influx of leukocytes into inflamed tissues and invasion or metastasis of cancer cells. MMP-9 is produced as proMMP-9 and its propeptide is subsequently removed by other proteases to generate proteolytically active MMP-9. The significance of MMP-9 in pathologies triggered the development of specific inhibitors of this protease. However, clinical trials with synthetic inhibitors of MMPs in the fight against cancer were disappointing. Reports on active compounds which inhibit MMP-9 should be carefully examined in this regard. In a considerable set of recent publications, two antibiotics (minocycline and azythromycin) and the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib, used in cancers, were reported to inhibit MMP-9 at different stages of its expression, activation or activity. The current study was undertaken to compare and to verify the impact of these compounds on MMP-9. With exception of minocycline at high concentrations (>100 μM), the compounds did not affect processing of proMMP-9 into MMP-9, nor did they affect direct MMP-9 gelatinolytic activity. In contrast, azithromycin specifically reduced MMP-9 mRNA and protein levels without affecting NF-κB in endotoxin-challenged monocytic THP-1 cells. Bortezomib, although being highly toxic, had no MMP-9-specific effects but significantly upregulated cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity and PGE2 levels. Overall, our study clarified that azithromycin decreased the levels of MMP-9 by reduction of gene and protein expression while minocycline inhibits proteolytic activity at high concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Vandooren
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Knoops
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - João L. Aldinucci Buzzo
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lise Boon
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik Martens
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elzbieta Kolaczkowska
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- * E-mail:
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23
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Christensen S, Purslow PP. The role of matrix metalloproteinases in muscle and adipose tissue development and meat quality: A review. Meat Sci 2016; 119:138-46. [PMID: 27180222 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a group of enzymes that degrade extracellular matrix components but are also important signaling molecules that regulate many biological processes including muscle, adipose and connective tissue development. Most recently it has been discovered that MMPs act as intracellular signaling molecules inducing gene expression and altering related proteins in the nucleus. Several single nucleotide polymorphisms of MMPs and their inhibitors are known to exist and most of the research on MMPs to date has focused on their activity in relation to human health and disease. Nevertheless there is a growing body of evidence identifying important roles of MMPs as regulators of myogenesis, fibrogenesis and adipogenesis. The aim of this review is to highlight the currently known functions of the MMPs that have a direct bearing on the deposition of meat components and their relationship with meat quality. Some central pathways by which these enzymes can affect the tenderness, the amount and type of fatty acids are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Christensen
- Departamento de Tecnología y Calidad de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Peter P Purslow
- Departamento de Tecnología y Calidad de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina.
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24
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Matrix metalloproteinases: new directions toward inhibition in the fight against cancers. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:297-309. [PMID: 26910530 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases are zinc-dependent enzymes whose main function is to cleave the components of the extracellular matrix. Their overexpression is evident in all cancers but to date there is no satisfactory way to inhibit their actions. Here, we look at their types, their structures, their functions and the developing understanding we have of them in the search for ways to drug them and inhibit their actions selectively. We investigate their subtle but exploitable differences in order that we can develop drugs to target them and even to target specific substrates and functions that they carry out. To date there are no new matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors developed to treat cancer, but we are progressing in our understanding of them, which is leading us ever closer to our goal.
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25
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Matrix metalloproteinases as input and output signals for post-myocardial infarction remodeling. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 91:134-40. [PMID: 26721597 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite current optimal therapeutic regimens, approximately one in four patients diagnosed with myocardial infarction (MI) will go on to develop congestive heart failure, and heart failure has a high five-year mortality rate of 50%. Elucidating mechanisms whereby heart failure develops post-MI, therefore, is highly needed. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are key enzymes involved in post-MI remodeling of the left ventricle (LV). While MMPs process cytokine and extracellular matrix (ECM) substrates to regulate the inflammatory and fibrotic components of the wound healing response to MI, MMPs also serve as upstream signaling initiators with direct actions on cell signaling cascades. In this review, we summarize the current literature regarding MMP roles in post-MI LV remodeling. We also identify the current knowledge gaps and provide templates for experiments to fill these gaps. A more complete understanding of MMP roles, particularly with regards to upstream signaling roles, may provide new strategies to limit adverse LV remodeling.
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26
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Prior SH, Fulcher YG, Koppisetti RK, Jurkevich A, Van Doren SR. Charge-Triggered Membrane Insertion of Matrix Metalloproteinase-7, Supporter of Innate Immunity and Tumors. Structure 2015; 23:2099-110. [PMID: 26439767 PMCID: PMC4635031 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) sheds signaling proteins from cell surfaces to activate bacterial killing, wound healing, and tumorigenesis. The mechanism targeting soluble MMP-7 to membranes has been investigated. Nuclear magnetic resonance structures of the zymogen, free and bound to membrane mimics without and with anionic lipid, reveal peripheral binding to bilayers through paramagnetic relaxation enhancements. Addition of cholesterol sulfate partially embeds the protease in the bilayer, restricts its diffusion, and tips the active site away from the bilayer. Its insertion of hydrophobic residues organizes the lipids, pushing the head groups and sterol sulfate outward toward the enzyme's positive charge on the periphery of the enlarged interface. Fluorescence probing demonstrates a similar mode of binding to plasma membranes and internalized vesicles of colon cancer cells. Binding of bilayered micelles induces allosteric activation and conformational change in the auto-inhibitory peptide and the adjacent scissile site, illustrating a potential intermediate in the activation of the zymogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen H Prior
- Biochemistry Department, University of Missouri, 117 Schweitzer Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Yan G Fulcher
- Biochemistry Department, University of Missouri, 117 Schweitzer Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Rama K Koppisetti
- Biochemistry Department, University of Missouri, 117 Schweitzer Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Alexander Jurkevich
- Molecular Cytology Core, 120 Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Steven R Van Doren
- Biochemistry Department, University of Missouri, 117 Schweitzer Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Linder DP, Rodgers KR. Methanethiol Binding Strengths and Deprotonation Energies in Zn(II)-Imidazole Complexes from M05-2X and MP2 Theories: Coordination Number and Geometry Influences Relevant to Zinc Enzymes. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:12182-92. [PMID: 26317178 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b07115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Zn(II) is used in nature as a biocatalyst in hundreds of enzymes, and the structure and dynamics of its catalytic activity are subjects of considerable interest. Many of the Zn(II)-based enzymes are classified as hydrolytic enzymes, in which the Lewis acidic Zn(II) center facilitates proton transfer(s) to a Lewis base, from proton donors such as water or thiol. This report presents the results of a quantum computational study quantifying the dynamic relationship between the zinc coordination number (CN), its coordination geometry, and the thermodynamic driving force behind these proton transfers originating from a charge-neutral methylthiol ligand. Specifically, density functional theory (DFT) and second-order perturbation theory (MP2) calculations have been performed on a series of [(imidazole)nZn-S(H)CH3](2+) and [(imidazole)nZn-SCH3](+) complexes with the CN varied from 1 to 6, n = 0-5. As the number of imidazole ligands coordinated to zinc increases, the S-H proton dissociation energy also increases, (i.e., -S(H)CH3 becomes less acidic), and the Zn-S bond energy decreases. Furthermore, at a constant CN, the S-H proton dissociation energy decreases as the S-Zn-(ImH)n angles increase about their equilibrium position. The zinc-coordinated thiol can become more or less acidic depending upon the position of the coordinated imidazole ligands. The bonding and thermodynamic relationships discussed may apply to larger systems that utilize the [(His)3Zn(II)-L] complex as the catalytic site, including carbonic anhydrase, carboxypeptidase, β-lactamase, the tumor necrosis factor-α-converting enzyme, and the matrix metalloproteinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas P Linder
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University , Weatherford, Oklahoma 73096, United States
| | - Kenton R Rodgers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
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28
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Analysis of skin patch test results and metalloproteinase-2 levels in a patient with contact dermatitis. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2015; 32:154-61. [PMID: 26161054 PMCID: PMC4495108 DOI: 10.5114/pdia.2014.40979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The complex course of skin reactions that contact eczema involves is due in part to abnormalities of the extracellular matrix function. Proteins that degrade extracellular matrix components include metalloproteinases (MMP), which are divided into subcategories depending on the chemical structure and substrate specificity. Aim To analyse patch test results in contact dermatitis patients and to assess MMP-2 levels during skin lesion exacerbation and remission. Material and methods Fifty patients suffering from contact eczema were qualified to the study and 20 healthy volunteers as a control group. The study group patients had epidermal skin tests performed with the “European Standard” set. To assess the MMP-2 level in serum, venous blood was drawn, twice from study group patients – during contact dermatitis exacerbation and remission periods – and once from control group patients. Assessment of MMP-2 in serum was done with ELISA immunoassay. To verify the proposed hypotheses, parametric and nonparametric significance tests were used. Results Hands were the most frequent location of contact dermatitis. Nickel (II) sulphate was the most frequent sensitizing substance. Mean MMP-2 levels were statistically higher in the study group both in contact dermatitis exacerbation and remission periods than in the control group. There was no statistically significant difference between MMP-2 levels and skin patch test results. Conclusions Nickel is one of the most allergenic contact allergens in patients with contact dermatitis. Metalloproteinase-2 is a good marker of contact dermatitis in various stages of the disease.
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29
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Radisky ES, Radisky DC. Matrix metalloproteinases as breast cancer drivers and therapeutic targets. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2015; 20:1144-63. [PMID: 25961550 DOI: 10.2741/4364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Members of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family have been identified as poor prognosis markers for breast cancer patients and as drivers of many facets of the tumor phenotype in experimental models. Early enthusiasm for MMPs as therapeutic targets was tempered following disappointing clinical trials that utilized broad spectrum, small molecule catalytic site inhibitors. However, subsequent research has continued to define key roles for MMPs as breast cancer promoters, to elucidate the complex roles that that these proteins play in breast cancer development and progression, and to identify how these roles are linked to specific and unique biochemical features of individual members of the MMP family. Here, we provide an overview of the structural features of the MMPs, then discuss clinical studies identifying which MMP family members are linked with breast cancer development and new experimental studies that reveal how these specific MMPs may play unique roles in the breast cancer microenvironment. We conclude with a discussion of the most promising avenues for development of therapeutic agents capable of targeting the tumor-promoting properties of MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evette S Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida 32224,
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30
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Wong E, Maretzky T, Peleg Y, Blobel CP, Sagi I. The Functional Maturation of A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase (ADAM) 9, 10, and 17 Requires Processing at a Newly Identified Proprotein Convertase (PC) Cleavage Site. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:12135-46. [PMID: 25795784 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.624072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Proenzyme maturation is a general mechanism to control the activation of enzymes. Catalytically active members of the A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease (ADAM) family of membrane-anchored metalloproteases are synthesized as proenzymes, in which the latency is maintained by their autoinhibitory pro-domains. A proteolytic processing then transforms the proenzyme into a catalytically active form. The removal of the pro-domain of ADAMs is currently thought to depend on processing at a canonical consensus site for the proprotein convertase Furin (RXXR) between the pro- and the catalytic domain. Here, we demonstrate that this previously described canonical site is a secondary cleavage site to a prerequisite cleavage in a newly characterized upstream PC site embedded within the pro-domain sequence. The novel upstream regulatory site is important for the maturation of several ADAM proenzymes. Mutations in the upstream regulatory site of ADAM17, ADAM10, and ADAM9 do not prevent pro-domain processing between the pro- and metalloprotease domain, but nevertheless, cause significantly reduced catalytic activity. Thus, our results have uncovered a novel functionally relevant PC processing site in the N-terminal part of the pro-domain that is important for the activation of these ADAMs. These results suggest that the novel PC site is part of a general mechanism underlying proenzyme maturation of ADAMs that is independent of processing at the previously identified canonical Furin cleavage site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eitan Wong
- From the Department of Biological Regulation and
| | - Thorsten Maretzky
- the Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery and
| | - Yoav Peleg
- The Israel Structural Proteomics Center, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel and
| | - Carl P Blobel
- the Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery and the Departments of Medicine and of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10021
| | - Irit Sagi
- From the Department of Biological Regulation and
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31
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López-Pelegrín M, Ksiazek M, Karim AY, Guevara T, Arolas JL, Potempa J, Gomis-Rüth FX. A novel mechanism of latency in matrix metalloproteinases. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:4728-4740. [PMID: 25555916 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.605956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of secreted soluble or membrane-anchored multimodular peptidases regularly found in several paralogous copies in animals and plants, where they have multiple functions. The minimal consensus domain architecture comprises a signal peptide, a 60-90-residue globular prodomain with a conserved sequence motif including a cysteine engaged in "cysteine-switch" or "Velcro" mediated latency, and a catalytic domain. Karilysin, from the human periodontopathogen Tannerella forsythia, is the only bacterial MMP to have been characterized biochemically to date. It shares with eukaryotic forms the catalytic domain but none of the flanking domains. Instead of the consensus MMP prodomain, it features a 14-residue propeptide, the shortest reported for a metallopeptidase, which lacks cysteines. Here we determined the structure of a prokarilysin fragment encompassing the propeptide and the catalytic domain, and found that the former runs across the cleft in the opposite direction to a bound substrate and inhibits the latter through an "aspartate-switch" mechanism. This finding is reminiscent of latency maintenance in the otherwise unrelated astacin and fragilysin metallopeptidase families. In addition, in vivo and biochemical assays showed that the propeptide contributes to protein folding and stability. Our analysis of prokarilysin reveals a novel mechanism of latency and activation in MMPs. Finally, our findings support the view that the karilysin catalytic domain was co-opted by competent bacteria through horizontal gene transfer from a eukaryotic source, and later evolved in a specific bacterial environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar López-Pelegrín
- From the Proteolysis Lab, Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, CSIC, Barcelona Science Park, c/Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miroslaw Ksiazek
- the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland, and
| | - Abdulkarim Y Karim
- the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland, and
| | - Tibisay Guevara
- From the Proteolysis Lab, Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, CSIC, Barcelona Science Park, c/Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan L Arolas
- From the Proteolysis Lab, Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, CSIC, Barcelona Science Park, c/Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain,.
| | - Jan Potempa
- the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland, and; the Oral Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky 40202.
| | - F Xavier Gomis-Rüth
- From the Proteolysis Lab, Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, CSIC, Barcelona Science Park, c/Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain,.
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Sonderegger P, Matsumoto-Miyai K. Activity-controlled proteolytic cleavage at the synapse. Trends Neurosci 2014; 37:413-23. [PMID: 24969462 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Activity-controlled enzymatic cleavage of proteins on the surface of synaptic membranes or in the synaptic or perisynaptic interstitial compartment represents a direct way to regulate synaptic structure, function, and number. Extracellular proteolysis at synapses was initially understood to be plasticity enabling by freeing synapses from the constraints provided by the extracellular matrix. However, recent observations indicate that at least part of the extracellular protein cleavage results in activation of previously cryptic functions that regulate adaptive changes of synapses and neuronal circuits. Here, we focus on peptidases with distinct localization and function at synapses combined with regulation by neuronal and synaptic activity, and evaluate their function in the context of developmental and/or adult synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sonderegger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Kazumasa Matsumoto-Miyai
- Department of Neurophysiology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, Akita 010-8543, Japan; Kansai University of Nursing and Health Sciences, 1456-4 Shizuki, Awaji, Hyogo 656-2131, Japan
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Fulcher YG, Sanganna Gari RR, Frey NC, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ, King GM, Van Doren SR. Heparinoids activate a protease, secreted by mucosa and tumors, via tethering supplemented by allostery. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:957-66. [PMID: 24495220 DOI: 10.1021/cb400898t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Activation by glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) is an emerging trend among extracellular proteases important in disease. ProMMP-7, the zymogen of a matrix metalloproteinase secreted by mucosal epithelial and tumor cells, is activated at their surfaces by sulfated GAGs, but how? ProMMP-7 is activated in trans by representative heparin oligosaccharides in a length-dependent manner, with a large jump in activation at lengths of 16 monosaccharides. Imaging by atomic force microscopy visualized small complexes of proMMP-7 molecules linked by 8-mer lengths of heparinoids and extended assembles formed with 16-mer lengths of heparin. Complexes of proMMP-7 with polydisperse heparin or heparan sulfate were more diverse. Heparinoids evidently accelerate activation by tethering multiple proMMP-7 molecules together for proteolytic attack among neighbors. Removal of either the prodomain or C-terminal peptide sequence of KRSNSRKK from MMP-7 prevents formation of the long arrays induced by heparin 16-mers or heparan sulfate. The role of the C-terminus in activation assays suggests it contributes to remote, allosteric binding of GAGs. Enhancement of proteolytic velocity of MMP-by GAGs indicates them to be effectors of V-type allostery. GAGs from proteoglycans appear to assemble proMMP-7 molecules for activation, an event preceding its tumorigenic or antibacterial proteolytic activities at cell surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fuming Zhang
- Center
for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Center
for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States
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Kränkel N, Madeddu P. Helping the circulatory system heal itself: manipulating kinin signaling to promote neovascularization. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 7:215-9. [DOI: 10.1586/14779072.7.3.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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35
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Bernier N, Menard N, Colasson B, Rebilly JN, Reinaud O. Guest-Triggered ZnII Translocation and Supramolecular Nuclearity Control in Calix[6]arene-Based Complexes. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:4683-91. [DOI: 10.1021/ic4002863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Bernier
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques
et Toxicologiques, CNRS UMR 8601, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saints
Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Menard
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques
et Toxicologiques, CNRS UMR 8601, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saints
Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Benoit Colasson
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques
et Toxicologiques, CNRS UMR 8601, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saints
Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Noël Rebilly
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques
et Toxicologiques, CNRS UMR 8601, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saints
Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Olivia Reinaud
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques
et Toxicologiques, CNRS UMR 8601, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saints
Pères, 75006 Paris, France
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36
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Iyer RP, Patterson NL, Fields GB, Lindsey ML. The history of matrix metalloproteinases: milestones, myths, and misperceptions. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 303:H919-30. [PMID: 22904159 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00577.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of tadpole collagenase in 1962, the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family has emerged as a significant proteinase group with recognized effects on the cardiovascular system. Over the last 40 years, many milestones have been achieved, from the identification of the first MMP, to the generation of the first MMP cDNA clone and null mouse, to the clinical approval of the first MMP inhibitor. Over the years, a few myths and misunderstandings have interwoven into the truths. In this review, we will discuss the major milestones of MMP research, as well as review the misinterpretations and misperceptions that have evolved. Clarifying the confusions and dispelling the myths will both provide a better understanding of MMP properties and functions and focus the cardiovascular field on the outstanding research questions that need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rugmani Padmanabhan Iyer
- San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78245, USA
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37
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Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were originally identified as matrixin proteases that act in the extracellular matrix. Recent works have uncovered nontraditional roles for MMPs in the extracellular space as well as in the cytosol and nucleus. There is strong evidence that subspecialized and compartmentalized matrixins participate in many physiological and pathological cellular processes, in which they can act as both degradative and regulatory proteases. In this review, we discuss the transcriptional and translational control of matrixin expression, their regulation of intracellular sorting, and the structural basis of activation and inhibition. In particular, we highlight the emerging roles of various matrixin forms in diseases. The activity of matrix metalloproteinases is regulated at several levels, including enzyme activation, inhibition, complex formation and compartmentalization. Most MMPs are secreted and have their function in the extracellular environment. MMPs are also found inside cells, both in the nucleus, cytosol and organelles. The role of intracellular located MMPs is still poorly understood, although recent studies have unraveled some of their functions. The localization, activation and activity of MMPs are regulated by their interactions with other proteins, proteoglycan core proteins and / or their glycosaminoglycan chains, as well as other molecules. Complexes formed between MMPs and various molecules may also include interactions with noncatalytic sites. Such exosites are regions involved in substrate processing, localized outside the active site, and are potential binding sites of specific MMP inhibitors. Knowledge about regulation of MMP activity is essential for understanding various physiological processes and pathogenesis of diseases, as well as for the development of new MMP targeting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Mannello
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Clinical Biochemistry, Unit of Cell Biology, University Carlo Bo of Urbino, Via O. Ubaldini 7, 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy.
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Human matrix metalloproteinases: an ubiquitarian class of enzymes involved in several pathological processes. Mol Aspects Med 2011; 33:119-208. [PMID: 22100792 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2011.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) belong to the M10 family of the MA clan of endopeptidases. They are ubiquitarian enzymes, structurally characterized by an active site where a Zn(2+) atom, coordinated by three histidines, plays the catalytic role, assisted by a glutamic acid as a general base. Various MMPs display different domain composition, which is very important for macromolecular substrates recognition. Substrate specificity is very different among MMPs, being often associated to their cellular compartmentalization and/or cellular type where they are expressed. An extensive review of the different MMPs structural and functional features is integrated with their pathological role in several types of diseases, spanning from cancer to cardiovascular diseases and to neurodegeneration. It emerges a very complex and crucial role played by these enzymes in many physiological and pathological processes.
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Grossman M, Sela-Passwell N, Sagi I. Achieving broad molecular insights into dynamic protein interactions by integrated structural-kinetic approaches. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2011; 21:678-85. [PMID: 21945040 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A network of dynamic protein interactions with their protein partners, substrates, and ligands is known to be crucial for biological function. Revealing molecular and structural-based mechanisms at atomic resolution and in real-time is fundamental for achieving a basic understanding of cellular processes. These technically challenging goals may be achieved by combining time-resolved spectroscopic and structural-kinetic tools, thus providing broad insights into specific molecular events over a wide range of timescales. Here we review representative studies utilizing such an integrated real-time structural approach designed to reveal molecular mechanisms underlying protein interactions at atomic resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moran Grossman
- Departments of Structural Biology and Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Grossman M, Born B, Heyden M, Tworowski D, Fields GB, Sagi I, Havenith M. Correlated structural kinetics and retarded solvent dynamics at the metalloprotease active site. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2011; 18:1102-8. [PMID: 21926991 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Solvent dynamics can play a major role in enzyme activity, but obtaining an accurate, quantitative picture of solvent activity during catalysis is quite challenging. Here, we combine terahertz spectroscopy and X-ray absorption analyses to measure changes in the coupled water-protein motions during peptide hydrolysis by a zinc-dependent human metalloprotease. These changes were tightly correlated with rearrangements at the active site during the formation of productive enzyme-substrate intermediates and were different from those in an enzyme-inhibitor complex. Molecular dynamics simulations showed a steep gradient of fast-to-slow coupled protein-water motions around the protein, active site and substrate. Our results show that water retardation occurs before formation of the functional Michaelis complex. We propose that the observed gradient of coupled protein-water motions may assist enzyme-substrate interactions through water-polarizing mechanisms that are remotely mediated by the catalytic metal ion and the enzyme active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moran Grossman
- Department of Structural Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Kotsakis SD, Tzouvelekis LS, Petinaki E, Tzelepi E, Miriagou V. Effects of the Val211Gly substitution on molecular dynamics of the CMY-2 cephalosporinase: implications on hydrolysis of expanded-spectrum cephalosporins. Proteins 2011; 79:3180-92. [PMID: 21989938 DOI: 10.1002/prot.23150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
CMY-30, a naturally occurring class C β-lactamase differing from the Citrobacter freundii-derived CMY-2 by a Val211Gly substitution in the Ω-loop, exhibits increased hydrolytic efficiency against ceftazidime and cefotaxime. Kinetic constants of CMY-2 and CMY-30 against the latter substrates suggested that the improved efficiency of the Gly211 variant was due to an increase in k(cat). The structural basis of the increased turn-over rates of oxyimino-cephalosporins caused by Val211Gly was studied using 5 ns molecular dynamics simulations of CMY-2 and CMY-30 in their free forms and in covalent complexes with ceftazidime (acyl-enzyme) as well as a boronic acid analogue of ceftazidime (deacylation transition state). Analysis of thermal factors indicated that Val211Gly increased the flexibility of the Ω-loop/H7-helix and the Q120-loop formed by amino acids 112-125, and also altered the vibrations of the H10-helix/R2-loop. Structural elements containing the catalytic residues remained relatively rigid except Tyr150 in acyl-enzyme species. Regions exhibiting altered flexibility due to the substitution appear to move in a concerted manner in both enzymes. This movement was more intense in CMY-30 and also at directions different to those observed for CMY-2. Additionally, it appeared that the Val211Gly increased the available space for the accommodation of the R1 side chain of ceftazidime. These findings are likely associated with the significantly increased vibrations of the bound compounds observed in CMY-30 complexes. Therefore, the extended spectrum properties of CMY-30 seem to arise through a complex process implicating changes in protein movement and in the mode of substrate accommodation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stathis D Kotsakis
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
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Exoplasmic cysteine Cys384 of the HDL receptor SR-BI is critical for its sensitivity to a small-molecule inhibitor and normal lipid transport activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:12243-8. [PMID: 21746906 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1109078108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The HDL receptor, scavenger receptor, class B, type I (SR-BI), is a homooligomeric cell surface glycoprotein that controls HDL structure and metabolism by mediating the cellular selective uptake of lipids, mainly cholesteryl esters, from HDL. The mechanism underlying SR-BI-mediated lipid transfer, which differs from classic receptor-mediated endocytosis, involves a two-step process (binding followed by lipid transport) that is poorly understood. Our previous structure/activity analysis of the small-molecule inhibitor blocker of lipid transport 1 (BLT-1), which potently (IC(50) ∼ 50 nM) blocks SR-BI-mediated lipid transport, established that the sulfur in BLT-1's thiosemicarbazone moiety was essential for activity. Here we show that BLT-1 is an irreversible inhibitor of SR-BI, raising the possibility that cysteine(s) in SR-BI interact with BLT-1. Mass spectrometric analysis of purified SR-BI showed two of its six exoplasmic cysteines have free thiol groups (Cys251 and Cys384). Converting Cys384 (but not Cys251) to serine resulted in complete BLT-1 insensitivity, establishing that the unique molecular target of BLT-1 inhibition of cellular SR-BI dependent lipid transport is SR-BI itself. The C384S substitution reduced the receptor's intrinsic lipid uptake activity by approximately 60% without dramatically altering its surface expression, homooligomerization, or HDL binding. Thus, a small-molecule screening approach identified a key residue in SR-BI involved in lipid transport, providing a powerful springboard into the analyses of the structure and mechanism of SR-BI, and highlighting the power of this approach for such analyses.
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Sela-Passwell N, Trahtenherts A, Krüger A, Sagi I. New opportunities in drug design of metalloproteinase inhibitors: combination between structure-function experimental approaches and systems biology. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2011; 6:527-42. [PMID: 22646077 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2011.560936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION MMPs (matrix metalloproteinases) and ADAMs (a disintegrin and metalloproteinases) are endopeptidases central to the degradation and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. These proteases also exhibit regulatory activity in cell signaling pathways and thus tissue homeostasis under normal conditions and in many diseases. Consequently, individual members of the MMP and ADAM protein families were identified as important therapeutic targets. However, designing effective inhibitors in vivo for this class of enzymes appears to be extremely challenging. This is attributed to the broad structural similarity of their active sites and to the dynamic functional interconnectivity of MMPs with other proteases, their inhibitors, and substrates (the so-called degradome) in healthy and disease tissues. AREAS COVERED The article covers the progress in designing metalloproteinase inhibitors, based on recent advancements in our understanding of enzyme structures and their function as master regulators. It also discusses the potential of utilizing structure-based drug design strategies in conjunction with systems biology experimental approaches for designing potent and therapeutically effective metalloproteinase inhibitors. EXPERT OPINION We highlight the use of protein-based drug design strategies, for example, antibodies and protein scaffolds, targeting extracatalytic domains, which are central to proteolytic and non-proteolytic enzyme functions. Such rationally designed function-blocking inhibitors may create new opportunities in disease management and in emerging therapies that require control of dysregulated MMP activity without causing severe side effects. Importantly, the lessons learned from studying these protein-based inhibitors can be implemented to design new and effective small or medium sized synthetic antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netta Sela-Passwell
- The Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Biological Regulation , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
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Structure, function and latency regulation of a bacterial enterotoxin potentially derived from a mammalian adamalysin/ADAM xenolog. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:1856-61. [PMID: 21233422 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1012173108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis is the most frequent disease-causing anaerobe in the intestinal tract of humans and livestock and its specific virulence factor is fragilysin, also known as B. fragilis toxin. This is a 21-kDa zinc-dependent metallopeptidase existing in three closely related isoforms that hydrolyze E-cadherin and contribute to secretory diarrhea, and possibly to inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. Here we studied the function and zymogenic structure of fragilysin-3 and found that its activity is repressed by a ∼170-residue prodomain, which is the largest hitherto structurally characterized for a metallopeptidase. This prodomain plays a role in both the latency and folding stability of the catalytic domain and it has no significant sequence similarity to any known protein. The prodomain adopts a novel fold and inhibits the protease domain via an aspartate-switch mechanism. The catalytic fragilysin-3 moiety is active against several protein substrates and its structure reveals a new family prototype within the metzincin clan of metallopeptidases. It shows high structural similarity despite negligible sequence identity to adamalysins/ADAMs, which have only been described in eukaryotes. Because no similar protein has been found outside enterotoxigenic B. fragilis, our findings support that fragilysins derived from a mammalian adamalysin/ADAM xenolog that was co-opted by B. fragilis through a rare case of horizontal gene transfer from a eukaryotic cell to a bacterial cell. Subsequently, this co-opted peptidase was provided with a unique chaperone and latency maintainer in the time course of evolution to render a robust and dedicated toxin to compromise the intestinal epithelium of mammalian hosts.
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Cerdà-Costa N, Guevara T, Karim AY, Ksiazek M, Nguyen KA, Arolas JL, Potempa J, Gomis-Rüth FX. The structure of the catalytic domain of Tannerella forsythia karilysin reveals it is a bacterial xenologue of animal matrix metalloproteinases. Mol Microbiol 2011; 79:119-32. [PMID: 21166898 PMCID: PMC3077575 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07434.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metallopeptidases (MPs) are among virulence factors secreted by pathogenic bacteria at the site of infection. One such pathogen is Tannerella forsythia, a member of the microbial consortium that causes peridontitis, arguably the most prevalent infective chronic inflammatory disease known to mankind. The only reported MP secreted by T. forsythia is karilysin, a 52 kDa multidomain protein comprising a central 18 kDa catalytic domain (CD), termed Kly18, flanked by domains unrelated to any known protein. We analysed the 3D structure of Kly18 in the absence and presence of Mg(2+) or Ca(2+) , which are required for function and stability, and found that it evidences most of the structural features characteristic of the CDs of mammalian matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Unexpectedly, a peptide was bound to the active-site cleft of Kly18 mimicking a left-behind cleavage product, which revealed that the specificity pocket accommodates bulky hydrophobic side-chains of substrates as in mammalian MMPs. In addition, Kly18 displayed a unique Mg(2+) or Ca(2+) binding site and two flexible segments that could play a role in substrate binding. Phylogenetic and sequence similarity studies revealed that Kly18 is evolutionarily much closer to winged-insect and mammalian MMPs than to potential bacterial counterparts found by genomic sequencing projects. Therefore, we conclude that this first structurally characterized non-mammalian MMP is a xenologue co-opted through horizontal gene transfer during the intimate coexistence between T. forsythia and humans or other animals, in a very rare case of gene shuffling from eukaryotes to prokaryotes. Subsequently, this protein would have evolved in a bacterial environment to give rise to full-length karilysin that is furnished with unique flanking domains that do not conform to the general multidomain architecture of animal MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Cerdà-Costa
- Proteolysis Lab; Department of Structural Biology; Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, CSIC; Barcelona Science Park; Helix Building; c/ Baldiri Reixac, 15-21; E-08028 Barcelona (Catalunya)
| | - Tibisay Guevara
- Proteolysis Lab; Department of Structural Biology; Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, CSIC; Barcelona Science Park; Helix Building; c/ Baldiri Reixac, 15-21; E-08028 Barcelona (Catalunya)
| | - Abdulkarim Y. Karim
- Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology; Jagiellonian University; PL-Krakow 30-387 (Poland)
| | - Miroslaw Ksiazek
- Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology; Jagiellonian University; PL-Krakow 30-387 (Poland)
| | - Ky-Anh Nguyen
- Institute of Dental Research, Westmead Centre for Oral Health, Sydney NSW 2145 (Australia)
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006 (Australia)
| | - Joan L. Arolas
- Proteolysis Lab; Department of Structural Biology; Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, CSIC; Barcelona Science Park; Helix Building; c/ Baldiri Reixac, 15-21; E-08028 Barcelona (Catalunya)
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology; Jagiellonian University; PL-Krakow 30-387 (Poland)
- University of Louisville; School of Dentistry; Oral Health and Systemic Disease; Louisville, KY 40202 (USA)
| | - F. Xavier Gomis-Rüth
- Proteolysis Lab; Department of Structural Biology; Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, CSIC; Barcelona Science Park; Helix Building; c/ Baldiri Reixac, 15-21; E-08028 Barcelona (Catalunya)
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Comparative biochemical and computational study of the role of naturally occurring mutations at Ambler positions 104 and 170 in GES β-lactamases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:4864-71. [PMID: 20696873 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00771-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In GES-type β-lactamases, positions 104 and 170 are occupied by Glu or Lys and by Gly, Asn, or Ser, respectively. Previous studies have indicated an important role of these amino acids in the interaction with β-lactams, although their precise role, especially that of residue 104, remains uncertain. In this study, we constructed GES-1 (Glu104, Gly170), GES-2 (Glu104, Asn170), GES-5 (Glu104, Ser170), GES-6 (Lys104, Ser170), GES-7 (Lys104, Gly170), and GES-13 (Lys104, Asn170) by site-specific mutagenesis and compared their hydrolytic properties. Isogenic comparisons of β-lactam resistance levels conferred by these GES variants were also performed. Data indicated the following patterns: (i) Lys104-containing enzymes exhibited enhanced hydrolysis of oxyimino-cephalosporins and reduced efficiency against imipenem in relation to enzymes possessing Glu104, (ii) Asn170-containing enzymes showed reduced hydrolysis rates of penicillins and older cephalosporins, (iii) Ser170 enabled GES to hydrolyze cefoxitin efficiently, and (iv) Asn170 and Ser170 increased the carbapenemase character of GES enzymes but reduced their activity against ceftazidime. Molecular dynamic simulations of GES apoenzyme models, as well as construction of GES structures complexed with cefoxitin and an achiral ceftazidime-like boronic acid, provided insights into the catalytic behavior of the studied mutants. There were indications that an increased stability of the hydrogen bonding network of Glu166-Lys73-Ser70 and an altered positioning of Trp105 correlated with the substrate spectra, especially with acylation of GES by imipenem. Furthermore, likely effects of Ser170 on GES interactions with cefoxitin and of Lys104 on interactions with oxyimino-cephalosporins were revealed. Overall, the data unveiled the importance of residues 104 and 170 in the function of GES enzymes.
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Benson HL, Mobashery S, Chang M, Kheradmand F, Hong JS, Smith GN, Shilling RA, Wilkes DS. Endogenous matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 regulate activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2010; 44:700-8. [PMID: 20639459 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0125oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We reported that inhibiting matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), known to remodel the extracellular matrix, also down-regulated antigen-specific T-cell responses. However, the direct role of MMP2 and MMP9 in regulating intracellular function in T cells is unknown. Markers of cellular activation and cytokine profiles were examined in anti-CD3-stimulated wild-type C57BL/6 mouse-derived CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells, or MMP2- or MMP9-deficient (-/-) mice. MMP-sufficient T cells were also treated with SB-3CT, a highly selective inhibitor of MMP2 and MMP9. The effect of MMP-specific inhibition on T cell-dependent, antigen-specific murine lung injury was examined in vivo. SB-3CT induced dose-dependent reductions in anti-CD3-stimulated T-cell proliferation. Although MMP2(-/-) cells were reduced 20%, anti-CD3-induced proliferation was down-regulated 80-85% in MMP9(-/-) or in SB-3CT-treated wild-type CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Intracellular calcium flux was augmented in response to MMP inhibition or deficiency in the same cells, and IL-2 production was reduced in CD4(+) and CD8(+) MMP9(-/-) T cells. SB-3CT-mediated MMP2 and MMP9 inhibition abrogated antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell-mediated lung injury in vivo. MMPs, particularly MMP9, may function intracellularly to regulate T-cell activation. T cell-targeted MMP inhibition may provide a novel approach of immune regulation in the treatment of T cell-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Benson
- Department of Biochemistry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, 46202, USA
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Golubkov VS, Cieplak P, Chekanov AV, Ratnikov BI, Aleshin AE, Golubkova NV, Postnova TI, Radichev IA, Rozanov DV, Zhu W, Motamedchaboki K, Strongin AY. Internal cleavages of the autoinhibitory prodomain are required for membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase activation, although furin cleavage alone generates inactive proteinase. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:27726-36. [PMID: 20605791 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.135442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional activity of invasion-promoting membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) is elevated in cancer. This elevated activity promotes cancer cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. MT1-MMP is synthesized as a zymogen, the latency of which is maintained by its prodomain. Excision by furin was considered sufficient for the prodomain release and MT1-MMP activation. We determined, however, that the full-length intact prodomain released by furin alone is a potent autoinhibitor of MT1-MMP. Additional MMP cleavages within the prodomain sequence are required to release the MT1-MMP enzyme activity. Using mutagenesis of the prodomain sequence and mass spectrometry analysis of the prodomain fragments, we demonstrated that the intradomain cleavage of the PGD/L(50) site initiates the MT1-MMP activation, whereas the (108)RRKR(111)/Y(112) cleavage by furin completes the removal and the degradation of the autoinhibitory prodomain and the liberation of the functional activity of the emerging enzyme of MT1-MMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav S Golubkov
- Cancer Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Radisky ES, Radisky DC. Matrix metalloproteinase-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2010; 15:201-12. [PMID: 20440544 PMCID: PMC2886087 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-010-9177-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) degrade and modify the extracellular matrix (ECM) as well as cell-ECM and cell-cell contacts, facilitating detachment of epithelial cells from the surrounding tissue. MMPs play key functions in embryonic development and mammary gland branching morphogenesis, but they are also upregulated in breast cancer, where they stimulate tumorigenesis, cancer cell invasion and metastasis. MMPs have been investigated as potential targets for cancer therapy, but clinical trials using broad-spectrum MMP inhibitors yielded disappointing results, due in part to lack of specificity toward individual MMPs and specific stages of tumor development. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a developmental process in which epithelial cells take on the characteristics of invasive mesenchymal cells, and activation of EMT has been implicated in tumor progression. Recent findings have implicated MMPs as promoters and mediators of developmental and pathogenic EMT processes in the breast. In this review, we will summarize recent studies showing how MMPs activate EMT in mammary gland development and in breast cancer, and how MMPs mediate breast cancer cell motility, invasion, and EMT-driven breast cancer progression. We also suggest approaches to inhibit these MMP-mediated malignant processes for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evette S. Radisky
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Griffin Building, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Derek C. Radisky
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Griffin Building, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
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Bonfil RD, Fridman R, Mobashery S, Cher ML. Are matrix metalloproteinases relevant therapeutic targets for prostate cancer bone metastasis? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 15:188-92. [PMID: 18769612 PMCID: PMC2528310 DOI: 10.3747/co.v15i4.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
After basal and squamous cell skin cancers, prostate cancer is the most frequent cancer in men in the United States, with 186,320 men estimated to be diagnosed with the disease and 28,660 expected to die from it in 2008 1. [...]
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Bonfil
- Department of Urology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, and The Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, U.S.A.
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