1
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Zhao S, Wang N, James Young D, Mi Y, Hu FL. Coordination Site Selective Occupation Strategy for Tuning the Photosalient Effects of Photoactive Cd Complexes. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202400559. [PMID: 38972847 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
The application of photo responsive crystals to useful actuation demands a rational design to elicit controllable movement. The [2+2] photocycloaddition reaction triggers mechanical motion using associated photosalient (PS) effects. We herein report a coordination site selective occupation strategy to modulate the arrangement of C=C bonds and thereby tune the PS effect. Replacing or repositioning the donor atom at one end of the linear ligand allowed for a greater level of molecular structural flexibility, facilitating [2+2] photocycloaddition. The distance between photoreactive centres and coordination sites was adjusted by ligand design to regulate PS behaviour. This work suggests new avenues for modulating PS movement to achieve useful motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning, 530006, P. R. China
| | - Ning Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning, 530006, P. R. China
| | - David James Young
- Glasgow College UESTC, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, P. R. China
| | - Yan Mi
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning, 530006, P. R. China
| | - Fei-Long Hu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning, 530006, P. R. China
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2
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Saikawa M, Ohnuma M, Manabe K, Saito K, Kikkawa Y, Norikane Y. Photo-controllable microcleaner: photo-induced crawling motion and particle transport of azobenzene crystals on a liquid-like surface. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:4819-4827. [PMID: 39044483 DOI: 10.1039/d4mh00455h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Organic crystals of 3,3'-dimethylazobenzene (DMAB) exhibit photo-induced crawling motion on solid surfaces when they are simultaneously irradiated with ultraviolet and visible light from opposite directions. DMAB crystals are candidates for light-driven cargo transporters, having simple chemical compositions and material structures. However, fast crawling motion without significant shape deformation has not yet been achieved. In this study, compared with hydrophilic glass and conventional hydrophobic surfaces with alkyl chains, siloxane-based hybrid surfaces, which are "liquid-like surfaces," result in the fastest crawling motion (4.2 μm min-1) while the droplet-like shape of DMAB crystals is maintained. Additionally, we successfully demonstrate that the DMAB crystals are capable of capturing and carrying silica particles on the hybrid surface. The transport direction is changed on demand without releasing the particles by simply changing the irradiation direction. The particles can be left on the substrate by removing the DMAB crystals via sublimation at room temperature. This result showcases a new concept of "photo-controllable microcleaner" that can operate a series of cargo capture-carry-release tasks. We expect this transporter to contribute to the development of crystal actuators, microfluidics, and microscale molecular flasks/reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Saikawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
- Research Institute for Advanced Electronics and Photonics, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
| | - Mio Ohnuma
- Research Institute for Advanced Electronics and Photonics, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
| | - Kengo Manabe
- Research Institute for Advanced Electronics and Photonics, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
| | - Koichiro Saito
- Research Institute for Advanced Electronics and Photonics, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Kikkawa
- Research Institute for Advanced Electronics and Photonics, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
| | - Yasuo Norikane
- Research Institute for Advanced Electronics and Photonics, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
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3
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Gui LA, Zhang YF, Peng Y, Hu ZB, Song Y. Synergetic Responses of Multiple Functions Induced by Phase Transition in Molecular Materials. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202400297. [PMID: 38797706 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Materials that integrate magnetism, electricity and luminescence can not only improve the operational efficiency of devices, but also potentially generate new functions through their coupling. Therefore, multifunctional synergistic effects have broad application prospects in fields such as optoelectronic devices, information storage and processing, and quantum computing. However, in the research field of molecular materials, there are few reports on the synergistic multifunctional properties. The main reason is that there is insufficient awareness of how to obtain such material. In this brief review, we summarized the molecular materials with this characteristic. The structural phase transition of substances will cause changes in their physical properties, as the electronic configurations of the active unit in different structural phases are different. Therefore, we will classify and describe the multifunctional synergistic complexes based on the structural factors that cause the first-order phase transition of the complexes. This enables us to quickly screen complexes with synergistic responses to these properties through structural phase transitions, providing ideas for studying the synergistic response of physical properties in molecular materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ao Gui
- Chaotic Matter Science Research Center, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yi-Fan Zhang
- Chaotic Matter Science Research Center, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yan Peng
- Chaotic Matter Science Research Center, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, China
| | - Zhao-Bo Hu
- Chaotic Matter Science Research Center, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, China
| | - You Song
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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4
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Arroyo I, Cedeño R, Nour Eddine N, Alcaraz G, Pensec S, Bouteiller L, Naït-Abdelaziz M, Barrau S, Tahon JF, Fournier D, Fadel A, Takeshita M, Buntinx G, Aloïse S. Easy Processable Photomechanical Thin Film Involving a Photochromic Diarylethene and a Thermoplastic Elastomer in Supramolecular Interaction. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2402131. [PMID: 39152527 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202402131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
A novel supramolecular photoactuator in the form of a thin film of centimetric size has been developed as an alternative to traditional liquid crystal elastomers (LCE) involving azobenzene (AZO) units or photochromic microcrystals. This thin film is produced through spin coating without the need for alignment or crosslinking. The photoactuator combines a photochromic dithienylethene (DTE) functionalized with ureidopyrimidinone (UPy) units, and a telechelic thermoplastic elastomer, also functionalized with UPy, allowing quadruple hydrogen bonding between the two components. Upon alternating ultraviolet (UV) and visible light exposure, the film exhibits reversible bending and color changes, studied using displacement and absorption tracking setups. For the first time, the photomechanical effect (PME) is quantitatively correlated with photochromism, showing that DTE units drive the movement under both UV (photocyclization) and visible (photoreversion) light. In situ illumination techniques reveal that the PME arises from photoinduced strain within 160 nm UPy-bonded DTE domains, which expand and contract by approximately 50% under UV and visible light, respectively. The semicrystalline nature of the elastomer and a robust supramolecular network connecting both components are critical in converting microscopic photostrain into macroscopic actuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Arroyo
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIRE - Laboratoire de Spectroscopie pour les Interactions, la Réactivité et l'Environnement, Lille, 59000, France
| | - Rebeca Cedeño
- Université de Lille, Unité de Mécanique de Lille-Joseph Boussinesq ULR 7512, Lille, 59000, France
| | - Nour Nour Eddine
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, Rennes, F-35000, France
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Equipe Chimie des Polymères, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Gilles Alcaraz
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, Rennes, F-35000, France
| | - Sandrine Pensec
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Equipe Chimie des Polymères, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Laurent Bouteiller
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Equipe Chimie des Polymères, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Moussa Naït-Abdelaziz
- Université de Lille, Unité de Mécanique de Lille-Joseph Boussinesq ULR 7512, Lille, 59000, France
| | - Sophie Barrau
- Université de Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux et Transformations, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Jean-François Tahon
- Université de Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux et Transformations, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - David Fournier
- Université de Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux et Transformations, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Alexandre Fadel
- Université de Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, FR 2638 - IMEC - Institut Michel-Eugène Chevreul, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Michinori Takeshita
- Department of Advanced Technology and Fusion, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Saga, Saga, 840-8502, Japan
| | - Guy Buntinx
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIRE - Laboratoire de Spectroscopie pour les Interactions, la Réactivité et l'Environnement, Lille, 59000, France
| | - Stéphane Aloïse
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIRE - Laboratoire de Spectroscopie pour les Interactions, la Réactivité et l'Environnement, Lille, 59000, France
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5
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Zhang X, Mitchell TB, Benedict JB. Crystal Structure Landscape of Diarylethene-Based Crystalline Solids: A Comprehensive CSD Analysis. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2024; 24:6284-6291. [PMID: 39131448 PMCID: PMC11313429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.4c00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Diarylethenes (DAEs) are an exciting class of stimulus-responsive organic molecules that exhibit electrocyclization reactions upon exposure to light, heat, or other stimuli. The rational design of DAE-based crystalline materials is, however, complicated by the presence of DAE atropisomers, only one of which is photoactive. Data mining of the CSD produced 1349 unique molecular DAE structures that were subsequently analyzed according to selected chemical and geometric attributes. Additional analyses were performed on 1078 dithienylethene (DTE) structures-the largest subgroup within the ensemble. The crystal structure landscape, based upon D-D parameterization and analysis, revealed a vast array of molecular geometries, many of which may not correspond to energetic minima. The analyses link various chemical and geometric parameters to isomers observed in the lattice and their reactivity; however, potential biases intrinsic to this ensemble of structures complicate the determination of causal relationships. We believe that this retrospective comprehensive analysis of DAE structures represents an important step for understanding more broadly the crystal landscape of this class of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, Natural Sciences Complex, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United
States
| | - Travis B. Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, Natural Sciences Complex, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United
States
| | - Jason B. Benedict
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, Natural Sciences Complex, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United
States
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6
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Sotome H, Nagasaka T, Konishi T, Kamada K, Morimoto M, Irie M, Miyasaka H. Near-infrared two-photon absorption and excited state dynamics of a fluorescent diarylethene derivative. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2024; 23:1041-1050. [PMID: 38714585 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-024-00573-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/10/2024]
Abstract
Near-infrared two-photon absorption and excited state dynamics of a fluorescent diarylethene (fDAE) derivative were investigated by time-resolved absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies. Prescreening with quantum chemical calculation predicted that a derivative with methylthienyl groups (mt-fDAE) in the closed-ring isomer has a two-photon absorption cross-section larger than 1000 GM, which was experimentally verified by Z-scan measurements and excitation power dependence in transient absorption. Comparison of transient absorption spectra under one-photon and simultaneous two-photon excitation conditions revealed that the closed-ring isomer of mt-fDAE populated into higher excited states deactivates following three pathways on a timescale of ca. 200 fs: (i) the cycloreversion reaction more efficient than that by the one-photon process, (ii) internal conversion into the S1 state, and (iii) relaxation into a lower state (S1' state) different from the S1 state. Time-resolved fluorescence measurements demonstrated that this S1' state is relaxed to the S1 state with the large emission probability. These findings obtained in the present work contribute to extension of the ON-OFF switching capability of fDAE to the biological window and application to super-resolution fluorescence imaging in a two-photon manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Sotome
- Division of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan.
| | - Tatsuhiro Nagasaka
- Division of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Konishi
- Nanomaterials Research Institute (NMRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ikeda, Osaka, 563-5877, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1330, Japan
| | - Kenji Kamada
- Nanomaterials Research Institute (NMRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ikeda, Osaka, 563-5877, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1330, Japan
| | - Masakazu Morimoto
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Smart Molecules, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-Ku, Tokyo, 171-8501, Japan
| | - Masahiro Irie
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Smart Molecules, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-Ku, Tokyo, 171-8501, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Miyasaka
- Division of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan.
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7
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Lin J, Zhou J, Li L, Tahir I, Wu S, Naumov P, Gong J. Highly efficient in crystallo energy transduction of light to work. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3633. [PMID: 38684679 PMCID: PMC11059232 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47881-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Various mechanical effects have been reported with molecular materials, yet organic crystals capable of multiple dynamic effects are rare, and at present, their performance is worse than some of the common actuators. Here, we report a confluence of different mechanical effects across three polymorphs of an organic crystal that can efficiently convert light into work. Upon photodimerization, acicular crystals of polymorph I display output work densities of about 0.06-3.94 kJ m-3, comparable to ceramic piezoelectric actuators. Prismatic crystals of the same form exhibit very high work densities of about 1.5-28.5 kJ m-3, values that are comparable to thermal actuators. Moreover, while crystals of polymorph II roll under the same conditions, crystals of polymorph III are not photochemically reactive; however, they are mechanically flexible. The results demonstrate that multiple and possibly combined mechanical effects can be anticipated even for a simple organic crystal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Lin
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Jianmin Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Liang Li
- Smart Materials Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box, 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- Department of Sciences and Engineering, Sorbonne University Abu Dhabi, PO Box, 38044, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Ibrahim Tahir
- Smart Materials Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box, 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Songgu Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China.
| | - Panče Naumov
- Smart Materials Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box, 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
- Center for Smart Engineering Materials, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box, 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
- Research Center for Environment and Materials, Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Bul. Krste Misirkov 2, MK‒1000, Skopje, Macedonia.
- Molecular Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY, 10003, USA.
| | - Junbo Gong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China.
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8
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Wei C, Li L, Zheng Y, Wang L, Ma J, Xu M, Lin J, Xie L, Naumov P, Ding X, Feng Q, Huang W. Flexible molecular crystals for optoelectronic applications. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:3687-3713. [PMID: 38411997 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00116d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The cornerstones of the advancement of flexible optoelectronics are the design, preparation, and utilization of novel materials with favorable mechanical and advanced optoelectronic properties. Molecular crystalline materials have emerged as a class of underexplored yet promising materials due to the reduced grain boundaries and defects anticipated to provide enhanced photoelectric characteristics. An inherent drawback that has precluded wider implementation of molecular crystals thus far, however, has been their brittleness, which renders them incapable of ensuring mechanical compliance required for even simple elastic or plastic deformation of the device. It is perplexing that despite a plethora of reports that have in the meantime become available underpinning the flexibility of molecular crystals, the "discovery" of elastically or plastically deformable crystals remains limited to cases of serendipitous and laborious trial-and-error approaches, a situation that calls for a systematic and thorough assessment of these properties and their correlation with the structure. This review provides a comprehensive and concise overview of the current understanding of the origins of crystal flexibility, the working mechanisms of deformations such as plastic and elastic bending behaviors, and insights into the examples of flexible molecular crystals, specifically concerning photoelectronic changes that occur in deformed crystals. We hope this summary will provide a reference for future experimental and computational efforts with flexible molecular crystals aimed towards improving their mechanical behavior and optoelectronic properties, ultimately intending to advance the flexible optoelectronic technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Liang Li
- Smart Materials Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Yingying Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Lizhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Jingyao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Man Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jinyi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Linghai Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
- School of Flexible Electronics (SoFE) and Henan Institute of Flexible Electronics (HIFE), Henan University, 379 Mingli Road, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Panče Naumov
- Smart Materials Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
- Center for Smart Engineering Materials, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Research Center for Environment and Materials, Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Bul. Krste Misirkov 2, Skopje MK-1000, Macedonia
- Molecular Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Xuehua Ding
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Quanyou Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China.
- School of Flexible Electronics (SoFE) and Henan Institute of Flexible Electronics (HIFE), Henan University, 379 Mingli Road, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
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9
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Yang YH, Chen YS, Chuang WT, Yang JS. Bifurcated Polymorphic Transition and Thermochromic Fluorescence of a Molecular Crystal Involving Three-Dimensional Supramolecular Gear Rotation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8131-8141. [PMID: 38471139 PMCID: PMC10979455 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The ability of molecules to move and rearrange in the solid state accounts for the polymorphic transition and stimuli-responsive properties of molecular crystals. However, how the crystal structure determines the molecular motion ability remains poorly understood. Here, we report that a three-dimensional (3D) supramolecular gear network in the green-emissive polymorph 1G of a dialkylamino-substituted anthracene-pentiptycene π-system (1) enables an unusual bifurcated polymorphic transition into a yellow-emissive polymorph (1Y) and a new green-emissive polymorph (1G*) via 3D correlated supramolecular rotation. The 90° forward correlated rotation causes the molecular conformation between the octyl and the anthracene units to change from syn to anti, the ladder-like supramolecular columns to constrict, and the gear network to disengage. This cooperative molecular motion is marked by the gradual formation of an intermediate state (1I) across the entire crystal from 170 to 230 °C, which then undergoes bifurcated (forward or backward rotation) and irreversible transitions to form polymorphs 1Y and 1G* at 230-235 °C. Notably, 1G* is similar to 1G but lacks gear engagement, preventing its transformation into 1Y. Nevertheless, 1G can be restored by grinding 1Y or 1G* or fuming with dichloromethane (DCM) vapor. This work illustrates the correlation between the crystal structure and solid-state molecular motion behavior and demonstrates how a 3D molecular gear system efficiently transmits thermal energy to drive the polymorphic transition and induce fluorochromism through significant conformational and packing changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hsuan Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shan Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Tsung Chuang
- National
Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30092, Taiwan
| | - Jye-Shane Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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10
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Wang B, Lu Y. Collective Molecular Machines: Multidimensionality and Reconfigurability. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2024; 16:155. [PMID: 38499833 PMCID: PMC10948734 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01379-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Molecular machines are key to cellular activity where they are involved in converting chemical and light energy into efficient mechanical work. During the last 60 years, designing molecular structures capable of generating unidirectional mechanical motion at the nanoscale has been the topic of intense research. Effective progress has been made, attributed to advances in various fields such as supramolecular chemistry, biology and nanotechnology, and informatics. However, individual molecular machines are only capable of producing nanometer work and generally have only a single functionality. In order to address these problems, collective behaviors realized by integrating several or more of these individual mechanical units in space and time have become a new paradigm. In this review, we comprehensively discuss recent developments in the collective behaviors of molecular machines. In particular, collective behavior is divided into two paradigms. One is the appropriate integration of molecular machines to efficiently amplify molecular motions and deformations to construct novel functional materials. The other is the construction of swarming modes at the supramolecular level to perform nanoscale or microscale operations. We discuss design strategies for both modes and focus on the modulation of features and properties. Subsequently, in order to address existing challenges, the idea of transferring experience gained in the field of micro/nano robotics is presented, offering prospects for future developments in the collective behavior of molecular machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Lvov AG, Klimenko LS, Bykov VN, Hecht S. Revisiting Peri-Aryloxyquinones: From a Forgotten Photochromic System to a Promising Tool for Emerging Applications. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303654. [PMID: 38085655 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/31/2023]
Abstract
Emerging applications of photochromic compounds demand new molecular designs that can be inspired by some long-known yet currently forgotten classes of photoswitches. In the present review, we remind the community about Peri-AryloxyQuinones (PAQs) and their unique photoswitching behavior originally discovered more than 50 years ago. At the heart of this phenomenon is the light-induced migration of an aromatic moiety (arylotropy) in peri-aryloxy-substituted quinones resulting in ana-quinones. PAQs feature absorbance of both isomers in the visible spectral region, photochromism in the amorphous and crystalline state, and thermal stability of the photogenerated ana-isomer. Particularly noticeable is the high sensitivity of the ana-isomer towards nucleophiles in solution. In addition to the mechanism of molecular photochromism and the underlaying structure-switch relationships, we analyze potential applications and prospects of aryloxyquinones in optically switchable materials and devices. Due to their ability to efficiently photoswitch in the solid state, PAQs are indeed attractive candidates for such materials and devices, including electronics (optically controllable circuits, switches, transistors, memories, and displays), porous crystalline materials, crystalline actuators, photoactivated sensors, and many more. This review is intended to serve as a guide for researchers who wish to use photoswitchable PAQs in the development of new photocontrollable materials, devices, and processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey G Lvov
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Favorsky, St., Irkutsk, 664033, Russia
- Irkutsk National Research Technical University 83, Lermontov St., Irkutsk, 664074, Russia
| | - Lyubov S Klimenko
- Yugra State University, 16 Chekhov St., Khanty-Mansiysk, 628012, Russia
| | - Vasily N Bykov
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Favorsky, St., Irkutsk, 664033, Russia
- Irkutsk National Research Technical University 83, Lermontov St., Irkutsk, 664074, Russia
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Department of Chemistry & Center for the Science of Materials Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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12
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Isobe M, Kitagawa D, Kobatake S. Fabrication of Hyperbranched Photomechanical Crystals Composed of a Photochromic Diarylethene. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202300428. [PMID: 37610166 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
We report the fabrication of hyperbranched hollow crystals of 1,2-bis(2,5-dimethyl-3-thienyl)perfluorocyclopentene on a concave surface of the spherical glass substrate by sublimation and their practical photomechanical behaviors. The number of units of the branched structure of the hollow crystals composed of this compound is proportional to the substrate curvature of the substrate. Compared with the sublimation process of the same compound on the flat glass substrate, two kinds of the thin film domains are generated separately in the center and around the edge of the spherical glass substrate. Especially under the high relative humidity condition, the boundaries between these thin film domains move gradually around the edge through the center during as long as 6 h of sublimation time so that the hyperbranched hollow crystals are densely produced on the entire surface of the substrate. These hyperbranched hollow crystals can be prepared with the highly ordered molecular packing due to the very slow formation process of the crystalline walls of the hollow structures. Furthermore, the photo-induced bending behaviors in the few- and highly-branched hollow crystals have the practical roles in moving and bending the minute objects according to their characteristics of these branched shapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mami Isobe
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Daichi Kitagawa
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Seiya Kobatake
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
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13
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Beran GJO. Frontiers of molecular crystal structure prediction for pharmaceuticals and functional organic materials. Chem Sci 2023; 14:13290-13312. [PMID: 38033897 PMCID: PMC10685338 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03903j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The reliability of organic molecular crystal structure prediction has improved tremendously in recent years. Crystal structure predictions for small, mostly rigid molecules are quickly becoming routine. Structure predictions for larger, highly flexible molecules are more challenging, but their crystal structures can also now be predicted with increasing rates of success. These advances are ushering in a new era where crystal structure prediction drives the experimental discovery of new solid forms. After briefly discussing the computational methods that enable successful crystal structure prediction, this perspective presents case studies from the literature that demonstrate how state-of-the-art crystal structure prediction can transform how scientists approach problems involving the organic solid state. Applications to pharmaceuticals, porous organic materials, photomechanical crystals, organic semi-conductors, and nuclear magnetic resonance crystallography are included. Finally, efforts to improve our understanding of which predicted crystal structures can actually be produced experimentally and other outstanding challenges are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J O Beran
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
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14
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Mondal S, Tanari P, Roy S, Bhunia S, Chowdhury R, Pal AK, Datta A, Pal B, Reddy CM. Autonomous self-healing organic crystals for nonlinear optics. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6589. [PMID: 37852998 PMCID: PMC10584936 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42131-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-centrosymmetric molecular crystals have a plethora of applications, such as piezoelectric transducers, energy storage and nonlinear optical materials owing to their unique structural order which is absent in other synthetic materials. As most crystals are brittle, their efficiency declines upon prolonged usage due to fatigue or catastrophic failure, limiting their utilities. Some natural substances, like bone, enamel, leaf and skin, function efficiently, last a life-time, thanks to their inherent self-healing nature. Therefore, incorporating self-healing ability in crystalline materials will greatly broaden their scope. Here, we report single crystals of a dibenzoate derivative, capable of self-healing within milliseconds via autonomous actuation. Systematic quantitative experiments reveal the limit of mechanical forces that the self-healing crystals can withstand. As a proof-of-concept, we also demonstrate that our self-healed crystals can retain their second harmonic generation (SHG) with high efficiency. Kinematic analysis of the actuation in our system also revealed its impressive performance parameters, and shows actuation response times in the millisecond range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Mondal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia, 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Pratap Tanari
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia, 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Samrat Roy
- Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia, 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Surojit Bhunia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia, 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Rituparno Chowdhury
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia, 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Arun K Pal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Ayan Datta
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Bipul Pal
- Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia, 741246, West Bengal, India.
| | - C Malla Reddy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia, 741246, West Bengal, India.
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15
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Li X, Huang C, Wang K, Qi L, Zhang C, Zhang M, Xue Y, Cui Y, Li Y. Alkyne-to-alkene conversion in graphdiyne driving instant reversible deformation of whole carbon film. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi1690. [PMID: 37801501 PMCID: PMC10558119 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi1690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
The emerging field of soft robotics demands the core actuators and related responsive functional materials with rapid responsiveness and controllable accurate deformation. Here, we developed an alkyne-to-alkene chemical bond conversion way as the driving force to control ultrasensitive and instant reversible deformation of 2D carbon graphdiyne (GDY) film with an asymmetric interface design. The alkyne-to-alkene chemical bond conversion was triggered by acetone through the fast binding and release process. The as-fabricated GDY-based deformation modulator was exhibited to rapidly change shape (within 0.15 seconds) while dipped in an acetone vapor atmosphere and recover to its original form when exposed to air (recovery time < 0.01 seconds), with outstanding properties like large curvature, quick recovery time, excellent stability, and repeatability. It could mimic the movement of mosquito larvae, displaying great promise as micro bionic soft robots. Our results suggest alkyne-to-alkene bond conversion as a unique driving force for developing smart materials for areas like intelligent robotics and bionics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, P.R. China
| | - Changshui Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, P.R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Kun Wang
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, P.R. China
| | - Lu Qi
- Science Center for Material Creation and Energy Conversion, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 250100, P.R. China
| | - Chunfang Zhang
- Hebei University, No. 180 Wusi Dong Road, 071002 Baoding, P.R. China
| | - Mingjia Zhang
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, P.R. China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, P.R. China
| | - Yurui Xue
- Science Center for Material Creation and Energy Conversion, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 250100, P.R. China
| | - Yanguang Cui
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, P.R. China
| | - Yuliang Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
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16
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Xu W, Sanchez DM, Raucci U, Zhou H, Dong X, Hu M, Bardeen CJ, Martinez TJ, Hayward RC. Photo-actuators via epitaxial growth of microcrystal arrays in polymer membranes. NATURE MATERIALS 2023; 22:1152-1159. [PMID: 37500960 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01610-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Photomechanical crystals composed of three-dimensionally ordered and densely packed photochromes hold promise for high-performance photochemical actuators. However, bulk crystals with high structural ordering are severely limited in their flexibility, resulting in poor processibility and a tendency to fragment upon light exposure, while previous nano- or microcrystalline composites have lacked global alignment. Here we demonstrate a photon-fuelled macroscopic actuator consisting of diarylethene microcrystals in a polyethylene terephthalate host matrix. These microcrystals survive large deformations and show a high degree of three-dimensional ordering dictated by the anisotropic polyethylene terephthalate, which critically also has a similar stiffness. Overall, these ordered and compliant composites exhibit rapid response times, sustain a performance of over at least hundreds of cycles and generate work densities exceeding those of single crystals. Our composites represent the state-of-the-art for photochemical actuators and enable properties unattainable by single crystals, such as controllable, reversible and abrupt jumping (photosalient behaviour).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Sichuan University-Pittsburgh Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - David M Sanchez
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Design Physics Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Umberto Raucci
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Italian Institute of Technology, Genoa, Italy
| | - Hantao Zhou
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Xinning Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Mingqiu Hu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | | | - Todd J Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Ryan C Hayward
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
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17
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Cook CJ, Perry CJ, Beran GJO. Organic Crystal Packing Is Key to Determining the Photomechanical Response. J Phys Chem Lett 2023:6823-6831. [PMID: 37487003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Organic photomechanical crystals have great promise as molecular machines, but their development has been hindered by a lack of clear theoretical design principles. While much research has focused on the choice of the molecular photochrome, density functional theory calculations here demonstrate that crystal packing has a major impact on the work densities that can be produced by a photochrome. Examination of two diarylethene molecules reveals that the predicted work densities can vary by an order of magnitude across different experimentally known crystal structures of the same species. The highest work densities occur when molecules are aligned in parallel, thereby producing a highly anisotropic photomechanical response. These results suggest that a greater emphasis on polymorph screening and/or crystal engineering could improve the work densities achieved by photomechanical engines. Finally, an inherent thermodynamic asymmetry is identified that biases photomechanical engines to exhibit higher work densities in the forward stroke direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron J Cook
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Cody J Perry
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Gregory J O Beran
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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18
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Chau AKH, Leung FKC. Exploration of molecular machines in supramolecular soft robotic systems. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 315:102892. [PMID: 37084547 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.102892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Soft robotic system, a new era of material science, is rapidly developing with advanced processing technology in soft matters, featured with biomimetic nature. An important bottom-up approach is through the implementation of molecular machines into polymeric materials, however, the synchronized molecular motions, acumination of strain across multiple length-scales, and amplification into macroscopic actuations remained highly challenging. This review presents the significances, key design strategies, and outlook of the hierarchical supramolecular systems of molecular machines to develop novel types of supramolecular-based soft robotic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anson Kwok-Hei Chau
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Franco King-Chi Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China.
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19
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Li YX, Liu ZK, Cao J, Tao J, Yao ZS. Stress-Induced Inversion of Linear Dichroism by 4,4'-Bipyridine Rotation in a Superelastic Organic Single Crystal. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217977. [PMID: 36647773 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The molecular crystals that manifest unusual mechanical properties have attracted growing attention. Herein, we prepared an organic single crystal that shows bidirectional superelastic transformation in response to shear stress. Single-crystal X-ray diffractions revealed this crystal-twinning related shape change is owed to a stress-controlled 90° rotation of 4,4'-bipyridine around the hydrogen bonds of a chiral organic trimer. As a consequence of the 90° shift in the aromatic plane, an interconversion of crystallographic a-, b-axes (a→b' and b→a') was detected. The molecular rotations changed the anisotropic absorption of linearly polarized light. Therefore, a stress-induced inversion of linear dichroism spectra was demonstrated for the first time. This study reveals the superior mechanical flexibilities of single crystals can be realized by harnessing the molecular rotations and this superelastic crystal may find applications in optical switching and communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xia Li
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Kun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Jie Cao
- School of Optoelectronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Jun Tao
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Shuo Yao
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
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20
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Tan QQ, Guo Y, Phillips DL, Xu T, Ma J. Photorelease Reaction Mechanism Study of a Diarylethene Caged Dual Functions Compound. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:2119-2124. [PMID: 36802684 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Femtosecond transient absorption, nanosecond transient absorption, and nanosecond resonance Raman spectroscopy techniques coupled with density functional theory calculations were performed to unravel the photocyclization and photorelease mechanisms of a diarylethene based compound (1o) containing two caged groups (OMe and OAc). Since the ground state parallel (P) conformer of 1o with a large dipole moment is stable in DMSO, the fs-TA transformations observed for 1o in DMSO mainly have contributions from the P conformer, which undergoes an intersystem crossing to generate a corresponding triplet state species. In a less polar solvent like 1,4-dioxane, in addition to the P path behavior of 1o, an antiparallel (AP) conformer can also take place to give a photocyclization reaction from the Franck-Condon state and finally give a deprotection via this pathway. This work provides a deeper understanding for these reactions, which not only facilitate the applications of diarylethene compounds but also help for the future design of functionalized diarylethene derivatives for particular applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Tan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Yan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - David Lee Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Tongyu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Jiani Ma
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
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21
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Zhao B, Wu Y, Wan W, Zhu W, Li AD. Molecular modulation spectroscopy: Individual molecular spectra accurately deconvoluted from interfering systems via orthogonal reactions. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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Cook CJ, Li W, Lui BF, Gately TJ, Al-Kaysi RO, Mueller LJ, Bardeen CJ, Beran GJO. A theoretical framework for the design of molecular crystal engines. Chem Sci 2023; 14:937-949. [PMID: 36755715 PMCID: PMC9890974 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05549j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Photomechanical molecular crystals have garnered attention for their ability to transform light into mechanical work, but difficulties in characterizing the structural changes and mechanical responses experimentally have hindered the development of practical organic crystal engines. This study proposes a new computational framework for predicting the solid-state crystal-to-crystal photochemical transformations entirely from first principles, and it establishes a photomechanical engine cycle that quantifies the anisotropic mechanical performance resulting from the transformation. The approach relies on crystal structure prediction, solid-state topochemical principles, and high-quality electronic structure methods. After validating the framework on the well-studied [4 + 4] cycloadditions in 9-methyl anthracene and 9-tert-butyl anthracene ester, the experimentally-unknown solid-state transformation of 9-carboxylic acid anthracene is predicted for the first time. The results illustrate how the mechanical work is done by relaxation of the crystal lattice to accommodate the photoproduct, rather than by the photochemistry itself. The large ∼107 J m-3 work densities computed for all three systems highlight the promise of photomechanical crystal engines. This study demonstrates the importance of crystal packing in determining molecular crystal engine performance and provides tools and insights to design improved materials in silico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron J. Cook
- Department of Chemistry, University of California RiversideRiverside CA 92521USA
| | - Wangxiang Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Brandon F. Lui
- Department of Chemistry, University of California RiversideRiverside CA 92521USA
| | - Thomas J. Gately
- Department of Chemistry, University of California RiversideRiverside CA 92521USA
| | - Rabih O. Al-Kaysi
- College of Science and Health Professions-3124, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health AffairsRiyadh 11426Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Leonard J. Mueller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California RiversideRiverside CA 92521USA
| | | | - Gregory J. O. Beran
- Department of Chemistry, University of California RiversideRiverside CA 92521USA
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23
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Ekim S, Kaya GE, Daştemir M, Yildirim E, Baytekin HT, Baytekin B. Organic Charge Transfer Cocrystals as Additives for Dissipation of Contact Charges on Polymers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:56018-56026. [PMID: 36472348 PMCID: PMC9782351 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c13643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Common polymers can accumulate surface charges through contact, a phenomenon known since ancient times. This charge accumulation can have detrimental consequences in industry. It causes accidents and yields enormous economic losses. Many empirical methods have been developed to prevent the problems caused by charge accumulation. However, a general chemical approach is still missing in the literature since the charge accumulation and discharging mechanisms have not been completely clarified. The current practice to achieve charge mitigation is to increase materials conductivity by high doping of conductive additives. A recent study showed that using photoexcitation of some organic dyes, charge decay can be started remotely, and the minute amount of additive does not change the material's conductivity. Here, we show the contact charging and charge decay behavior of polydimethylsiloxane doped with a series of organic charge transfer cocrystals (CTC) of TCNQ acceptor and substituted pyrene donors (CTC-PDMS). The results show that the CTC-PDMS are antistatic, and the discharging propensity of the composites follows the calculated charge transfer degree of the complexes. On the other hand, the CTC-PDMS are still insulators, as shown by their high surface resistivities. Kelvin probe force microscopy images of the contact-charged and discharged samples show a quick potential decay in CTC domains upon illumination. Combined with the fast overall decay observed, the antistatic behavior in these insulators can be attributed to an electron transfer between the mechanoions in the polymer and the CTC frontier orbitals. We believe our results will help with the general understanding of the molecular mechanism of contact charging and discharging and help develop insulator antistatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunay
Dilara Ekim
- UNAM
National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Görkem Eylül Kaya
- UNAM
National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Murat Daştemir
- Department
of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Erol Yildirim
- Department
of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- Polymer
Science and Technology Program, Middle East
Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - H. Tarik Baytekin
- Department
of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- Polymer
Science and Technology Program, Middle East
Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Bilge Baytekin
- UNAM
National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- Department
of Chemistry, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
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24
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Nakagawa Y, Nishimura R, Morimoto M, Yokojima S, Nakamura S, Uchida K. Phototunable golden luster microcrystalline film of photochromic diarylethene. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20220169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Nakagawa
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University, Seta, Otsu, Shiga 520-2194, Japan
| | - Ryo Nishimura
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Smart Molecules, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Masakazu Morimoto
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Smart Molecules, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yokojima
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Nakamura
- Priority Organization by Innovation and Excellence, Laboratory for Data Science, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Kingo Uchida
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University, Seta, Otsu, Shiga 520-2194, Japan
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25
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Li W, Kitagawa D, Kobatake S, Bekyarova E, Bardeen CJ. Patterning submicron photomechanical features into single diarylethene crystals using electron beam lithography. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2022; 7:1065-1072. [PMID: 35788624 DOI: 10.1039/d2nh00205a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lithography methods are commonly used to create structures in inorganic semiconductors like silicon but have not been widely applied to organic crystals. In this work, electron beam lithography (EBL) is used to pattern structures into single organic photomechanical crystals composed of 1,2-bis(2-methyl-5-phenyl-3-thienyl)perfluorocyclopentene. The electron beam creates amorphous regions of decomposed molecules, while the reactivity of the unexposed crystal regions is preserved under a removable Au coating. Exposure of the patterned crystal to 365 nm light causes ridges of amorphous material to increase in height by 30-70%. This height increase can be reversed by visible light exposure and undergo multiple cycles. The reversible surface morphology changes are strong enough to rupture a sheet of graphene placed on top of the patterned crystal. Surprisingly, the change in dimensions of the EBL features is an order of magnitude larger than the changes in overall crystal dimensions as deduced from X-ray diffraction experiments and microscopy observations. A dynamic extrusion model is presented to explain how nanoscale features imprinted into single crystals can amplify molecular-level photomechanical changes. This work demonstrates the capability of EBL methods to produce sub-micron structural features on single photomechanical crystals, providing a new route to monolithic light-powered actuator devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangxiang Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
| | - Daichi Kitagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Seiya Kobatake
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Elena Bekyarova
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
| | - Christopher J Bardeen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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26
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Lakshmipathi M, Emmerling F, Bhattacharya B, Ghosh S. Structure-mechanical property correlation of a series of 4-(1-Napthylvinyl) pyridine based cocrystals. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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27
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Photomechanical Structures Based on Porous Alumina Templates Filled with 9-Methylanthracene Nanowires. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12060808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
9-Methylanthracene (9MA) undergoes a concerted [4 + 4] photodimerization in its crystal form that can be harnessed in order to generate photomechanical motions such as bending, twisting, and expansion. As described in this paper, 9MA nanowires were grown in anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) templates with the goal of using the crystal expansion to generate a net increase in the height of the composite disk. The growth conditions were optimized in order to raise the filling amount from 28% to 77% of the available volume in the porous AAO. A new experimental method for detecting motion, based on the analysis of data from a dynamically misaligned Michelson interferometer, was developed. Template bending was observed, showing that the photodimerization of the confined nanowires generated mechanical work, but no conclusive evidence for surface disruption or vertical translation was observed. Optical measurements, as well as atomic force and scanning electron microscopy, showed that incomplete filling, crystal orientation, and debris from template polishing likely prevented the observation of vertical actuation in these nanocrystal composites. This work highlights some of the practical challenges that are involved in creating photomechanical actuators using the organic–inorganic composite approach, with the two most significant being (1) the uniform filling of the porous template with the organic active material and (2) the removal of excess organic material from the template’s surface.
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28
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Dong X, Guo T, Kitagawa D, Kobatake S, Palffy-Muhoray P, Bardeen CJ. Performance of Composite Glass-Diarylethene Crystal Photomechanical Actuator Membranes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:27149-27156. [PMID: 35657939 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid organic-inorganic composites based on organic photochromic crystals embedded in inorganic templates provide a new approach to photomechanical materials. Diarylethene (DAE) nanowire crystals grown in Al2O3 membranes have exhibited reversible photoinduced bending and lifting [Dong, X., Chem. Mater. 2019, 31, 1016-1022]. In this paper, the hybrid approach is extended to porous SiO2 membranes. Despite the different template material (SiO2 instead of Al2O3) and much larger channels (5 μm diameter instead of 0.2 μm diameter), similar photomechanical behavior is observed for this new class of organic-inorganic hybrid actuators. The ability to reuse individual glass templates across different DAE filling cycles allows us to show that the DAE filling step is crucial for determining the mechanical work done by the bending template. The bending curvature also depends quadratically on the template thickness, in good agreement with theory. The light-induced bending can be repeated for up to 150 cycles without loss of performance, suggesting good fatigue resistance. The results in this paper demonstrate that the hybrid organic-inorganic approach can be extended to other host materials and template geometries. They also suggest that optimizing the organic filling and template thickness could improve the work output by an order of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinning Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Tianyi Guo
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
| | - Daichi Kitagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Seiya Kobatake
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Peter Palffy-Muhoray
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
| | - Christopher J Bardeen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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29
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Sekine A. In-situ crystal structure analysis and control of photochromism with dual-mode photoreactive soft crystals. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C: PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2021.100480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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30
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31
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Tong F, Qu DH. Engineering Shapes and Sizes of Molecular Crystals to Achieve Versatile Photomechanical Behaviors. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:4793-4801. [PMID: 35404608 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Photomechanical molecular crystals, which can directly convert light energy to mechanical energy and do mechanical work at different scales, are promising for future photoactuators. However, one of the bottlenecks in this area is how to harness the crystal shapes and sizes to achieve desired photomechanical motions and behaviors for versatile functionalities. To date, numerous techniques and strategies have been explored and developed to overcome this obstacle. In this perspective, we will summarize the progress recently made on the crystal shape and size engineering platform. Then we briefly touch on possible applications of photomechanical molecular crystals by introducing some built photoresponsive implementations. Finally, we will identify some fundamental challenges and suggestions for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tong
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, The People's Republic of China
| | - Da-Hui Qu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, The People's Republic of China
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32
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Xu TY, Tong F, Xu H, Wang MQ, Tian H, Qu DH. Engineering Photomechanical Molecular Crystals to Achieve Extraordinary Expansion Based on Solid-State [2 + 2] Photocycloaddition. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:6278-6290. [PMID: 35289609 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Photomechanical molecular crystals are promising candidates for photoactuators and can potentially be implemented as smart materials in various fields. Here, we synthesized a new molecular crystal, (E)-3-(naphthalen-1-yl)acrylaldehyde malononitrile ((E)-NAAM), that can undergo a solid-state [2 + 2] photocycloaddition reaction under visible light (≥400 nm) illumination. (E)-NAAM microcrystals containing symmetric twinned sealed cavities were prepared using a surfactant-mediated crystal seeded growth method. When exposed to light, the hollow microcrystals exhibited robust photomechanical motions, including bending and dramatic directional expansion of up to 43.1% elongation of the original crystal length before fragmentation due to the photosalient effect. The sealed cavities inside the microcrystals could store different aqueous dye solutions for approximately one month and release the solutions instantly upon light irradiation. A unique slow-fast-slow crystal elongation kinematic process was observed, suggesting significant molecular rearrangements during the illumination period, leading to an average anisotropic crystal elongation of 37.0% (±3.8%). The significant molecular structure and geometry changes accompanying the photocycloaddition reaction, which propels photochemistry to nearly 100% completion, also facilitate photomechanical crystal expansion. Our results provide a possible way to rationally design molecular structures and engineer crystal morphologies to promote more interesting photomechanical behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yi Xu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, The People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Tong
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, The People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Xu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, The People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, The People's Republic of China
| | - He Tian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, The People's Republic of China
| | - Da-Hui Qu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, The People's Republic of China
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33
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Yan D, Wang Z, Zhang Z. Stimuli-Responsive Crystalline Smart Materials: From Rational Design and Fabrication to Applications. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:1047-1058. [PMID: 35294183 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive smart materials that can undergo reversible chemical/physical changes under external stimuli such as mechanical stress, heat, light, gas, electricity, and pH, are currently attracting increasing attention in the fields of sensors, actuators, optoelectronic devices, information storage, medical applications, and so forth. The current smart materials mostly concentrate on polymers, carbon materials, crystalline liquids, and hydrogels, which have no or low structural order (i.e., the responsive groups/moieties are disorderly in the structures), inevitably introducing deficiencies such as a relatively low response speeds, energy transformation inefficiencies, and unclear structure-property relationships. Consequently, crystalline materials with well-defined and regular molecular arrays can offer a new opportunity to create novel smart materials with improved stimuli-responsive performance. Crystalline materials include framework materials (e.g., metal-organic frameworks, MOFs; covalent organic frameworks, COFs) and molecular crystals (e.g., organic molecules and molecular cages), which have obvious advantages as smart materials compared to amorphous materials. For example, responsive groups/moieties can be uniformly installed in the skeleton of the crystal materials to form ordered molecular arrays, making energy transfer between external-stimulus signals and responsive sites much faster and more efficiently. Besides that, the well-defined structures facilitate in situ characterization of their structural transformation at the molecular level by means of various techniques and high-tech equipment such as in situ spectra and single-crystal/powder X-ray diffraction, thus benefiting the investigation and understanding of the mechanism behind the stimuli-responsive behaviors and structure-property relationships. Nevertheless, some unsolved challenges remain for crystalline smart materials (CSMs), hampering the fabrication of smart material systems for practical applications. For instance, as the materials' crystallinity increases, their processability and mechanical properties usually decrease, unavoidably hindering their practical application. Moreover, crystalline smart materials mostly exist as micro/nanosized powders, which are difficult to make stimuli-responsive on the macroscale. Thus, developing strategies that can balance the materials' crystallinity and processability and establishing macroscale smart material systems are of great significance for practical applications.In this Account, we mainly summarize the recent research progress achieved by our groups, including (i) the rational design and fabrication of new stimuli-responsive crystalline smart materials, including molecular crystals and framework materials, and an in-depth investigation of their response mechanism and structure-property relationship and (ii) creating chemical/physical modification strategies to improve the processability and mechanical properties for crystalline materials and establishing macroscale smart systems for practical applications. Overall, this Account summarizes the state-of-the-art progress of stimuli-responsive crystalline smart materials and points out the existing challenges and future development directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry, Ministry of Education, and Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhifang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry, Ministry of Education, and Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhenjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry, Ministry of Education, and Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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34
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Liu Y, Sun Y, Zhang W. Synthesis of
Stimuli‐Responsive
Block Copolymers and Block Copolymer Nano‐assemblies. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Yu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Wangqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
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35
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Kajiwara Y, Yoshimizu H, Matsumoto K, Nakai H. Photoinduced Bending Crystals of a Rhodium Dithionite Complex with n-Methoxybutyl Moieties. CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.210798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuu Kajiwara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Hikaru Yoshimizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Kodai Matsumoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Nakai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan
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36
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Superelasticity of a photo-actuating chiral salicylideneamine crystal. Commun Chem 2022; 5:4. [PMID: 36697637 PMCID: PMC9814393 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-021-00618-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Superelasticity is a type of elastic response to an applied external force, caused by a phase transformation. Actuation of materials is also an elastic response to external stimuli such as light and heat. Although both superelasticity and actuation are deformations resulting from stimulus-induced stress, there is a phenomenological difference between the two with respect to whether force is an input or an output. Here, we report that a molecular crystal manifests superelasticity during photo-actuation under light irradiation. The crystal exhibits stepwise twisted actuation due to two effects, photoisomerization and photo-triggered phase transition, and the actuation behavior is simulated based on a dynamic multi-layer model. The simulation, in turn, reveals how the photoisomerization and phase transition progress in the crystal, indicating superelasticity induced by modest stress due to the formation of photoproducts. This work provides not only a successful simulation of stepwise twisted actuation, but also to the best of our knowledge the first indication of superelasticity induced by light.
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37
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Ye Y, Hao H, Xie C. Photomechanical crystalline materials: new developments, property tuning and applications. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00203e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This highlight gives an overview of the mechanism development, property tuning and application exploration of photomechanical crystalline materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ye
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hongxun Hao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- National Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chuang Xie
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- National Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
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38
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Feng Z, Hai T, Liang Y, Zhang Q, Lei Y. Hyperbranched Microwire Networks of Organic Cocrystals with Optical Waveguiding and Light-Harvesting Abilities. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:27046-27052. [PMID: 34676654 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of hyperbranched organic microwire (MW) networks comprising 1,4-bis(pentafluorostyryl)benzene (10Ft) and 9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene (BA) using a simple solution co-assembly route. Pure 10Ft or BA assemblies cannot produce such complex MW networks; in contrast with a binary cocrystal of 10Ft and BA with a 2:1 molar ratio ((2:1)10Ft:BA), which is formed via intermolecular arene-perfluoroarene (AP) interactions. A new generation of multiple MWs grow epitaxially on the previous generation of MWs to form MW arrays in which BA may also act as an intermediate product to facilitate the regeneration of (2:1)10Ft:BA. Highly aligned and well-connected MW networks enable superior optical waveguiding ability. Moreover, a red-emitting dopant, 5,12-bis(phenylethynyl)naphthacene (BN) was incorporated into (2:1)10Ft:BA host MWs, giving light-harvesting hierarchical MW networks via an energy-transfer (ET) process. The realization of the hyperbranched MWs provides us with deep insight into the rational creation of complex branched arrays from functional organic cocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuofang Feng
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Tao Hai
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yin Liang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yilong Lei
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
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39
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Feng Z, Hai T, Liang Y, Zhang Q, Lei Y. Hyperbranched Microwire Networks of Organic Cocrystals with Optical Waveguiding and Light‐Harvesting Abilities. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zuofang Feng
- Department of Chemistry School of Science Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Tao Hai
- Department of Chemistry School of Science Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Yin Liang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering College of Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering College of Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Yilong Lei
- Department of Chemistry School of Science Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
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40
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Huang C, Huang R, Zhang S, Sun H, Wang H, Du B, Xiao Y, Yu T, Huang W. Recent Development of Photodeformable Crystals: From Materials to Mechanisms. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2021; 2021:9816535. [PMID: 34870227 PMCID: PMC8605404 DOI: 10.34133/2021/9816535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Photodeformable materials are a class of molecules that can convert photon energy into mechanical energy, which have attracted tremendous attention in the last few decades. Owing to their unique photoinduced deformable properties, including fast light-response and diverse mechanical behaviors, photodeformable materials have exhibited great potential in many practical applications such as actuators, photoswitches, artificial muscles, and bioimaging. In this review, we sort out the current state of photodeformable crystals and classify them into six categories by molecular structures: diarylethenes, azobenzenes, anthracenes, olefins, triarylethylenes, and other systems. Three distinct light-responsive mechanisms, photocyclization, trans-cis isomerization, and photodimerization, are revealed to play significant roles in the molecular photodeformation. Their corresponding photodeformable behaviors such as twisting, bending, hopping, bursting, and curling, as well as the potential applications, are also discussed. Furthermore, the challenges and prospective development directions of photodeformable crystals are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Rongjuan Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Simin Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Haodong Sun
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Hailan Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Beibei Du
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Yuxin Xiao
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
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41
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Abstract
Colloidal self-assembly refers to a solution-processed assembly of nanometer-/micrometer-sized, well-dispersed particles into secondary structures, whose collective properties are controlled by not only nanoparticle property but also the superstructure symmetry, orientation, phase, and dimension. This combination of characteristics makes colloidal superstructures highly susceptible to remote stimuli or local environmental changes, representing a prominent platform for developing stimuli-responsive materials and smart devices. Chemists are achieving even more delicate control over their active responses to various practical stimuli, setting the stage ready for fully exploiting the potential of this unique set of materials. This review addresses the assembly of colloids into stimuli-responsive or smart nanostructured materials. We first delineate the colloidal self-assembly driven by forces of different length scales. A set of concepts and equations are outlined for controlling the colloidal crystal growth, appreciating the importance of particle connectivity in creating responsive superstructures. We then present working mechanisms and practical strategies for engineering smart colloidal assemblies. The concepts underpinning separation and connectivity control are systematically introduced, allowing active tuning and precise prediction of the colloidal crystal properties in response to external stimuli. Various exciting applications of these unique materials are summarized with a specific focus on the structure-property correlation in smart materials and functional devices. We conclude this review with a summary of existing challenges in colloidal self-assembly of smart materials and provide a perspective on their further advances to the next generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Qingsong Fan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Yadong Yin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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Yasuda H, Higashiguchi K, Matsuda K. Sheet-like Supramolecular Assembly of Amphiphilic Diarylethene Showing Photoinduced Transformation Formed by Depletion Force. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.210452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Yasuda
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kenji Higashiguchi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsuda
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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43
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Zhao H, Qi X, Ma Y, Sun X, Liu X, Zhang X, Tian M, Qu L. Wearable Sunlight-Triggered Bimorph Textile Actuators. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:8126-8134. [PMID: 34570519 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Photothermal bimorph actuators have attracted considerable attention in intelligent devices because of their cordless control and lightweight and easy preparation. However, current photothermal bimorph actuators are mostly based on films or papers driven by near-infrared sources, which are deficient in flexibility and adaptability, restricting their potential in wearable applications. Herein, a bimorph textile actuator that can be scalably fabricated with a traditional textile route and autonomously triggered by sunlight is reported. The active layer and passive layer of the bimorph are constructed by polypropylene tape and a MXene-modified polyamide filament. Because of the opposite thermal expansion and MXene-enhanced photothermal efficiency (>260%) of the bimorph, the textile actuator presents effective deformation (1.38 cm-1) under low sunlight power (100 mW/cm2). This work provides a new pathway for wearable sunlight-triggered actuators and finds attractive applications for smart textiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Zhao
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-textiles of Shandong Province and the Ministry of Education, Intelligent Wearable Engineering Research Center of Qingdao, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Xiangjun Qi
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-textiles of Shandong Province and the Ministry of Education, Intelligent Wearable Engineering Research Center of Qingdao, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Yulong Ma
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-textiles of Shandong Province and the Ministry of Education, Intelligent Wearable Engineering Research Center of Qingdao, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Xuantong Sun
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M139PL, United Kingdom
| | - Xuqing Liu
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M139PL, United Kingdom
| | - Xueji Zhang
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-textiles of Shandong Province and the Ministry of Education, Intelligent Wearable Engineering Research Center of Qingdao, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P.R. China
| | - Mingwei Tian
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-textiles of Shandong Province and the Ministry of Education, Intelligent Wearable Engineering Research Center of Qingdao, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Lijun Qu
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-textiles of Shandong Province and the Ministry of Education, Intelligent Wearable Engineering Research Center of Qingdao, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
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44
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Koshima H, Hasebe S, Hagiwara Y, Asahi T. Mechanically Responsive Organic Crystals by Light. Isr J Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202100093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hideko Koshima
- Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation Waseda University 513 Wasedatsurumaki-cho, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162-0041 Japan
| | - Shodai Hasebe
- Department of Advanced Science and Engineering Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering Waseda University 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 169-8555 Japan
| | - Yuki Hagiwara
- Department of Advanced Science and Engineering Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering Waseda University 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 169-8555 Japan
| | - Toru Asahi
- Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation Waseda University 513 Wasedatsurumaki-cho, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162-0041 Japan
- Department of Advanced Science and Engineering Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering Waseda University 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 169-8555 Japan
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45
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Nagai A, Nishimura R, Hattori Y, Hatano E, Fujimoto A, Morimoto M, Yasuda N, Kamada K, Sotome H, Miyasaka H, Yokojima S, Nakamura S, Uchida K. Molecular crystalline capsules that release their contents by light. Chem Sci 2021; 12:11585-11592. [PMID: 34567506 PMCID: PMC8409475 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03394h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we present single crystalline capsules of a photoresponsive molecule produced by simple recrystallization from organic solutions without direct human processing. During the crystal growth process, a movie was taken of the capsule taking in the organic solution. The capsules responded rapidly (<1 s) to the UV light stimuli and released the captured solution or solute. In principle, they can take in any substance dissolved in organic solvents, and their size can be controlled. Moreover, the capsule can be broken by multi-photon excitation using a near-infrared laser within the biological window. Furthermore, because the molecular packing in the crystal is unidirectional, the response can be controlled by the polarization of the light. This study shows the new potential of photoresponsive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Nagai
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University Seta Otsu Shiga 520-2194 Japan
| | - Ryo Nishimura
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University Seta Otsu Shiga 520-2194 Japan
| | - Yohei Hattori
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University Seta Otsu Shiga 520-2194 Japan
| | - Eri Hatano
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University Seta Otsu Shiga 520-2194 Japan
| | - Ayako Fujimoto
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University Seta Otsu Shiga 520-2194 Japan
| | - Masakazu Morimoto
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Smart Molecules, Rikkyo University 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku Tokyo 171-8501 Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Yasuda
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun Hyogo 679-5198 Japan
| | - Kenji Kamada
- Nanomaterials Research Institute (NMRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Ikeda Osaka 563-8577 Japan
| | - Hikaru Sotome
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyasaka
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Satoshi Yokojima
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji Tokyo 192-0392 Japan
| | - Shinichiro Nakamura
- Nakamura Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Kingo Uchida
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University Seta Otsu Shiga 520-2194 Japan
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46
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Amirjalayer S. Understanding the Molecular Origin of the Collective Movement in a Diarylethene-based Photo-Responsive Actuator. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:1658-1661. [PMID: 34213042 PMCID: PMC8456835 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Remotely controlling macroscopic movement is one of the key elements to realize intelligent materials for applications ranging from sensing to robotics. Over the last few years, a number of photomechanical materials based on diarylethene derivatives have been developed. However, a detailed picture of the structural evolution within these soft actuators is often missing. In this work, an atomistic investigation uncovers how the photo-induced molecular dynamics propagates to large-scale motion and results in macroscopic deformation of the crystal. By correlating the intramolecular rearrangement within the photo-responsive switching unit with the intermolecular packing, the molecular mechanism for the photomechanical phenomena is deciphered, which is fundamental for a rational development of photo-responsive actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Amirjalayer
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterPhysikalisches InstituteCenter for Nanotechnology (CeNTech) and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation (CMTC)Heisenbergstr. 1148149MünsterGermany
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47
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Bahadur V, Gonnade RG, Tamboli MI, Krishnaswamy S, Shashidhar MS. Construction of Two-Component Chemically Reactive Supramolecular Assemblies-Acyl Migration Reactions in Cocrystals of Napthalene-2,3-Diol and Its Diesters. Chempluschem 2021; 86:1128-1134. [PMID: 34402211 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Reactions in solids are of contemporary interest due to applications in pharmaceutical industries to environmental sustainability. Although several reactive crystals that support chemical reactions have been identified and characterized, the same cannot be said about reactive cocrystals. Earlier we correlated the facile acyl group transfer reactions in crystals with supramolecular parameters obtained from the crystal structures. The structure-reactivity correlation revealed the requirement of proper juxtaposition of electrophile (C=O) and the nucleophile (OH) with distance (∼3.2 Å) and angle (∼90°) along the chain structure. The current article describes the preparation of cocrystals that are capable of supporting intermolecular acyl group transfer reactions in a group of structurally similar molecules. The cocrystals of naphthalene 2,3-diol and its corresponding diesters showed a facile solid state acyl transfer reaction, which has been well correlated with their crystal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vir Bahadur
- Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Rajesh G Gonnade
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Majid I Tamboli
- Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Shobhana Krishnaswamy
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Mysore S Shashidhar
- Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
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48
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Maier J, Weller T, Thelakkat M, Köhler J. Long-term switching of single photochromic triads based on dithienylcyclopentene and fluorophores at cryogenic temperatures. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:014901. [PMID: 34241405 DOI: 10.1063/5.0056815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Photochromic molecules can be reversibly converted between two bistable forms by light. These systems have been intensively studied for applications as molecular memories, sensing devices, or super-resolution optical microscopy. Here, we study the long-term switching behavior of single photochromic triads under oxygen-free conditions at 10 K. The triads consist of a photochromic unit that is covalently linked to two strong fluorophores that were employed for monitoring the light-induced conversions of the switch via changes in the fluorescence intensity from the fluorophores. As dyes we use either perylene bisimide or boron-dipyrromethen, and as photochromic switch we use dithienylcyclopentene (DCP). Both types of triads showed high fatigue resistance allowing for up to 6000 switching cycles of a single triad corresponding to time durations in the order of 80 min without deterioration. Long-term analysis of the switching cycles reveals that the probability that an intensity change in the emission from the dyes can be assigned to an externally stimulated conversion of the DCP (rather than to stochastic blinking of the dye molecules) amounts to 0.7 ± 0.1 for both types of triads. This number is far too low for optical data storage using single triads and implications concerning the miniaturization of optical memories based on such systems will be discussed. Yet, together with the high fatigue resistance, this number is encouraging for applications in super-resolution optical microscopy on frozen biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Maier
- Spectroscopy of Soft Matter, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Tina Weller
- Applied Functional Materials, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Mukundan Thelakkat
- Applied Functional Materials, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Jürgen Köhler
- Spectroscopy of Soft Matter, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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49
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Bodiuzzaman M, Dar WA, Pradeep T. Cocrystals of Atomically Precise Noble Metal Nanoclusters. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2003981. [PMID: 33185007 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202003981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cocrystallization is a phenomenon involving the assembly of two or more different chemical entities in a lattice, occurring typically through supramolecular interactions. In this concept, recent advancements in the cocrystallization of atomically precise noble metal clusters and their potential future directions are presented. Different strategies to create coassemblies of thiolate-protected noble metal nanoclusters are presented first. An approach is the simultaneous synthesis, and cocrystallization of two clusters having similar structures. A unique pair of clusters found recently, namely Ag40 and Ag46 with same core but different shell are taken to illustrate this. In another category, the case of the same core is presented, namely Ag116 with different shells, as in a mixture of Ag210 and Ag211 . Next, an intercluster reaction is presented to create cocrystals through selective crystallization of the reaction products. The coexistence of competing effects, magic sizes, and magic electron shells in a coassembly of alloy nanoclusters is discussed next. Finally, an assembly strategy for nanoclusters using electrostatic interactions is described. This concept is concluded with a future perspective on the emerging possibilities of such solids. Advancements in this field will certainly help the development of novel materials with exciting properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Bodiuzzaman
- Department of Chemistry, DST Unit of Nanoscience and Thematic Unit of Excellence, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Wakeel Ahmed Dar
- Department of Chemistry, DST Unit of Nanoscience and Thematic Unit of Excellence, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Thalappil Pradeep
- Department of Chemistry, DST Unit of Nanoscience and Thematic Unit of Excellence, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
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50
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Svanidze A, Guo T, Zheng X, Palffy-Muhoray P. Light-induced stress and work in photomechanical materials. Phys Rev E 2021; 103:L051002. [PMID: 34134241 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.103.l051002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Increasingly important photomechanical materials produce stress and mechanical work when illuminated. We propose experimentally accessible performance metrics for photostress and photowork, enabling comparison of materials performance. We relate these metrics to material properties, providing a framework for the design and optimization of photomechanical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia Svanidze
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Ohio 44242, USA
| | - Tianyi Guo
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Ohio 44242, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Zheng
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Kent State University, Ohio 44242, USA
| | - Peter Palffy-Muhoray
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Ohio 44242, USA.,Department of Mathematical Sciences, Kent State University, Ohio 44242, USA
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