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Guo Y, Ge L, Phillips DL, Ma J, Fang Y. Different Reaction Mechanisms Triggered by the Meta Effect: Photoinduced Generation of Quinone Methides from Hydroxybiphenyl Derivatives. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:8569-8576. [PMID: 39140706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c01875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
A series of sterically congested quinone methides (QMs) exhibit photoinduced antiproliferative activity against some human cancer cell lines. To elucidate the structure-reactivity relationship and details of mechanisms of the photogeneration of sterically congested QMs, we chose phenylphenol derivatives 1-3 as QM precursors and investigated their photodehydration processes in aqueous solutions using ultrafast spectroscopy and theoretical computations. We found that meta derivatives 1 and 2 undergo water-mediated excited-state proton transfer (ESPT) from the phenol OH, followed by expulsion of the OH- to form QMs. By comparison, para derivative 3 proceeds via water-mediated ESPT from H2O to benzyl alcohol coupled with dehydration as the first step, delivering a cation intermediate, which further deprotonates to yield QM. Such results would help chemists understand more about the meta effects in photochemistry and about ESPT and would help synthetic chemists design sterically congested QM precursors with extraordinary reactivities and expand applications of QMs in biological and medical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Lingfeng Ge
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - David Lee Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong S.A.R. 999077, P. R. China
| | - Jiani Ma
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Yu Fang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
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2
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Majhi A, Venkateswarlu K, Sasikumar P. Coumarin Based Fluorescent Probe for Detecting Heavy Metal Ions. J Fluoresc 2024; 34:1453-1483. [PMID: 37581754 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-023-03372-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals such as Iron, Copper, and Zinc are micro-essential trace metal and involve animportant biological role, but it quickly turns toxic at exceeding the permissible limit, causing gastrointestinal irritation, liver, bone, and kidney damage, as well as disorders including Wilson's, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's. It is important to detect the metal ions as well as their concentration quickly and affordable cost using organic probes. Among the organic probes,the coumarin fluorescent probe shows a very prominent candidate with heavy metal ions. Therefore, in the present review, we reviewed the very recent literature the identify the heavy metals using modified coumarin fluorescent probes. Readers will get information quickly about the method of preparation of modified coumarin core and their use as fluorescent probes with heavy metals using absorption and emission spectroscopic methods along with the probable mechanistic pathway of detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjoy Majhi
- Department of Chemistry, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700073, India.
| | - Katta Venkateswarlu
- Laboratory for Synthetic and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, 516005, India
| | - Palani Sasikumar
- Department of Chemistry, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700073, India.
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3
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Sviben I, Glavaš M, Erben A, Bachelart T, Pavlović Saftić D, Piantanida I, Basarić N. Dipeptides Containing Pyrene and Modified Photochemically Reactive Tyrosine: Noncovalent and Covalent Binding to Polynucleotides. Molecules 2023; 28:7533. [PMID: 38005255 PMCID: PMC10672942 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dipeptides 1 and 2 were synthesized from unnatural amino acids containing pyrene as a fluorescent label and polynucleotide binding unit, and modified tyrosine as a photochemically reactive unit. Photophysical properties of the peptides were investigated by steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence. Both peptides are fluorescent (Φf = 0.3-0.4) and do not show a tendency to form pyrene excimers in the concentration range < 10-5 M, which is important for their application in the fluorescent labeling of polynucleotides. Furthermore, both peptides are photochemically reactive and undergo deamination delivering quinone methides (QMs) (ΦR = 0.01-0.02), as indicated from the preparative photomethanolysis study of the corresponding N-Boc protected derivatives 7 and 8. Both peptides form stable complexes with polynucleotides (log Ka > 6) by noncovalent interactions and similar affinities, binding to minor grooves, preferably to the AT reach regions. Peptide 2 with a longer spacer between the fluorophore and the photo-activable unit undergoes a more efficient deamination reaction, based on the comparison with the N-Boc protected derivatives. Upon light excitation of the complex 2·oligoAT10, the photo-generation of QM initiates the alkylation, which results in the fluorescent labeling of the oligonucleotide. This study demonstrated, as a proof of principle, that small molecules can combine dual forms of fluorescent labeling of polynucleotides, whereby initial addition of the dye rapidly forms a reversible high-affinity noncovalent complex with ds-DNA/RNA, which can be, upon irradiation by light, converted to the irreversible (covalent) form. Such a dual labeling ability of a dye could have many applications in biomedicinal sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ivo Piantanida
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.S.); (M.G.); (A.E.); (T.B.); (D.P.S.)
| | - Nikola Basarić
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.S.); (M.G.); (A.E.); (T.B.); (D.P.S.)
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4
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Zlatić K, Popović M, Uzelac L, Kralj M, Basarić N. Antiproliferative activity of meso-substituted BODIPY photocages: Effect of electrophiles vs singlet oxygen. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 259:115705. [PMID: 37544182 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of BODIPY compounds with a methylphenol substituent at the meso-position and halogen atoms on the BODIPY core, or OCH3 or OAc substituents at the phenolic moiety was synthesized. Their spectral and photophysical properties and the photochemical reactivity upon irradiation in CH3OH were investigated. The molecules with the phenolic substituent at the meso-position undergo more efficient photo-methanolysis at the boron atom, while the introduction of the OCH3 group at the phenolic moiety changes the reaction selectivity towards the cleavage at the meso-position. The introduction of the halogen atoms into the BODIPY increases the photo-cleavage reaction efficiency, as well as the ability of the molecules to sensitize oxygen and form reactive oxygen species (ROS). The efficiency of the ROS formation was measured in comparison with that of tetraphenylporphyrin. The antiproliferative effect of BODIPY molecules was investigated against three human cancer cell lines MCF-7 (breast carcinoma), H460 (lung carcinoma), HCT116 (colon carcinoma), and two non-cancer cell lines, HEK293T (embryonic kindey) and HaCaT (keratinocytes), with the cells kept in the dark or irradiated with visible light. For most of the compounds a modest or no antiproliferative activity was observed for cells in the dark. However, when cells were irradiated, a dramatic increase in cytotoxicity was observed (more than 100-fold), with IC50 values in the submicromolar concentration range. The enhancement of the cytotoxic effect was explained by the formation of ROS, which was studied for cells in vitro. However, for some BODIPY compounds, the effects due to the formation of electrophilic species (carbocations and quinone methides, which react with biomolecules) cannot be disregarded. Confocal fluorescence microscopy images of H460 cells and HEK293T show that the compounds enter the cells and are retained in the cytoplasm and membranes of the various organelles. When the cells treated with the compounds are irradiated, photo-processes lead to cell death by apoptosis. The study performed is important because it provides bases for the development of novel photo-therapeutics capable of exerting photo-cytotoxic effects in both oxygenated and hypoxic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Zlatić
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia; Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia; Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Trg Marka Marulića 19, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Matija Popović
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lidija Uzelac
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijeta Kralj
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Nikola Basarić
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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5
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Zhang Q, Ali T, Lin Z, Peng X. Development of 4,4'-dibromobinaphthalene analogues with potent photo-inducible DNA cross-linking capability and cytotoxicity towards breast MDA-MB 468 cancer cells. Bioorg Chem 2023; 140:106769. [PMID: 37633128 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced DNA cross-linking process showed advantages of high spatio-temporal resolution and control. We have designed, synthesized, and characterized several 4,4'-dibromo binaphthalene analogues (1a-f) that can be activated by 350 nm irradiation to induce various DNA damage, including DNA interstrand cross-links (ICL) formation, strand cleavages, and alkaline labile DNA lesions. The degree and types of DNA damage induced by these compounds depend on the leaving groups of the substrates, pH value of the buffer solution, and DNA sequences. The DNA ICL products were produced from the carbocations formed via the oxidation of free radicals photo-generated from 1a-f. Most of these compounds alone exhibited minimum cytotoxicity towards cancer cells while 350 nm irradiation greatly improved their anticancer effects (up to 40-fold enhancement) because of photo-induced cellular DNA damage. This work provides guidance for further design of photo-inducible DNA cross-linking agents as potent photo-activated anticancer prodrugs with good control over toxicity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 N. Cramer Street, Milwaukee, WI 53211, United States
| | - Taufeeque Ali
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 N. Cramer Street, Milwaukee, WI 53211, United States
| | - Zechao Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 N. Cramer Street, Milwaukee, WI 53211, United States
| | - Xiaohua Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 N. Cramer Street, Milwaukee, WI 53211, United States.
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6
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Cao S, Wang Y, Li D, Peng X. H 2 O 2 -Inducible DNA Cross-linking Agents Capable of Releasing Multiple DNA Alkylators as Anticancer Prodrugs. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300273. [PMID: 37440359 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Three compounds with arylboronate esters conjugated with two equivalent nitrogen mustards [bis(2-chloroethyl)methylamine, HN2] have been synthesized and characterized. These inactive small molecules selectively react with H2 O2 to produce multiple DNA cross-linkers, such as two HN2 molecules alongside a bisquinone methide (bisQM), leading to efficient DNA ICL formation. In comparison to other amine functional groups, using HN2 as a leaving group greatly improves the DNA cross-linking efficiency of these arylboronate esters as well as cellular activity. The introduction of HN2 in these arylboronate ester analogues favored the generation of bisQM that can directly cross-link DNA. Two equivalents of HN2 are also generated from these compounds upon treatment with H2 O2 , which directly produces DNA ICL products. The cumulative effects of HN2 and bisQM on DNA cross-linking makes these molecules highly effective H2 O2 -inducible DNA ICL agents. The three compounds with HN2 as a leaving group showed greatly enhanced cytotoxicity towards cancer cells in comparison to those containing trimethyl amine as a leaving group. This provides an effective strategy for further design of novel potential ROS-activated anticancer prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, 53211, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Yibin Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, 53211, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Daniel Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, 53211, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Xiaohua Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, 53211, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Nagatsugi F, Onizuka K. Selective Chemical Modification to the Higher-Order Structures of Nucleic Acids. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202200194. [PMID: 36111635 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
DNA and RNA can adopt a variety of stable higher-order structural motifs, including G-quadruplex (G4 s), mismatches, and bulges. Many of these secondary structures are closely related to the regulation of gene expression. Therefore, the higher-order structure of nucleic acids is one of the candidate therapeutic targets, and the development of binding molecules targeting the higher-order structure of nucleic acids has been pursued vigorously. Furthermore, as one of the methodologies for detecting the higher-order structures of these nucleic acids, developing techniques for the selective chemical modification of the higher-order structures of nucleic acids is also underway. In this personal account, we focus on the following higher-order structures of nucleic acids, double-stranded DNA containing the abasic site, T-T/U-U mismatch structure, and G-quadruplex structure, and describe the development of molecules that bind to and chemically modify these structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumi Nagatsugi
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kazumitsu Onizuka
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan.,Division for the Establishment of Frontier Sciences of Organization for Advanced Studies, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
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8
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Zhang Q, Lin Z, Peng X. Photo-Reactivity of Binaphthalene Triphenylphosphonium Salts: DNA Interstrand Cross-Link Formation and Substituent Effects. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:1334-1343. [PMID: 35857929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Five novel 1,1'-binaphthalene analogues 1a-1e with triphenylphosphonium (TPP+) salts as a leaving group have been synthesized and characterized as photo-activatable DNA alkylating agents. Phototriggered release of the TPP+ group from 1a-1e generated naphthalenylmethyl-free radicals that were spontaneously transformed to the corresponding cations directly producing DNA interstrand cross-link (ICL) formation via alkylation. The substituents at position 4 not only affect the efficiency of ICL formation but also influence the reaction rate for DNA cross-linking. Groups with small or medium size favor ICL formation, while a bulky substituent (e.g., phenyl group) prevents DNA interstrand cross-linking. DNA alkylation by the naphthalenylmethyl cations photo-generated from 1a-1e occurs at dG, dC, and dA, while interstrand cross-linking took place with dG/dC base pairs. The TPP+ salts (1a-1e) are cations with both lipophilic and hydrophilic properties, which have great potential for biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin─Milwaukee, 3210 N. Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Zechao Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin─Milwaukee, 3210 N. Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Xiaohua Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin─Milwaukee, 3210 N. Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
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Lena A, Benassi A, Stasi M, Saint‐Pierre C, Freccero M, Gasparutto D, Bombard S, Doria F, Verga D. Photoactivatable V-Shaped Bifunctional Quinone Methide Precursors as a New Class of Selective G-quadruplex Alkylating Agents. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200734. [PMID: 35441438 PMCID: PMC9322314 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Combining the selectivity of G-quadruplex (G4) ligands with the spatial and temporal control of photochemistry is an emerging strategy to elucidate the biological relevance of these structures. In this work, we developed six novel V-shaped G4 ligands that can, upon irradiation, form stable covalent adducts with G4 structures via the reactive intermediate, quinone methide (QM). We thoroughly investigated the photochemical properties of the ligands and their ability to generate QMs. Subsequently, we analyzed their specificity for various topologies of G4 and discovered a preferential binding towards the human telomeric sequence. Finally, we tested the ligand ability to act as photochemical alkylating agents, identifying the covalent adducts with G4 structures. This work introduces a novel molecular tool in the chemical biology toolkit for G4s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Lena
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of PaviaViale Taramelli 1027100PaviaItaly
| | - Alessandra Benassi
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of PaviaViale Taramelli 1027100PaviaItaly
| | - Michele Stasi
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of PaviaViale Taramelli 1027100PaviaItaly
- Present Address: Department of ChemistryTechnical University of MunichLichtenbergstraße 485748GarchingGermany
| | | | - Mauro Freccero
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of PaviaViale Taramelli 1027100PaviaItaly
| | - Didier Gasparutto
- University Grenoble AlpesCEACNRSIRIGSyMMES-UMR581938054GrenobleFrance
| | - Sophie Bombard
- CNRS UMR9187INSERM U1196Institut CuriePSL Research University91405OrsayFrance
- CNRS UMR9187INSERM U1196Université Paris-Saclay91405OrsayFrance
| | - Filippo Doria
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of PaviaViale Taramelli 1027100PaviaItaly
| | - Daniela Verga
- CNRS UMR9187INSERM U1196Institut CuriePSL Research University91405OrsayFrance
- CNRS UMR9187INSERM U1196Université Paris-Saclay91405OrsayFrance
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10
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Gao F, Zhang S, Lv Q, Yu B. Recent advances in graphene oxide catalyzed organic transformations. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.10.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Yu D, Fan H, Sun J, Xue L, Wang L, Jia Y, Tian J, Sun H. Phenyl Selenide-Based Precursors as Hydrogen Peroxide Inducible DNA Interstrand Cross-Linkers. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200086. [PMID: 35224848 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) are highly toxic DNA lesions, and induce cell death by blocking DNA strands separation. Most developed ICL agents, aiming to kill cancer cells, also generate adverse side effects to normal cells. H2O2-inducible DNA ICL agents are highly selective to target cancer cells, as the concentration of H2O2 is higher in cancer cells than normal cells. Previous studies focus on arylboronate-based precursors, reacting with H2O2 to generate reactive quinone methides (QMs) crosslinking DNA. Here we explore phenyl selenide-based precursors 1-3 as H2O2-inducible DNA ICL agents. The precursors 1-3 can be activated by H2O2 to generate the good benzylic leaving group and promote production of reactive QMs to crosslink DNA. Moreover, the DNA cross-linking ability is enhanced by the introduction of substituents in the para position of the phenolic hydroxyl group. From the substituents explored (H, OMe, F), the introduction of electron donating group (OMe) shows a pronounced elevating effect. Further mechanistic studies at the molecular and DNA levels confirm alkylation sites located mainly at dAs, dCs and dGs in DNA. Additionally, cellular experiments reveal that agents 1-3 exhibit higher cytotoxicity toward H1299 human lung cancer cells compared to clinically used drugs, by inducing cellular DNA damage, apoptosis and G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. This study provides a strategy to develop H2O2-inducible DNA interstrand cross-linkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehao Yu
- Tianjin Medical University, Pharmacy, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, 300070, Tianjin, CHINA
| | - Heli Fan
- Tianjin Medical University, Pharmacy, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, 300070, Tianjin, CHINA
| | - Jing Sun
- Tianjin Medical University, Pharmacy, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, 300070, Tianjin, CHINA
| | - Li Xue
- Tianjin Medical University, Pharmacy, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, 300070, Tianjin, CHINA
| | - Luo Wang
- Tianjin Medical University, Pharmacy, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, 300070, Tianjin, CHINA
| | - Yuanyuan Jia
- Tianjin Medical University, Pharmacy, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, 300070, Tianjin, CHINA
| | - Junyu Tian
- Tianjin Medical University, Pharmacy, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, 300070, Tianjin, CHINA
| | - Huabing Sun
- Tianjin Medical University, Pharmacy, 22 Qixiangtai Road, 300070, Tianjin, CHINA
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Quadros Gomes AR, da Rocha Galucio NC, de Albuquerque KCO, Brígido HPC, Varela ELP, Castro ALG, Vale VV, Bahia MO, Rodriguez Burbano RM, de Molfeta FA, Carneiro LA, Percario S, Dolabela MF. Toxicity evaluation of Eleutherine plicata Herb. extracts and possible cell death mechanism. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:1480-1487. [PMID: 34401358 PMCID: PMC8353407 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethanol extract of Eleutherine plicata showed low in vitro and in vivo cytotoxic potential. The dichloromethane fraction was cytotoxic to HepG2 and caused DNA. However, no toxicity was observed in vivo. Isoeleutherin caused DNA damage by the comet method and activated caspase-8 in the in silico study.
Eleutherine plicata has been shown to be a promising medicinal plant, and its activity has been associated with naphthoquinones. The present study aimed at evaluating the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and oral toxicity of the ethanol extract (EEEp), dichloromethane fraction (FDMEp) of E. plicata, and isoeleutherin. For the cytotoxicity evaluation, the viability test (MTT) was used. Genotoxicity was accessed through the Comet assay (alkaline version), acute and subacute oral toxicities were also evaluated. The antioxidant capacity of the samples in the wells where the cells were treated with E. plicata was evaluated. Furthermore, the participation of caspase-8 in the possible mechanism of action of isoeleutherin, eleutherin, and eleutherol was also investigated through a docking study. FDMEp and isoeleutherin were cytotoxic, with higher rates of DNA fragmentation observed for FDMEp and isoeleutherin, and all samples displayed higher antioxidant potential than the control. In the acute oral toxicity test, EEEp, FDMEp, and isoeleutherin did not cause significant clinical changes. In the subacute toxicity assay, EEEp and FDMEp also did not cause clinical, hematological, or biochemical changes. The three compounds bound similarly to caspase-8. Despite the results of cytotoxicity, in vitro studies demonstrated that the use of EEEp appears to be safe and cell death may involve its binding to caspase-8.
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Key Words
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- BCRJ, Cell bank of Rio de Janeiro
- BFS, bovine fetal serum
- Caspase-8
- DARP, dopamine releasing protein
- DMEM, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- DPPH, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
- EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic
- EEEp, ethanol extract of Eleutherine plicata
- Eleutherin
- Eleutherine plicata
- Eleutherol
- FADD, Fas associated death domain
- FDMEp, dichloromethane fraction of Eleutherine plicata
- FrAE, ethyl acetate fraction of Elutherine plicata
- GA, Genetic Algorithm
- GOLD, Genetic Optimization for Ligand Docking
- HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography
- IC50, 50 % cytotoxic concentration
- Isoeleutherin
- MD, molecular dynamics
- MTT, ([3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide])
- NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance
- NMU, N-methyl-N-nitrosurea
- OECD, Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development
- PDB, Protein Data Bank
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- RPMI, Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium
- RSMD, root mean square deviation
- TLC, tin layer chromatography
- TNFR, tumour necrosis fator receptor
- Toxicity
- rpm, rotations per minute
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Rafael Quadros Gomes
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Innovation, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 1, Guamá, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Natasha Costa da Rocha Galucio
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 1, Guamá, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 1, Guamá, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Heliton Patrick Cordovil Brígido
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Innovation, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 1, Guamá, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Everton Luiz Pompeu Varela
- Postgraduate Program in Biodiversity and Biotechnology, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 1, Guamá, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brazil.,Oxidative Stress Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 1, Guamá, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Ana Laura Gadelha Castro
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 1, Guamá, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Valdicley Vieira Vale
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Innovation, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 1, Guamá, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Oliveira Bahia
- Postgraduate Program in Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 1, Guamá, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Rommel Mario Rodriguez Burbano
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 1, Guamá, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 1, Guamá, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Fábio Alberto de Molfeta
- Postgraduate Program in Chemistry, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 1, Guamá, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Sandro Percario
- Postgraduate Program in Biodiversity and Biotechnology, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 1, Guamá, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brazil.,Oxidative Stress Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 1, Guamá, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Maria Fâni Dolabela
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Innovation, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 1, Guamá, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 1, Guamá, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Biodiversity and Biotechnology, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 1, Guamá, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brazil
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13
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Erben A, Sviben I, Mihaljević B, Piantanida I, Basarić N. Non-Covalent Binding of Tripeptides-Containing Tryptophan to Polynucleotides and Photochemical Deamination of Modified Tyrosine to Quinone Methide Leading to Covalent Attachment. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144315. [PMID: 34299591 PMCID: PMC8306964 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of tripeptides TrpTrpPhe (1), TrpTrpTyr (2), and TrpTrpTyr[CH2N(CH3)2] (3) were synthesized, and their photophysical properties and non-covalent binding to polynucleotides were investigated. Fluorescent Trp residues (quantum yield in aqueous solvent ΦF = 0.03–0.06), allowed for the fluorometric study of non-covalent binding to DNA and RNA. Moreover, high and similar affinities of 2×HCl and 3×HCl to all studied double stranded (ds)-polynucleotides were found (logKa = 6.0–6.8). However, the fluorescence spectral responses were strongly dependent on base pair composition: the GC-containing polynucleotides efficiently quenched Trp emission, at variance to AT- or AU-polynucleotides, which induced bisignate response. Namely, addition of AT(U) polynucleotides at excess over studied peptide induced the quenching (attributed to aggregation in the grooves of polynucleotides), whereas at excess of DNA/RNA over peptide the fluorescence increase of Trp was observed. The thermal denaturation and circular dichroism (CD) experiments supported peptides binding within the grooves of polynucleotides. The photogenerated quinone methide (QM) reacts with nucleophiles giving adducts, as demonstrated by the photomethanolysis (quantum yield ΦR = 0.11–0.13). Furthermore, we have demonstrated photoalkylation of AT oligonucleotides by QM, at variance to previous reports describing the highest reactivity of QMs with the GC reach regions of polynucleotides. Our investigations show a proof of principle that QM precursor can be imbedded into a peptide and used as a photochemical switch to enable alkylation of polynucleotides, enabling further applications in chemistry and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonija Erben
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.E.); (I.S.); (I.P.)
| | - Igor Sviben
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.E.); (I.S.); (I.P.)
| | - Branka Mihaljević
- Department of Material Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Ivo Piantanida
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.E.); (I.S.); (I.P.)
| | - Nikola Basarić
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.E.); (I.S.); (I.P.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Cink RB, Zhou Y, Du L, Rahman MS, Phillips DL, Simpson MC, Seed AJ, Sampson P, Brasch NE. Mechanistic Insights into Rapid Generation of Nitroxyl from a Photocaged N-Hydroxysulfonamide Incorporating the (6-Hydroxynaphthalen-2-yl)methyl Chromophore. J Org Chem 2021; 86:8056-8068. [PMID: 34107217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
HNO is a highly reactive molecule that shows promise in treating heart failure. Molecules that rapidly release HNO with precise spatial and temporal control are needed to investigate the biology of this signaling molecule. (Hydroxynaphthalen-2-yl)methyl-photocaged N-hydroxysulfonamides are a new class of photoactive HNO generators. Recently, it was shown that a (6-hydroxynaphthalen-2-yl)methyl (6,2-HNM)-photocaged derivative of N-hydroxysulfonamide incorporating the trifluoromethanesulfonamidoxy group (1) quantitatively generates HNO. Mechanistic studies have now been carried out on this system and reveal that the ground state protonation state plays a key role in whether concerted heterolytic C-O/N-S bond cleavage to release HNO occurs versus undesired O-N bond cleavage. N-Deprotonation of 1 can be achieved by adding an aqueous buffer or a carboxylate salt to an aprotic solvent. Evidence is presented for C-O/N-S bond heterolysis occurring directly from the singlet excited state of the N-deprotonated parent molecule on the picosecond time scale, using femtosecond time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy, to give a carbocation and 1NO-. This is consistent with the observation of significant fluorescence quenching when HNO is generated. The carbocation intermediate reacts rapidly with nucleophiles including water, MeOH, or even (H)NO in the absence of a molecule that reacts rapidly with (H)NO to give an oxime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth B Cink
- School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.,The Photon Factory, School of Chemical Sciences and Department of Physics, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.,The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6012, New Zealand.,The Dodd-Walls Centre for Quantum and Photonic Technologies, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
| | - Lili Du
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR 99077, P. R. China
| | - Mohammad S Rahman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
| | - David Lee Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR 99077, P. R. China
| | - M Cather Simpson
- The Photon Factory, School of Chemical Sciences and Department of Physics, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.,The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6012, New Zealand.,The Dodd-Walls Centre for Quantum and Photonic Technologies, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Alexander J Seed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
| | - Paul Sampson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
| | - Nicola E Brasch
- School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.,The Dodd-Walls Centre for Quantum and Photonic Technologies, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.,The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
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15
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Photochemical Reactivity of Naphthol-Naphthalimide Conjugates and Their Biological Activity. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113355. [PMID: 34199541 PMCID: PMC8199699 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinone methide precursors 1a–e, with different alkyl linkers between the naphthol and the naphthalimide chromophore, were synthesized. Their photophysical properties and photochemical reactivity were investigated and connected with biological activity. Upon excitation of the naphthol, Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) to the naphthalimide takes place and the quantum yields of fluorescence are low (ΦF ≈ 10−2). Due to FRET, photodehydration of naphthols to QMs takes place inefficiently (ΦR ≈ 10−5). However, the formation of QMs can also be initiated upon excitation of naphthalimide, the lower energy chromophore, in a process that involves photoinduced electron transfer (PET) from the naphthol to the naphthalimide. Fluorescence titrations revealed that 1a and 1e form complexes with ct-DNA with moderate association constants Ka ≈ 105–106 M−1, as well as with bovine serum albumin (BSA) Ka ≈ 105 M−1 (1:1 complex). The irradiation of the complex 1e@BSA resulted in the alkylation of the protein, probably via QM. The antiproliferative activity of 1a–e against two human cancer cell lines (H460 and MCF 7) was investigated with the cells kept in the dark or irradiated at 350 nm, whereupon cytotoxicity increased, particularly for 1e (>100 times). Although the enhancement of this activity upon UV irradiation has no imminent therapeutic application, the results presented have importance in the rational design of new generations of anticancer phototherapeutics that absorb visible light.
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16
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Fan H, Sun H, Zhang Q, Peng X. Photoinduced DNA Interstrand Cross-Linking by 1,1'-Biphenyl Analogues: Substituents and Leaving Groups Combine to Determine the Efficiency of Cross-Linker. Chemistry 2021; 27:5215-5224. [PMID: 33440025 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Two series of 1,1'-biphenyl analogues with various leaving groups (L=OAc, OCH3 , OCHCH=CH2 , OCH2 Ph, SPh, SePh, and Ph3 P+ ) were synthesized. Their reactivity towards DNA and the reaction mechanism were investigated by determining DNA interstrand cross-link (ICL) efficiency, radical and carbocation formation, and the cross-linking reaction sites. All compounds induced DNA ICL formation upon 350 nm irradiation via a carbocation that was generated from oxidation of the corresponding free radicals. The ICL efficiency and the reaction rate strongly depended on the combined effect of the leaving group and the substituent. Among all compounds tested, the high ICL efficiency (30-43 %) and fast reaction rate were observed with compounds carrying a nitrophenyl group and acetate (2 a), ether (2 b and 2 c), or triphenylphosphonium salt (2 g) as leaving groups. Most compounds with a 4-methoxybenzene group showed similar DNA ICL efficiency (≈30 %) with a slow DNA cross-linking reaction rate. Both cation trapping and free radical trapping adducts were detected in the photo activation process of these compounds, which provided direct evidence for the proposed mechanism. Heat stability study in combination with sequence study suggested that these photo-generated benzyl cations alkylate DNA at dG, dA, and dC sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli Fan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 N. Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53211, USA.,School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, 300070, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Huabing Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 N. Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53211, USA.,School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, 300070, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 N. Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53211, USA
| | - Xiaohua Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 N. Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53211, USA
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17
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Taimoory SM, Cataldo VA, Schäfer A, Trant JF, Guterman R. Not-So-Innocent Anions Determine the Mechanism of Cationic Alkylators. Chemistry 2021; 27:3440-3448. [PMID: 33137244 PMCID: PMC7898791 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alkylating reagents based on thioimidazolium ionic liquids were synthesized and the influence of the anion on the alkylation reaction mechanism explored in detail using both experimental and computational methods. Thioimidazolium cations transfer alkyl substituents to nucleophiles, however the reaction rate was highly dependent on anion identity, demonstrating that the anion is not innocent in the mechanism. Detailed analysis of the computationally-derived potential energy surfaces associated with possible mechanisms indicated that this dependence arises from a combination of anion induced electronic, steric and coordinating effects, with highly nucleophilic anions catalyzing a 2-step process while highly non-nucleophilic, delocalized anions favor a 1-step reaction. This work also confirms the presence of ion-pairs and aggregates in solution thus supporting anion-induced control over the reaction rate and mechanism. These findings provide new insight into an old reaction allowing for better design of cationic alkylators in synthesis, gene expression, polymer science, and protein chemistry applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Maryamdokht Taimoory
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave., ON, N9B 3P4, Windsor, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Vincenzo Alessandro Cataldo
- Colloid Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1 OT Golm, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Andreas Schäfer
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - John F Trant
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave., ON, N9B 3P4, Windsor, Canada
| | - Ryan Guterman
- Colloid Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1 OT Golm, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
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18
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Fan H, Peng X. Photoinduced DNA Interstrand Cross-Linking by Benzene Derivatives: Leaving Groups Determine the Efficiency of the Cross-Linker. J Org Chem 2021; 86:493-506. [PMID: 33253574 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We have synthesized and characterized two small libraries of 2-OMe or 2-NO2-benzene analogues 2a-i and 3a-i containing a wide variety of leaving groups. Irradiation of these compounds at 350 nm generated benzyl radicals that were spontaneously oxidized to benzyl cations directly producing DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs). Compounds with a 2-methoxy substituent showed a faster cross-linking reaction rate and higher ICL efficiency than the corresponding 2-nitro analogues. Apart from the aromatic substituent, the benzylic leaving groups greatly affected DNA cross-linking efficiency. Higher ICL yields were observed for compounds with OCH3 (3b), OCH2Ph (3d), or Ph3P+ (3i) as leaving groups than those containing OAc (3a), NMe2 (3e), morpholine (3f), OCH2CH═CH2 (3c), SPh (3g), or SePh (3h). The heat stability study of the isolated ICL products indicated that dGs were the preferred alkylation sites in DNA for the benzyl cations produced from 2a-i, 3c, and 3e-i while 3a (L = OAc), 3b (L = OMe), and 3d (L = OCH2Ph) showed a similar photoreactivity toward dGs and dAs. Although the photogenerated benzyl cations alkylated dG, dC, and dA, ICL assay with variation of DNA sequences showed that the ICL reaction occurred with opposing dG/dC but not with staggered dA/dA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli Fan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, 3210 N. Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Xiaohua Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, 3210 N. Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
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19
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Ahmad MS, Nishina Y. Graphene-based carbocatalysts for carbon-carbon bond formation. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:12210-12227. [PMID: 32510079 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr02984j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organic transformations are usually catalyzed by metal-based catalysts. In contrast, metal-free catalysts have attracted considerable attention from the viewpoint of sustainability and safety. Among the studies in metal-free catalysis, graphene-based materials have been introduced in the reactions that are usually catalyzed by transition metal catalysts. This review covers the literature (up to the beginning of April 2020) on the use of graphene and its derivatives as carbocatalysts for C-C bond-forming reactions, which are one of the fundamental reactions in organic syntheses. Besides, mechanistic studies are included for the rational understanding of the catalysis. Graphene has significant potential in the field of metal-free catalysis because of the fine-tunable potential of the structure, high stability and durability, and no metal contamination, making it a next-generation candidate material in catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sohail Ahmad
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan700-8530.
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20
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Sambol M, Ester K, Landgraf S, Mihaljević B, Cindrić M, Kralj M, Basarić N. Competing photochemical reactions of bis-naphthols and their photoinduced antiproliferative activity. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:1197-1211. [PMID: 30820496 DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00532j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The photophysical properties and photochemical reactivities of a series of bis-naphthols 4a-4e and bis-anthrols 5a and 5e were investigated by preparative irradiation in CH3OH, fluorescence spectroscopy and laser flash photolysis (LFP). Methanolysis taking place via photodehydration (bis-naphthols: ΦR = 0.04-0.05) is in competition with symmetry breaking charge separation (SB-CS). The SB-CS gave rise to radical ions that were detected for 4a and 4e by LFP. Photodehydration gave quinone methides (QMs) that were also detected by LFP (λmax = 350 nm, τ ≈ 1-2 ms). In the aqueous solvent, excited state proton transfer (ESPT) competes with the abovementioned processes, giving rise to naphtholates, but the process is inefficient and can only be observed in the buffered aqueous solution at pH > 7. Since the dehydration of bis-naphthols delivers QMs, their potential antiproliferative activity was investigated by an MTT test on three human cancer cell lines (NCI-H1299, lung carcinoma; MCF-7, breast adenocarcinoma; and SUM159, pleomorphic breast carcinoma). Cells were treated with 4 or 5 with or without irradiation (350 nm). An enhancement of the activity (up to 10-fold) was observed upon irradiation, which may be associated with QM formation. However, these QMs do not cross-link DNA. The activity is most likely associated with the alkylation of proteins present in the cell cytoplasm, as evidenced by photoinduced alkylation of bovine and human serum albumins by 4a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matija Sambol
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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21
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Ma J, Šekutor M, Škalamera Đ, Basarić N, Phillips DL. Formation of Quinone Methides by Ultrafast Photodeamination: A Spectroscopic and Computational Study. J Org Chem 2019; 84:8630-8637. [PMID: 31244153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Formation of quinone methides (QMs) by photoelimination of an ammonium salt from cresol derivatives was investigated by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy (fs-TA) and computationally by time-dependent density functional theory using the PCM(water)/(TD-)B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory. The photoelimination takes place in an adiabatic ultrafast reaction on the S1 potential energy surface delivering the corresponding QMs(S1), which were detected by fs-TA. Computations predicted a high-energy cation intermediate in the pathway between the Franck-Condon state of a monoammonium salt and the corresponding QM(S1) that was not detected by fs-TA. On the other hand, elimination from a disalt in H2O takes place in one step, giving directly the QM(S1). The combined experimental and theoretical investigation fully disclosed the formation of QMs by the deamination reaction mechanism, which is important in the application of cresols or similar molecules in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiani Ma
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science , Northwest University , Xi'an 710065 , P. R. China
| | - Marina Šekutor
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry , Ruđer Bošković Institute , Bijenička cesta 54 , 10 000 Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Đani Škalamera
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry , Ruđer Bošković Institute , Bijenička cesta 54 , 10 000 Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Nikola Basarić
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry , Ruđer Bošković Institute , Bijenička cesta 54 , 10 000 Zagreb , Croatia
| | - David Lee Phillips
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , Hong Kong S.A.R. , P. R. China
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22
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Zhou Y, Cink RB, Seed AJ, Simpson MC, Sampson P, Brasch NE. Stoichiometric Nitroxyl Photorelease Using the (6-Hydroxy-2-naphthalenyl)methyl Phototrigger. Org Lett 2019; 21:1054-1057. [PMID: 30694069 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b04099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of a photoactivatable HNO donor incorporating the (6-hydroxynaphthalen-2-yl)methyl (6,2-HNM) photocage coupled to the trifluoromethanesulfonamidoxy analogue of the well-established HNO generator Piloty's acid is described. The photoactive HNO donor stoichiometrically generates HNO (∼98%) at neutral pH conditions, and evidence for concerted C-O and N-S bond cleavage was obtained. The methanesulfonamidoxy analogue primarily undergoes undesired N-O bond cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Kent State University , Kent , Ohio 44242 , United States
| | - Ruth B Cink
- School of Science , Auckland University of Technology , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand.,Dodd-Walls Centre for Quantum and Photonic Technologies , Dunedin 9054 , New Zealand.,The Photon Factory, School of Chemical Sciences , The University of Auckland , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand
| | - Alexander J Seed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Kent State University , Kent , Ohio 44242 , United States
| | - M Cather Simpson
- Dodd-Walls Centre for Quantum and Photonic Technologies , Dunedin 9054 , New Zealand.,The Photon Factory, School of Chemical Sciences , The University of Auckland , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand.,The Department of Physics , The University of Auckland, The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand
| | - Paul Sampson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Kent State University , Kent , Ohio 44242 , United States
| | - Nicola E Brasch
- School of Science , Auckland University of Technology , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand.,Dodd-Walls Centre for Quantum and Photonic Technologies , Dunedin 9054 , New Zealand
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23
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Yan Z, Du L, Lan X, Li Y, Wang W, Phillips DL. Time-Resolved Spectroscopic and Density Functional Theory Investigation of the Photogeneration of a Bifunctional Quinone Methide in Neutral and Basic Aqueous Solutions. Molecules 2018; 23:E3102. [PMID: 30486443 PMCID: PMC6321171 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Binol quinone methides (BQMs) can be generated from 1,1'-(2,2'-dihydroxy-1,1'-binaphthyl-6,6'-diyl)bis(N,N,N-trimethylmethanamiuium) bromide (BQMP-b) in a 1:1 MeCN:H₂O mixed solution via a ground state intramolecular proton transfer (GSIPT), as mentioned in our previously reported studies. Here, the photoreaction of BQMP-b in neutral and basic aqueous solution (pH = 7, 10, 12) was investigated to explore the possible mechanisms and the key intermediates produced in the process of the photoreaction and to examine whether they are different from those in a neutral mild-mixed MeCN:H₂O solution. The studies were conducted using femtosecond transient absorption (fs-TA), nanosecond transient absorption (ns-TA), and nanosecond time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy (ns-TR³) in conjunction with results from density functional theory (DFT) computations. The results showed that BQMP-b was deprotonated initially and produced BQMs species more effectively through an E1bc elimination reaction in a strong basic aqueous condition (pH = 12), which differed from the reaction pathway that took place in the solution with pH = 7 or 10. A related single naphthol ring molecule 1-(6-hydroxynaphthalen-2-yl)-N,N,N-trimethylmethanaminium bromide (QMP-b) that did not contain a second naphthol ring was also investigated. The related reaction mechanisms are elucidated in this work, and it is briefly discussed how the mechanisms vary as a function of aqueous solution pH conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Yan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Lili Du
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xin Lan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yuanchun Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Wenchao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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24
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Yan Z, Du L, Lan X, Zhang X, Phillips DL. Time-resolved spectroscopic and density functional theory investigation of the influence of the leaving group on the generation of a binol quinone methide. J Mol Struct 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Chen W, Fan H, Balakrishnan K, Wang Y, Sun H, Fan Y, Gandhi V, Arnold LA, Peng X. Discovery and Optimization of Novel Hydrogen Peroxide Activated Aromatic Nitrogen Mustard Derivatives as Highly Potent Anticancer Agents. J Med Chem 2018; 61:9132-9145. [PMID: 30247905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We describe several new aromatic nitrogen mustards with various aromatic substituents and boronic esters that can be activated with H2O2 to efficiently cross-link DNA. In vitro studies demonstrated the anticancer potential of these compounds at lower concentrations than those of other clinically used chemotherapeutics, such as melphalan and chlorambucil. In particular, compound 10, bearing an amino acid ester chain, is selectively cytotoxic toward breast cancer and leukemia cells that have inherently high levels of reactive oxygen species. Importantly, 10 was 10-14-fold more efficacious than melphalan and chlorambucil for triple-negative breast-cancer (TNBC) cells. Similarly, 10 is more toxic toward primary chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia cells than either chlorambucil or the lead compound, 9. The introduction of an amino acid side chain improved the solubility and permeability of 10. Furthermore, 10 inhibited the growth of TNBC tumors in xenografted mice without obvious signs of general toxicity, making this compound an ideal drug candidate for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbing Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery , University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee , 3210 North Cramer Street , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53211 , United States
| | - Heli Fan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery , University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee , 3210 North Cramer Street , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53211 , United States
| | - Kumudha Balakrishnan
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics , MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , Texas 77030 , United States
| | | | | | | | - Varsha Gandhi
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics , MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , Texas 77030 , United States
| | - Leggy A Arnold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery , University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee , 3210 North Cramer Street , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53211 , United States
| | - Xiaohua Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery , University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee , 3210 North Cramer Street , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53211 , United States
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26
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Michel NWM, Jeanneret ADM, Kim H, Rousseaux SAL. Nickel-Catalyzed Cyanation of Benzylic and Allylic Pivalate Esters. J Org Chem 2018; 83:11860-11872. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W. M. Michel
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Alexandria D. M. Jeanneret
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Hyehwang Kim
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Sophie A. L. Rousseaux
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
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27
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Lin Z, Fan H, Zhang Q, Peng X. Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of Binaphthalene Precursors as Photoactivated DNA Interstrand Cross-Linkers. J Org Chem 2018; 83:8815-8826. [PMID: 29929368 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Most recently, alkylation via photogenerated carbocations has been identified as a novel mechanism for photoinduced DNA interstrand cross-link (ICL) formation by bifunctional aryl compounds. However, most compounds showed a low efficiency for DNA cross-linking. Here, we have developed a series of new 1,1'-binaphthalene analogues that efficiently form DNA ICLs upon 350 nm irradiation via generated 2-naphthalenylmethyl cations. The DNA cross-linking efficiency depends on the substituents at position 4 of the naphthalene moiety as well as the leaving groups. Compounds with NO2, Ph, H, Br, or OMe substituents led to 2-4 times higher DNA ICL yields than those with a boronate ester group. Compounds with trimethylammonium salt as a leaving group showed slightly better cross-linking efficiency than those with bromo as a leaving group. Some of these compounds showed a better cross-linking efficiency than that of traditional alkylating agents, such as nitrogen mustard analogues or quinone methide precursors. These highly efficient photoactivated carbocation precursors allow determination and characterization of the adducts formed between the photogenerated naphthalenyl cations and four natural nucleosides, indicating that the alkylation sites for these naphthalene analogues are dG, dA, and dC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zechao Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery , University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , 3210 North Cramer Street , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53211 , United States
| | - Heli Fan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery , University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , 3210 North Cramer Street , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53211 , United States
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery , University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , 3210 North Cramer Street , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53211 , United States
| | - Xiaohua Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery , University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , 3210 North Cramer Street , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53211 , United States
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28
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Škalamera Đ, Antol I, Mlinarić-Majerski K, Vančik H, Phillips DL, Ma J, Basarić N. Ultrafast Adiabatic Photodehydration of 2-Hydroxymethylphenol and the Formation of Quinone Methide. Chemistry 2018; 24:9426-9435. [PMID: 29677402 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The photochemical reactivity of 2-hydroxymethylphenol (1) was investigated experimentally by photochemistry under cryogenic conditions, by detecting reactive intermediates by IR spectroscopy, and by using nanosecond and femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopic methods in solution at room temperature. In addition, theoretical studies were performed to facilitate the interpretation of the experimental results and also to simulate the reaction pathway to obtain a better understanding of the reaction mechanism. The main finding of this work is that photodehydration of 1 takes place in an ultrafast adiabatic photochemical reaction without any clear intermediate, delivering quinone methide (QM) in the excited state. Upon photoexcitation to a higher vibrational level of the singlet excited state, 1 undergoes vibrational relaxation leading to two photochemical pathways, one by which synchronous elimination of H2 O gives QM 2 in its S1 state and the other by which homolytic cleavage of the phenolic O-H bond produces a phenoxyl radical (S0 ). Both are ultrafast processes that occur within a picosecond. The excited state of QM 2 (S1 ) probably deactivates to S0 through a conical intersection to give QM 2 (S0 ), which subsequently delivers benzoxete 4. Elucidation of the reaction mechanisms for the photodehydration of phenols by which QMs are formed is important to tune the reactivity of QMs with DNA and proteins for the potential application of QMs in medicine as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Đani Škalamera
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Antol
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kata Mlinarić-Majerski
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Hrvoj Vančik
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - David Lee Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong S.A.R., P.R. China
| | - Jiani Ma
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Nikola Basarić
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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29
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Fan H, Sun H, Peng X. Substituents Have a Large Effect on Photochemical Generation of Benzyl Cations and DNA Cross-Linking. Chemistry 2018; 24:7671-7682. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heli Fan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; 3210 N. Cramer Street Milwaukee Wisconsin 53211 USA
| | - Huabing Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; 3210 N. Cramer Street Milwaukee Wisconsin 53211 USA
| | - Xiaohua Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; 3210 N. Cramer Street Milwaukee Wisconsin 53211 USA
- Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery; University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; 3210 N. Cramer Street Milwaukee Wisconsin 53211 USA
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30
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Barta P, Fülöp F, Szatmári I. Mannich base-connected syntheses mediated by ortho-quinone methides. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:560-575. [PMID: 29623118 PMCID: PMC5852458 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This article provides an overview about specifically modified Mannich reactions where the process involves an ortho-quinone methide (o-QM) intermediate. The reactions are classified on the basis of the o-QM source followed by the reactant, e.g., the dienophile partner in cycloaddition reactions (C=C or C=N dienophiles) or by the formation of multicomponent Mannich adducts. Due to the important pharmacological activities of these reactive o-QM intermediates, special attention is paid to the biological activity of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Barta
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Research Group for Stereochemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Fülöp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Research Group for Stereochemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - István Szatmári
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Research Group for Stereochemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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31
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Husak A, Noichl BP, Šumanovac Ramljak T, Sohora M, Škalamera Đ, Budiša N, Basarić N. Photochemical formation of quinone methides from peptides containing modified tyrosine. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 14:10894-10905. [PMID: 27812591 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02191c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We have demonstrated that quinone methide (QM) precursors can be introduced in the peptide structure and used as photoswitchable units for peptide modifications. QM precursor 1 was prepared from protected tyrosine in the Mannich reaction, and further used as a building block in peptide synthesis. Moreover, peptides containing tyrosine can be transformed into a photoactivable QM precursor by the Mannich reaction which can afford monosubstituted derivatives 2 or bis-substituted derivatives 3. Photochemical reactivity of modified tyrosine 1 and dipeptides 2 and 3 was studied by preparative irradiation in CH3OH where photodeamination and photomethanolysis occur. QM precursors incorporated in peptides undergo photomethanolysis with quantum efficiency ΦR = 0.1-0.2, wherein the peptide backbone does not affect their photochemical reactivity. QMs formed from dipeptides were detected by laser flash photolysis (λmax ≈ 400 nm, τ = 100 μs-20 ms) and their reactivity with nucleophiles was studied. Consequently, QM precursors derived from tyrosine can be a part of the peptide backbone which can be transformed into QMs upon electronic excitation, leading to the reactions of peptides with different reagents. This proof of principle showing the ability to photochemically trigger peptide modifications and interactions with other molecules can have numerous applications in organic synthesis, materials science, biology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonija Husak
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Benjamin P Noichl
- Institute for Chemistry, Technical University Berlin, Müller-Breslau-Str. 10, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tatjana Šumanovac Ramljak
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Margareta Sohora
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Đani Škalamera
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Nediljko Budiša
- Institute for Chemistry, Technical University Berlin, Müller-Breslau-Str. 10, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nikola Basarić
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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32
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Ma J, Zhang X, Basarić N, Phillips DL. Direct Observation of Photoinduced Ultrafast Generation of Singlet and Triplet Quinone Methides in Aqueous Solutions and Insight into the Roles of Acidic and Basic Sites in Quinone Methide Formation. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:18349-18357. [PMID: 29182856 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b10387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Femtosecond time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy experiments and density functional theory computations were done for a mechanistic investigation of 3-(1-phenylvinyl)phenol (1) and 3-hydroxybenzophenone (2) in selected solvents. Both compounds went through an intersystem crossing (ISC) to form the triplet excited states Tππ* and Tnπ* in acetonitrile but behave differently in neutral aqueous solutions, in which a triplet excited state proton transfer (ESPT) induced by the ISC process is also proposed for 2 but a singlet ESPT without ISC is proposed for 1, leading to the production of the triplet quinone methide (QM) and the singlet excited QM species respectively in these two systems. The triplet QM then underwent an ISC process to form an unstable ground state intermediate which soon returned to its starting material 2. However, the singlet excited state QM went through an internal conversion process to the ground state QM followed by the formation of its final product in an irreversible manner. These differences are thought to be derived from the slow vinyl C-C rotation and the moderate basicity of the vinyl C atom in 1 as compared with the fast C-O rotation and the greater basicity of the carbonyl O atom of 2 after photoexcitation. This can account for the experimental results in the literature that the aromatic vinyl compounds undergo efficient singlet excited state photochemical reactions while the aromatic carbonyl compounds prefer triplet photochemical reactions under aqueous conditions. These results have fundamental and significant implications for understanding of the ESPT reactivity in general, as well as for the design of molecules for efficient QM formation in aqueous media with potential applications in cancer phototherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiani Ma
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University , Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Xiting Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Nikola Basarić
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute , Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - David Lee Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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33
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Liu G, Liu D, Han X, Sheng X, Xu Z, Liu SH, Zeng L, Yin J. A hemicyanine-based colorimetric and ratiometric fluorescent probe for selective detection of cysteine and bioimaging in living cell. Talanta 2017; 170:406-412. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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34
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Walden DM, Jaworski AA, Johnston RC, Hovey MT, Baker HV, Meyer MP, Scheidt KA, Cheong PHY. Formation of Aza-ortho-quinone Methides Under Room Temperature Conditions: Cs2CO3 Effect. J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M. Walden
- Department
of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 135 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Ashley A. Jaworski
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ryne C. Johnston
- Department
of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 135 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - M. Todd Hovey
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Hannah V. Baker
- Department
of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 135 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Matthew P. Meyer
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Merced, California 95453, United States
| | - Karl A Scheidt
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Paul Ha-Yeon Cheong
- Department
of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 135 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
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35
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Škalamera Đ, Mlinarić-Majerski K, Martin Kleiner I, Kralj M, Oake J, Wan P, Bohne C, Basarić N. Photochemical Formation of Anthracene Quinone Methide Derivatives. J Org Chem 2017; 82:6006-6021. [PMID: 28534631 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Anthrols 2-7 were synthesized and their photochemical reactivity investigated by irradiations in aq CH3OH. Upon excitation with visible light (λ > 400 nm) in methanolic solutions, they undergo photodehydration or photodeamination and deliver methyl ethers, most probably via quinone methides (QMs), with methanolysis quantum efficiencies ΦR = 0.02-0.3. Photophysical properties of 2-7 were determined by steady-state fluorescence and time-correlated single photon counting. Generally, anthrols 2-7 are highly fluorescent in aprotic solvents (ΦF = 0.5-0.9), whereas in aqueous solutions the fluorescence is quenched due to excited-state proton transfer (ESPT) to solvent. The exception is amine 4 that undergoes excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) in neat CH3CN where photodeamination is probably coupled to ESIPT. Photodehydration may take place via ESIPT (or ESPT) that is coupled to dehydration or via a hitherto undisclosed pathway that involves photoionization and deprotonation of radical cation, followed by homolytic cleavage of the alcohol OH group from the phenoxyl radical. QMs were detected by laser flash photolysis and their reactivity with nucleophiles investigated. Biological investigation of 2-5 on human cancer cell lines showed enhancement of antiproliferative effect upon exposure of cells to irradiation by visible light, probably due to formation of electrophilic species such as QMs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jessy Oake
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria , Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Peter Wan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria , Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Cornelia Bohne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria , Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
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36
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Uzelac L, Škalamera Đ, Mlinarić-Majerski K, Basarić N, Kralj M. Selective photocytotoxicity of anthrols on cancer stem-like cells: The effect of quinone methides or reactive oxygen species. Eur J Med Chem 2017. [PMID: 28633106 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subpopulation of cancer cells that share properties of embryonic stem cells like pluripotency and self-renewal and show increased resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy. Targeting CSC, rather than cancer cells in general, is a novel and promising strategy for cancer treatment. Novel therapeutic approaches, such as photodynamic therapy (PDT) have been investigated. A promising group of phototherapeutic agents are reactive intermediates - quinone methides (QMs). This study describes preparation of QM precursor, 2-hydroxy-3-hydroxymethylanthracene (2) and a detailed photochemical and photobiological investigation on similar anthracene derivatives 3 and 4. Upon photoexcitation with near visible light at λ > 400 nm 1 and 2 give QMs, that were detected by laser flash photolysis and their reactivity with nucleophiles has been demonstrated in the preparative irradiation experiments where the corresponding adducts were isolated and characterized. 3 and 4 cannot undergo photodehydration and deliver QM, but lead to the formation of phenoxyl radical and singlet oxygen, respectively. The activity of 1-4 was tested on a panel of human tumor cell lines, while special attention was devoted to demonstrate their potential selectivity towards the cells with CSC-like properties (HMLEshEcad). Upon the irradiation of cell lines treated with 1-4, an enhancement of antiproliferative activity was demonstrated, but the DNA was not the target molecule. Confocal microscopy revealed that these compounds entered the cell and, upon irradiation, reacted with cellular membranes. Our experiments demonstrated moderate selectivity of 2 and 4 towards CSC-like cells, while necrosis was shown to be a dominant cell death mechanism. Especially interesting was the selectivity of 4 that produced higher levels of ROS in CSC-like cells, which forms the basis for further research on cancer phototherapy, as well as for the elucidation of the underlying mechanism of the observed CSC selectivity based on oxidative stress activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidija Uzelac
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Đani Škalamera
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kata Mlinarić-Majerski
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nikola Basarić
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Marijeta Kralj
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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37
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Novak J, Prlj A, Basarić N, Corminboeuf C, Došlić N. Photochemistry of 1- and 2-Naphthols and Their Water Clusters: The Role of1ππ*(La) Mediated Hydrogen Transfer to Carbon Atoms. Chemistry 2017; 23:8244-8251. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jurica Novak
- Department of Physical Chemistry; Ruđer Bošković Institute; Bijenička cesta 54 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Antonio Prlj
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Nikola Basarić
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Ruđer Bošković Institute; Bijenička cesta 54 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Clémence Corminboeuf
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Nađa Došlić
- Department of Physical Chemistry; Ruđer Bošković Institute; Bijenička cesta 54 10000 Zagreb Croatia
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Ikeda
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193
- Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences, Gifu University (G-CHAIN), Gifu 501-1193
| | - Marina Kabumoto
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193
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39
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Hydrogen peroxide activated quinone methide precursors with enhanced DNA cross-linking capability and cytotoxicity towards cancer cells. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 133:197-207. [PMID: 28388522 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Quinone methide (QM) formation induced by endogenously generated H2O2 is attractive for biological and biomedical applications. To overcome current limitations due to low biological activity of H2O2-activated QM precursors, we are introducing herein several new arylboronates with electron donating substituents at different positions of benzene ring and/or different neutral leaving groups. The reaction rate of the arylboronate esters with H2O2 and subsequent bisquinone methides formation and DNA cross-linking was accelerated with the application of Br as a leaving group instead of acetoxy groups. Additionally, a donating group placed meta to the nascent exo-methylene group of the quinone methide greatly improves H2O2-induced DNA interstrand cross-link formation as well as enhances the cellular activity. Multiple donating groups decrease the stability and DNA cross-linking capability, which lead to low cellular activity. A cell-based screen demonstrated that compounds 2a and 5a with a OMe or OH group dramatically inhibited the growth of various tissue-derived cancer cells while normal cells were less affected. Induction of H2AX phosphorylation by these compounds in CLL lymphocytes provide evidence for a correlation between cell death and DNA damage. The compounds presented herein showed potent anticancer activities and selectivity, which represent a novel scaffold for anticancer drug development.
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40
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López-Carballeira D, Casanova D, Ruipérez F. Theoretical design of conjugated diradicaloids as singlet fission sensitizers: quinones and methylene derivatives. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:30227-30238. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05120d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
New conjugated diradicaloids as potential candidates for singlet fission sensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego López-Carballeira
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU
- Joxe Mari Korta Center
- Donostia-San Sebastián
- Spain
| | - David Casanova
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) and Kimika Fakultatea
- Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU)
- 20080 Donostia
- Spain
- IKERBASQUE
| | - Fernando Ruipérez
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU
- Joxe Mari Korta Center
- Donostia-San Sebastián
- Spain
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41
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Du L, Zhang X, Xue J, Tang W, Li MD, Lan X, Zhu J, Zhu R, Weng Y, Li YL, Phillips DL. Influence of Water in the Photogeneration and Properties of a Bifunctional Quinone Methide. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:11132-11141. [PMID: 27723330 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b08705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Quinone methides (QM) are crucial reactive species in molecular biology and organic chemistry, with little known regarding the mechanism(s) for the generation of short-lived reactive QM intermediates from relevant precursors in aqueous solutions. In this study, several time-resolved spectroscopy methods were used to directly examine the photophysics and photochemical pathways of 1,1'-(2,2'-dihydroxy-1,1'-binaphthyl-6,6'-diyl)bis(N,N,N-trimethylmethanaminium) bromide (BQMP-b) from initial photoexcitation to the generation of the key reactive binol QM intermediate (BQM) in aqueous solution. The fluorescence of BQMP-b is effectively quenched with a small amount of water, which suggests an excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) occurs. The kinetics isotope effects observed in femtosecond and nanosecond time-resolved transient absorption experiments provide evidence for the participation of water molecules in the BQMP-b singlet excited state ESIPT process and in the subsequent -HNMe3+ group release and ground state intramolecular proton transfer that give rise to production of the reactive BQM intermediate. Nanosecond time-resolved resonance Raman (ns-TR3) measurements were also employed to investigate the structure and properties of several intermediates, including the key reactive BQM in aqueous solution. The ns-TR3 and density functional theory (DFT) computational results were compared, and this indicates the binol moiety and water molecules both have important roles in the characteristics and structure of the key reactive BQM intermediate produced from BQMP-b. The results presented here also provide new benchmark characterization of bifunctional quinone methide intermediates that can be utilized to guide direct time-resolved spectroscopic study of the alkylation and interstrand cross-linking reactions of quinone methides with DNA in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Du
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong S.A.R., P. R. China
| | - Xiting Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong S.A.R., P. R. China
| | - Jiadan Xue
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - WenJian Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University , Meishan Road 81, Hefei 230032, P.R. China
| | - Ming-De Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong S.A.R., P. R. China
| | - Xin Lan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong S.A.R., P. R. China
| | - Jiangrui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Ruixue Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong S.A.R., P. R. China
| | - Yuxiang Weng
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Liang Li
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - David Lee Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong S.A.R., P. R. China
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42
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Wang Y, Lin Z, Fan H, Peng X. Photoinduced DNA Interstrand Cross-Link Formation by Naphthalene Boronates via a Carbocation. Chemistry 2016; 22:10382-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Wisconsin Milwaukee; 3210 N. Cramer St. Milwaukee WI 53211 USA
| | - Zechao Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Wisconsin Milwaukee; 3210 N. Cramer St. Milwaukee WI 53211 USA
| | - Heli Fan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Wisconsin Milwaukee; 3210 N. Cramer St. Milwaukee WI 53211 USA
| | - Xiaohua Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Wisconsin Milwaukee; 3210 N. Cramer St. Milwaukee WI 53211 USA
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43
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Wang Y, Liu S, Lin Z, Fan Y, Wang Y, Peng X. Photochemical Generation of Benzyl Cations That Selectively Cross-Link Guanine and Cytosine in DNA. Org Lett 2016; 18:2544-7. [PMID: 27191599 PMCID: PMC5609456 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b00755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UV irradiation of several aryl boronates efficiently produced bifunctional benzyl cations that selectively form guanine-cytosine cross-links in DNA. Photoinduced homolysis of the C-Br bond took place with the aryl boronate bromides 3a and 4a, generating free radicals that were oxidized to benzyl cations via electron transfer. However, photoirradiation of the quaternary ammonium salts 3b and 4b led to heterolysis of C-N bond, directly producing benzyl cations. The electron-donating group in the aromatic ring greatly enhanced cross-linking efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Shuo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - Zechao Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Yukai Fan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Yinsheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - Xiaohua Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
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Sato N, Tsuji G, Sasaki Y, Usami A, Moki T, Onizuka K, Yamada K, Nagatsugi F. A new strategy for site-specific alkylation of DNA using oligonucleotides containing an abasic site and alkylating probes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 51:14885-8. [PMID: 26304997 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc03915k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Selective chemical reactions with DNA, such as its labelling, are very useful in many applications. In this paper, we discuss a new strategy for the selective alkylation of DNA using an oligonucleotide containing an abasic site and alkylating probes. We designed three probes consisting of 2-AVP as a reactive moiety and three kinds of binding moiety with high affinity to duplex DNA. Among these probes, Hoechst-AVP probe exhibited high selectivity and efficient reactivity to thymine bases at the site opposite an abasic site in DNA. Our method is potentially useful for inducing site-directed reactions aimed at inhibiting polymerase reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiro Sato
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai-shi, 980-8577, Japan.
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45
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Doria F, Lena A, Bargiggia R, Freccero M. Conjugation, Substituent, and Solvent Effects on the Photogeneration of Quinone Methides. J Org Chem 2016; 81:3665-73. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Doria
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Pavia, V.le Taramelli
10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Alberto Lena
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Pavia, V.le Taramelli
10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Bargiggia
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Pavia, V.le Taramelli
10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Mauro Freccero
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Pavia, V.le Taramelli
10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Kralj M, Uzelac L, Wang YH, Wan P, Tireli M, Mlinarić-Majerski K, Piantanida I, Basarić N. Enhancement of antiproliferative activity by phototautomerization of anthrylphenols. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2016; 14:1082-92. [PMID: 25850014 DOI: 10.1039/c5pp00099h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
An antiproliferative investigation was conducted on 3 human cancer cell lines, HCT 116 (colon), MCF-7 (breast), and H 460 (lung), on a series of 4 anthrylphenols in the dark and upon exposure to light (350 nm). 9-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)anthracene (1) moderately inhibited proliferation, but irradiation considerably enhanced the effect. The other anthracenes 4–6 exhibited antiproliferative activity in the dark, which was not enhanced upon irradiation. The enhancement of the antiproliferative effect on the irradiation of 1 was rationalized as being due to the formation of quinone methide (QM 2) by excited state proton transfer. QM 2 acts as an electrophilic species capable of reacting with biological molecules. Although QM 2 reacts with nucleotides, the adducts could not be isolated. On the contrary, cysteine adduct 8 was isolated and characterized, whereas the adducts with glycine, serine and tripeptide glutathione were characterized by MS. Non-covalent binding of 1 to DNA and bovine serum albumin was demonstrated by UV-vis, fluorescence and CD spectroscopy. However, a straightforward conclusion regarding the DNA or protein alkylating (damaging) ability of 2 could not be drawn. The results obtained by the irradiation of 1 in the presence of DNA, amino acids and peptides, cell cycle perturbation analysis, and in vitro translation of GFP suggest that the effect is not only due to the damage of DNA but also due to the impact on the cellular proteins. Considering that to date all QM agents were assumed to target DNA dominantly, this is an important finding with an impact on the further development of anticancer agents based on QMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijeta Kralj
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Cao Y, Pan R, Xuan W, Wei Y, Liu K, Zhou J, Wang W. Photo-triggered fluorescent theranostic prodrugs as DNA alkylating agents for mechlorethamine release and spatiotemporal monitoring. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 13:6742-8. [PMID: 25997534 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00500k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We describe a new theranostic strategy for selective delivery and spatiotemporal monitoring of mechlorethamine, a DNA alkylating agent. A photo-responsive prodrug is designed and composed of a photolabile o-nitrophenylethyl group, a DNA alkylating mechlorethamine drug and a coumarin fluorophore. Masking of the "N" in mechlorethamine in a positively charged state in the prodrug renders it inactive, non-toxic, selective and non-fluorescent. Indeed, the stable prodrug shows negligible cytotoxicity towards normal cells with and without UV activation and is completely non-fluorescent. However, upon photo-irradiation, the active mechlorethamine is released and induces efficient DNA cross-links, accompanied by a strong fluorescence enhancement (152 fold). Furthermore, DNA cross-linking activity from the release can be transformed into anticancer activity observed in in vitro studies of tumor cells. Importantly, the drug release progress and the movement can be conveniently monitored by fluorescence spectroscopy. The mechanistic study proves that the DNA cross-linking activity is mainly due to the release of DNA alkylating mechlorethamine. Altogether, the studies show the power of the theranostic strategy for efficient therapy in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-000, USA.
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48
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Glucose-derived spiro-isoxazolines are anti-hyperglycemic agents against type 2 diabetes through glycogen phosphorylase inhibition. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 108:444-454. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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49
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Lukeman M, Simon H, Wan P, Wang YH. Photocyclization and Photoaddition Reactions of Arylphenols via Intermediate Quinone Methides. J Org Chem 2015; 80:11281-93. [PMID: 26496171 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A series of five benzannelated derivatives of 2-phenylphenol were prepared, and their photochemistry was investigated. Two of these (3-phenyl-2-naphthol, 10, and 1-phenyl-2-naphthol, 11) were photoinert. For 2-(1-naphthyl)phenol (12) and 1-(1-naphthyl)-2-naphthol (13), ESPT took place to either the 2'-position or the 7'-position of the naphthalene ring to give quinone methides (QMs) that underwent either reverse proton transfer (RPT) or electrocyclic ring closure to give dihydrobenzoxanthenes. The intermediate QMs for 12 and 13 were detected and characterized by laser flash photolysis. For 2-(9-phenanthryl)phenol (14), ESPT took place either to the 5'-position to give a QM that underwent quantitative electrocyclic ring closure to give the corresponding benzoxanthene or to the 10'-position to give a QM that underwent RPT. If the solution contained methanol, the QM produced on ESPT to the 10'-position in 14 could be trapped as the photoaddition product. The compounds studied in this work demonstrate three possible reactions of QMs produced following ESPT to aromatic carbon atoms: (1) reverse proton transfer (RPT) to regenerate starting material; (2) addition of hydroxylic solvents to give the photoaddition product; and (3) electrocyclic ring closure to give benzoxanthene derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Lukeman
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University , 6 University Ave., Wolfville, NS, B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Hilary Simon
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University , 6 University Ave., Wolfville, NS, B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Peter Wan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria , Box 3065 Stn CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 3V6, Canada
| | - Yu-Hsuan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria , Box 3065 Stn CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 3V6, Canada
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50
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Škalamera Đ, Bohne C, Landgraf S, Basarić N. Photodeamination Reaction Mechanism in Aminomethyl p-Cresol Derivatives: Different Reactivity of Amines and Ammonium Salts. J Org Chem 2015; 80:10817-28. [PMID: 26461794 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Derivatives of p-cresol 1-4 were synthesized, and their photochemical reactivity, acid-base, and photophysical properties were investigated. The photoreactivity of amines 1 and 3 is different from that for the corresponding ammonium salts 2 and 4. All compounds have low fluorescence quantum yields because the excited states undergo deamination reactions, and for all cresols the formation of quinone methides (QMs) was observed by laser flash photolysis. The reactivity observed is a consequence of the higher acidity of the S1 states of these p-cresols and the ability for excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) to occur in the case of 1 and 3, but not for salts 2 and 4. In aqueous solvent, deamination depends largely on the prototropic form of the molecule. The most efficient deamination takes place when monoamine is in the zwitterionic form (pH 9-11) or diamine is in the monocationic form (pH 7-9). QM1, QM3, and QM4 react with nucleophiles, and QM1 exhibits a shorter lifetime when formed from 1 (τ in CH3CN = 5 ms) than from 2 (τ in CH3CN = 200 ms) due to the reaction with eliminated dimethylamine, which acts as a nucleophile in the case of QM1. Bifunctional QM4 undergoes two types of reactions with nucleophiles, giving adducts or new QM species. The mechanistic diversity uncovered is of significance to biological systems, such as for the use of bifunctional QMs to achieve DNA cross-linking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Đani Škalamera
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute , Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Cornelia Bohne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria , Box 3065 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 3 V6, Canada
| | - Stephan Landgraf
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology , Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Nikola Basarić
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute , Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
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