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Itoh S. Impressive Experiences Encountered in the Development from Bioorganic Chemistry Research to Bioinorganic Chemistry Research. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2022. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.80.697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Itoh
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University
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2
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Kampatsikas I, Rompel A. Similar but Still Different: Which Amino Acid Residues Are Responsible for Varying Activities in Type-III Copper Enzymes? Chembiochem 2021; 22:1161-1175. [PMID: 33108057 PMCID: PMC8049008 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Type-III copper enzymes like polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) are ubiquitous among organisms and play a significant role in the formation of pigments. PPOs comprise different enzyme groups, including tyrosinases (TYRs) and catechol oxidases (COs). TYRs catalyze the o-hydroxylation of monophenols and the oxidation of o-diphenols to the corresponding o-quinones (EC 1.14.18.1). In contrast, COs only catalyze the oxidation of o-diphenols to the corresponding o-quinones (EC 1.10.3.1). To date (August 2020), 102 PDB entries encompassing 18 different proteins from 16 organisms and several mutants have been reported, identifying key residues for tyrosinase activity. The structural similarity between TYRs and COs, especially within and around the active center, complicates the elucidation of their modes of action on a structural basis. However, mutagenesis studies illuminate residues that influence the two activities and show that crystallography on its own cannot elucidate the enzymatic activity mode. Several amino acid residues around the dicopper active center have been proposed to play an essential role in the two different activities. Herein, we critically review the role of all residues identified so far that putatively affect the two activities of PPOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Kampatsikas
- Universität WienFakultät für ChemieInstitut für Biophysikalische ChemieAlthanstraße 141090WienAustria
| | - Annette Rompel
- Universität WienFakultät für ChemieInstitut für Biophysikalische ChemieAlthanstraße 141090WienAustria
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Fujieda N, Umakoshi K, Ochi Y, Nishikawa Y, Yanagisawa S, Kubo M, Kurisu G, Itoh S. Copper–Oxygen Dynamics in the Tyrosinase Mechanism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:13385-13390. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202004733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Fujieda
- Department of Applied Life Sciences Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences Osaka Prefecture University 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai-shi Osaka 599-8531 Japan
| | - Kyohei Umakoshi
- Department of Material and Life Science Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yuta Ochi
- Department of Applied Life Sciences Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences Osaka Prefecture University 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai-shi Osaka 599-8531 Japan
| | - Yosuke Nishikawa
- Institute for Protein Research Osaka University 3-2 Yamada-oka, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Sachiko Yanagisawa
- Graduate School of Life Science University of Hyogo 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun Hyogo 678-1297 Japan
| | - Minoru Kubo
- Graduate School of Life Science University of Hyogo 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun Hyogo 678-1297 Japan
| | - Genji Kurisu
- Institute for Protein Research Osaka University 3-2 Yamada-oka, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Shinobu Itoh
- Department of Material and Life Science Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
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4
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Fujieda N, Umakoshi K, Ochi Y, Nishikawa Y, Yanagisawa S, Kubo M, Kurisu G, Itoh S. Copper–Oxygen Dynamics in the Tyrosinase Mechanism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202004733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Fujieda
- Department of Applied Life Sciences Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences Osaka Prefecture University 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai-shi Osaka 599-8531 Japan
| | - Kyohei Umakoshi
- Department of Material and Life Science Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yuta Ochi
- Department of Applied Life Sciences Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences Osaka Prefecture University 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai-shi Osaka 599-8531 Japan
| | - Yosuke Nishikawa
- Institute for Protein Research Osaka University 3-2 Yamada-oka, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Sachiko Yanagisawa
- Graduate School of Life Science University of Hyogo 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun Hyogo 678-1297 Japan
| | - Minoru Kubo
- Graduate School of Life Science University of Hyogo 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun Hyogo 678-1297 Japan
| | - Genji Kurisu
- Institute for Protein Research Osaka University 3-2 Yamada-oka, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Shinobu Itoh
- Department of Material and Life Science Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
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5
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Fujieda N. His-Cys and Trp-Cys cross-links generated by post-translational chemical modification. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 84:445-454. [PMID: 31771431 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2019.1696178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Galactose oxidase and amine oxidase contain a cofactor which is generated by post-translational chemical modification to the corresponding amino acid side chains near the copper active center. Such cofactors provide proteins unusual catalytic ability that canonical amino acids cannot exert as well as their structural stability, and thereby are called as protein-derived cofactors. These cofactors and modifications are mostly derived from aromatic amino acid residues, especially Tyr, Trp, and His. Current information about unusual cofactors derived from two of those, heteroaromatic residues (Trp and His) is summarized, especially chemical properties and maturation process of the cross-links between cysteine and heteroaromatic amino acids (His-Cys and Trp-Cys cross-links).Abbreviations: FMN: flavin mononucleotide; FAD: flavin adenine nucleotide; RNA: ribonucleic acid; PDC: protein-derived cofactor; GFP: green fluorescent protein; MIO: 3,5-dihydro-5-methylidene-4-imidazol-4-one; LTQ: lysyl tyrosylquinone; CTQ: cysteine tryptophylquinone; TTQ: tryptophan tryptophylquinone; E.coli: Escherichia coli; WT: wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Fujieda
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
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6
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Krug R, Schröder D, Gebauer J, Suljić S, Morimoto Y, Fujieda N, Itoh S, Pietruszka J. Tyrosinases in Organic Chemistry: A Versatile Tool for the α-Arylation of β-Dicarbonyl Compounds. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne Krug
- Institut für Bioorganische Chemie; Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf located at the Forschungszentrum Jülich; 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Dennis Schröder
- Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften (IBG-1: Biotechnologie); Forschungszentrum Jülich; 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Jan Gebauer
- Department of Material and Life Science; Division of Advanced Science and Biotechnology; Osaka University; 2-1 Yamada-oka 565-0871 Suita Osaka Japan
| | - Sanel Suljić
- Institut für Bioorganische Chemie; Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf located at the Forschungszentrum Jülich; 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Yuma Morimoto
- Department of Material and Life Science; Division of Advanced Science and Biotechnology; Osaka University; 2-1 Yamada-oka 565-0871 Suita Osaka Japan
| | - Nobutaka Fujieda
- Department of Material and Life Science; Division of Advanced Science and Biotechnology; Osaka University; 2-1 Yamada-oka 565-0871 Suita Osaka Japan
| | - Shinobu Itoh
- Department of Material and Life Science; Division of Advanced Science and Biotechnology; Osaka University; 2-1 Yamada-oka 565-0871 Suita Osaka Japan
| | - Jörg Pietruszka
- Institut für Bioorganische Chemie; Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf located at the Forschungszentrum Jülich; 52425 Jülich Germany
- Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften (IBG-1: Biotechnologie); Forschungszentrum Jülich; 52425 Jülich Germany
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7
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Matsuo T, Kono T, Shobu I, Ishida M, Gonda K, Hirota S. Global Structural Flexibility of Metalloproteins Regulates Reactivity of Transition Metal Ion in the Protein Core: An Experimental Study Using Thiol-subtilisin as a Model Protein. Chemistry 2018; 24:2767-2775. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Matsuo
- Graduate School of Materials Science; Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST); 8916-5 Takayama-cho Ikoma Nara 630-0192 Japan
| | - Takamasa Kono
- Graduate School of Materials Science; Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST); 8916-5 Takayama-cho Ikoma Nara 630-0192 Japan
| | - Isamu Shobu
- Graduate School of Materials Science; Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST); 8916-5 Takayama-cho Ikoma Nara 630-0192 Japan
| | - Masaya Ishida
- Graduate School of Materials Science; Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST); 8916-5 Takayama-cho Ikoma Nara 630-0192 Japan
| | - Katsuya Gonda
- Graduate School of Materials Science; Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST); 8916-5 Takayama-cho Ikoma Nara 630-0192 Japan
| | - Shun Hirota
- Graduate School of Materials Science; Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST); 8916-5 Takayama-cho Ikoma Nara 630-0192 Japan
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8
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Matoba Y, Kihara S, Muraki Y, Bando N, Yoshitsu H, Kuroda T, Sakaguchi M, Kayama K, Tai H, Hirota S, Ogura T, Sugiyama M. Activation Mechanism of the Streptomyces Tyrosinase Assisted by the Caddie Protein. Biochemistry 2017; 56:5593-5603. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Matoba
- Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Shogo Kihara
- Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Muraki
- Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Naohiko Bando
- Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Hironari Yoshitsu
- Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Teruo Kuroda
- Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Miyuki Sakaguchi
- Picobiology
Institute, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, RSC-UH Leading Program Center, Koto 1-1-1, Koto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Kure’e Kayama
- Picobiology
Institute, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, RSC-UH Leading Program Center, Koto 1-1-1, Koto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Hulin Tai
- Graduate
School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama,
Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Shun Hirota
- Graduate
School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama,
Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Takashi Ogura
- Picobiology
Institute, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, RSC-UH Leading Program Center, Koto 1-1-1, Koto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Masanori Sugiyama
- Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
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9
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Quist DA, Diaz DE, Liu JJ, Karlin KD. Activation of dioxygen by copper metalloproteins and insights from model complexes. J Biol Inorg Chem 2017; 22:253-288. [PMID: 27921179 PMCID: PMC5600896 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-016-1415-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nature uses dioxygen as a key oxidant in the transformation of biomolecules. Among the enzymes that are utilized for these reactions are copper-containing metalloenzymes, which are responsible for important biological functions such as the regulation of neurotransmitters, dioxygen transport, and cellular respiration. Enzymatic and model system studies work in tandem in order to gain an understanding of the fundamental reductive activation of dioxygen by copper complexes. This review covers the most recent advancements in the structures, spectroscopy, and reaction mechanisms for dioxygen-activating copper proteins and relevant synthetic models thereof. An emphasis has also been placed on cofactor biogenesis, a fundamentally important process whereby biomolecules are post-translationally modified by the pro-enzyme active site to generate cofactors which are essential for the catalytic enzymatic reaction. Significant questions remaining in copper-ion-mediated O2-activation in copper proteins are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Quist
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Daniel E Diaz
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Kenneth D Karlin
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
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10
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Fujieda N, Itoh S. Controlling Dicopper Protein Functions. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2016. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20150444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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11
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Xiao Y, Zhai Q, Wang G, Liu X, Zhao J, Tian F, Zhang H, Chen W. Metabolomics analysis reveals heavy metal copper-induced cytotoxicity in HT-29 human colon cancer cells. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra09320e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
LC-MS based metabolomics analysis reveals heavy metal copper-induced cytotoxicity in a human intestinal cell line, HT-29.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- People's Republic of China
| | - Qixiao Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- People's Republic of China
| | - Fengwei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- People's Republic of China
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12
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D'Souza F, Imahori H. Preface — Special Issue in Honor of Professor Shunichi Fukuzumi. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2015. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424615020010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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Novel cytotoxic nine-membered macrocyclic polysulfur cembranoid lactones from the soft coral Sinularia sp. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Solomon EI, Heppner DE, Johnston EM, Ginsbach JW, Cirera J, Qayyum M, Kieber-Emmons MT, Kjaergaard CH, Hadt RG, Tian L. Copper active sites in biology. Chem Rev 2014; 114:3659-853. [PMID: 24588098 PMCID: PMC4040215 DOI: 10.1021/cr400327t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1135] [Impact Index Per Article: 113.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - David E. Heppner
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | | | - Jake W. Ginsbach
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Jordi Cirera
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Munzarin Qayyum
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | | | | | - Ryan G. Hadt
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
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15
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Asahi M, Yamazaki SI, Itoh S, Ioroi T. Electrochemical reduction of dioxygen by copper complexes with pyridylalkylamine ligands dissolved in aqueous buffer solution: the relationship between activity and redox potential. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:10705-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt00606b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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16
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Fujieda N, Yabuta S, Ikeda T, Oyama T, Muraki N, Kurisu G, Itoh S. Crystal structures of copper-depleted and copper-bound fungal pro-tyrosinase: insights into endogenous cysteine-dependent copper incorporation. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:22128-40. [PMID: 23749993 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.477612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase, a dinuclear copper monooxygenase/oxidase, plays a crucial role in the melanin pigment biosynthesis. The structure and functions of tyrosinase have so far been studied extensively, but the post-translational maturation process from the pro-form to the active form has been less explored. In this study, we provide the crystal structures of Aspergillus oryzae full-length pro-tyrosinase in the holo- and the apo-forms at 1.39 and 2.05 Å resolution, respectively, revealing that Phe(513) on the C-terminal domain is accommodated in the substrate-binding site as a substrate analog to protect the dicopper active site from substrate access (proteolytic cleavage of the C-terminal domain or deformation of the C-terminal domain by acid treatment transforms the pro-tyrosinase to the active enzyme (Fujieda, N., Murata, M., Yabuta, S., Ikeda, T., Shimokawa, C., Nakamura, Y., Hata, Y., and Itoh, S. (2012) ChemBioChem. 13, 193-201 and Fujieda, N., Murata, M., Yabuta, S., Ikeda, T., Shimokawa, C., Nakamura, Y., Hata, Yl, and Itoh, S. (2013) J. Biol. Inorg. Chem. 18, 19-26). Detailed crystallographic analysis and structure-based mutational studies have shown that the copper incorporation into the active site is governed by three cysteines as follows: Cys(92), which is covalently bound to His(94) via an unusual thioether linkage in the holo-form, and Cys(522) and Cys(525) of the CXXC motif located on the C-terminal domain. Molecular mechanisms of the maturation processes of fungal tyrosinase involving the accommodation of the dinuclear copper unit, the post-translational His-Cys thioether cross-linkage formation, and the proteolytic C-terminal cleavage to produce the active tyrosinase have been discussed on the basis of the detailed structural information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Fujieda
- Department of Material and Life Science, Division of Advanced Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Abstract
Methylamine dehydrogenase (MADH) requires the cofactor tryptophan tryptophylquinone (TTQ) for activity. TTQ is a posttranslational modification that results from an 8-electron oxidation of two specific tryptophans in the MADH β-subunit. The final 6-electron oxidation is catalyzed by an unusual c-type di-heme enzyme, MauG. The di-ferric enzyme can react with H(2)O(2), but atypically for c-type hemes the di-ferrous enzyme can react with O(2) as well. In both cases, an unprecedented bis-Fe(IV) redox state is formed, composed of a ferryl heme (Fe(IV)=O) with the second heme as Fe(IV) stabilized by His-Tyr axial ligation. Bis-Fe(IV) MauG acts as a potent 2-electron oxidant. Catalysis is long-range and requires a hole hopping electron transfer mechanism. This review highlights the current knowledge and focus of research into this fascinating system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie M Wilmot
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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18
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Fujieda N, Murata M, Yabuta S, Ikeda T, Shimokawa C, Nakamura Y, Hata Y, Itoh S. Activation mechanism of melB tyrosinase from Aspergillus oryzae by acidic treatment. J Biol Inorg Chem 2012; 18:19-26. [PMID: 23053534 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-012-0945-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The pro form of recombinant tyrosinase from Aspergillus oryzae (melB) shows no catalytic activity, but acid treatment (around pH 3.5) of protyrosinase activates it to induce tyrosinase activity. Circular dichroism spectra, gel filtration analysis, and colorimetric assay have indicated that acid treatment around pH 3.5 induced the disruption of the conformation of the C-terminal domain covering the enzyme active site. These structural changes induced by the acid treatment may open the entrance to the enzyme active site for substrate incorporation. To compare the mechanism of hydroxylation by the acid-treated tyrosinase with that by trypsin-treated tyrosinase, a detailed steady-state kinetic analysis of the phenolase activity was performed by monitoring the O(2)-consumption rate using a Clark-type oxygen electrode. The results clearly show that the phenolase activity (phenol hydroxylation) of the activated tyrosinase involves an electrophilic aromatic substitution mechanism as in the case of mushroom tyrosinase (Yamazaki and Itoh in J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125:13034-13035, 2003) and activated hemocyanin with urea (Morioka et al. in J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128:6788-6789, 2006).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Fujieda
- Division of Advanced Science and Biotechnology, Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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Fujieda N, Hasegawa A, Ishihama KI, Itoh S. Artificial Dicopper Oxidase: Rational Reprogramming of Bacterial Metallo-β-lactamase into a Catechol Oxidase. Chem Asian J 2012; 7:1203-7. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201101014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Martinie RJ, Godakumbura PI, Porter EG, Divakaran A, Burkhart BJ, Wertz JT, Benson DE. Identifying proteins that can form tyrosine-cysteine crosslinks. Metallomics 2012; 4:1037-42, 1008. [DOI: 10.1039/c2mt20093g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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21
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Fujieda N, Murata M, Yabuta S, Ikeda T, Shimokawa C, Nakamura Y, Hata Y, Itoh S. Multifunctions of MelB, a fungal tyrosinase from Aspergillus oryzae. Chembiochem 2011; 13:193-201. [PMID: 22213164 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The pro form of melB tyrosinase from the melB gene of Aspergillus oryzae was over-produced from E. coli and formed a homodimer that exhibited the spectral features of met-tyrosinase. In the presence of NH(2)OH (reductant), the proenzyme bound dioxygen to give a stable (μ-η(2):η(2) -peroxo)dicopper(II) species (oxy form), thus indicating that the pro form tyrosinase can function as an oxygen carrier or storage protein like hemocyanin. The pro form tyrosinase itself showed no catalytic activity toward external substrates, but proteolytic digestion with trypsin activated it to induce tyrosinase activity. Mass spectroscopy analyses, mutagenesis experiments, and colorimetry assays have demonstrated that the tryptic digestion induced cleavage of the C-terminal domain (Glu458-Ala616), although the dimeric structure of the enzyme was retained. The structural changes induced by proteolytic digestion might open the entrance to the enzyme active site for substrate incorporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Fujieda
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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Scharf DH, Remme N, Habel A, Chankhamjon P, Scherlach K, Heinekamp T, Hortschansky P, Brakhage AA, Hertweck C. A dedicated glutathione S-transferase mediates carbon-sulfur bond formation in gliotoxin biosynthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:12322-5. [PMID: 21749092 DOI: 10.1021/ja201311d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Gliotoxin is a virulence factor of the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus , the leading cause of invasive aspergillosis. Its toxicity is mediated by the unusual transannular disulfide bridge of the epidithiodiketopiperazine (ETP) scaffold. Here we disclose the critical role of a specialized glutathione S-transferase (GST), GliG, in enzymatic sulfurization. Furthermore, we show that bishydroxylation of the diketopiperazine by the oxygenase GliC is a prerequisite for glutathione adduct formation. This is the first report of the involvement of a GST in enzymatic C-S bond formation in microbial secondary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Scharf
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
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