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Guo J, Du F, Yu B, Du P, Li H, Zhang J, Xin H. Heptacyclic aromatic hydrocarbon isomers with two azulene units fused. Chem Sci 2024; 15:12589-12597. [PMID: 39118621 PMCID: PMC11304730 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02566k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Azulene, known for its unique electronic properties and structural asymmetry, serves as a promising building block for the design of novel non-benzenoid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Herein, we present the synthesis, characterization, and physical properties of three diazulene-fused heptacyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 8,17-dioctyldiazuleno[2,1-a:2',1'-h]anthracene (trans configuration), 16,18-dioctyldiazuleno[2,1-a:1',2'-j]anthracene (cis configuration) and 3,18-dioctyldiazuleno[2,1-a:1',2'-i]phenanthrene (zigzag configuration). Three compounds are configurational isomers with different fusing patterns of aromatic rings. All three isomers exhibit pronounced aromaticity, as revealed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. They exhibit characteristics of both azulene and benzenoid PAHs and are much more stable than their all-benzene analogues. The optical and electrochemical properties of these three isomers were investigated through UV-vis absorption spectra and cyclic voltammetry, revealing distinct behaviors influenced by their molecular configurations. Furthermore, the isomer in trans configuration exhibits promising semiconducting properties with a hole mobility of up to 0.22 cm2 V-1 s-1, indicating its potential in organic electronics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwen Guo
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University 201800 Shanghai China
| | - Fangxin Du
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University 201800 Shanghai China
| | - Bo Yu
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University 201800 Shanghai China
| | - Pengcheng Du
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University 201800 Shanghai China
| | - Haoyuan Li
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University 201800 Shanghai China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University 201800 Shanghai China
| | - Hanshen Xin
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University 201800 Shanghai China
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2
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Hatakenaka R, Nishikawa N, Mikata Y, Aoyama H, Yamashita K, Shiota Y, Yoshizawa K, Kawasaki Y, Tomooka K, Kamijo S, Tani F, Murafuji T. Efficient Synthesis and Structural Analysis of Chiral 4,4'-Biazulene. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400098. [PMID: 38376431 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
4,4'-Biazulene is a potentially attractive key component of an axially chiral biaryl compound, however, its structure and properties have not been clarified owing to the lack of its efficient synthesis. We report a breakthrough in the reliable synthesis of 4,4'-biazulene, which is achieved by the access to azulen-4-ylboronic acid pinacol ester and 4-iodoazulene as novel key synthetic intermediates for the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction. The X-ray crystallographic analysis of 4,4'-biazulene confirmed its axial chirality. The enantiomers of 4,4'-biazulene were successfully resolved by HPLC on the chiral stationary phase column. The kinetic experiments and DFT calculations indicate that the racemization energy barrier of 4,4'-biazulene is comparable to that of 1,1'-binaphthyl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoji Hatakenaka
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753-8512, Japan
| | - Nanami Nishikawa
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753-8512, Japan
| | - Yuji Mikata
- Laboratory for Molecular & Functional Design, Department of Engineering, Nara Women's University, Nara, 630-8506, Japan
| | - Hiroki Aoyama
- Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kohsuke Yamashita
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Shiota
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yuuya Kawasaki
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka, 816-8580, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Tomooka
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka, 816-8580, Japan
| | - Shin Kamijo
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753-8512, Japan
| | - Fumito Tani
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Murafuji
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753-8512, Japan
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Gao H, Yao Y, Li C, Zhang J, Yu H, Yang X, Shen J, Liu Q, Xu R, Gao X, Ding D. Fused Azulenyl Squaraine Derivatives Improve Phototheranostics in the Second Near-Infrared Window by Concentrating Excited State Energy on Non-Radiative Decay Pathways. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400372. [PMID: 38445354 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The second near-infrared (NIR-II) theranostics offer new opportunities for precise disease phototheranostic due to the enhanced tissue penetration and higher maximum permissible exposure of NIR-II light. However, traditional regimens lacking effective NIR-II absorption and uncontrollable excited-state energy decay pathways often result in insufficient theranostic outcomes. Herein a phototheranostic nano-agent (PS-1 NPs) based on azulenyl squaraine derivatives with a strong NIR-II absorption band centered at 1092 nm is reported, allowing almost all absorbed excitation energy to dissipate through non-radiative decay pathways, leading to high photothermal conversion efficiency (90.98 %) and strong photoacoustic response. Both in vitro and in vivo photoacoustic/photothermal therapy results demonstrate enhanced deep tissue cancer theranostic performance of PS-1 NPs. Even in the 5 mm deep-seated tumor model, PS-1 NPs demonstrated a satisfactory anti-tumor effect in photoacoustic imaging-guided photothermal therapy. Moreover, for the human extracted tooth root canal infection model, the synergistic outcomes of the photothermal effect of PS-1 NPs and 0.5 % NaClO solution resulted in therapeutic efficacy comparable to the clinical gold standard irrigation agent 5.25 % NaClO, opening up possibilities for the expansion of NIR-II theranostic agents in oral medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heqi Gao
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for AIE Research, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, P.R. China
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Engineering & Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P.R. China
| | - Yiming Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Cong Li
- Central Laboratory of Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nankai University, Tianjin, 300041, P.R. China
| | - Jingtian Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Engineering & Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P.R. China
| | - Haoyun Yu
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodi Yang
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Jing Shen
- Central Laboratory of Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nankai University, Tianjin, 300041, P.R. China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Urology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, 300192, P.R. China
| | - Ruitong Xu
- Department of Geriatric Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, P.R. China
| | - Xike Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Dan Ding
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Engineering & Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P.R. China
- Central Laboratory of Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nankai University, Tianjin, 300041, P.R. China
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Debnath P, Ahmed R, Manna AK. Molecular-Scale Design of Azulene-Based Triplet Photosensitizers: Insights from Time-Dependent Optimally Tuned Range-Separated Hybrid. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:10016-10024. [PMID: 37950697 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c05688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Metal-free triplet photosensitizers are ubiquitous in photocatalysis, photodynamic therapy, photovoltaics, and so forth. Their photosensitization efficiency strongly depends on the ability of the low-lying excited spin-triplet to be populated through intersystem crossing. Small singlet-triplet gaps and considerable spin-orbit coupling between the excited spin-singlet and spin-triplet facilitate efficient intersystem crossing. Azulene (Az), a classic example of Anti-Kasha's blue emitter with considerable fluorescence quantum yield, holds great promise because of its chemical stability, rich electronic properties, and high structural rigidity. Here, we provide computationally modeled Az-derived photosensitizers, namely, Az-CHO and Az-CHS, implementing polarization consistent time-dependent optimally tuned range-separated hybrid. Calculations reveal energetic reordering of low-lying ππ* and nπ* singlet states between Az-CHO and Az-CHS and, thereby, rendering the latter to a nonfluorescent one. Importantly, a small singlet-triplet gap and large spin-orbit coupling for Az-CHX with X = O and S produce remarkably high intersystem crossing rates. Furthermore, strong nonadiabatic coupling between the S1(nπ*) and S2(ππ*) in Az-CHS due to substantially smaller energy gap causes enhanced S1 population via fast internal conversion. These research findings provide new insights into the development of functional Az and or related heavy-atom-free small organic molecule-based triplet photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prantic Debnath
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Tirupati, A.P517619 ,India
| | - Raka Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Tirupati, A.P517619 ,India
| | - Arun K Manna
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Tirupati, A.P517619 ,India
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5
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Yang CC, Su X, Zheng QZ, Chen J, Tian WQ, Li WQ, Yang L. The search for a maximum of the D-π-A paradigm for second order nonlinear optical molecular materials. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:31481-31492. [PMID: 37962477 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03756h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Push-pull π-conjugated molecules are one of the paradigms of second order nonlinear optical (NLO) materials and have been extensively explored. However, high-performance second order NLO materials with an optimum electron donor (D), π-bridge (π) and acceptor (A) under this paradigm are still the most sought-after. In the present work, D-π-A molecules with optimal D, π and A combination for strong second order NLO properties are proposed based on molecular orbital theories. The optimal D-π-A push-pull molecule achieves an unprecedentedly strong NLO response under the D-π-A paradigm, i.e., the static first hyperpolarizability reaches -453.92 × 10-30 esu per heavy atom using azulene as part of the π-bridge and acceptor to synergistically reinforce the strength of the acceptor. The protocols of D-π-A NLO molecule design through frontier molecular orbital matching of D, π and A with optimal combination of electron donating and accepting strengths shed light on future molecular NLO materials exploration. The simulated two-dimensional second order spectra provide useful information (e.g., sum frequency generation) on the applications of those D-π-A push-pull molecules in nonlinear optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Cui Yang
- College of Science, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China.
| | - Xiao Su
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China.
| | - Qi-Zheng Zheng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China.
| | - Jiu Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China.
| | - Wei Quan Tian
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China.
| | - Wei-Qi Li
- Department of Physics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
- Technology Innovation Center of Materials and Devices at Extreme Environment, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, P. R. China
| | - Ling Yang
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Jinlian Street, Wenzhou 325001, China.
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Tsuchiya T, Higashibeppu M, Mazaki Y. Synthesis and Properties of Twisted and Helical Azulene Oligomers and Azulene-Based Polycyclic Hydrocarbons. ChemistryOpen 2023; 12:e202100298. [PMID: 37195257 PMCID: PMC10661833 DOI: 10.1002/open.202100298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The construction of 1,2-position-connected azulene oligomers was achieved. In the crystal packing structure of the terazulene, two molecules of (Ra )- and (Sa )-configurations formed a pair. Variable temperature NMR measurements and theoretical calculations of the quaterazulene suggest that the helical and syn-type structure with terminal azulene overlap is more stable. Two kinds of fused terazulenes (1,2''-closed and 1,8''-closed) were also synthesized by intramolecular Pd-catalyzed C-H/C-Br arylation of the terazulene moieties. X-ray structure analysis of 1,2''-closed terazulene revealed a planar structure, while an analysis of 1,8''-closed terazulene performed on a C60 co-crystal revealed a curved structure forming a 1 : 1 complex covering the co-crystal. Nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) calculations carried out for the central seven-membered ring of 1,8''-closed terazulene showed a positive value, suggesting anti-aromatic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Tsuchiya
- Department of ChemistryKitasato University1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku SagamiharaKanagawa252-0373Japan
| | - Makoto Higashibeppu
- Department of ChemistryKitasato University1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku SagamiharaKanagawa252-0373Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Mazaki
- Department of ChemistryKitasato University1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku SagamiharaKanagawa252-0373Japan
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Shoji T, Sasahara N, Hamasaki A, Mori S, Okujima T, Sekiguchi R, Ito S. Synthesis, Structural, and Optical Properties of Azuleno[1,2- c]pyran-1-ones: Bro̷nsted Acid-Mediated Cyclization of 2-Azulenylalkynes. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37906944 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Pyrones and their aromatic ring-fused derivatives have gained significant attention due to their diverse biological activities and potential as foundational frameworks for advanced materials. In this paper, we describe a proficient approach for the preparation of azuleno[1,2-c]pyran-1-ones, which are difficult to produce by using conventional methods. The synthesis was achieved through Bro̷nsted acid-mediated cyclization of 2-azulenylalkynes. The structural and optical properties of azuleno[1,2-c]pyran-1-ones were characterized by single-crystal X-ray analysis, NMR, UV/vis, and fluorescence spectroscopies. Under acidic conditions, these compounds displayed notable spectral alterations and emission, distinct from their spectra in neutral medium. These results suggest that azuleno[1,2-c]pyran-1-ones hold great potential for applications in organic electronic materials and fluorescent pH sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Shoji
- Department of Chemical Biology and Applied Chemistry, College of Engineering, Nihon University, Koriyama 963-8642, Japan
| | - Nichika Sasahara
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Atom Hamasaki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Shigeki Mori
- Advanced Research Support Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Okujima
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Ryuta Sekiguchi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
| | - Shunji Ito
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
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Zhou P, Aschauer U, Decurtins S, Feurer T, Häner R, Liu SX. Merging of Azulene and Perylene Diimide for Optical pH Sensors. Molecules 2023; 28:6694. [PMID: 37764470 PMCID: PMC10537133 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have emerged as promising materials for organic electronics, including organic photovoltaics (OPVs), organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), and organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Particularly, non-hexagonal ring-fused PAHs are highly desirable due to their unique optoelectronic properties. Herein, a new redox-active azulene-perylene diimide triad 1 and its ring-fused counterpart, diazulenocoronene diimide 2, were synthesized and fully characterized by a combination of NMR, cyclic voltammetry, and UV-visible absorption spectroscopy. Direct comparison of their electronic properties leads us to the conclusion that a significant change in the localization of HOMO and LUMO occurs upon the fusion of azulene and perylene diimide in 2, leading to the lack of intramolecular charge-transfer character for transitions in the visible spectral region. Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) calculations were performed to gain further insight into various electronic transitions. Moreover, we found that the adaptive response to acids and bases manifests itself in a reversible two-color change that can be attributed to changes in the chemical structures. Our findings pave the way for manipulating the relative HOMO and LUMO energy levels of organic chromophores by fusing non-alternant azulenes to an otherwise flat PAH, which could possibly lead to applications in organic electronics and optical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland; (P.Z.); (S.D.); (R.H.)
| | - Ulrich Aschauer
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Str. 2A, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria;
| | - Silvio Decurtins
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland; (P.Z.); (S.D.); (R.H.)
| | - Thomas Feurer
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Robert Häner
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland; (P.Z.); (S.D.); (R.H.)
| | - Shi-Xia Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland; (P.Z.); (S.D.); (R.H.)
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Yang CC, Tian WQ. Electronic Structure Modulation of Nanographenes for Second Order Nonlinear Optical Molecular Materials. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202300279. [PMID: 37515505 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Nanographenes (NGs) have drawn extensive attention as promising candidates for next-generation optoelectronic and nonlinear optical (NLO) materials, owing to its unique optoelectronic properties and high thermal stability. However, the weak polarity or even non-polarity of NGs (resulting in weak even order NLO properties) and the high chemical reactivity of zigzag edged NGs hinder their further applications in nonlinear optics, thus stabilization (lowering the chemical reactivity) and polarizing the charge distribution in NGs are necessary for such applications of NGs. The fusion of heptagon and pentagon endows the azulene with the character of donor-acceptor, and the B=N unit is isoelectronic to C=C unit. The introduction of polar azulene and BN are idea to polarize and stabilize the electronic structure of NGs for NLO applications. In the present review, a survey on the functionalization and applications of NGs in nonlinear optics is conducted. The engineering of the electronic structure of NGs by topological defects, doping and edge modulation is summarized. Finally, a summary of challenges and perspectives for carbon-based NLO nanomaterials is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Cui Yang
- College of Science, Chongqing University of Technology, No. 69 Hongguang Avenue, Banan, Chongqing, 400054, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, No. 55 Daxuecheng South Road, Shapingba, Chongqing, 401331, P. R. China
| | - Wei Quan Tian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, No. 55 Daxuecheng South Road, Shapingba, Chongqing, 401331, P. R. China
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10
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Wang Y, Tan WL, Xiang J, Ge C, McNeill CR, Gao X. Tuning Dipole Orientation of 2,6-Azulene Units in Conjugated Copolymers by C–H Activation Strategy toward High-Performance Organic Semiconductor. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:487-493. [PMID: 37000948 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Azulene has aroused widespread interest for constructing optoelectronic materials. However, controlling the dipole orientation of 2,6-azulene units in the conjugated polymer backbone is a significant challenge so far. Herein, by C-H activation strategy, three 2,6-azulene-TPD-based conjugated copolymers with different dipole arrangements were synthesized, where TPD = thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione. The dipole arrangements of 2,6-azulene units were random for P(AzTPD-1), head-to-head/tail-to-tail for P(AzTPD-2), and head-to-tail for P(AzTPD-3). These polymers exhibited unipolar n-type semiconductor characteristics in organic field effect transistors. Moreover, regioregular polymer P(AzTPD-3) displayed the best device performance with an electron mobility of up to 0.33 cm2 V-1 s-1, which makes P(AzTPD-3) a high-performance n-type polymeric semiconductor. These results demonstrate that incorporation of 2,6-azulene units into the polymeric backbone together with the regulation of the dipole orientation of 2,6-azulene units is an effective strategy for obtaining high-performance organic optoelectronic materials.
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11
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Shoji T, Sakata N, Ariga Y, Yamazaki A, Katoh R, Okujima T, Sekiguchi R, Ito S. Construction of a 2,2'-biazulene framework via Brønsted acid-promoted annulation of 2,3-di(1-azulenyl)benzofurans. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:3447-3450. [PMID: 36857723 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00373f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Dibenzofurans featuring a 2,2'-biazulene framework were prepared in good yields by Brønsted acid-promoted annulation of 2,3-di(1-azulenyl)benzofurans in 100% H3PO4. NMR, UV-Vis, and fluorescence spectroscopies were used to investigate the structural and optical properties of the products prepared. Remarkably, the annulated products exhibited fluorescence, with the longest wavelength of azulene derivatives reported to date, which extended into the near-infrared region under acidic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Shoji
- Department of Chemical Biology and Applied Chemistry, College of Engineering, Nihon University, Koriyama 963-8642, Fukushima, Japan. .,Department of Material Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Nagano, Japan
| | - Naoko Sakata
- Department of Material Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yukino Ariga
- Department of Material Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Nagano, Japan
| | - Akari Yamazaki
- Department of Material Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Nagano, Japan
| | - Ryuzi Katoh
- Department of Chemical Biology and Applied Chemistry, College of Engineering, Nihon University, Koriyama 963-8642, Fukushima, Japan.
| | - Tetsuo Okujima
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Ehime, Japan
| | - Ryuta Sekiguchi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Aomori, Japan
| | - Shunji Ito
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Aomori, Japan
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Chen W, Liu S, Ren Y, Xie S, Yan C, Zhou Z, Zhou G. Conjugation Extension and Halochromic Behaviors of S-Fused Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Bearing Cyclopenta[b]thiopyran Moieties. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203238. [PMID: 36376244 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Three S-fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) bearing cyclopenta[b]thiopyran moieties have been designed and successfully synthesized. With the conjugation extension, the absorption onset of the longest PAH reaches 1110 nm. All the three S-fused PAHs exhibit significant halochromic properties in both solution and solid states. Upon protonation, the proton is incorporated on the cyclopentadiene ring while the positive charge is localized on the thiopyrylium ring. Moreover, no significant difference can be found for the two shorter PAHs upon the protonation by different organic acids, such as trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TfOH), while the longest PAH can be only mono-protonated by TFA but di-protonated by stronger TfOH. Furthermore, after protonation, the non-emissive S-fused PAHs exhibit strong fluorescence and can be regenerated by simply neutralization with triethylamine. The enhanced emission of mono-protonated products stem from S2 →S0 transitions, which disobey the Kasha's rule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weinan Chen
- Lab of Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Si Liu
- Lab of Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Yingjian Ren
- Lab of Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Shoudong Xie
- Lab of Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Chuan Yan
- Lab of Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Zhanglang Zhou
- Lab of Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Gang Zhou
- Lab of Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
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13
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Wang S, Tang M, Wu L, Bian L, Jiang L, Liu J, Tang Z, Liang Y, Liu Z. Linear Nonalternant Isomers of Acenes Fusing Multiple Azulene Units. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205658. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shangshang Wang
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province Department of Chemistry School of Science Westlake University 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou Zhejiang 310024 China
| | - Min Tang
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province Department of Chemistry School of Science Westlake University 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou Zhejiang 310024 China
| | - Lin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province Department of Chemistry School of Science Westlake University 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou Zhejiang 310024 China
| | - Lifang Bian
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province Department of Chemistry School of Science Westlake University 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou Zhejiang 310024 China
| | - Liang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province Department of Chemistry School of Science Westlake University 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou Zhejiang 310024 China
| | - Jiali Liu
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province Department of Chemistry School of Science Westlake University 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou Zhejiang 310024 China
| | - Zheng‐Bin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province Department of Chemistry School of Science Westlake University 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou Zhejiang 310024 China
| | - Yimin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province Department of Chemistry School of Science Westlake University 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou Zhejiang 310024 China
| | - Zhichang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province Department of Chemistry School of Science Westlake University 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou Zhejiang 310024 China
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Maeng C, Yun Y, Son JY, Lee PH. Palladium‐Catalyzed Oxidative Cyclization of Azulene‐2‐carboxylic Acids with 1,3‐Dienes for the Synthesis of Alkenyl Azulenolactones. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeong-Yu Son
- Kangwon National University KOREA (THE REPUBLIC OF)
| | - Phil Ho Lee
- Kangwon National University KOREA (THE REPUBLIC OF)
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15
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Linear Nonalternant Isomers of Acenes Fusing Multiple Azulene Units. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Hou B, Zhou Z, Yu C, Xue XS, Zhang J, Yang X, Li J, Ge C, Wang J, Gao X. 2,6-Azulene-based Homopolymers: Design, Synthesis, and Application in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:680-686. [PMID: 35570807 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Azulene-based homopolymers are of great interest from the point view of chemistry and material science. Herein, by means of Friedel-Crafts acylation to introduce solubilizing chains on the 1-position of azulene, we designed and synthesized two examples of 2,6-azulene-based homopolymers RP(Az-AC16) and P(Az-AC16). The arrangement of 2,6-azulene units is irregular for RP(Az-AC16), while P(Az-AC16) has head-to-head/tail-to-tail arranged 2,6-azulene units. Proton-responsive studies demonstrate that RP(Az-AC16) and P(Az-AC16) show reversible proton responsiveness in both solution and thin film. To utilize the dynamically reversible proton-responsive property of these polymers in thin films, RP(Az-AC16) and P(Az-AC16) were incorporated into a Nafion matrix as proton exchange membranes, wherein the Nafion/P(Az-AC16) composite membrane exhibits significant increases in proton conductivity relative to the Nafion membrane at different temperatures of each relative humidity (RH), which further results in a 64% improvement in hydrogen fuel cell output power under 30% RH at 80 °C. Our studies have realized the first solution synthesis of 2,6-azulene-based homopolymers and the first application of azulene-based π-systems in hydrogen fuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Hou
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhuofan Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Cui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiao-Song Xue
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jianwei Zhang
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cai Lun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaodi Yang
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cai Lun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Congwu Ge
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jingtao Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xike Gao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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17
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Shoji T, Yamazaki A, Katoh R, Shimamura K, Sakai R, Yasunami M, Okujima T, Ito S. Synthesis, Reactivity, and Properties of Benz[ a]azulenes via the [8 + 2] Cycloaddition of 2 H-Cyclohepta[ b]furan-2-ones with an Enamine. J Org Chem 2022; 87:5827-5845. [PMID: 35420822 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Starting with the reaction of 2H-cyclohepta[b]furan-2-ones with an enamine, which was prepared from 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone and pyrrolidine, benz[a]azulenes having both formyl and tert-butyl groups were obtained in the three-step sequence. Subsequently, both the formyl and tert-butyl groups were eliminated by heating the benz[a]azulene derivatives in 100% H3PO4 to give benz[a]azulenes without these substituents in high yields. In terms of product yield, this method is the best one ever reported for the synthesis of the parent benz[a]azulene so far. The conversion of the benz[a]azulene derivatives with a formyl group into cyclohept[a]acenaphthylen-3-one derivatives was also investigated via Knoevenagel condensation with dimethyl malonate, followed by Brønsted acid-mediated intramolecular cyclization. The structural features including the bond alternation in the benz[a]azulene derivatives were revealed by NMR studies, NICS calculations, and a single-crystal X-ray structural analysis. The optical and electrochemical properties of a series of benz[a]azulene derivatives were evaluated by UV/Vis, fluorescence spectroscopy, and voltammetry experiments. As a result, we found that some benz[a]azulene derivatives showed remarkable luminescence in acidic media. In addition, the benz[a]azulene derivatives with the electron-withdrawing group and cyclohept[a]acenaphthylen-3-one derivative displayed good reversibility in the spectral changes under the electrochemical redox conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Shoji
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan.,Department of Chemical Biology and Applied Chemistry, College of Engineering, Nihon University, Koriyama 963-8642, Japan
| | - Akari Yamazaki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Ryuzi Katoh
- Department of Chemical Biology and Applied Chemistry, College of Engineering, Nihon University, Koriyama 963-8642, Japan
| | - Konomi Shimamura
- Department of Chemical Biology and Applied Chemistry, College of Engineering, Nihon University, Koriyama 963-8642, Japan
| | - Rina Sakai
- Department of Chemical Biology and Applied Chemistry, College of Engineering, Nihon University, Koriyama 963-8642, Japan
| | - Masafumi Yasunami
- Department of Chemical Biology and Applied Chemistry, College of Engineering, Nihon University, Koriyama 963-8642, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Okujima
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Shunji Ito
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
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18
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Hou B, Li J, Yang X, Zhang J, Xin H, Ge C, Gao X. Azulenoisoindigo: A building block for π-functional materials with reversible redox behavior and proton responsiveness. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.08.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Shoji T, Ando D, Yamazaki A, Ariga Y, Hamasaki A, Mori S, Okujima T, Ito S. Synthesis of 8-Aryl-2 H-cyclohepta[ b]furan-2-ones and Transformation into 4-Arylazulenes. CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.220076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taku Shoji
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621
| | - Daich Ando
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621
| | - Akari Yamazaki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621
| | - Yukino Ariga
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621
| | - Atom Hamasaki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621
| | - Shigeki Mori
- Advanced Research Support Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577
| | - Tetsuo Okujima
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577
| | - Shunji Ito
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561
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20
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Yang H, Zhao Y, Chen Z, Huang S, Lu C, Ke C, Zhai G, Zhu J, Zhuang X. A Narrow Bandgap, Isocyanide‐based Coordination Polymer Framework for Micro‐Supercapacitors with AC Line‐Filtering Performance. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202200037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 China
- The meso‐Entropy Matter Lab State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Yazhen Zhao
- The meso‐Entropy Matter Lab State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Zhenying Chen
- The meso‐Entropy Matter Lab State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan 450001 China
| | - Senhe Huang
- The meso‐Entropy Matter Lab State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Chenbao Lu
- The meso‐Entropy Matter Lab State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Changchun Ke
- School of Mechanical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Guangqun Zhai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Jinhui Zhu
- The meso‐Entropy Matter Lab State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Xiaodong Zhuang
- The meso‐Entropy Matter Lab State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
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21
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Maeng C, Lee PH. Synthesis of azulenolactones through sequential C(2)‐bromoarylation and intramolecular CO bond formation from azulene‐1‐carboxylic acids and di(2‐bromoaryl)iodonium salts in
one pot. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chanyoung Maeng
- Department of Chemistry Kangwon National University Chuncheon Republic of Korea
| | - Phil Ho Lee
- Department of Chemistry Kangwon National University Chuncheon Republic of Korea
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22
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Duan C, Zhang J, Xiang J, Yang X, Gao X. Design, Synthesis and Properties of Azulene-Based BN-[4]Helicenes※. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/a21110508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Zhao Z, Huan W, Sun C, El-Khouly ME, Zhang B, Chen Y. Proton-responsive azulene-based conjugated polymer with nonvolatile memory effects. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04769h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We report an azulene-based conjugated polymer, PAV, which exhibits proton-gated and electrical-gated changes in its conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Huan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Forestry Biomass, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Chen Sun
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Mohamed E. El-Khouly
- Institute of Basic and Applied Sciences, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST), Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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24
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liu Y, Cao M, Zhang S, Wang Z, Dai X, Jiang X, Dong Y, Fu J. Synthesis of C3-functionalized indole derivatives via Brønsted acid-catalyzed regioselective arylation of 2-indolylmethanols with guaiazulene. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:1510-1517. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02384e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first Brønsted acid catalyzed method for the construction of guaiazulenyl C3-functionalized indole derivatives was established. The reactions proceeded smoothly at ambient temperature by used (±)-10-camphorsulfonic acid (CSA) as catalyst,...
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25
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Zhou F, Shi W, Liao X, Yang Y, Yu ZX, You J. Palladium-Catalyzed [3 + 2] Annulation of Alkynes with Concomitant Aromatic Ring Expansion: A Concise Approach to (Pseudo)azulenes. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fulin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiming Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingrong Liao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yudong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingsong You
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People’s Republic of China
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26
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Elwahy AHM, Abdelhamid IA, Shaaban MR. Recent Advances in the Functionalization of Azulene Through Pd‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohamed R. Shaaban
- Chemistry Department Faculty of Science Cairo University Giza Egypt
- Chemistry Department Faculty of Applied Science Umm Al-Qura University Makkah Almukkarramah Saudi Arabia
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27
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Eppel D, Oberhof N, Dietl MC, Cieslik P, Rudolph M, Eberle L, Krämer P, Stuck F, Rominger F, Dreuw A, Hashmi ASK. Gold(III) Meets Azulene: A Class of [( tBuC ∧N ∧C)Au III(azulenyl)] Pincer Complexes. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Eppel
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nils Oberhof
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Wissenschaftliches Rechnen, Heidelberg University, Mathematikon, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin C. Dietl
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Cieslik
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg (Germany)
| | - Matthias Rudolph
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lukas Eberle
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petra Krämer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fabian Stuck
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Wissenschaftliches Rechnen, Heidelberg University, Mathematikon, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A. Stephen K. Hashmi
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Heidelberg Center for the Environment (HCE), Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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28
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Synthesis and crystal structures of N,N-diarylacetamides bearing two azulene rings. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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29
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Prompt and Long-Lived Anti-Kasha Emission from Organic Dyes. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226999. [PMID: 34834093 PMCID: PMC8623836 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-Kasha behavior has been the subject of intense debate in the last few years, as demonstrated by the high number of papers appearing in the literature on this topic, dealing with both mechanistic and applicative aspects of this phenomenon. Examples of anomalous emitters reported in the last 10 years are collected in the present review, which is focused on strictly anti-Kasha organic molecules displaying radiative deactivation from Sn and/or Tn, with n greater than 1.
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30
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Shetti VS. Chemical syntheses and salient features of azulene-containing homo- and copolymers. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:2164-2185. [PMID: 34497670 PMCID: PMC8404217 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Azulene is a non-alternant, aromatic hydrocarbon with many exciting characteristics such as having a dipole moment, bright color, stimuli responsiveness, anti-Kasha photophysics, and a small HOMO-LUMO gap when compared to its isomer, naphthalene. These properties make azulene-containing polymers an intriguing entity in the field of functional polymers, especially for organic electronic applications like organic field-effect transistors (OFET) and photovoltaic (PV) cells. Since azulene has a fused five and seven-membered ring structure, it can be incorporated onto the polymer backbone through either of these rings or by involving both the rings. These azulene-connection patterns can influence the properties of the resulting polymers and the chemical synthesis in comparison to the electrochemical synthesis can be advantageous in obtaining desired patterns of substitution. Hence, this review article presents a comprehensive overview of the developments that have taken place in the last three decades in the field of chemical syntheses of azulene-containing homo- and copolymers, including brief descriptions of their key properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayendra S Shetti
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal 575025, India
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31
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Zhu Q, Png ZM, Lin T, Loh XJ, Tang T, Xu J. Synthesis and Halochromic Properties of 1,2,6-Tri- and 1,2,3,6-Tetra-aryl Azulenes. Chempluschem 2021; 86:1116-1122. [PMID: 34402212 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel 2,6-functionalized azulene molecules Azu1-3 with varied fluorene substituents at the 1- and 3-positions of azulene as well as at the 5'-position of 2-thiophene group were synthesized. Their electronic absorption and emission spectra at neutral and protonated states were examined. It was found that after functionalization with fluorenyl groups, Azu1-3 exhibited absorption maxima at 445, 451 to 468 nm, respectively. In contrast, their corresponding protonated species showed much redshifted absorption maxima at 560, 582 to 643 nm, respectively, mainly due to the extension of conjugation length and the large dipole moment along the C2v axis of 2,6-substituted azulene molecules. Azu1-3 are non-fluorescent in their neutral forms, but became emissive in their protonated states. Analysis of absorption and emission spectra shows that substitution of the 1- or 3-position of azulene led to decrease in response to trifluoroacetic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, The Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Zhuang Mao Png
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, The Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Tingting Lin
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, The Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, The Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Tao Tang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, The Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Jianwei Xu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, The Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Singapore.,Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
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32
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Elwahy AHM, Hafner K. Alkynylazulenes as Building Blocks for Highly Unsaturated Scaffolds. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Klaus Hafner
- Clemens Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie Technische Universität, Darmstadt Petersenstraβe 22 D-64287 Darmstadt Germany
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33
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Xin H, Hou B, Gao X. Azulene-Based π-Functional Materials: Design, Synthesis, and Applications. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:1737-1753. [PMID: 33691401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusAzulene, an isomer of naphthalene, is a molecule of historical interest for its unusual photophysical properties, including a beautiful blue color derived from the narrow HOMO-LUMO energy gap and anti-Kasha fluorescence from S2 to S0. More recently, it has attracted increasing attention for its novel electronic structure, including an electron-rich five-membered ring and an electron-deficient seven-membered ring with a dipole moment of 1.08 D resulting from resonance delocalization, its different reactivities at odd and even positions, and its stimuli-responsive behavior. As a key building block, azulene has been used in various fields because of its unique physicochemical properties. Recent studies have demonstrated the great potential of azulene for constructing advanced organic materials. However, exploring azulene-based materials has long been hindered by challenges in molecular design and synthesis. Most of the reported azulene-based materials have the azulene unit incorporated through the five-membered ring or seven-membered ring. Creating azulene-based novel building blocks for optoelectronics and using 2,6-connected azulene units to construct conjugated polymers that can adequately utilize the "donor-acceptor" structure of azulene remained underexplored before our contributions. Besides, for most azulene-fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heteroaromatics, the azulene substructures were created during later synthesis stages, and the use of azulene derivatives as starting materials to design and synthesize PAHs and heteroaromatics intelligently is still limited.In this Account, we summarize our efforts on the design, synthesis, and applications of azulene-based π-functional materials. Our studies start with the creation of novel π-conjugated structures based on azulene. The design strategy, synthesis, and optoelectronic performance of the first class of azulene-based aromatic diimides, 2,2'-biazulene-1,1',3,3'-tetracarboxylic diimide (BAzDI) and its π-extended and π-bridged derivatives, are presented. Notably, antiparallel stacking between adjacent azulene units derived from azulene's dipole was observed in single crystals of BAzDI and its derivatives. Besides, we developed an azulene-fused isoindigo analogue, azulenoisoindigo, which combines the merits of both isoindigo and azulene, including reversible redox behavior and reversible proton responsiveness. Then we discuss our contributions to the design and synthesis of 2,6-azulene-based conjugated polymers. By incorporation of 2,6-connected azulene units into the polymeric backbone, two conjugated polymers with high organic field-effect transistor (OFET) performance were developed. Two 2,6-azulene-based polymers with proton responsiveness and high electrical conductivity upon protonation were also provided. We also discuss our recent studies on azulene-based heteroaromatics. Two azulene-fused BN-heteroaromatics were designed and synthesized, and they exhibited a selective response to fluoride ion and unexpected deboronization upon the addition of trifluoroacetic acid. An unexpected synthesis of azulene-pyridine-fused heteroaromatics (Az-Py) by reductive cyclization of 1-nitroazulenes and the OFET performance of Az-Py-1 are included. Afterward, we discuss several examples of azulene-capped organic conjugated molecules. The molecules capped with the five-membered ring of azulene favor hole transport, whereas the ones capped with the seven-membered ring favor electron transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanshen Xin
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bin Hou
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xike Gao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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34
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Williams GE, Kociok-Köhn G, James TD, Lewis SE. C4-aldehyde of guaiazulene: synthesis and derivatisation. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:2502-2511. [PMID: 33661271 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02567d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Guaiazulene is an alkyl-substituted azulene available from natural sources and is a much lower cost starting material for the synthesis of azulene derivatives than azulene itself. Here we report an approach for the selective functionalisation of guaiazulene which takes advantage of the acidity of the protons on the guaiazulene C4 methyl group. The aldehyde produced by this approach constitutes a building block for the construction of azulenes substituted on the seven-membered ring. Derivatives of this aldehyde synthesised by alkenylation, reduction and condensation are reported, and the halochromic properties of a subset of these derivatives have been studied.
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35
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Shoji T, Ariga Y, Yamazaki A, Uda M, Nagasawa T, Ito S. Synthesis, Photophysical and Electrochemical Properties of 1-, 2-, and 6-(2-Benzofuryl)azulenes. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20200311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Taku Shoji
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japam
| | - Yukino Ariga
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japam
| | - Akari Yamazaki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japam
| | - Mayumi Uda
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japam
| | - Takuya Nagasawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, Japam
| | - Shunji Ito
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, Japam
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36
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Murfin LC, Lewis SE. Azulene-A Bright Core for Sensing and Imaging. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020353. [PMID: 33445502 PMCID: PMC7826776 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Azulene is a hydrocarbon isomer of naphthalene known for its unusual colour and fluorescence properties. Through the harnessing of these properties, the literature has been enriched with a series of chemical sensors and dosimeters with distinct colorimetric and fluorescence responses. This review focuses specifically on the latter of these phenomena. The review is subdivided into two sections. Section one discusses turn-on fluorescent sensors employing azulene, for which the literature is dominated by examples of the unusual phenomenon of azulene protonation-dependent fluorescence. Section two focuses on fluorescent azulenes that have been used in the context of biological sensing and imaging. To aid the reader, the azulene skeleton is highlighted in blue in each compound.
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Dunås P, Murfin LC, Nilsson OJ, Jame N, Lewis SE, Kann N. Azulene Functionalization by Iron-Mediated Addition to a Cyclohexadiene Scaffold. J Org Chem 2020; 85:13453-13465. [PMID: 33085490 PMCID: PMC7660747 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The functionalization of azulenes via reaction with cationic η5-iron carbonyl diene complexes under mild reaction conditions is demonstrated. A range of azulenes, including derivatives of naturally occurring guaiazulene, were investigated in reactions with three electrophilic iron complexes of varying electronic properties, affording the desired coupling products in 43-98% yield. The products were examined with UV-vis/fluorescence spectroscopy and showed interesting halochromic properties. Decomplexation and further derivatization of the products provide access to several different classes of 1-substituted azulenes, including a conjugated ketone and a fused tetracycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petter Dunås
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lloyd C. Murfin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Convocation Avenue, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Oscar J. Nilsson
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nicolas Jame
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Simon E. Lewis
- Centre
for Sustainable Circular Technologies, University
of Bath, Convocation Avenue, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Convocation Avenue, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Nina Kann
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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38
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Hou IC, Berger F, Narita A, Müllen K, Hecht S. Proton-Gated Ring-Closure of a Negative Photochromic Azulene-Based Diarylethene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:18532-18536. [PMID: 33439528 PMCID: PMC7589205 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Proton-responsive photochromic molecules are attractive for their ability to react on non-invasive rapid optical stimuli and the importance of protonation/deprotonation processes in various fields. Conventionally, their acidic/basic sites are on hetero-atoms, which are orthogonal to the photo-active π-center. Here, we incorporate azulene, an acid-sensitive pure hydrocarbon, into the skeleton of a diarylethene-type photoswitch. The latter exhibits a novel proton-gated negative photochromic ring-closure and its optical response upon protonation in both open and closed forms is much more pronounced than those of diarylethene photoswitches with hetero-atom based acidic/basic moieties. The unique behavior of the new photoswitch can be attributed to direct protonation on its π-system, supported by 1H NMR and theoretical calculations. Our results demonstrate the great potential of integrating non-alternant hydrocarbons into photochromic systems for the development of multi-responsive molecular switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Cheng‐Yi Hou
- Synthetic ChemistryMax Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
- Department ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Fabian Berger
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS AdlershofHumboldt-Universität zu BerlinBrook-Taylor-Straße 212489BerlinGermany
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Synthetic ChemistryMax Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
- Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials UnitOkinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University1919-1 Tancha, Onna-sonKunigamiOkinawa904-0495Japan
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Synthetic ChemistryMax Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
- Department ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS AdlershofHumboldt-Universität zu BerlinBrook-Taylor-Straße 212489BerlinGermany
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052074AachenGermany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringer Weg 252074AachenGermany
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39
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Development of Heterocycle-Substituted and Fused Azulenes in the Last Decade (2010-2020). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197087. [PMID: 32992955 PMCID: PMC7582284 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Azulene derivatives with heterocyclic moieties in the molecule have been synthesized for applications in materials science by taking advantage of their unique properties. These derivatives have been prepared by various methods, involving electrophilic substitution, condensation, cyclization, and transition metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. Herein, we present the development of the synthetic methods, reactivities, and physical properties for the heterocycle-substituted and heterocycle-fused azulenes reported in the last decade.
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40
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Maeng C, Seo HJ, Jeong H, Lee K, Noh HC, Lee PH. Iridium(III)-Catalyzed Sequential C(2)-Arylation and Intramolecular C–O Bond Formation from Azulenecarboxylic Acids and Diaryliodonium Salts Access to Azulenofuranones. Org Lett 2020; 22:7267-7272. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chanyoung Maeng
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Jin Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Haneal Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungsup Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Chan Noh
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Phil Ho Lee
- The Korean Academy of Science and Technology, Seongnam 13630, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
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41
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Hou IC, Berger F, Narita A, Müllen K, Hecht S. Protonenvermittelter Ringschluss eines negativ photochromen, Azulen‐basierten Diarylethens. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202007989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Cheng‐Yi Hou
- Synthesechemie Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Department Chemie Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Fabian Berger
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Synthesechemie Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son Kunigami Okinawa 904-0495 Japan
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Synthesechemie Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Department Chemie Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Deutschland
- DWI – Leibniz Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstr. 50 52074 Aachen Deutschland
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie RWTH Aachen University Worringer Weg 2 52074 Aachen Deutschland
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42
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Xin H, Li J, Lu RQ, Gao X, Swager TM. Azulene–Pyridine-Fused Heteroaromatics. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:13598-13605. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanshen Xin
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ru-Qiang Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Xike Gao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Timothy M. Swager
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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43
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Abstract
Azulene, a unique isomer of naphthalene, has received much interest from researchers in different fields due to its unusual chemical structure with a negatively charged 5-membered ring fused with a positively charged 7-membered ring. In particular, incorporation of azulene into polymers has led to many interesting properties. This minireview covers functionalization methods of azulene at its various positions of 5- and 7-membered rings to form azulene derivatives including azulene monomers, and gives an overview of a wide range of azulene-containing polymers including poly(1,3-azulene), azulene-based copolymers with connectivity at 1,3-positions of the 5-membered ring, or 4,7-positions of the 7-membered ring, as well as copolymers with azulene units as side chains. Their chemical and physical properties together with applications of azulene-containing polymers have also been summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ning Zeng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, The Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Zhuang Mao Png
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, The Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Jianwei Xu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, The Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Singapore.,Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
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44
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Ran H, Duan X, Zheng R, Xie F, Chen L, Zhao Z, Han R, Lei Z, Hu JY. Two Isomeric Azulene-Decorated Naphthodithiophene Diimide-based Triads: Molecular Orbital Distribution Controls Polarity Change of OFETs Through Connection Position. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:23225-23235. [PMID: 32252522 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c04552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Altering the charge carrier transport polarities of organic semiconductors by molecular orbital distribution has gained great interest. Herein, we report two isomeric azulene-decorated naphthodithiophene diimide (NDTI)-based triads (e.g., NDTI-B2Az and NDTI-B6Az), in which two azulene units were connected with NDTI at the 2-position of the azulene ring in NDTI-B2Az, whereas two azulene units were incorporated with NDTI at the 6-position of the azulene ring in NDTI-B6Az. The two isomeric triads were excellently soluble in common organic solvents. Density functional theory calculations on the molecular orbital distributions of the triads reveal that the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals are completely delocalized over the entire molecule for both NDTI-B2Az and NDTI-B6Az, indicating great potential for n-type transport behavior, whereas the highest occupied molecular orbitals are mainly delocalized over the entire molecule for NDTI-B2Az or only localized at the two terminal azulene units for NDTI-B6Az, implying great potential for p-type transport behavior for the former and a disadvantage of hole carrier transport for the latter. Under ambient conditions, solution-processed bottom-gate top-contact transistors based on NDTI-B2Az showed ambipolar field-effect transistor (FET) characteristics with high electron and hole mobilities of 0.32 (effective electron mobility ≈0.14 cm2 V-1 s-1 according to a reliability factor of 43%) and 0.03 cm2 V-1 s-1 (effective hole mobility ≈0.01 cm2 V-1 s-1 according to a reliability factor of 33%), respectively, whereas a typically unipolar n-channel behavior is found for a film of NDTI-B6Az with a high electron mobility up to 0.13 cm2 V-1 s-1 (effective electron mobility ≈0.06 cm2 V-1 s-1 according to a reliability factor of 43%). The results indicate that the polarity change of organic FETs based on the two isomeric triads could be controlled by the molecular orbital distributions through the connection position between the azulene unit and NDTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Ran
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education; Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices; Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian 710119, China
| | - Xuewei Duan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education; Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices; Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian 710119, China
| | - Rong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education; Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices; Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian 710119, China
| | - Fuli Xie
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education; Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices; Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian 710119, China
| | - Lijuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education; Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices; Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian 710119, China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education; Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices; Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian 710119, China
| | - Ruijun Han
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education; Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices; Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian 710119, China
| | - Zheng Lei
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education; Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices; Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian 710119, China
| | - Jian-Yong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education; Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices; Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian 710119, China
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45
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Fu X, Han H, Zhang D, Yu H, He Q, Zhao D. A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon diradical with pH-responsive magnetic properties. Chem Sci 2020; 11:5565-5571. [PMID: 32874500 PMCID: PMC7441688 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc00770f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
By integrating azulene with a quinoid moiety, a novel non-alternant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon molecule BCHF1 exhibiting manifold zwitterionic, quinoidal and diradical behaviors is designed and synthesized. Its zwitterionic feature is evidenced by the changes shown by the 1H-NMR and absorption spectra when the molecule undergoes reversible protonation and deprotonation reactions at varied pH. The diradical facet, manifesting a small singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔE S-T), is characterized with a paramagnetic resonance signal detected by the EPR spectroscopy at room temperature. As the diradical properties are not observed in the protonated form, BCHF1+H+ , a pH-controlled reversible magnetic switching behavior is illustrated by monitoring the on and off cycles of EPR signals upon successively adding bases and acids to a solution or exposing a thin film of BCHF1+H+ to base vapor followed by acid vapor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Fu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Centre for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering , Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry , Peking University , Beijing , 100871 , China .
| | - Han Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Centre for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering , Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry , Peking University , Beijing , 100871 , China .
| | - Di Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Centre for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering , Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry , Peking University , Beijing , 100871 , China .
| | - Han Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Centre for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering , Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry , Peking University , Beijing , 100871 , China .
| | - Qilin He
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Centre for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering , Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry , Peking University , Beijing , 100871 , China .
| | - Dahui Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Centre for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering , Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry , Peking University , Beijing , 100871 , China .
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46
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Maeng C, Son JY, Lee SC, Baek Y, Um K, Han SH, Ko GH, Han GU, Lee K, Lee K, Lee PH. Expansion of Azulenes as Nonbenzenoid Aromatic Compounds for C–H Activation: Rhodium- and Iridium-Catalyzed Oxidative Cyclization of Azulene Carboxylic Acids with Alkynes for the Synthesis of Azulenolactones and Benzoazulenes. J Org Chem 2020; 85:3824-3837. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chanyoung Maeng
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Yu Son
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Cheol Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghyeon Baek
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyusik Um
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Han
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Hoon Ko
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Uk Han
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungsup Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Kooyeon Lee
- Department of Bio-Health Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Phil Ho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
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47
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Shoji T, Sugiyama S, Kobayashi Y, Yamazaki A, Ariga Y, Katoh R, Wakui H, Yasunami M, Ito S. Direct synthesis of 2-arylazulenes by [8+2] cycloaddition of 2H-cyclohepta[b]furan-2-ones with silyl enol ethers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:1485-1488. [PMID: 31912824 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09376a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We developed a procedure for the direct synthesis of 2-arylazulenes, which were obtained in moderate to excellent yields, by [8+2] cycloaddition of 2H-cyclohepta[b]furan-2-ones with aryl-substituted silyl enol ethers. The structures of some 2-arylazulenes were clarified by single-crystal X-ray analysis. The 2-phenylazulene derivatives obtained by this study showed noticeable fluorescence in acidic media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Shoji
- Department of Material Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Nagano, Japan.
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48
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Tsuchiya T, Umemura R, Kaminaga M, Kushida S, Ohkubo K, Noro SI, Mazaki Y. Paddlewheel Complexes with Azulenes: Electronic Interaction between Metal Centers and Equatorial Ligands. Chempluschem 2020; 84:655-664. [PMID: 31944016 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201800513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Rhodium dinuclear complexes (1-3) with azulene moieties as equatorial ligands were obtained by reacting Rh2 (OAc)4 with guaiazulene-2-carboxylic acid, azulene-2-carboxylic acid, and azulene-1-carboxylic acid, respectively. The molecular structures in their crystalline states were determined by X-ray diffraction to be 1 ⋅ (H2 O)2 , 1 ⋅ (MeCN)2 , 2 ⋅ (MeCN)2 , and 3 ⋅ (DMF)2 , which were coordinated with the crystallization solvent at the axial positions. Among these, the crystal packing of 1 ⋅ (H2 O)2 , 1 ⋅ (MeCN)2 , and 3 ⋅ (DMF)2 revealed the formation of one-dimensional stacked chains nearly along the axial direction and of two-dimensional stacked sheets along the equatorial direction. In addition, it was found that 1 ⋅ (H2 O)2 contained cavities that could adsorb CO2 , thereby inducing structural changes. Furthermore, redox measurements revealed the stepwise one-electron redox behaviors of these complexes, indicating the intramolecular interactions between the azulene units. In addition, transient absorption measurements suggested the presence of an ultrafast intersystem crossing caused by the heavy-atom effect of rhodium, and an extended lifetime of the triplet state due to the energy migration among the azulene ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Tsuchiya
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science, Kitasato University 1-15-1 Kitasato Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Reiya Umemura
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science, Kitasato University 1-15-1 Kitasato Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Kaminaga
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science, Kitasato University 1-15-1 Kitasato Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kushida
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science, Kitasato University 1-15-1 Kitasato Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Kei Ohkubo
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies and Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Noro
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University N10 W5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Mazaki
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science, Kitasato University 1-15-1 Kitasato Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
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49
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Tsuchiya T, Katsuoka Y, Yoza K, Sato H, Mazaki Y. Stereochemistry, Stereodynamics, and Redox and Complexation Behaviors of 2,2'-Diaryl-1,1'-Biazulenes. Chempluschem 2020; 84:1659-1667. [PMID: 31943874 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
2,2'-Diaryl-1,1'-biazulenes were synthesized and electronic communication between the azulene subunits was suggested based on redox measurements. The linkage of azulene at the 1-position also appeared to increase the HOMO levels. In addition, cyclic voltammetry measurements of 2-arylazulenes showed a return peak associated with the oxidation, which was not observed for azulene. The stabilization of the single-electron oxidant may be due to the SOMO-HOMO energy inversion phenomenon. X-ray crystallography of the azulene dimers revealed that this species possessed a syn-type structure in which both aryl groups in the 2-positions formed π-stacks. The twisted structure was indicated to be in the (R)- or (S)-configuration for all molecules in the unit cell. Spontaneous resolution was also shown. Furthermore, from the solid circular dichroism (CD) spectral measurements, the relationship between the absolute configuration of the molecules and the CD spectra was determined. A racemization rotational barrier of ca. 27 kcal mol-1 was calculated. Moreover, the pyridylazulene dimer cyclized upon reaction with PdCl2 to form a 3 : 3 complex, in which the biazulene units cyclized to give ratios between the (R)- and (S)-forms of either 2 : 1 or 1 : 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Tsuchiya
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Yuka Katsuoka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Kenji Yoza
- Bruker Japan, 3-9 Moriya-cho, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama, 221-0022, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Sato
- Rigaku Corporation, 3-9-12 Matsubara, Akishima, Tokyo, 196-8666, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Mazaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
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50
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Shoji T, Iida N, Yamazaki A, Ariga Y, Ohta A, Sekiguchi R, Nagahata T, Nagasawa T, Ito S. Synthesis of phthalimides cross-conjugated with an azulene ring, and their structural, optical and electrochemical properties. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:2274-2282. [PMID: 32150201 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00164c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of phthalimides cross-conjugated with an azulene ring was established by a one-pot Diels-Alder reaction of the corresponding 2-aminofuran derivatives with several maleimides, without the isolation of the intermediately formed [4 + 2] cycloadducts. The structure, optical and electrochemical properties of the novel phthalimide derivatives were clarified by single-crystal X-ray analysis, UV/Vis and fluorescence spectra, spectroelectrochemistry and voltammetry experiments, and theoretical calculations. These results indicated that the substituents on the azulene ring greatly affect the optical and electrochemical properties of the molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Shoji
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Nagano, Japan.
| | - Nanami Iida
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Nagano, Japan.
| | - Akari Yamazaki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Nagano, Japan.
| | - Yukino Ariga
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Nagano, Japan.
| | - Akira Ohta
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Nagano, Japan.
| | - Ryuta Sekiguchi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Nagano, Japan.
| | - Tatsuki Nagahata
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Aomori, Japan
| | - Takuya Nagasawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Aomori, Japan
| | - Shunji Ito
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Aomori, Japan
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