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Shi L, Li S, Li X, Peng B, Hu Z, Hu H, Luo G, Yao H. Insight into volatile-char interaction mechanisms of biomass torrefaction based on three major components. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 408:131109. [PMID: 39009045 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.131109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Volatile-char interaction is an important phenomenon in biomass thermal conversion process, which significantly contributes to the decomposition, deoxygenation and upgrading of biomass. However, the deep insight into volatile-char interaction mechanisms between hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin is currently unclear. In this work, above mechanism was studied through systematic single-/bi-component torrefactions and the follow-up char analysis. Results demonstrate that only hemicellulose volatile and cellulose char interaction exists during torrefaction at 250 °C, causing over 19.9 wt% of mass loss and 27.3 wt% of O removal for cellulose. This volatile-char interaction causes significant depolymerization and amorphization of cellulose by hydrolysis, acid hydrolysis and esterification reactions. The depolymerized and amorphous cellulose partly thermally decomposes to dehydrated sugars and aromatic compounds through dehydroxylation and aromatization reactions. A volatile-char interaction mechanism model is thus developed. This work provides theoretical insight into biomass thermal conversion and provides basis for the development of new thermochemical method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Coal Clean Conversion and Chemical Process Autonomous Region, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830000, China.
| | - Bing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhenzhong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hongyun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Guangqian Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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2
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Xiao Y, Yan Y, Do H, Rankin R, Zhao H, Qian P, Song K, Wu T, Pang CH. Understanding cellulose pyrolysis via ab initio deep learning potential field. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 399:130590. [PMID: 38490462 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Comprehensive and dynamic studies of cellulose pyrolysis reaction mechanisms are crucial in designing experiments and processes with enhanced safety, efficiency, and sustainability. The details of the pyrolysis mechanism are not readily available from experiments but can be better described via molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. However, the large size of cellulose molecules challenges accurate ab initio MD simulations, while existing reactive force field parameters lack precision. In this work, precise ab initio deep learning potentials field (DPLF) are developed and applied in MD simulations to facilitate the study of cellulose pyrolysis mechanisms. The formation mechanism and production rate of both valuable and greenhouse products from cellulose at temperatures larger than 1073 K are comprehensively described. This study underscores the critical role of advanced simulation techniques, particularly DLPF, in achieving efficient and accurate understanding of cellulose pyrolysis mechanisms, thus promoting wider industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Xiao
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo 315100, China; Center for Intelligent and Biomimetic Systems, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuxin Yan
- College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Hainam Do
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo 315100, China; Key Laboratory for Carbonaceous Wastes Processing and Process Intensification Research of Zhejiang Province, University of Nottingham, Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Richard Rankin
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Haitao Zhao
- Center for Intelligent and Biomimetic Systems, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ping Qian
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Keke Song
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo 315100, China; Key Laboratory for Carbonaceous Wastes Processing and Process Intensification Research of Zhejiang Province, University of Nottingham, Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Cheng Heng Pang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo 315100, China; Key Laboratory for Carbonaceous Wastes Processing and Process Intensification Research of Zhejiang Province, University of Nottingham, Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China; Municipal Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Conversion Technologies, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China.
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3
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Zhu G, Shi C. The self-designed reactor to achieve efficient degradation of polyvinyl alcohol under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38584433 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2024.2336893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
A huge amount of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fabric is abandoned from nuclear power plants every year, the traditional treatment process will occupy land resources and pollute the environment; therefore, a lot of research has been carried out on the chemical treatment of PVA fabric. Herein, the performance of degradation of polyvinyl alcohol under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions is investigated. The effects of the initial pH value, reaction temperature, molar ratio of H2O2/Fe2+, and H2O2 dosage on PVA degradation were evaluated. In the tested ranges in this work, the degradation of PVA fabric via high-pressure and high-temperature method was optimum at the initial pH value of 4, reaction temperature of 300℃, molar ratio of H2O2/Fe2+ as 10, and H2O2 dosage of 13 g/L. The PVA removal rate and TOC removal rate were 99.99% and 97.36%, respectively. Meanwhile, the high-pressure and high-temperature methods also had a great effect on the removal of Rhodamine-B and Reactive Red X-3B, the removal rates of Rhodamine-B and Reactive Red X-3B were 99.83% and 99.76%, respectively. The reaction mechanism of high-pressure and high-temperature methods was also discussed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaofeng Zhu
- School of Textile, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Special Functional Textile Materials, Changzhou Textile Garment Institute, Changzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Shi
- College of Textile Science and Engineering (International Institute of Silk), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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4
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Guthrie JD, Rowell CER, Anyaeche RO, Alzarieni KZ, Kenttämaa HI. Characterization of the degradation products of lignocellulosic biomass by using tandem mass spectrometry experiments, model compounds, and quantum chemical calculations. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:369-408. [PMID: 36727592 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Biomass-derived degraded lignin and cellulose serve as possible alternatives to fossil fuels for energy and chemical resources. Fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass generates bio-oil that needs further refinement. However, as pyrolysis causes massive degradation to lignin and cellulose, this process produces very complex mixtures. The same applies to degradation methods other than fast pyrolysis. The ability to identify the degradation products of lignocellulosic biomass is of great importance to be able to optimize methodologies for the conversion of these mixtures to transportation fuels and valuable chemicals. Studies utilizing tandem mass spectrometry have provided invaluable, molecular-level information regarding the identities of compounds in degraded biomass. This review focuses on the molecular-level characterization of fast pyrolysis and other degradation products of lignin and cellulose via tandem mass spectrometry based on collision-activated dissociation (CAD). Many studies discussed here used model compounds to better understand both the ionization chemistry of the degradation products of lignin and cellulose and their ions' CAD reactions in mass spectrometers to develop methods for the structural characterization of the degradation products of lignocellulosic biomass. Further, model compound studies were also carried out to delineate the mechanisms of the fast pyrolysis reactions of lignocellulosic biomass. The above knowledge was used to assign likely structures to many degradation products of lignocellulosic biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D Guthrie
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Ruth O Anyaeche
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Kawthar Z Alzarieni
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science & Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Hilkka I Kenttämaa
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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5
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Shi L, Sun Y, Li X, Li S, Peng B, Hu Z, Hu H, Luo G, Yao H. Gas-Pressurized Torrefaction of Lignocellulosic Solid Wastes: Deoxygenation and Aromatization Mechanisms of Cellulose. Molecules 2023; 28:7671. [PMID: 38005393 PMCID: PMC10675035 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel gas-pressurized (GP) torrefaction method at 250 °C has recently been developed that realizes the deep decomposition of cellulose in lignocellulosic solid wastes (LSW) to as high as 90% through deoxygenation and aromatization reactions. However, the deoxygenation and aromatization mechanisms are currently unclear. In this work, these mechanisms were studied through a developed molecular structure calculation method and the GP torrefaction of pure cellulose. The results demonstrate that GP torrefaction at 250 °C causes 47 wt.% of mass loss and 72 wt.% of O removal for cellulose, while traditional torrefaction at atmospheric pressure has almost no impact on cellulose decomposition. The GP-torrefied cellulose is determined to be composed of an aromatic furans nucleus with branch aliphatic C through conventional characterization. A molecular structure calculation method and its principles were developed for further investigation of molecular-level mechanisms. It was found 2-ring furans aromatic compound intermediate is formed by intra- and inter-molecular dehydroxylation reactions of amorphous cellulose, and the removal of O-containing function groups is mainly through the production of H2O. The three-ring furans aromatic compound intermediate and GP-torrefied cellulose are further formed through the polymerization reaction, which enhances the removal of ketones and aldehydes function groups in intermediate torrefied cellulose and form gaseous CO and O-containing organic molecules. A deoxygenation and aromatization mechanism model was developed based on the above investigation. This work provides theoretical guidance for the optimization of the gas-pressurized torrefaction method and a study method for the determination of molecular-level structure and the mechanism investigation of the thermal conversion processes of LSW.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (L.S.)
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6
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Jiang X, Zhai R, Li H, Li C, Deng Q, Jin M. Understanding acid hydrolysis of corn stover during densification pretreatment for quantitative predictions of enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency using modified pretreatment severity factor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 386:129487. [PMID: 37454958 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
DLCA(sa) pretreatment (densifying lignocellulosic biomass with sulfuric acid followed by autoclave treatment), featured with low treatment temperature and densification, demonstrate high efficiency in biomass pretreatment. In this study, the effects of temperature, acid loading, time on the hydrolysis of xylan, cellulose and lignin during DLCA(sa) pretreatment were systematically investigated. It was shown that DLCA(sa) pretreatment can effectively solubilize xylan, achieving an 84% xylose recovery under mild conditions (130 °C, 30 min, and 0.125 g/g acid loading). The conventional pretreatment severity factor correlated and further modified to improve the accuracy in evaluating the xylan hydrolysis. Additionally, a mathematical model based on the xylan hydrolytic kinetics was proposed to predict the enzymatic hydrolysis. Kinetic model suggested that mechanical densification facilitates the penetration of acid into the biomass matrix, leading to increased accessibility of xylan to acid catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Jiang
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Rui Zhai
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Haixiang Li
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Chen Li
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Qiufeng Deng
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Mingjie Jin
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing 210094, China.
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7
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Sakirler F, Wong HW. Cellulose Fast Pyrolysis Activated by Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonds. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:7806-7819. [PMID: 36263959 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c03669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The conversion of inedible biomass by fast pyrolysis is a promising route for sustainable production of renewable fuels and value-added chemicals, but low selectivity toward desired products hampers its economic viability. Understanding the molecular-level reaction pathways of biomass fast pyrolysis could be the key to overcoming this challenge. However, the effects of intramolecular and interchain hydrogen bonds near the reaction center have not been thoroughly explored. In this work, the reaction pathways and kinetics of fast pyrolysis of cellulose, a major component of biomass, were investigated using the density functional theory. A new intramolecular hydroxyl-activated mechanism is presented for cellulose activation. Our calculations incorporating noncovalent interactions accurately captured the activation energy of 50.8 kcal mol-1, agreeable with the apparent activation energy measured experimentally. The findings of cellulose pyrolysis provide insights into the investigation of interactions during real-life biomass pyrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuat Sakirler
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Hsi-Wu Wong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
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8
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Sucerquia D, Parra C, Cossio P, Lopez-Acevedo O. Ab initio metadynamics determination of temperature-dependent free-energy landscape in ultrasmall silver clusters. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:154301. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0082332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ab initio metadynamics enables extracting free-energy landscapes having the accuracy of first principles electronic structure methods. We introduce an interface between the PLUMED code that computes free-energy landscapes andenhanced-sampling algorithms and the ASE module, which includes several ab initio electronic structure codes. The interface is validated with a Lennard-Jones cluster free-energy landscape calculation by averaging multiple short metadynamics trajectories. We use this interface and analysis to estimate the free-energy landscape of Ag5 and Ag6 clusters at 10, 100 and 300 K with the radius of gyration and coordination number as collective variables, finding at most tens of meV in error. Relative free-energy differences between the planar and non-planar isomers of both clusters decrease with temperature, in agreement with previously proposed stabilization of non-planar isomers. Interestingly, we find that Ag6 is the smallest silver cluster where entropic effects at room temperature boost the non planar isomer probability to a competing state. The new ASE-PLUMED interface enables simulating nanosystem electronic properties at more realistic temperature-dependent conditions.
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9
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Divya PS, Nair S, Kunnikuruvan S. Identification of Crucial Intermediates in the Formation of Humins from Cellulose-Derived Platform Chemicals Under Brønsted Acid Catalyzed Reaction Conditions. Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202200057. [PMID: 35285118 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Humins are one of the undesirable products formed during the dehydration of sugars as well as the conversion of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to value-added products. Thus, reducing the formation of humins is an important strategy for improving the yield of the aforementioned reactions. Even after a plethora of studies, the mechanism of formation and the structure of humins are still elusive. In this regard, we have employed density functional theory-based mechanistic studies and microkinetic analysis to identify crucial intermediates formed from glucose, fructose, and HMF that can initiate the polymerization reactions resulting in humins under Brønsted acid-catalyzed reaction conditions. This study brings light into crucial elementary reaction steps that can be targeted for controlling humins formation. Moreover, this work provides a rationale for the experimentally observed aliphatic chains and HMF condensation products in the humins structure. Different possible polymerization routes that could contribute to the structure of humins are also suggested based on the results. Importantly, the findings of this work indicate that increasing the rate of isomerization of glucose to fructose and reducing the rate of reaction between HMF molecules could be an efficient strategy for reducing humins formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Divya
- IISER-TVM: Indian Institute of Science Education Research Thiruvananthapuram, School of Chemistry, IISER Thiruvananthapuram, 695551, Thiruvananthapuram, INDIA
| | - Swetha Nair
- IISER-TVM: Indian Institute of Science Education Research Thiruvananthapuram, School of Chemistry, IISER Thiruvananthapuram, 695551, Thiruvananthapuram, INDIA
| | - Sooraj Kunnikuruvan
- IISER Thiruvananthapuram: Indian Institute of Science Education Research Thiruvananthapuram, School of Chemistry, Maruthamala PO, Vithura, 695551, Thiruvananthapuram, INDIA
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10
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Padmanathan AMDD, Mushrif SH. Pyrolytic activation of cellulose: Energetics and condensed phase effects. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00492a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bottom-up design of lignocellulose pyrolysis to optimize the quality and yield of bio-oil is hindered by the limited knowledge of the underlying condensed phase biomass chemistry. The influence of condensed...
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11
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Raw biomass electroreforming coupled to green hydrogen generation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2008. [PMID: 33790295 PMCID: PMC8012647 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22250-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the tremendous progress of coupling organic electrooxidation with hydrogen generation in a hybrid electrolysis, electroreforming of raw biomass coupled to green hydrogen generation has not been reported yet due to the rigid polymeric structures of raw biomass. Herein, we electrooxidize the most abundant natural amino biopolymer chitin to acetate with over 90% yield in hybrid electrolysis. The overall energy consumption of electrolysis can be reduced by 15% due to the thermodynamically and kinetically more favorable chitin oxidation over water oxidation. In obvious contrast to small organics as the anodic reactant, the abundance of chitin endows the new oxidation reaction excellent scalability. A solar-driven electroreforming of chitin and chitin-containing shrimp shell waste is coupled to safe green hydrogen production thanks to the liquid anodic product and suppression of oxygen evolution. Our work thus demonstrates a scalable and safe process for resource upcycling and green hydrogen production for a sustainable energy future. The scale-up of the coupling of water electroreduction (HER) with organic electrooxidation remains challenging. Here the authors address this challenge by coupling HER with electrooxidation of raw biomass chitin, cogenerating acetate and green hydrogen safely at high current density.
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12
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Facas G, Maliekkal V, Zhu C, Neurock M, Dauenhauer PJ. Cooperative Activation of Cellulose with Natural Calcium. JACS AU 2021; 1:272-281. [PMID: 34467292 PMCID: PMC8395691 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.0c00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring metals, such as calcium, catalytically activate the intermonomer β-glycosidic bonds in long chains of cellulose, initiating reactions with volatile oxygenates for renewable applications. In this work, the millisecond kinetics of calcium-catalyzed reactions were measured via the method of the pulse-heated analysis of solid and surface reactions (PHASR) at high temperatures (370-430 °C) to reveal accelerated glycosidic ether scission with a second-order rate dependence on the Ca2+ ions. First-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to identify stable binding configurations for two Ca2+ ions that demonstrated accelerated transglycosylation kinetics, with an apparent activation barrier of 50 kcal mol-1 for a cooperative calcium-catalyzed cycle. The agreement of the mechanism with calcium cooperativity to the experimental barrier (48.7 ± 2.8 kcal mol-1) suggests that calcium enhances the reactivity through a primary role of stabilizing charged transition states and a secondary role of disrupting native H-bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory
G. Facas
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Vineet Maliekkal
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Matthew Neurock
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Paul J. Dauenhauer
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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13
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Chen PY, Hsu C, Venkatesan M, Tseng YL, Cho CJ, Han ST, Zhou Y, Chiang WH, Kuo CC. Enhanced electrical and thermal properties of semi-conductive PANI-CNCs with surface modified CNCs. RSC Adv 2021; 11:11444-11456. [PMID: 35423653 PMCID: PMC8695952 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10663a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are the most commonly used natural polymers for biomaterial synthesis. However, their low dispersibility, conductivity, and poor compatibility with the hydrophobic matrix hinder their potential applications. Therefore, we grafted sulfate half-ester and carboxylic functional groups onto CNC surfaces (S-CNC and C-CNC) to overcome these shortcomings. The effect of the dopants, surfactant ratios, and properties of CNCs on the thermal stability, conductivity, and surface morphology of polyaniline (PANI)-doped CNC nanocomposites were investigated through emulsion and in situ polymerization. The higher electrical conductivity and well-dispersed morphology of SCNC-PANI30 (1.1 × 10-2 S cm-1) but lower thermal stability than that of CCNC-PANI30 (T 0: 189 °C) nanocomposites are highly related to dispersibility of S-CNCs. However, after 4-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA) was added, the conductivity and thermal stability of SCNC/PANI increased up to 2.5 × 10-1 S cm-1 and 192 °C with almost no particle aggregation because of the increase in charge dispersion. The proposed biodegradable, renewable, and surface-modified S-CNC and C-CNC can be used in high-thermal-stability applications such as food packaging, optical films, reinforcement fillers, flexible semiconductors, and electromagnetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yun Chen
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology Taipei 10608 Taiwan +886-2-27317174 +886-2-27712171 ext. 2407
| | - Chieh Hsu
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology Taipei 10608 Taiwan +886-2-27317174 +886-2-27712171 ext. 2407
| | - Manikandan Venkatesan
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology Taipei 10608 Taiwan +886-2-27317174 +886-2-27712171 ext. 2407
| | - Yen-Lin Tseng
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology Taipei 10608 Taiwan +886-2-27317174 +886-2-27712171 ext. 2407
| | - Chia-Jung Cho
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology Taipei 10608 Taiwan +886-2-27317174 +886-2-27712171 ext. 2407
| | - Su-Ting Han
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University Shenzhen P. R. China
| | - Ye Zhou
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University Shenzhen P. R. China
| | - Wei-Hung Chiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology 10607 Taipei Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ching Kuo
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology Taipei 10608 Taiwan +886-2-27317174 +886-2-27712171 ext. 2407
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14
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Maliekkal V, Dauenhauer PJ, Neurock M. Glycosidic C–O Bond Activation in Cellulose Pyrolysis: Alpha Versus Beta and Condensed Phase Hydroxyl-Catalytic Scission. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Maliekkal
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Paul J. Dauenhauer
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Matthew Neurock
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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15
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Zhao S, Bi X, Sun R, Niu M, Pan X. Density functional theory and experimental study of cellulose initial degradation stage under inert and oxidative atmosphere. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.127543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Kundu S. Insights into the mechanism(s) of digestion of crystalline cellulose by plant class C GH9 endoglucanases. J Mol Model 2019; 25:240. [PMID: 31338614 PMCID: PMC7385011 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-019-4133-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Biofuels such as γ-valerolactone, bioethanol, and biodiesel are derived from potentially fermentable cellulose and vegetable oils. Plant class C GH9 endoglucanases are CBM49-encompassing hydrolases that cleave the β (1 → 4) glycosidic linkage of contiguous D-glucopyranose residues of crystalline cellulose. Here, I analyse 3D-homology models of characterised and putative class C enzymes to glean insights into the contribution of the GH9, linker, and CBM49 to the mechanism(s) of crystalline cellulose digestion. Crystalline cellulose may be accommodated in a surface groove which is imperfectly bounded by the GH9_CBM49, GH9_linker, and linker_CBM49 surfaces and thence digested in a solvent accessible subsurface cavity. The physical dimensions and distortions thereof, of the groove, are mediated in part by the bulky side chains of aromatic amino acids that comprise it and may also result in a strained geometry of the bound cellulose polymer. These data along with an almost complete absence of measurable cavities, along with poorly conserved, hydrophobic, and heterogeneous amino acid composition, increased atomic motion of the CBM49_linker junction, and docking experiements with ligands of lower degrees of polymerization suggests a modulatory rather than direct role for CBM49 in catalysis. Crystalline cellulose is the de facto substrate for CBM-containing plant and non-plant GH9 enzymes, a finding supported by exceptional sequence- and structural-homology. However, despite the implied similarity in general acid-base catalysis of crystalline cellulose, this study also highlights qualitative differences in substrate binding and glycosidic bond cleavage amongst class C members. Results presented may aid the development of novel plant-based GH9 endoglucanases that could extract and utilise potential fermentable carbohydrates from biomass. Crystalline cellulose digestion by plant class C GH9 endoglucanases - an in silico assessment of function. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha Kundu
- Department of Biochemistry, Army College of Medical Sciences, Brar Square, Delhi Cantt., New Delhi, 110010, India.
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17
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Kunnikuruvan S, Nair NN. Mechanistic Insights into the Brønsted Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of β-d-Glucose to 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural under Ambient and Subcritical Conditions. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b00678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sooraj Kunnikuruvan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, India
| | - Nisanth N. Nair
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, India
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18
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Yu ZJ, Easton MW, Murria P, Xu L, Ding D, Jiang Y, Zhang J, Kenttämaa HI. Molecular-Level Understanding of the Major Fragmentation Mechanisms of Cellulose Fast Pyrolysis: An Experimental Approach Based on Isotopically Labeled Model Compounds. J Org Chem 2019; 84:7037-7050. [PMID: 31064180 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of the feasibility of various mechanisms possibly involved in cellulose fast pyrolysis is challenging. Therefore, selectively 13C-labeled cellotriose, 18O-labeled cellobiose, and 13C- and 18O-doubly-labeled cellobiose were synthesized and subjected to fast pyrolysis in an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source of a linear quadrupole ion trap/orbitrap mass spectrometer. The initial products were immediately quenched, ionized using ammonium cations, and subsequently analyzed using the mass spectrometer. The loss or retention of isotope labels upon pyrolysis unambiguously revealed three major competing mechanisms-sequential losses of glycolaldehyde/ethenediol molecules from the reducing end (the reducing-end unraveling mechanism), hydroxymethylene-assisted glycosidic bond cleavage (HAGBC mechanism), and Maccoll elimination. Important discoveries include the following: (1) Reducing-end unraveling is the predominant mechanism occurring at the reducing end; (2) Maccoll elimination facilitates the cleaving of aglyconic bonds, and it is the mechanism leading to formation of reducing carbohydrates; 3) HAGBC occurs for glycosides but not at the reducing end of cellodextrins; 4) HAGBC and water loss are the predominant reactions for fast pyrolysis of 1,6-anhydrocellodextrins; and 5) HAGBC can proceed after reducing-end unraveling but unraveling does not occur once the HAGBC reaction pathway is initiated. Moreover, hydrolysis was conclusively ruled out for fast pyrolysis of cellobiose, cellotriose, and 1,6-anhydrocellodextrins up to cellotetraosan. No radical reactions were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaikuan J Yu
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Mckay W Easton
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Priya Murria
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Lan Xu
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Duanchen Ding
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Yuan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Jifa Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Hilkka I Kenttämaa
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
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19
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Ansari KB, Arora JS, Chew JW, Dauenhauer PJ, Mushrif SH. Fast Pyrolysis of Cellulose, Hemicellulose, and Lignin: Effect of Operating Temperature on Bio-oil Yield and Composition and Insights into the Intrinsic Pyrolysis Chemistry. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khursheed B. Ansari
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459
| | - Jyotsna S. Arora
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459
| | - Jia Wei Chew
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459
| | - Paul J. Dauenhauer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Amundson Hall, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Samir H. Mushrif
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211-116, Street NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
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20
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21
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Arora JS, Ansari KB, Chew JW, Dauenhauer PJ, Mushrif SH. Unravelling the catalytic influence of naturally occurring salts on biomass pyrolysis chemistry using glucose as a model compound: a combined experimental and DFT study. Catal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy00005d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Alkali and alkaline-earth metal loaded biomass pyrolysis highlights that different metal ions have different effects on bio-oil composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotsna S. Arora
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 637459
- Singapore
| | - Khursheed B. Ansari
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 637459
- Singapore
| | - Jia Wei Chew
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 637459
- Singapore
| | - Paul J. Dauenhauer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis
- USA
| | - Samir H. Mushrif
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton
- Canada
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22
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Van Geem K. Kinetic modeling of the pyrolysis chemistry of fossil and alternative feedstocks. COMPUTER AIDED CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64087-1.00006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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23
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Maliekkal V, Maduskar S, Saxon DJ, Nasiri M, Reineke TM, Neurock M, Dauenhauer P. Activation of Cellulose via Cooperative Hydroxyl-Catalyzed Transglycosylation of Glycosidic Bonds. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b04289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Maliekkal
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemical Engineering, Amundson Hall, 425 Washington Avenue Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Saurabh Maduskar
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemical Engineering, Amundson Hall, 425 Washington Avenue Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Derek J. Saxon
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemistry, Smith Hall, 207 Pleasant Street Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Mohammadreza Nasiri
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemistry, Smith Hall, 207 Pleasant Street Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Theresa M. Reineke
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemical Engineering, Amundson Hall, 425 Washington Avenue Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemistry, Smith Hall, 207 Pleasant Street Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Matthew Neurock
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemical Engineering, Amundson Hall, 425 Washington Avenue Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Paul Dauenhauer
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemical Engineering, Amundson Hall, 425 Washington Avenue Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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24
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Keturakis CJ, Lapina OB, Shubin AA, Terskikh VV, Papulovskiy E, Yudaev IV, Paukshtis EA, Wachs IE. Pyrolysis of the Cellulose Fraction of Biomass in the Presence of Solid Acid Catalysts: An Operando Spectroscopy and Theoretical Investigation. CHEMSUSCHEM 2018; 11:4044-4059. [PMID: 30338653 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201802073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Biomass pyrolysis by solid acid catalysts is one of many promising technologies for sustainable production of hydrocarbon liquid fuels and value-added chemicals, but these complex chemical transformations are still poorly understood. A series of well-defined model SiO2 -supported alumina catalysts were synthesized and molecularly characterized, under dehydrated conditions and during biomass pyrolysis, with the aim of establishing fundamental catalyst structure-activity/selectivity relationships. The nature and corresponding acidity of the supported AlOx nanostructures on SiO2 were determined with 27 Al/1 H NMR and IR spectroscopy of chemisorbed CO, and DFT calculations. Operando time-resolved IR-Raman-MS spectroscopy studies revealed the molecular transformations taking place during biomass pyrolysis. The molecular transformations during biomass pyrolysis depended on both the domain size of the AlOx cluster and molecular nature of the biomass feedstock. These new insights allowed the establishment of fundamental structure-activity/selectivity relationships during biomass pyrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Keturakis
- Operando Molecular Spectroscopy & Catalysis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA
- Current address: Cummins Emission Solutions, Stoughton, WI, 53589, USA
| | - Olga B Lapina
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, pr. Lavrentieva, 5, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova, 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Aleksandr A Shubin
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, pr. Lavrentieva, 5, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova, 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Victor V Terskikh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N6N5, Canada
| | - Evgeniy Papulovskiy
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, pr. Lavrentieva, 5, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ivan V Yudaev
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, pr. Lavrentieva, 5, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Eugenii A Paukshtis
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, pr. Lavrentieva, 5, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova, 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Israel E Wachs
- Operando Molecular Spectroscopy & Catalysis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA
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25
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Easton MW, Nash JJ, Kenttämaa HI. Dehydration Pathways for Glucose and Cellobiose During Fast Pyrolysis. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:8071-8085. [PMID: 30216724 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b02312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mckay W. Easton
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - John J. Nash
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Hilkka I. Kenttämaa
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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26
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Arora JS, Chew JW, Mushrif SH. Influence of Alkali and Alkaline-Earth Metals on the Cleavage of Glycosidic Bond in Biomass Pyrolysis: A DFT Study Using Cellobiose as a Model Compound. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:7646-7658. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b06083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jyotsna S. Arora
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459
| | - Jia Wei Chew
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459
| | - Samir H. Mushrif
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211-116 Street NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G1H9, Canada
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27
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Yin F, Tang C, Wang Q, Liu X, Tang Y. Molecular Dynamics Simulations on the Thermal Decomposition of Meta-Aramid Fibers. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E691. [PMID: 30960616 PMCID: PMC6403965 DOI: 10.3390/polym10070691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The thermal decomposition mechanism of a meta-aramid fiber was simulated at the atomic level using the ReaxFF reactive force field. The simulation results indicated that the main initial decomposition positions of the meta-aramid fiber elements were Caromatic ring⁻N and C=O, which could be used as targets for the modification of meta-aramid fibers. The meta-aramid fiber elements first decomposed into C6⁻C13 and then into smaller segments and micromolecular gases. The temperature was shown to be the key factor affecting the thermal decomposition of the meta-aramid fibers. More complex compositions and stable gases were produced at high temperatures than at lower temperatures. HCN was a decomposition product at high temperature, suggesting that its presence could be used for detecting thermal faults in meta-aramid fibers. Generation path tracing of the thermal decomposition products NH₃ and H₂O was also performed. NH₃ was produced when the NH₂ group captured an H atom adjacent to the system. H₂O was formed after a carbonyl group captured an H atom, became a hydroxyl group, with subsequent intramolecular dehydration or intermolecular hydrogen abstraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yin
- College of Engineering and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Chao Tang
- College of Engineering and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Qian Wang
- Electric Power Research Institute of State Grid Chongqing Electric Power Company, Chongqing 401123, China.
| | - Xiong Liu
- Electric Power Research Institute of State Grid Chongqing Electric Power Company, Chongqing 401123, China.
| | - Yujing Tang
- College of Engineering and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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28
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Atmani L, Bichara C, Pellenq RJM, Van Damme H, van Duin ACT, Raza Z, Truflandier LA, Obliger A, Kralert PG, Ulm FJ, Leyssale JM. From cellulose to kerogen: molecular simulation of a geological process. Chem Sci 2017; 8:8325-8335. [PMID: 29619179 PMCID: PMC5858082 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc03466k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Accelerated reactive molecular dynamics simulations reveal the complex geological conversion path of organic matter into porous carbon (kerogen) and gas.
The process by which organic matter decomposes deep underground to form petroleum and its underlying kerogen matrix has so far remained a no man’s land to theoreticians, largely because of the geological (Myears) timescale associated with the process. Using reactive molecular dynamics and an accelerated simulation framework, the replica exchange molecular dynamics method, we simulate the full transformation of cellulose into kerogen and its associated fluid phase under prevailing geological conditions. We observe in sequence the fragmentation of the cellulose crystal and production of water, the development of an unsaturated aliphatic macromolecular phase and its aromatization. The composition of the solid residue along the maturation pathway strictly follows what is observed for natural type III kerogen and for artificially matured samples under confined conditions. After expulsion of the fluid phase, the obtained microporous kerogen possesses the structure, texture, density, porosity and stiffness observed for mature type III kerogen and a microporous carbon obtained by saccharose pyrolysis at low temperature. As expected for this variety of precursor, the main resulting hydrocarbon is methane. The present work thus demonstrates that molecular simulations can now be used to assess, almost quantitatively, such complex chemical processes as petrogenesis in fossil reservoirs and, more generally, the possible conversion of any natural product into bio-sourced materials and/or fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Atmani
- CNRS/MIT Joint Lab "MultiScale Materials Science for Energy and Environment" , MIT Energy Initiative , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA 02139 , USA.,CNRS , Centre Interdisciplinaire des Nanosciences de Marseille , Campus de Luminy, Case 913 , 13288 Marseille Cedex 9 , France
| | - Christophe Bichara
- CNRS , Centre Interdisciplinaire des Nanosciences de Marseille , Campus de Luminy, Case 913 , 13288 Marseille Cedex 9 , France
| | - Roland J-M Pellenq
- CNRS/MIT Joint Lab "MultiScale Materials Science for Energy and Environment" , MIT Energy Initiative , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA 02139 , USA.,CNRS , Centre Interdisciplinaire des Nanosciences de Marseille , Campus de Luminy, Case 913 , 13288 Marseille Cedex 9 , France.,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA 02139 , USA
| | - Henri Van Damme
- CNRS/MIT Joint Lab "MultiScale Materials Science for Energy and Environment" , MIT Energy Initiative , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA 02139 , USA
| | - Adri C T van Duin
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , USA
| | - Zamaan Raza
- CNRS/MIT Joint Lab "MultiScale Materials Science for Energy and Environment" , MIT Energy Initiative , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA 02139 , USA
| | - Lionel A Truflandier
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires , Univ. Bordeaux , CNRS UMR 5255 , 351 Cours de la Libération , 33405 Talence , France
| | - Amaël Obliger
- CNRS/MIT Joint Lab "MultiScale Materials Science for Energy and Environment" , MIT Energy Initiative , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA 02139 , USA
| | - Paul G Kralert
- Specialist Geoscience, Upstream Development, Projects & Technology , Shell Global Solutions International BV , Kessler Park 1 , 2288 GS Rijswijk , The Netherlands
| | - Franz J Ulm
- CNRS/MIT Joint Lab "MultiScale Materials Science for Energy and Environment" , MIT Energy Initiative , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA 02139 , USA.,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA 02139 , USA
| | - Jean-Marc Leyssale
- CNRS/MIT Joint Lab "MultiScale Materials Science for Energy and Environment" , MIT Energy Initiative , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA 02139 , USA.,CNRS , Laboratoire des Composites Thermostructuraux , UMR 5801 CNRS-Safran-CEA-Université de Bordeaux , 3 allée de la Boetie , 33600 Pessac , France .
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29
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Abstract
Biomass is increasingly perceived as a renewable resource rather than as an organic solid waste today, as it can be converted to various chemicals, biofuels, and solid biochar using modern processes. In the past few years, pyrolysis has attracted growing interest as a promising versatile platform to convert biomass into valuable resources. However, an efficient and selective conversion process is still difficult to be realized due to the complex nature of biomass, which usually makes the products complicated. Furthermore, various contaminants and inorganic elements (e.g., heavy metals, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and chlorine) embodied in biomass may be transferred into pyrolysis products or released into the environment, arousing environmental pollution concerns. Understanding their behaviors in biomass pyrolysis is essential to optimizing the pyrolysis process for efficient resource recovery and less environmental pollution. However, there is no comprehensive review so far about the fates of chemical elements in biomass during its pyrolysis. Here, we provide a critical review about the fates of main chemical elements (C, H, O, N, P, Cl, S, and metals) in biomass during its pyrolysis. We overview the research advances about the emission, transformation, and distribution of elements in biomass pyrolysis, discuss the present challenges for resource-oriented conversion and pollution abatement, highlight the importance and significance of understanding the fate of elements during pyrolysis, and outlook the future development directions for process control. The review provides useful information for developing sustainable biomass pyrolysis processes with an improved efficiency and selectivity as well as minimized environmental impacts, and encourages more research efforts from the scientific communities of chemistry, the environment, and energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Jun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China , Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Wen-Wei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China , Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China , Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Han-Qing Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China , Hefei, 230026, China
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30
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Zhu C, Krumm C, Facas GG, Neurock M, Dauenhauer PJ. Energetics of cellulose and cyclodextrin glycosidic bond cleavage. REACT CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6re00176a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thermochemical conversion of lignocellulosic materials for production of biofuels and renewable chemicals utilizes high temperature to thermally decompose long-chain cellulose to volatile organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis
- USA
| | - Christoph Krumm
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis
- USA
| | - Gregory G. Facas
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis
- USA
| | - Matthew Neurock
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis
- USA
| | - Paul J. Dauenhauer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis
- USA
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31
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Murillo JD, Biernacki JJ, Northrup S, Mohammad AS. BIOMASS PYROLYSIS KINETICS: A REVIEW OF MOLECULAR-SCALE MODELING CONTRIBUTIONS. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-6632.20170341s20160086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. D. Murillo
- Tennessee Technological University, USA; Tennessee Technological University, USA
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32
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Groenenboom MC, Keith JA. Explicitly Unraveling the Roles of Counterions, Solvent Molecules, and Electron Correlation in Solution Phase Reaction Pathways. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:10797-10807. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b07606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell C. Groenenboom
- Department
of Chemical and
Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - John A. Keith
- Department
of Chemical and
Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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33
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Sun Q, Harvey JA, Greco KV, Auerbach SM. Molecular Simulations of Hydrogen Bond Cluster Size and Reorientation Dynamics in Liquid and Glassy Azole Systems. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:10411-10419. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b07148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qinfang Sun
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Jacob A. Harvey
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Katharine V. Greco
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Scott M. Auerbach
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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34
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Zhou X, Broadbelt L, Vinu R. Mechanistic Understanding of Thermochemical Conversion of Polymers and Lignocellulosic Biomass. THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESS ENGINEERING 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ache.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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35
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Kundu S, Sharma R. In silico Identification and Taxonomic Distribution of Plant Class C GH9 Endoglucanases. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1185. [PMID: 27570528 PMCID: PMC4981690 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The glycoside hydrolase 9 superfamily, mainly comprising the endoglucanases, is represented in all three domains of life. The current division of GH9 enzymes, into three subclasses, namely A, B, and C, is centered on parameters derived from sequence information alone. However, this classification is ambiguous, and is limited by the paralogous ancestry of classes B and C endoglucanases, and paucity of biochemical and structural data. Here, we extend this classification schema to putative GH9 endoglucanases present in green plants, with an emphasis on identifying novel members of the class C subset. These enzymes cleave the β(1 → 4) linkage between non-terminal adjacent D-glucopyranose residues, in both, amorphous and crystalline regions of cellulose. We utilized non redundant plant GH9 enzymes with characterized molecular data, as the training set to construct Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) and train an Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The parameters that were used for predicting dominant enzyme function, were derived from this training set, and subsequently refined on 147 sequences with available expression data. Our knowledge-based approach, can ascribe differential endoglucanase activity (A, B, or C) to a query sequence with high confidence, and was used to construct a local repository of class C GH9 endoglucanases (GH9C = 241) from 32 sequenced green plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha Kundu
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College & HospitalNew Delhi, India
- Mathematical and Computational Biology, Information Technology Research Academy, Media Lab AsiaNew Delhi, India
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi, India
- *Correspondence: Siddhartha Kundu
| | - Rita Sharma
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi, India
- Rita Sharma
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36
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Shin BK, Lee J, Choi TH. Conformational studies of dammarane-type triterpenoids using computational and NMR spectroscopic methods. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2015; 53:1035-42. [PMID: 26249364 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Natural triterpenoids are of great interest to researchers of various fields as they possess diverse physicochemical and biological properties. In medicinal chemistry, detailed information about the chemical structures of bioactive triterpenoids often helps find new lead compounds. Herein, the low-energy structures of (20S)-protopanaxadiol and (20S)-protopanaxatriol, the aglycones of various triterpenoid saponins found in Panax ginseng, and their (20R)-epimers have been predicted by the geometry optimization of the conformers extracted from molecular dynamics simulations with the self-consistent-charge density functional tight-binding method. By performing quantum mechanical calculations on the low-energy conformers, we have estimated the NMR chemical shifts of the compounds, which display good agreement with the most recently reported experimental values within an expected range of errors. Our results indicate that theoretical estimation of the NMR parameters of a relatively large molecule with a molecular mass of 500 is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byong-Kyu Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea
| | - Jihyung Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering Education, Chungnam National University, Daejon, 305-764, South Korea
| | - Tae Hoon Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering Education, Chungnam National University, Daejon, 305-764, South Korea
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37
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Wang C, Sui J, Lu W, Li B, Li G, Ding Y, Huang Y, Geng J. Synergetic deoxy reforming of cellulose and fatty acid esters for liquid hydrocarbon-rich oils. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 196:217-224. [PMID: 26241841 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A series of liquid hydrocarbons (alkylbenzenes, alkanes, and alkenes) were obtained by a synergetic deoxy reforming (SDR) process of cellulose and linoleic acid methyl ester (LAME) at 350°C and 4-6MPa in a closed system without external source of hydrogen. The liquid product was obtained with a yield of 15wt% at a LAME/cellulose ratio of 0.2. In contrast, the direct deoxy reforming of cellulose produces oil that contains plenty of phenols and oxygen-containing compounds. Due to the insufficiency of water employed (30wt%), a radical reaction pathway was proposed. Quantum chemical calculations indicate that the radicals from LAME interfere with the reactions of the intermediate products from cellulose, being responsible for the removal of phenols and the formation of hydrocarbons. The SDR process offers an embryonic insight in an alternative technique for preparation of hydrocarbon fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jingjing Sui
- A State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Weipeng Lu
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Baopeng Li
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Guoxing Li
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yihong Ding
- A State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jianxin Geng
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China.
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38
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Bai H, Wu Y, Wang L, Ma Y, Ji Y. Polymerized cellulose building blocks: relative energy, electronic property, and reactivity from quantum chemical approach. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongcun Bai
- Key Laboratory of Energy Sources and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Natural Gas Conversion; Ningxia University; Yinchuan Ningxia 750021 China
| | - Yuhua Wu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering; Ningxia University; Yinchuan Ningxia 750021 China
| | - Liqiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Sources and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Natural Gas Conversion; Ningxia University; Yinchuan Ningxia 750021 China
| | - Yulong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Energy Sources and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Natural Gas Conversion; Ningxia University; Yinchuan Ningxia 750021 China
| | - Yongqiang Ji
- Key Laboratory of Energy Sources and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Natural Gas Conversion; Ningxia University; Yinchuan Ningxia 750021 China
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering; Ningxia University; Yinchuan Ningxia 750021 China
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39
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Density Functional Theory (DFT) study on the pyrolysis of cellulose: The pyran ring breaking mechanism. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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40
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Murillo JD, Moffet M, Biernacki JJ, Northrup S. High-temperature molecular dynamics simulation of cellobiose and maltose. AIChE J 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.14854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D. Murillo
- Dept. of Chemistry; Tennessee Technological University; Cookeville TN
- College of Interdisciplinary Studies; Environmental Sciences; Tennessee Technological University; Cookeville TN
| | - Melissa Moffet
- Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Tennessee Technological University; Cookeville TN
| | - Joseph J. Biernacki
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Tennessee Technological University; Cookeville TN
| | - Scott Northrup
- Dept. of Chemistry; Tennessee Technological University; Cookeville TN
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41
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Degenstein JC, Hurt M, Murria P, Easton M, Choudhari H, Yang L, Riedeman J, Carlsen MS, Nash JJ, Agrawal R, Delgass WN, Ribeiro FH, Kenttämaa HI. Mass spectrometric studies of fast pyrolysis of cellulose. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2015; 21:321-326. [PMID: 26307712 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A fast pyrolysis probe/linear quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer combination was used to study the primary fast pyrolysis products (those that first leave the hot pyrolysis surface) of cellulose, cellobiose, cellotriose, cellotetraose, cellopentaose, and cellohexaose, as well as of cellobiosan, cellotriosan, and cellopentosan, at 600°C. Similar products with different branching ratios were found for the oligosaccharides and cellulose, as reported previously. However, identical products (with the exception of two) with similar branching ratios were measured for cellotriosan (and cellopentosan) and cellulose. This result demonstrates that cellotriosan is an excellent small-molecule surrogate for studies of the fast pyrolysis of cellulose and also that most fast pyrolysis products of cellulose do not originate from the reducing end. Based on several observations, the fast pyrolysis of cellulose is suggested to initiate predominantly via two competing processes: the formation of anhydro-oligosaccharides, such as cellobiosan, cellotriosan, and cellopentosan (major route), and the elimination of glycolaldehyde (or isomeric) units from the reducing end of oligosaccharides formed from cellulose during fast pyrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Degenstein
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
| | - Matt Hurt
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
| | - Priya Murria
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
| | - McKay Easton
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
| | | | - Linan Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
| | - James Riedeman
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
| | - Mark S Carlsen
- D epartment of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
| | - John J Nash
- Dep artment of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
| | - Rakesh Agrawal
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
| | - W Nicholas Delgass
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
| | - Fabio H Ribeiro
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
| | - Hilkka I Kenttämaa
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
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42
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Mushrif SH, Vasudevan V, Krishnamurthy CB, Venkatesh B. Multiscale molecular modeling can be an effective tool to aid the development of biomass conversion technology: A perspective. Chem Eng Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2014.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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43
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Zhou X, Nolte MW, Mayes HB, Shanks BH, Broadbelt LJ. Experimental and Mechanistic Modeling of Fast Pyrolysis of Neat Glucose-Based Carbohydrates. 1. Experiments and Development of a Detailed Mechanistic Model. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie502259w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zhou
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208 United States
| | - Michael W. Nolte
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, 2119 Sweeney Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Heather B. Mayes
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208 United States
| | - Brent H. Shanks
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, 2119 Sweeney Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- Center
for Biorenewable Chemicals (CBiRC), Iowa State University, 1140
Biorenewables Research Laboratory Building, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Linda J. Broadbelt
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208 United States
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44
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Liu C, Assary RS, Curtiss LA. Investigation of thermochemistry associated with the carbon-carbon coupling reactions of furan and furfural using ab initio methods. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:4392-404. [PMID: 24902118 DOI: 10.1021/jp503702t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Upgrading furan and small oxygenates obtained from the decomposition of cellulosic materials via formation of carbon-carbon bonds is critical to effective conversion of biomass to liquid transportation fuels. Simulation-driven molecular level understanding of carbon-carbon bond formation is required to design efficient catalysts and processes. Accurate quantum chemical methods are utilized here to predict the reaction energetics for conversion of furan (C4H4O) to C5-C8 ethers and the transformation of furfural (C5H6O2) to C13-C26 alkanes. Furan can be coupled with various C1 to C4 low molecular weight carbohydrates obtained from the pyrolysis via Diels-Alder type reactions in the gas phase to produce C5-C8 cyclic ethers. The computed reaction barriers for these reactions (∼25 kcal/mol) are lower than the cellulose activation or decomposition reactions (∼50 kcal/mol). Cycloaddition of C5-C8 cyclo ethers with furans can also occur in the gas phase, and the computed activation energy is similar to that of the first Diels-Alder reaction. Furfural, obtained from biomass, can be coupled with aldehydes or ketones with α-hydrogen atoms to form longer chain aldol products, and these aldol products can undergo vapor phase hydrocycloaddition (activation barrier of ∼20 kcal/mol) to form the precursors of C26 cyclic hydrocarbons. These thermochemical studies provide the basis for further vapor phase catalytic studies required for upgrading of furans/furfurals to longer chain hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liu
- Materials Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory , Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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45
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Zheng S, Pfaendtner J. Enhanced sampling of chemical and biochemical reactions with metadynamics. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2014.923574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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46
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Sarotti AM. Theoretical insight into the pyrolytic deformylation of levoglucosenone and isolevoglucosenone. Carbohydr Res 2014; 390:76-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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47
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Paulsen AD, Hough BR, Williams CL, Teixeira AR, Schwartz DT, Pfaendtner J, Dauenhauer PJ. Fast Pyrolysis of Wood for Biofuels: Spatiotemporally Resolved Diffuse Reflectance In situ Spectroscopy of Particles. CHEMSUSCHEM 2014; 7:765-776. [PMID: 24678023 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201301056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Fast pyrolysis of woody biomass is a promising process capable of producing renewable transportation fuels to replace gasoline, diesel, and chemicals currently derived from nonrenewable sources. However, biomass pyrolysis is not yet economically viable and requires significant optimization before it can contribute to the existing oil-based transportation system. One method of optimization uses detailed kinetic models for predicting the products of biomass fast pyrolysis, which serve as the basis for the design of pyrolysis reactors capable of producing the highest value products. The goal of this work is to improve upon current pyrolysis models, usually derived from experiments with low heating rates and temperatures, by developing models that account for both transport and pyrolysis decomposition kinetics at high heating rates and high temperatures (>400 °C). A new experimental technique is proposed herein: spatiotemporally resolved diffuse reflectance in situ spectroscopy of particles (STR-DRiSP), which is capable of measuring biomass composition during fast pyrolysis with high spatial (10 μm) and temporal (1 ms) resolution. Compositional data were compared with a comprehensive 2D single-particle model, which incorporated a multistep, semiglobal reaction mechanism, prescribed particle shrinkage, and thermophysical properties that varied with temperature, composition, and orientation. The STR-DRiSP technique can be used to determine the transport-limited kinetic parameters of biomass decomposition for a wide variety of biomass feedstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex D Paulsen
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Chemical Engineering, Amherst, MA 01003 (USA)
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48
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Wang Z, Pecha B, Westerhof RJM, Kersten SRA, Li CZ, McDonald AG, Garcia-Perez M. Effect of Cellulose Crystallinity on Solid/Liquid Phase Reactions Responsible for the Formation of Carbonaceous Residues during Pyrolysis. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie4014259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhouhong Wang
- Biological
Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Brennan Pecha
- Biological
Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Roel J. M. Westerhof
- Thermo-Chemical
Conversion of Biomass Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Postbus 217, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Sascha R. A. Kersten
- Thermo-Chemical
Conversion of Biomass Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Postbus 217, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Chun-Zhu Li
- Fuels
and Energy Technology Institute, Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U1987, Western Australia, 6845, Australia
| | - Armando G. McDonald
- Department
of Forest, Rangeland and Fire Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, United States
| | - Manuel Garcia-Perez
- Biological
Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
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49
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Liu X, Giordano C, Antonietti M. A facile molten-salt route to graphene synthesis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:193-200. [PMID: 23847138 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201300812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Efficient synthetic routes are continuously pursued for graphene in order to implement its applications in different areas. However, direct conversion of simple monomers to graphene through polymerization in a scalable manner remains a major challenge for chemists. Herein, a molten-salt (MS) route for the synthesis of carbon nanostructures and graphene by controlled carbonization of glucose in molten metal chloride is reported. In this process, carbohydrate undergoes polymerization in the presence of strongly interacting ionic species, which leads to nanoporous carbon with amorphous nature and adjustable pore size. At a low precursor concentration, the process converts the sugar molecules (glucose) to rather pure few-layer graphenes. The MS-derived graphenes are strongly hydrophobic and exhibit remarkable selectivity and capacity for absorption of organics. The methodology described may open up a new avenue towards the synthesis and manipulation of carbon materials in liquid media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Liu
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, 14424 Potsdam, Germany.
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50
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Hosoya T, Sakaki S. Levoglucosan formation from crystalline cellulose: importance of a hydrogen bonding network in the reaction. CHEMSUSCHEM 2013; 6:2356-2368. [PMID: 24243863 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201300338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Levoglucosan (1,6-anhydro-β-D-glucopyranose) formation by the thermal degradation of native cellulose was investigated by MP4(SDQ)//DFT(B3LYP) and DFT(M06-2X)//DFT(B3LYP) level computations. The computational results of dimer models lead to the conclusion that the degradation occurs by a concerted mechanism similar to the degradation of methyl β-D-glucoside reported in our previous study. One-chain models of glucose hexamer, in which the interchain hydrogen bonds of real cellulose crystals are absent, do not exhibit the correct reaction behavior of levoglucosan formation; for instance, the activation enthalpy (Ea =≈38 kcal mol(-1) ) is considerably underestimated compared to the experimental value (48-60 kcal mol(-1) ). This problem is solved with the use of two-chain models that contain interchain hydrogen bonds. The theoretical study of this model clearly shows that the degradation of the internal glucosyl residue leads to the formation of a levoglucosan precursor at the chain end and levoglucosan is selectively formed from this levoglucosan end. The calculated Ea (56-62 kcal mol(-1) ) agrees well with the experimental value. The computational results of three-chain models indicate that this degradation occurs selectively on the crystalline surface. All these computational results provide a comprehensive understanding of several experimental facts, the mechanisms of which have not yet been elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hosoya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna (Austria).
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