1
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Wang W, Yang W, Zhang Z, Dai J, Xu Y, Zhang J. Amplifying dual-visible-light photoswitching in aqueous media via confinement promoted triplet-triplet energy transfer. Chem Sci 2024; 15:5539-5547. [PMID: 38638239 PMCID: PMC11023046 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00423j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Achieving visible-light photochromism is a long-term goal of chemists keen to exploit the opportunities of molecular photoswitches in multi-disciplinary research studies. Triplet-sensitization offers a flexible approach to building diverse visible-light photoswitches using existing photochromic scaffolds, circumventing the need for sophisticated molecular design and synthesis. Unfortunately, distance-dependence and environment-sensitivity of triplet-excited species remain as key challenges that severely impair sensitization efficiency and limit their practical availability. We present herein a nature-inspired nanoconfinement strategy in which a triplet-sensitized visible-light photoswitch/sensitizer system is assembled into nanoconfined micelles (d ∼ 40 nm). A ca. 10-fold efficiency increase of triplet-triplet energy transfer for photochromism as well as an amplified fluorescence on/off contrast upon bi-directional visible-light excitation (470/560 nm) was achieved in full aqueous media. By virtue of this, the hybrid photoswitchable system is successfully applied for both flash information encryption and multiple dynamic cell imaging assays, further proving its versatility in materials and life science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Weixin Yang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Jinghong Dai
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Yisheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Junji Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
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2
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Sherstiuk A, Villabona M, Lledós A, Hernando J, Sebastián RM, Hey-Hawkins E. Amplified photomodulation of a bis(dithienylethene)-substituted phosphine. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:6190-6199. [PMID: 38441242 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt04246d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Phosphine ligands play a crucial role in homogeneous catalysis, allowing fine-tuning of the catalytic activity of various metals by modifying their structure. An ultimate challenge in this field is to reach controlled modulation of catalysis in situ, for which the development of phosphines capable of photoswitching between states with differential electronic properties has been proposed. To magnify this light-induced behavior, in this work we describe a novel phosphine ligand incorporating two dithienylethene photoswitchable moieties tethered to the same phosphorus atom. Double photoisomerization was observed for this ligand, which remains unhindered upon gold(I) complexation. As a result, the preparation of a fully ring-closed phosphine isomer was accomplished, for which amplified variation of phosphorus electron density was verified both experimentally and by computational calculations. Accordingly, the presented molecular design based on multiphotochromic phosphines could open new ways for preparing enhanced photoswitchable catalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia Sherstiuk
- Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marc Villabona
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Agustí Lledós
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jordi Hernando
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Rosa María Sebastián
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Evamarie Hey-Hawkins
- Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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3
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Taruno K, Ikariko I, Taniguchi T, Kim S, Fukaminato T. Internal Heavy-Atom Effect on Visible-Light-Induced Cyclization Reaction in Diarylethene-Perylenebisimide Dyads. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:273-279. [PMID: 38118147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c06746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
All-visible-light switchable diarylethene-perylenebisimide (DAE-PBI) dyads having bromine heavy atoms in the molecule were designed and synthesized. Very recently, we found a unique visible-light-induced cyclization reaction in a DAE-PBI dyad. The dyad exhibited reversible cyclization and cycloreversion reactions upon alternate irradiation with green (500-550 nm) and red (>600 nm) light. From the experimental results, it was suggested that the triplet state of DAE unit was generated via multiplicity conversion based on intramolecular energy transfer from the singlet excited state of PBI unit and that the cyclization reaction of DAE unit proceeded from the triplet state. In addition, it was revealed that the reactivity remarkably increased in a solvent containing heavy atoms such as carbon tetrachloride and iodoethane (i.e., external heavy-atom effect). Based on such results, in this study, we attempted to design and synthesize novel DAE-PBI dyads introducing bromine heavy atoms at different positions in the molecule. The synthesized dyads exhibited higher quantum yields of photocyclization reaction under visible-light irradiation even in a heavy-atom-free solvent compared to the previous dyad having no heavy atoms. The magnitude of enhancement well correlated to the contribution ratio of atomic orbital of bromine to the molecular orbital in LUMOs. These results indicated that the internal heavy atom effectively contributed to the visible-light-induced cyclization reaction in DAE-PBI dyads. Such an internal heavy-atom effect will pave the way for new molecular design to develop all-visible-light-activatable molecular switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koya Taruno
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Issei Ikariko
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Taku Taniguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Sunnam Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Fukaminato
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
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4
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Tan QQ, Guo Y, Phillips DL, Xu T, Ma J. Photorelease Reaction Mechanism Study of a Diarylethene Caged Dual Functions Compound. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:2119-2124. [PMID: 36802684 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Femtosecond transient absorption, nanosecond transient absorption, and nanosecond resonance Raman spectroscopy techniques coupled with density functional theory calculations were performed to unravel the photocyclization and photorelease mechanisms of a diarylethene based compound (1o) containing two caged groups (OMe and OAc). Since the ground state parallel (P) conformer of 1o with a large dipole moment is stable in DMSO, the fs-TA transformations observed for 1o in DMSO mainly have contributions from the P conformer, which undergoes an intersystem crossing to generate a corresponding triplet state species. In a less polar solvent like 1,4-dioxane, in addition to the P path behavior of 1o, an antiparallel (AP) conformer can also take place to give a photocyclization reaction from the Franck-Condon state and finally give a deprotection via this pathway. This work provides a deeper understanding for these reactions, which not only facilitate the applications of diarylethene compounds but also help for the future design of functionalized diarylethene derivatives for particular applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Tan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Yan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - David Lee Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Tongyu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Jiani Ma
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
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5
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Podshibyakin VA, Shepelenko ЕN, Dubonosova IV, Karlutova ОY, Dubonosov AD, Bren VA. Photo- and Ionochromic Diarylethenes with Receptor Fragments in the Thiazole Bridge. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2023. [DOI: 10.1134/s107036322302007x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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6
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Fung TH, Ng M, Wu NM, Yam VW. Dithienylethene‐Containing Cyclometalated Platinum(II) Complexes with Tunable Photochromic and Photophysical Properties. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tony Ho‐Ching Fung
- Department of Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Maggie Ng
- Department of Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Nathan Man‐Wai Wu
- Department of Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Vivian Wing‐Wah Yam
- Department of Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
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7
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Kar B, Paira P. One pot three component synthesis of DNA targeting phototoxic Ru(II)- p-cymene dipyrido[3,2- a:2',3'- c]phenazine analogues. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:15686-15695. [PMID: 36173180 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01659a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a one pot three component synthetic protocol for half-sandwich Ru(II)-p-cymene dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine analogues for selective cancer therapy under light irradiation. On average, the cytotoxicity of all the complexes is indeed doubled upon light irradiation and also exhibited significant photo and dark selectivity against cancer cells with respect to normal cells. Out of five Ru(II) complexes (RuL1-RuL5), [(η6-p-cymene)RuIICl(K2-N,N-11-nitrodipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine]PF6 (RuL4) exhibited the best phototoxicity (lowest IC50 under light irradiation). Intracellular ROS generation was studied by the 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) assay. Moreover, these complexes exhibited a strong serum albumin and DNA binding capacity. These complexes also exhibited good stability in 10% DMSO-buffer and under 1 mM GSH conditions. Overall, the remarkable photocytotoxic efficacy of new Ru(II)-p-cymene dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine analogues (RuL1-RuL5) makes them potential photochemotherapeutics as an alternative of current PDT agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binoy Kar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Priyankar Paira
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamilnadu, India.
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8
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Ikariko I, Kim S, Hiroyasu Y, Higashiguchi K, Matsuda K, Hirose T, Sotome H, Miyasaka H, Yokojima S, Irie M, Kurihara S, Fukaminato T. All-Visible (>500 nm)-Light-Induced Diarylethene Photochromism Based on Multiplicity Conversion via Intramolecular Energy Transfer. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:7429-7436. [PMID: 35929722 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Photoswitching molecules that reversibly switch upon visible-light irradiation are some of the most attractive targets for biological and imaging applications. In this study, we found a diarylethene (DAE) derivative having a covalently attached perylenebisimide (PBI) unit (DAE-PBI dyad) underwent an unexpected cyclization reaction upon irradiation with green (500-550 nm) light, where the DAE unit has no absorbance. The photoreactivity was enhanced in solvents containing heavy atoms and in the presence of oxygen. As inferred from the solvent dependence and the calculated excited-state energies of DAE and PBI units, it was suggested that the probable mechanism for this unique visible-light-induced cyclization reaction is multiplicity conversion based on intramolecular energy transfer from the excited singlet state of the PBI unit to the triplet state of DAE units (i.e., DAE-1[PBI]* → 3[DAE]*-PBI). Such a unique photoreaction mechanism with the assistance of oxygen will pave the way for new molecular design for the development of visible-light switching molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issei Ikariko
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Sunnam Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Yae Hiroyasu
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kenji Higashiguchi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsuda
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Takashi Hirose
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Hikaru Sotome
- Division of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyasaka
- Division of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yokojima
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Masahiro Irie
- Research Center for Smart Molecules, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Seiji Kurihara
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Tuyoshi Fukaminato
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
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9
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Zhang Z, Wang W, O'Hagan M, Dai J, Zhang J, Tian H. Stepping Out of the Blue: From Visible to Near-IR Triggered Photoswitches. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205758. [PMID: 35524420 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Light offers unique opportunities for controlling the activity of materials and biosystems with high spatiotemporal resolution. Molecular photoswitches are chromophores that undergo reversible isomerization between different states upon irradiation with light, allowing a convenient means to control their influence over the system of interest. However, a significant limitation of classical photoswitches is the requirement to initiate the switching in one or both directions using deleterious UV light with poor tissue penetration. Red-shifted photoswitches are hence in high demand and have attracted keen recent research interest. In this Review, we highlight recent progress towards the development of visible- and NIR-activated photoswitches characterized by distinct photochromic reaction mechanisms. We hope to inspire further endeavors in this field, allowing the full potential of these tools in biotechnology and materials chemistry applications to be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Wenhui Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Michael O'Hagan
- Institute of Chemistry, The Minerva Center for Bio-hybrid Complex Systems, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Jinghong Dai
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Junji Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - He Tian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
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10
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Zhang Z, Wang W, O’Hagan M, Dai J, Zhang J, Tian H. Stepping Out of the Blue: From Visible to Near‐IR Triggered Photoswitches. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Zhang
- East China University of Science and Technology School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Dept. Chem Shanghai CHINA
| | - Wenhui Wang
- East China University of Science and Technology School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Dept. Chem CHINA
| | | | - Jinghong Dai
- East China University of Science and Technology School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Dept. Chem CHINA
| | - Junji Zhang
- East China University of Science and Technology School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Dept. Chem Shanghai CHINA
| | - He Tian
- East China University of Science and Technology School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Institute of Fine Chemicals Meilong Road 130 200237 Shanghai! CHINA
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11
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Cheng HB, Zhang S, Bai E, Cao X, Wang J, Qi J, Liu J, Zhao J, Zhang L, Yoon J. Future-Oriented Advanced Diarylethene Photoswitches: From Molecular Design to Spontaneous Assembly Systems. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2108289. [PMID: 34866257 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202108289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Diarylethene (DAE) photoswitch is a new and promising family of photochromic molecules and has shown superior performance as a smart trigger in stimulus-responsive materials. During the past few decades, the DAE family has achieved a leap from simple molecules to functional molecules and developed toward validity as a universal switching building block. In recent years, the introduction of DAE into an assembly system has been an attractive strategy that enables the photochromic behavior of the building blocks to be manifested at the level of the entire system, beyond the DAE unit itself. This assembly-based strategy will bring many unexpected results that promote the design and manufacture of a new generation of advanced materials. Here, recent advances in the design and fabrication of diarylethene as a trigger in materials science, chemistry, and biomedicine are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bo Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Shuchun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Enying Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqiao Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Ji Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Juyoung Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea
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12
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Gao W, Niu L, Wang T, Liang Y, Wang D, Zhang Z. Synthesis of cis/trans-dihydrochromenones via a photoinduced rearrangement of 4-phenyl-3-aryl/cyclohexenylcoumarins. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:7176-7180. [PMID: 34374407 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01058a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A concise and environmentally friendly protocol has been developed for the synthesis of cis-dihydrochromenones and trans-dihydrochromenones in EtOH at room temperature. Irradiation of 4-phenyl-3-arylcoumarins in EtOH with 313 nm UV light under an argon atmosphere at room temperature gave cis-4b,15c-dihydro-16H-benzofuro[3',2':7,8]phenanthro[9,10-c]chromen-16-ones and cis-8c,14b-dihydro-9H-benzo[11,12]chryseno[5,6-c]chromen-9-ones in good yields. And an analogous treatment of 4-phenyl-3-alkenylcoumarins as 4-phenyl-3-arylcoumarins provided trans-1,2,3,4,4a,14b-hexahydro-5H-phenanthro[9,10-c]chromen-5-ones. The described photorearrangement proceeded smoothly without the addition of any transition metals and additives. The photorearrangement of 4-phenyl-3-arylcoumarins is believed to proceed via 6π-electrocyclization, a [1,3]-hydrogen shift and keto-enol isomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangxi Gao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
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13
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Xiao X, Tian W, Imran M, Cao H, Zhao J. Controlling the triplet states and their application in external stimuli-responsive triplet-triplet-annihilation photon upconversion: from the perspective of excited state photochemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:9686-9714. [PMID: 34263286 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00162k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The property of organic light-responsive materials is determined by their electronic excited states to a large extent, for instance, the radiative decay rate constants, redox potentials, and lifetimes. Tuning the excited state properties with external stimuli will lead to versatile functional materials; a representative example is the fluorescence molecular probes, in which the singlet excited states are controlled by the external stimuli, i.e., by interaction with the analytes. In comparison, controlling the triplet excited state with external stimuli has been rarely reported, although it is also crucial for the development of novel materials for targeted photodynamic therapy (PDT) reagents and phosphorescent molecular probes. The reported results show that the principles used in singlet excited state tuning are unable to be simply applied to the triplet excited state. In this review article, we summarized the recent results on controlling the triplet excited states by the external stimuli (chemical or light), and the application of the triplet state tuning in the chemical/light controllable triplet-triplet-annihilation upconversion (TTA UC). We discussed the methods for the control of the triplet states, as well as singlet excited state, for the purpose of controlling the TTA UC. Both successful and unsuccessful methods are discussed. This information is helpful for understanding the photophysical processes in which the triplet excited state is involved, and the development of novel external stimuli-responsive triplet photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling-Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
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14
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Zhao S, Zhu Y, Li L, Guerchais V, Boixel J, Wong KMC. The switchable phosphorescence and delayed fluorescence of a new rhodamine-like dye through allenylidene formation in a cyclometallated platinum(ii) system. Chem Sci 2021; 12:11056-11064. [PMID: 34522303 PMCID: PMC8386667 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02787e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A new rhodamine-like alkyne-substituted ligand (Rhodyne) was designed to coordinate a cyclometallated platinum(ii) system. The chemo-induced “ON–OFF” switching capabilities on the spirolactone ring of the Rhodyne ligand with an end-capping platinum(ii) metal centre can modulate the interesting acetylide–allenylidene resonance. The long-lived 3IL excited state of Rhodyne in its ON state as an optically active opened form was revealed via steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy studies. Exceptional near-infrared (NIR) phosphorescence and delayed fluorescence based on a rhodamine-like structure were observed at room temperature for the first time. The position of the alkyne communication bridge attached to the platinum(ii) unit was found to vary the lead(ii)-ion binding mode and also the possible resonance structure for metal-mediated allenylidene formation. The formation of a proposed allenylidene resonance structure was suggested to rationalize these phenomena. A new rhodamine-like ligand (Rhodyne) was designed to coordinate a cyclometallated platinum(ii) system. Allenylidene formation could trigger NIR phosphorescence at 740 nm originating from Rhodyne 3IL, as well as delayed fluorescence at 620 nm.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunan Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 15001 China.,Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology 1088 Xueyuan Blvd. Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Yifan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology 1088 Xueyuan Blvd. Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology 1088 Xueyuan Blvd. Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | | | | | - Keith Man-Chung Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology 1088 Xueyuan Blvd. Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
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15
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Shinoda K, Yokojima S, Fukaminato T, Nakamura S. Determining Factor of the Quantum Yield of the Cyclization Reaction via Triplet States for Dye-Attached Diarylethene. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:5895-5902. [PMID: 34196175 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c02912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The difference in the quantum yields of the cyclization reaction of two isomers of dye-attached diarylethene via the triplet state observed in the experiment [J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113, 11623-11627] was theoretically examined by quantum chemical calculations. By evaluating the spin-orbit couplings, we found that the ratio of the rate constants from the S1 state to the T2 state between two isomers agreed with that of the experimental quantum yield of the cyclization reaction. The difference in the spin-orbit couplings is due to the difference in the delocalization of the orbitals between diarylethene and dye. We further found that after the intersystem crossing took place the cyclization reaction via the triplet state occurred in the experiment due to the low energy barrier (∼10 kcal/mol) for the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Shinoda
- Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8567, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yokojima
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan.,Nakamura Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tuyoshi Fukaminato
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Nakamura
- Nakamura Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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16
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"On-The-Fly" Non-Adiabatic Dynamics Simulations on Photoinduced Ring-Closing Reaction of a Nucleoside-Based Diarylethene Photoswitch. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092724. [PMID: 34066431 PMCID: PMC8125013 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside-based diarylethenes are emerging as an especial class of photochromic compounds that have potential applications in regulating biological systems using noninvasive light with high spatio-temporal resolution. However, relevant microscopic photochromic mechanisms at atomic level of these novel diarylethenes remain to be explored. Herein, we have employed static electronic structure calculations (MS-CASPT2//M06-2X, MS-CASPT2//SA-CASSCF) in combination with non-adiabatic dynamics simulations to explore the related photoinduced ring-closing reaction of a typical nucleoside-based diarylethene photoswitch, namely, PS-IV. Upon excitation with UV light, the open form PS-IV can be excited to a spectroscopically bright S1 state. After that, the molecule relaxes to the conical intersection region within 150 fs according to the barrierless relaxed scan of the C1–C6 bond, which is followed by an immediate deactivation to the ground state. The conical intersection structure is very similar to the ground state transition state structure which connects the open and closed forms of PS-IV, and therefore plays a crucial role in the photochromism of PS-IV. Besides, after analyzing the hopping structures, we conclude that the ring closing reaction cannot complete in the S1 state alone since all the C1–C6 distances of the hopping structures are larger than 2.00 Å. Once hopping to the ground state, the molecules either return to the original open form of PS-IV or produce the closed form of PS-IV within 100 fs, and the ring closing quantum yield is estimated to be 56%. Our present work not only elucidates the ultrafast photoinduced pericyclic reaction of the nucleoside-based diarylethene PS-IV, but can also be helpful for the future design of novel nucleoside-based diarylethenes with better performance.
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17
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Han J, Zhang J, Shi Y, Duan P. Switching Photon Upconversion by Using Photofluorochromic Annihilator with Low-Lying Triplet. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:3135-3141. [PMID: 33755490 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Photon upconversion based on triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA-UC) has attracted great attention due to its remarkable features including the high upconversion quantum yield, low threshold, and flexible combination of sensitizer and annihilator. Endowing TTA-UC with responsiveness will offer additional application dimensions; however, it is a challenge to develop annihilators with responsive features in the excited triplet state. Here we demonstrate the synthesis and photophysical behaviors of photofluorochromic annihilators derived from fluorescent diarylethenes. A series of turn-on mode fluorescent diarylethenes based on 1,2-bis(2-ethyl-1-benzothiophen-1,1-dioxide-3-yl)perfuorocyclopentene were synthesized, and their photochromism and photofluorochromism behaviors were thoroughly investigated. When sensitized by near-infrared ruthenium phthalocyanine, TTA-UC could be observed under excitation of 730 nm, accompanied by upconverted emission ranging from 500 to 700 nm. Because of the photoresponsive properties of the annihilators, TTA-UC can be switched between "on" and "off" by alternating irradiation of ultraviolet and visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlei Han
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), ZhongGuanCun BeiYiTiao, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Yonghong Shi
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), ZhongGuanCun BeiYiTiao, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Duan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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18
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Komreddy V, Ensz K, Nguyen H, Rillema DP, Moore CE. Design, synthesis, and photophysical properties of Re(I) tricarbonyl 1,10-phenanthroline complexes. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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19
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Wang JX, Li C, Tian H. Energy manipulation and metal-assisted photochromism in photochromic metal complex. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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20
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Wong CL, Cheng YH, Poon CT, Yam VWW. Synthesis, Photophysical, Photochromic, and Photomodulated Resistive Memory Studies of Dithienylethene-Containing Copper(I) Diimine Complexes. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:14785-14795. [PMID: 32914626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of dithienylethene-containing copper(I) diimine complexes have been synthesized and structurally characterized. Systematic studies on their photophysics, electrochemistry, and photochromism have been carried out. The photoinduced color changes of the copper(I) complexes have been achieved by photoexcitation into the metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) absorption bands, indicating the photosensitization of light-induced cyclization by the 3MLCT excited state. In addition, by an increase in either the steric bulkiness around the copper(I) center or the structural rigidity of the complexes, the quantum efficiencies of photoluminescence and photocyclization can be effectively enhanced because of suppression of the flattening distortion of the complexes at the MLCT excited state. Furthermore, one of the complexes has been employed as an active component in the fabrication of solution-processed resistive memory devices. Notable lowering of the switching threshold voltage of the binary memory devices has been realized through photocyclization of the dithienylethene-containing copper(I) system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheok-Lam Wong
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yat-Hin Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chun-Ting Poon
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Vivian Wing-Wah Yam
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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21
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Hattori Y, Maejima T, Sawae Y, Kitai JI, Morimoto M, Toyoda R, Nishihara H, Yokojima S, Nakamura S, Uchida K. Cyclization from Higher Excited States of Diarylethenes Having a Substituted Azulene Ring. Chemistry 2020; 26:11441-11450. [PMID: 32432373 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The cyclization reaction of diarylethenes having an azulene ring occurs only via higher excited states. Novel diarylethenes having an azulene ring with a strong donor or acceptor were synthesized and examined in these reactions. A derivative having an electron-donating 1,3-benzodithiol-2-ylidenemethyl group at the 1-position of the azulene ring showed photochromism, whereas neither a derivative having a π-conjugated electron-donating group at the 3-position of the azulene ring nor derivatives having a π-conjugated electron-withdrawing group at the 1- or 3-position of the azulene ring showed any photochromism. The photoreactivities of these compounds were explained by calculating forces and bond orders on the excited states using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent (TD)-DFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Hattori
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University, Seta, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2194, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Maejima
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University, Seta, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2194, Japan
| | - Yumi Sawae
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University, Seta, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2194, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichiro Kitai
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University, Seta, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2194, Japan
| | - Masakazu Morimoto
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Smart Molecules, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, 171-8501, Japan
| | - Ryojun Toyoda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishihara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yokojima
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Nakamura
- Nakamura Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kingo Uchida
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University, Seta, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2194, Japan
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22
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Wong CL, Ng M, Hong EYH, Wong YC, Chan MY, Yam VWW. Photoresponsive Dithienylethene-Containing Tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum(III) Complexes with Photocontrollable Electron-Transporting Properties for Solution-Processable Optical and Organic Resistive Memory Devices. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:12193-12206. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c03057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheok-Lam Wong
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Maggie Ng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Eugene Yau-Hin Hong
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yi-Chun Wong
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mei-Yee Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Vivian Wing-Wah Yam
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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23
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Lvov AG. Switching the Mallory Reaction to Synthesis of Naphthalenes, Benzannulated Heterocycles, and Their Derivatives. J Org Chem 2020; 85:8749-8759. [PMID: 32530622 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This review analyzes the new life of a long-known reaction, the photocyclization of diarylethenes, which became a classical tool for the synthesis of phenanthrenes and their heterocyclic analogues (Mallory reaction). It has been shown in recent years that certain diarylethenes undergo photorearrangement to naphthalenes, benzannulated heterocycles, or related products with bicyclic unit. Herein, I analyze how the Mallory reaction path can be altered to obtain bicyclic rather than tricyclic products. The mechanistic aspects and scope of the reaction are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey G Lvov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47, Leninsky Prosp, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.,A.E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Favorsky St, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
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24
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Fredrich S, Morack T, Sliwa M, Hecht S. Mechanistic Insights into the Triplet Sensitized Photochromism of Diarylethenes. Chemistry 2020; 26:7672-7677. [PMID: 32185822 PMCID: PMC7318355 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Operating photoswitchable molecules repetitively and reliably is crucial for most of their applications, in particular in (opto)electronic devices, and related to reversibility and fatigue resistance, which both critically depend on the photoisomerization mechanism defined by the substitution pattern. Two diarylethene photoswitches bearing biacetyl triplet sensitizers either at the periphery or at the core were investigated using both stationary as well as transient UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy ranging from the femtosecond to the microsecond time scale. The diarylethene with two biacetyl moieties at the periphery is switching predominantly from the triplet excited state, giving rise to an enhanced fatigue resistance. In contrast, the diarylethene bearing one diketone at the photoreactive inner carbon atom cyclizes from the singlet excited state and shows significantly higher quantum yields for both cyclization and cycloreversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Fredrich
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Morack
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michel Sliwa
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIR -, Laboratoire de, Spectrochimie Infrarouge et Raman, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany.,DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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25
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Oplachko MV, Smolentsev AB, Magin IM, Pozdnyakov IP, Nichiporenko VA, Grivin VP, Plyusnin VF, Vyazovkin VV, Yanshole VV, Parkhats MV, Yadykov AV, Shirinian VZ, Glebov EM. Mechanism of photochromic transformations and photodegradation of an asymmetrical 2,3-diarylcyclopentenone. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:5220-5228. [PMID: 32091057 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp05744g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A mechanistic study of the photochromic properties and photodegradation processes of an asymmetrical diarylcyclopentenone bearing thiophene and benzothiophene units using stationary photolysis, nanosecond laser flash photolysis and time-resolved luminescence was performed. It was found that the light-induced reversible isomerization of (3-(2,5-dimethyltiophen-3-il)-2-(2-methyl-1-benzylthiophen-3-il)cyclopent-2-en-1-one, compound 1) from open to closed form is a common photochromic transformation inherent to diarylethenes, while the photodegradation process proceeds in two ways. The first is a formal 1,2-dyotropic rearrangement, proceeding without the participation of oxygen. The second is the oxygen-dependent mechanism involving the excitation of the open form 1A into the triplet state, quenching of the latter by dissolved oxygen, and oxidation of the initial compound by singlet oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Oplachko
- Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova Str., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.
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26
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Kobayashi Y, Mamiya Y, Mutoh K, Sotome H, Koga M, Miyasaka H, Abe J. Excited state dynamics for visible-light sensitization of a photochromic benzil-subsituted phenoxyl-imidazolyl radical. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:2369-2379. [PMID: 31666871 PMCID: PMC6808191 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Visible-light sensitized photoswitches have been paid particular attention in the fields of life sciences and materials science because long-wavelength light reduces photodegradation, transmits deep inside of matters, and achieves the selective excitation in condensed systems. Among various photoswitch molecules, the phenoxyl-imidazolyl radical complex (PIC) is a recently developed thermally reversible photochromic molecule whose thermal back reaction can be tuned from tens of nanoseconds to tens of seconds by rational design of the molecular structure. While the wide range of tunability of the switching speed of PIC opened up various potential applications, no photosensitivity to visible light limits its applications. In this study, we synthesized a visible-light sensitized PIC derivative conjugated with a benzil unit. Femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy revealed that the benzil unit acts as a singlet photosensitizer for PIC by the Dexter-type energy transfer. Visible-light sensitized photochromic reactions of PIC are important for expanding the versatility of potential applications to life sciences and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Kobayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Yukie Mamiya
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
| | - Katsuya Mutoh
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
| | - Hikaru Sotome
- Division of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Promotion of Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Masafumi Koga
- Division of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Promotion of Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyasaka
- Division of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Promotion of Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Jiro Abe
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
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27
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A building-block design for enhanced visible-light switching of diarylethenes. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4232. [PMID: 31530814 PMCID: PMC6748945 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12302-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Current development of light-responsive materials and technologies imposes an urgent demand on visible-light photoswitching on account of its mild excitation with high penetration ability and low photo-toxicity. However, complicated molecular design and laborious synthesis are often required for visible-light photoswitch, especially for diarylethenes. Worse still, a dilemma is encountered as the visible-light excitation of the diarylethene is often achieved at the expense of photochromic performances. To tackle these setbacks, we introduce a building-block design strategy to achieve all-visible-light photochromism with the triplet-sensitization mechanism. The simply designed diarylethene system is constructed by employing a sensitizer building-block with narrow singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔEST) to a diarylethene building-block. A significant improvement on the photochromic efficiency is obtained as well as an enhanced photo-fatigue resistance over those under UV irradiation. The balance between the visible-light excitation and decent photochromism is thus realized, promoting a guiding principle for the visible-light photochromism.
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28
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Li X, Shi Y, Wang N, Peng T, Wang S. Photoisomerization of Pt II Complexes Containing Two Different Photochromic Chromophores: Boron Chromophore versus Dithienylethene Chromophore. Chemistry 2019; 25:5757-5767. [PMID: 30791171 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In order to examine competitive photoisomerization, a series of novel photochromic PtII molecules that contain both dithienylethene (DTE) and B(ppy)Mes2 units (ppy=2-phenylpyridine, Mes=mesityl) were successfully synthesized and fully structurally characterized. Their photochromic properties were examined by UV/Vis, emission and NMR spectroscopy. It was found that the DTE unit in all three compounds is the preferred photoisomerization site, exhibiting reversible photochromism with irradiation. The B(ppy)Mes2 unit does not undergo photoisomerization in these molecules, but likely enhances the photoisomerization quantum efficiency of the DTE moiety through the antenna effect. Extended irradiation with UV light leads to the rearrangement of the ring-closed isomers of DTE. TD-DFT computational studies indicate that the DTE photocyclization proceeds via a triplet pathway through an efficient energy transfer process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic, Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yonggang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic, Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Nan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic, Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Tai Peng
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, 154007, P. R. China
| | - Suning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic, Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
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29
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Lvov AG, Kavun AM, Kachala VV, Lyssenko KA, Shirinian VZ. Photorearrangement of dihetarylethenes as a tool for the benzannulation of heterocycles. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:4990-5000. [PMID: 30964495 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00690g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A general strategy for the preparative benzannulation of aromatic heterocycles via photocyclization of 1,2-dihetarylethenes was proposed for the first time. The strategy includes two steps, namely, modular assembly of dihetarylethenes from widely available 3-hetarylacetic acids and 2-bromo-1-hetarylethanones, and subsequent preparative photorearrangement (using a UV lamp at 365 nm as the light source). This approach is efficient for the annulation of a wide range of heterocycles and provides C-, N-, O- or S-substituents in the benzoheterocycles obtained. The photochemical step is a metal-, acid-, and oxidant-free reaction, which requires non-inert conditions, and can be easily monitored by NMR spectroscopy. Applicability of the proposed strategy was tested in the synthesis of a wide range of substituted carbazoles and benzo[b]thiophenes as well as on a gram-scale benzannulation of 3-indoleacetic acid. Our study disclosed how to overcome two notable obstacles to the successful photorearrangement of dihetarylethenes: undesired reactions associated with photogenerated singlet oxygen, and the instability of desired products. The first problem was successfully solved by the addition of DABCO, while development of an in situ alkylation protocol to trap unstable photoproducts allowed us to overcome the second issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey G Lvov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47, Leninsky prospect, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Alexey M Kavun
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47, Leninsky prospect, Moscow, Russian Federation. and Higher Chemical College, D. I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq. 9, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vadim V Kachala
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47, Leninsky prospect, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Konstantin A Lyssenko
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Valerii Z Shirinian
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47, Leninsky prospect, Moscow, Russian Federation.
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30
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Hamdi I, Buntinx G, Poizat O, Delbaere S, Perrier A, Yamashita R, Muraoka KI, Takeshita M, Aloïse S. Unraveling ultrafast dynamics of the photoswitchable bridged dithienylethenes under structural constraints. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:6407-6414. [PMID: 30839028 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp07100d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The excited state dynamics of constrained photochromic benzodithienylethenes were addressed by considering the bridging with polyether chains (from x = 4 to 6 units) at the ortho and meta positions of the aryl group, named DTE-ox and DTE-mx, via time-resolved absorption spectroscopy supported with (TD)-DFT calculations. The photochromic parameters and geometrical structures of these series are discussed. A novel photocyclization pathway via a triplet state, evidenced recently (Hamdi et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2016, 18, 28091-28100), is largely dependent on the length and the position of the polyether chain. For the first time, by comparing the two series, we revealed, for the DTE-ox series, an interconversion not only in the ground state but also between the triplet states of the anti-parallel and parallel open form conformers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Hamdi
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516, LASIR, Laboratoire de Spectrochimie Infrarouge et Raman, F59 000 Lille, France.
| | - Guy Buntinx
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516, LASIR, Laboratoire de Spectrochimie Infrarouge et Raman, F59 000 Lille, France.
| | - Olivier Poizat
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516, LASIR, Laboratoire de Spectrochimie Infrarouge et Raman, F59 000 Lille, France.
| | - Stéphanie Delbaere
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516, LASIR, Laboratoire de Spectrochimie Infrarouge et Raman, F59 000 Lille, France.
| | - Aurélie Perrier
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 5 rue Thomas Mann, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France and Chimie Paris Tech, PSL Research University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris (IRCP), F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Rikiya Yamashita
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Saga University, Honjo 1, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Muraoka
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Saga University, Honjo 1, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Michinori Takeshita
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Saga University, Honjo 1, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Stéphane Aloïse
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516, LASIR, Laboratoire de Spectrochimie Infrarouge et Raman, F59 000 Lille, France.
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31
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Sotome H, Kitagawa D, Nakahama T, Ito S, Kobatake S, Irie M, Miyasaka H. Cyclization reaction dynamics of an inverse type diarylethene derivative as revealed by time-resolved absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:8623-8632. [PMID: 30816903 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp07393g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Photocyclization reaction dynamics of an inverse type diarylethene derivative was investigated in alkane solutions by means of ultrafast laser spectroscopies. Femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy showed that the Franck-Condon state formed by photoexcitation is geometrically relaxed to a transient species within 100 fs and subsequently the cyclization process takes place with a time constant of 36 ps. This time constant is much longer than those in normal type derivatives. Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence measurements with the aid of quantum chemical calculations revealed that there exist three kinds of conformers, one parallel and two anti-parallel forms, in the ground state. One of the anti-parallel conformers undergoes the cyclization reaction, while the other two conformers are nonreactive species and their major relaxation processes are radiative decay and intersystem crossing into the triplet states. The triplet states thus formed no longer undergo the cyclization reaction in the late time region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Sotome
- Division of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.
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32
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Belikov МY. Synthesis of New Photochromic Dithienylmaleimides with Acetal and Aldehyde Fragments. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428018050196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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33
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Hamdi I, Buntinx G, Perrier A, Devos O, Jaïdane N, Delbaere S, Tiwari AK, Dubois J, Takeshita M, Wada Y, Aloïse S. New insights into the photoswitching mechanisms of normal dithienylethenes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 18:28091-28100. [PMID: 27711399 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp03471c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The photoswitching and competitive processes of the referent photochromic diarylethene derivative 1,2-bis(2,4-dimethyl-5-phenyl-3-thienyl)perfluorocyclopentene (DTE) and a novel bridged analog DTE-m5 have been investigated by state-of-the-art TD-DFT calculations and ultrafast spectroscopy supported by advanced chemometric data treatments. Focusing on DTE, the overall deactivation pathway of both antiparallel (AP) and parallel (P) conformers of the open form (OF) (1 : 1 in solution) has been resolved and rationalized starting from the Franck-Condon (FC) region to the ground state recovery. For the photo-excited P conformer, after ultrafast relaxation (∼200 fs) towards the S1 relaxed state, an expected ISC occurred (55 ps) to produce a triplet state, 3P, the latter relaxing within 2.5 μs. Concerning the AP conformer, the photocyclization reaction is reported to proceed immediately (100 fs) starting from the FC region while the relaxed singlet state is populated in parallel. For the first time, we discovered that the latter state evolves through an unexpected ISC process (1 ps) giving rise to a second triplet state,3AP. For DTE-m5, by slightly constraining the molecule with the bridge, this triplet becomes reactive and participates in the formation of 10% of closed form (CF) probably through an adiabatic mechanism. Concerning the photoreversion, in accordance with the literature, we report on a two-step process, a 190 fs vibrational relaxation followed by a 6 ps ring-opening reaction. For the overall species at the singlet or triplet manifold, the use of advanced MCR-ALS allows us to obtain specific spectral signatures. This study is therefore a new step within the comprehension of DTE photochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hamdi
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516, LASIR, Laboratoire de Spectrochimie Infrarouge et Raman, F59 000 Lille, France. and Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Atomique, Moléculaire et Applications-LSAMA, Université de Tunis El Manar, 1060 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - G Buntinx
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516, LASIR, Laboratoire de Spectrochimie Infrarouge et Raman, F59 000 Lille, France.
| | - A Perrier
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 5 rue Thomas Mann, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France and Chimie Paris Tech, PSL Research University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris (IRCP), F-75005 Paris, France
| | - O Devos
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516, LASIR, Laboratoire de Spectrochimie Infrarouge et Raman, F59 000 Lille, France.
| | - N Jaïdane
- Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Atomique, Moléculaire et Applications-LSAMA, Université de Tunis El Manar, 1060 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - S Delbaere
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516, LASIR, Laboratoire de Spectrochimie Infrarouge et Raman, F59 000 Lille, France.
| | - A K Tiwari
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516, LASIR, Laboratoire de Spectrochimie Infrarouge et Raman, F59 000 Lille, France.
| | - J Dubois
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516, LASIR, Laboratoire de Spectrochimie Infrarouge et Raman, F59 000 Lille, France.
| | - M Takeshita
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Saga University, Honjo 1, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Y Wada
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Saga University, Honjo 1, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - S Aloïse
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516, LASIR, Laboratoire de Spectrochimie Infrarouge et Raman, F59 000 Lille, France.
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34
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Ko CC, Yam VWW. Coordination Compounds with Photochromic Ligands: Ready Tunability and Visible Light-Sensitized Photochromism. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:149-159. [PMID: 29265804 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Photochromic compounds are well-known for their promising applications in many areas. In this context, many different photochromic families have been developed. As the early study of these photochromic compounds was mainly focused on the organic system, their photochromic reactivity was mainly derived from the singlet excited state. We hypothesized that the incorporation of the photochromic ligand to the transition metal complex and coordination complex systems would not only render the triplet state of the organic photochromic system more readily accessible due to the large spin-orbit coupling of the heavy metal center but also would lead to ready extension of the excitation wavelength to less destructive longer wavelength low-energy excitation. On the other hand, the long-lived triplet excited states of the metal complexes are also suitable for energy or electron transfer processes, which should lead to new photochromic behavior and photoswitchable functional properties. Through the incorporation of the stilbene-, azo-, spirooxazine-, and dithienylethene-containing ligands to transition metal complex systems with heavy metal centers and suitable excited states, triplet state photosensitized photochromism has been achieved. With the triplet state photosensitization, the photochromism of these compounds could be extended from the high energy UV region to the visible region. In the development of dithienylethene-containing ligands, we have adopted an alternative strategy, which involves the incorporation of nitrogen and sulfur heterocycles that directly form part of the dithienylethene framework as ligands to exert a much stronger perturbation and influence on the excited state properties of the photochromic unit by the metal center. On the basis of the new design, wide ranges of dithienylethene-containing ligands, including phenanthrolines, 2-pyridylimidazoles, N-pyridylimidazol-2-ylidenes, cyclometalating thienylpyridines, β-diketonates, and β-ketoiminates have been designed and incorporated into various coordination systems. Apart from the photosensitization, tuning of the closed form absorption and photochromic behavior based on the perturbation of the metal center, coordination-assisted planarization, modification of the ancillary ligands and introduction of various electronic excited states derived from the coordination system have been successfully demonstrated. This strategy can be used for developing NIR photochromic dithienylethenes. With the above effects observed upon the coordination to different transition metal centers and central atoms, this strategy offers a simple and effective way for the modification of the photochromic characteristics. Moreover, the emission and other functional properties of the coordination systems could also be photoswitched by the photochromic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chiu Ko
- Institute
of Molecular Functional Materials (Areas of Excellence Scheme, University
Grants Committee (Hong Kong)) and Department
of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Department
of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Vivian Wing-Wah Yam
- Institute
of Molecular Functional Materials (Areas of Excellence Scheme, University
Grants Committee (Hong Kong)) and Department
of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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35
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Wu NMW, Ng M, Lam WH, Wong HL, Yam VWW. Photochromic Heterocycle-Fused Thieno[3,2-b]phosphole Oxides as Visible Light Switches without Sacrificing Photoswitching Efficiency. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:15142-15150. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b08333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Man-Wai Wu
- Institute of Molecular Functional
Materials [Areas of Excellence Scheme, University Grant Committee
(Hong Kong)] and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Maggie Ng
- Institute of Molecular Functional
Materials [Areas of Excellence Scheme, University Grant Committee
(Hong Kong)] and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Wai Han Lam
- Institute of Molecular Functional
Materials [Areas of Excellence Scheme, University Grant Committee
(Hong Kong)] and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Hok-Lai Wong
- Institute of Molecular Functional
Materials [Areas of Excellence Scheme, University Grant Committee
(Hong Kong)] and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Vivian Wing-Wah Yam
- Institute of Molecular Functional
Materials [Areas of Excellence Scheme, University Grant Committee
(Hong Kong)] and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, PR China
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36
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Zhang L, Li H, Liu Q, Ye M, Zheng L, Fan X, Liang W. Theoretical studies on the switching behavior of dithienylethene-containing platinum(II) complexes. J Organomet Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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37
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Liu G, Zhang YM, Wang C, Liu Y. Dual Visible Light-Triggered Photoswitch of a Diarylethene Supramolecular Assembly with Cucurbit[8]uril. Chemistry 2017; 23:14425-14429. [PMID: 28880426 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Research on photochromic molecules switched by visible light is of particular interest for their application in bioimaging and stimuli-responsive materials. Here, a photoswitchable supramolecular assembly comprised of monocharged bispyridinium-modified diarylethenes (DAEs) and cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]) has been constructed, which exhibits reversible photochromic behaviour with visible light in both directions. The transformation of CB[8] not only prompts the DAEs to form charge-transfer complexes, but also restricts its intramolecular rotation to enhance fluorescence emission. In this CB[8]-containing supramolecular system, the π-conjugation is extended and its absorption is bathochromically shifted for visible light-driven cyclization of DAEs. Meanwhile, the fluorescence of the supramolecular assembly can also be reversibly modulated by visible light. These findings may furnish a new strategy for the development of visible light-driven fluorescent biomaterials and molecular machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxing Liu
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Ming Zhang
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Conghui Wang
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
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38
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Wong CL, Poon CT, Yam VWW. Photoresponsive Organogelator: Utilization of Boron(III) Diketonate as a Building Block To Construct Multiresponsive Materials. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheok-Lam Wong
- Institute of Molecular Functional
Materials [Areas of Excellence Scheme, University Grants Committee
(Hong Kong)] and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chun-Ting Poon
- Institute of Molecular Functional
Materials [Areas of Excellence Scheme, University Grants Committee
(Hong Kong)] and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Vivian Wing-Wah Yam
- Institute of Molecular Functional
Materials [Areas of Excellence Scheme, University Grants Committee
(Hong Kong)] and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
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39
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Belikov MY, Ievlev MY, Fedoseev SV, Ershov OV. Synthesis of photochromic maleimides containing dithienylethene and azobenzene fragments. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428017010286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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40
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Wang YT, Gao YJ, Wang Q, Cui G. Photochromic Mechanism of a Bridged Diarylethene: Combined Electronic Structure Calculations and Nonadiabatic Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:793-802. [PMID: 28051866 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b11682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Intramolecularly bridged diarylethenes exhibit improved photocyclization quantum yields because the anti-syn isomerization that originally suppresses photocyclization in classical diarylethenes is blocked. Experimentally, three possible channels have been proposed to interpret experimental observation, but many details of photochromic mechanism remain ambiguous. In this work we have employed a series of electronic structure methods (OM2/MRCI, DFT, TDDFT, RI-CC2, DFT/MRCI, and CASPT2) to comprehensively study excited state properties, photocyclization, and photoreversion dynamics of 1,2-dicyano[2,2]metacyclophan-1-ene. On the basis of optimized stationary points and minimum-energy conical intersections, we have refined experimentally proposed photochromic mechanism. Only an S1/S0 minimum-energy conical intersection is located; thus, we can exclude the third channel experimentally proposed. In addition, we find that both photocyclization and photoreversion processes use the same S1/S0 conical intersection to decay the S1 system to the S0 state, so we can unify the remaining two channels into one. These new insights are verified by our OM2/MRCI nonadiabatic dynamics simulations. The S1 excited-state lifetimes of photocyclization and photoreversion are estimated to be 349 and 453 fs, respectively, which are close to experimentally measured values: 240 ± 60 and 250 fs in acetonitrile solution. The present study not only interprets experimental observations and refines previously proposed mechanism but also provides new physical insights that are valuable for future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yuan-Jun Gao
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875, China
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41
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Zhang ZX, Wei W, Bai FQ, Bibi S, Zhang HX. The phosphorescence properties of a series of diarylethene-containing platinum complexes: the effect of ligand photoisomerization. Org Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo00476a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Benefitting from isomerization in the ancillary-ligand diarylethene, a control of phosphorescence efficiency becomes available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Xiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
| | - Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
| | - Fu-Quan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
| | - Shamsa Bibi
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Agriculture Faisalabad
- Faisalabad 38000
- Pakistan
| | - Hong-Xing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
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42
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He X, Norel L, Hervault YM, Métivier R, D’Aléo A, Maury O, Rigaut S. Modulation of Eu(III) and Yb(III) Luminescence Using a DTE Photochromic Ligand. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:12635-12643. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan He
- UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Campus de Beaulieu, F-35042, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Lucie Norel
- UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Campus de Beaulieu, F-35042, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Yves-Marie Hervault
- UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Campus de Beaulieu, F-35042, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Remi Métivier
- UMR CNRS 8531-PPSM, ENS Cachan, 94235 Cachan, France
| | - Anthony D’Aléo
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CINaM UMR 7325, Campus de Luminy,
Case 913, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Maury
- Laboratoire de
Chimie, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F69342, Lyon, France
| | - Stéphane Rigaut
- UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Campus de Beaulieu, F-35042, Rennes Cedex, France
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43
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Cui X, Zhao J, Karatay A, Yaglioglu HG, Hayvali M, Küçüköz B. A Ru(bipyridine)3[PF6]2Complex with a Rhodamine Unit - Synthesis, Photophysical Properties, and Application in Acid-Controllable Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201600755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoneng Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; Dalian University of Technology; 116024 Dalian P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; Dalian University of Technology; 116024 Dalian P. R. China
| | - Ahmet Karatay
- Department of Engineering Physics; Faculty of Engineering; Ankara University; 06100 Beşevler, Ankara Turkey
| | - Halime Gul Yaglioglu
- Department of Engineering Physics; Faculty of Engineering; Ankara University; 06100 Beşevler, Ankara Turkey
| | - Mustafa Hayvali
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Ankara University; 06100 Beşevler Ankara Turkey
| | - Betül Küçüköz
- Department of Engineering Physics; Faculty of Engineering; Ankara University; 06100 Beşevler, Ankara Turkey
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44
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Wong CL, Poon CT, Yam VWW. Photochromic Dithienylethene-Containing Boron(III) Ketoiminates: Modulation of Photo-Responsive Behavior through Variation of Intramolecular Motion. Chemistry 2016; 22:12931-40. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheok-Lam Wong
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials; (Areas of Excellence Scheme, University Grant Committee (Hong Kong)) and; Department of Chemistry; The University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Chun-Ting Poon
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials; (Areas of Excellence Scheme, University Grant Committee (Hong Kong)) and; Department of Chemistry; The University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Vivian Wing-Wah Yam
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials; (Areas of Excellence Scheme, University Grant Committee (Hong Kong)) and; Department of Chemistry; The University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
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45
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Liu G, Xu X, Chen Y, Wu X, Wu H, Liu Y. A highly efficient supramolecular photoswitch for singlet oxygen generation in water. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:7966-9. [PMID: 27251874 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc02996e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of water-soluble supramolecular assemblies were constructed from dithienylethene-modified permethyl-β-cyclodextrins and porphyrin derivatives, accompanied by a high FRET efficiency, and could be applied in the control of singlet oxygen generation in a 1% ethanol aqueous solution upon irradiation of different wavelength light. These findings will provide a feasible and convenient way to construct a potential photodynamic therapy material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxing Liu
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
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46
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Chan MHY, Wong HL, Yam VWW. Synthesis and Photochromic Studies of Dithienylethene-Containing Cyclometalated Alkynylplatinum(II) 1,3-Bis(N-alkylbenzimidazol-2′-yl)benzene Complexes. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:5570-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b00619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ho-Yeung Chan
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials (Areas of
Excellence Scheme, University Grants Committee (Hong Kong)) and Department
of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Hok-Lai Wong
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials (Areas of
Excellence Scheme, University Grants Committee (Hong Kong)) and Department
of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Vivian Wing-Wah Yam
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials (Areas of
Excellence Scheme, University Grants Committee (Hong Kong)) and Department
of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
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47
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Mei JF, Lv ZP, Lai JC, Jia XY, Li CH, Zuo JL, You XZ. A novel photo-responsive europium(III) complex for advanced anti-counterfeiting and encryption. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:5451-4. [PMID: 26961725 DOI: 10.1039/c6dt00346j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A novel europium(iii) complex simultaneously exhibiting photocolorimetric and photofluorometric behavior was obtained. Multiple distinguishable identities can be obtained and reversibly modulated using light as external stimuli. With this novel photo-responsive complex, double encryption and advanced anti-counterfeiting were realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Feng Mei
- State Key laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P.R. China.
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48
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Zhang DB, Wang JY, Jacquemin D, Chen ZN. Spectroscopic and electrochemical properties of ruthenium complexes with photochromic triarylamine–dithienylethene–acetylide ligands. Inorg Chem Front 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6qi00175k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The charge delocalization along the molecular backbone shows a progressive increase following stepwise photocyclization in the inorganic–organic mixed-valence system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao-Bin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou
- China
| | - Jin-Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou
- China
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Laboratoire CEISAM
- UMR CNRS 6230
- Université de Nantes
- 44322 Nantes Cedex 3
- France
| | - Zhong-Ning Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou
- China
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49
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Fredrich S, Göstl R, Herder M, Grubert L, Hecht S. Switching Diarylethenes Reliably in Both Directions with Visible Light. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 55:1208-12. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201509875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Fredrich
- Department of Chemistry; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Robert Göstl
- Department of Chemistry; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Martin Herder
- Department of Chemistry; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Lutz Grubert
- Department of Chemistry; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Department of Chemistry; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2 12489 Berlin Germany
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50
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Fredrich S, Göstl R, Herder M, Grubert L, Hecht S. Zuverlässiges Schalten von Diarylethenen in beide Richtungen mithilfe von sichtbarem Licht. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201509875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Fredrich
- Institut für Chemie; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Robert Göstl
- Institut für Chemie; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Martin Herder
- Institut für Chemie; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Lutz Grubert
- Institut für Chemie; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Institut für Chemie; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Deutschland
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