1
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Pei R, Chang W, He L, Wang T, Zhao Y, Liang Y, Wang X. Main-group compounds selectively activate natural gas alkanes under room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7943. [PMID: 39261473 PMCID: PMC11391052 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52185-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Most C-H bond activations of natural gas alkanes rely on transition metal complexes. Activations by using main-group systems have been reported but required heating or photo-irradiation under high atmospheric pressure with rather low regioselectivity. Here we report that Lewis acid-carbene adducts facilely undergo oxidative additions to C-H bonds of ethane, propane and n-butane with high selectivity under room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The Lewis acids can be moved by the addition of a base and the carbene-derived products can be easily converted into aldehydes. This work offers a route for main-group element compounds to selectively functionalise C-H bonds of natural gas alkanes and other small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runbo Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- State Key laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenju Chang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liancheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- State Key laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xinping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
- State Key laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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2
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Wei R, Wang XF, Hu C, Liu LL. (Phosphino)(stannyl)carbene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:9793-9796. [PMID: 39161315 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc03275f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of a (phosphino)(stannyl)carbene is documented. The combination of phosphino and stannyl substituents imparts a highly ambiphilic nature to this carbene, enabling reactions with cyanide, isocyanide, and carbon monoxide. This leads to rare stannylketenimines and a stannylketene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Xin-Feng Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Chaopeng Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
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3
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Riley C, Phuoc NL, Linnolahti M, Romanov AS. Linear Gold(I) Halide Complexes with a Diamidocarbene Ligand: Synthesis, Reactivity, and Phosphorescence. Organometallics 2024; 43:1687-1697. [PMID: 39210989 PMCID: PMC11351423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.3c00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
A series of halide and pseudohalide gold complexes (DAC)Au(I)X (DAC = N,N'-diamidocarbene; X = Cl, Br, I, and SCN) were prepared in high yields. All complexes possess linear geometry around the gold atom with no aurophilic interactions between neighboring molecules. Reactivity studies for (DAC)Au(I)Cl revealed that the diamido backbone of the carbene ligand is vulnerable to nucleophilic attack by a strong base, potassium tert-butoxide, resulting in cleavage of the carbene backbone and formation of a neutral trigold cluster. Halide and pseudohalide complexes are bright phosphorescent emitters in the solid state, exhibiting photoluminescence quantum yields up to unity. Phosphorescence occurs in the range 480-520 nm with lifetimes as short as 1 μs, resulting in fast radiative rates up to 9.4 × 105 s-1 which is on par with the most efficient heavy metal emitters. Photophysical properties are explained by the intrinsic π-accepting nature of the DAC carbene and are supported by TDDFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Riley
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Nguyen Le Phuoc
- Department
of Chemistry University of Eastern Finland, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Mikko Linnolahti
- Department
of Chemistry University of Eastern Finland, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Alexander S. Romanov
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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4
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Landrini M, Patel R, Tyrrell-Thrower J, Macchioni A, Hughes DL, Tensi L, Hrobárik P, Rocchigiani L. Exploring Ligand Effects on Structure, Bonding, and Photolytic Hydride Transfer of Cationic Gold(I) Bridging Hydride Complexes of Molybdocene and Tungstenocene. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:13525-13545. [PMID: 38989543 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
A diverse family of heterobimetallic bridging hydride adducts of the type [LAu(μ-H)2MCp2][X] (L = 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazole-2-ylidene, IPr; 1,3-bis(1-adamantyl)imidazole-2-ylidene, IAd; 1,3-bis(2,6-di-iso-propylphenyl)-5,5-dimethyl-4,6-diketopyrimidinyl-2-ylidene, DippDAC; triphenylphosphine, PPh3; 2-di-tert-butylphosphino-2',4',6'-triisopropylbiphenyl, tBuXPhos; X = SbF6-, BF4- or TfO-) was synthesized by reacting group VI metallocene dihydrides Cp2MH2 (Cp = cyclopentadienyl anion; M = Mo, W) with cationic gold(I) complexes [LAu(NCMe)][X]. Trimetallic [L'Au2(μ-H)2WCp2][X]2 and tetrametallic [L'Au2{(μ-H)2WCp2}2] [X]2 complexes (L' = rac-2,2'-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1'-binaphthalene or bis(diphenylphosphinomethane)) were obtained by reacting digold [L'{Au(NCMe)}2][X]2 with Cp2WH2 in a 1:1 and a 1:2 stoichiometry. Accessing such a broad structural diversity allowed us to pinpoint roles played by the ancillary ligands and group VI metals on the bonding properties of this family of bridging hydrides. In particular, a clear effect of the ligand on the interaction energy and electronic structure was observed, with important implications on photolytic reactivity. UV or visible light irradiation, indeed, leads to the selective cleavage of the heterobimetallic Au(μ-H)2M arrangement and formation of molecular gold hydrides. The photolysis was found to be chromoselective (wavelength-dependent), which can be ascribed to different charge redistributions upon excitation to the first (Kasha's reactivity) and higher (anti-Kasha's reactivity) excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Landrini
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia and CIRCC, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Rohan Patel
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7TJ Norwich, U.K
| | - Joshua Tyrrell-Thrower
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7TJ Norwich, U.K
| | - Alceo Macchioni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia and CIRCC, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - David L Hughes
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7TJ Norwich, U.K
| | - Leonardo Tensi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Peter Hrobárik
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovičova 6, SK-84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Luca Rocchigiani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia and CIRCC, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7TJ Norwich, U.K
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5
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Zhang C, Cummins CC, Gilliard RJ. Synthesis and reactivity of an N-heterocyclic carbene-stabilized diazoborane. Science 2024; 385:327-331. [PMID: 39024440 DOI: 10.1126/science.adp5749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Diazo compounds and organic azides are widely used as reagents for accessing valuable molecules in multiple areas of fundamental and applied chemistry. Their capacity to undergo versatile chemical transformations arises from the reactive nature of an incipient dinitrogen molecule at the terminal position. In this work, we report the synthesis and characterization of an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-stabilized diazoborane-a boron-centered analog of organic azides and diazoalkanes. The diazoborane displays a strong tendency to release dinitrogen, thus serving as a borylene source, in analogy to organic azides and diazoalkanes serving as nitrene and carbene sources, respectively. Also reminiscent of diazoalkane and organic azide reactivity, the diazoborane serves as a 1,3-dipole that undergoes uncatalyzed [3+2] cycloaddition with an unactivated terminal alkyne, affording a five-membered heterocycle after a two-step rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chonghe Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Christopher C Cummins
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Robert J Gilliard
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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6
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Li TY, Zheng SJ, Djurovich PI, Thompson ME. Two-Coordinate Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Coinage Metal Complexes: Molecular Design, Photophysical Characters, and Device Application. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4332-4392. [PMID: 38546341 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Since the emergence of the first green light emission from a fluorescent thin-film organic light emitting diode (OLED) in the mid-1980s, a global consumer market for OLED displays has flourished over the past few decades. This growth can primarily be attributed to the development of noble metal phosphorescent emitters that facilitated remarkable gains in electrical conversion efficiency, a broadened color gamut, and vibrant image quality for OLED displays. Despite these achievements, the limited abundance of noble metals in the Earth's crust has spurred ongoing efforts to discover cost-effective electroluminescent materials. One particularly promising avenue is the exploration of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), a mechanism with the potential to fully harness excitons in OLEDs. Recently, investigations have unveiled TADF in a series of two-coordinate coinage metal (Cu, Ag, and Au) complexes. These organometallic TADF materials exhibit distinctive behavior in comparison to their organic counterparts. They offer benefits such as tunable emissive colors, short TADF emission lifetimes, high luminescent quantum yields, and reasonable stability. Impressively, both vacuum-deposited and solution-processed OLEDs incorporating these materials have achieved outstanding performance. This review encompasses various facets on two-coordinate TADF coinage metal complexes, including molecular design, photophysical characterizations, elucidation of structure-property relationships, and OLED applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yi Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shu-Jia Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Peter I Djurovich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Mark E Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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7
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Merschel A, Vishnevskiy YV, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Ghadwal RS. Boosting the π-Acceptor Property of Mesoionic Carbenes by Carbonylation with Carbon Monoxide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318525. [PMID: 38284508 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
We report the room temperature dimerization of carbon monoxide mediated by C4/C5-vicinal anionic dicarbenes Li(ADC) (ADC = ArC{(Dipp)NC}2 ; Dipp = 2,6-iPr2 C6 H3 ; Ar = Ph, DMP (4-Me2 NC6 H4 ), Bp (4-PhC6 H4 )) to yield (E)-ethene-1,2-bis(olate) (i.e. - O-C=C-O- = COen ) bridged mesoionic carbene (iMIC) lithium compounds COen -[(iMIC)Li]2 (COen -[iMIC]2 = [ArC{(Dipp)NC}2 (CO)]2 ) in quantitative yields. COen -[(iMIC)Li]2 are highly colored stable solids, exhibit a strikingly small HOMO-LUMO energy gap, and readily undergo 2e-oxidations with selenium, CuCl (or CuCl2 ), and AgCl to afford the dinuclear compounds COon -[(iMIC)E]2 (E = Se, CuCl, AgCl) featuring a 1,2-dione bridged neutral bis-iMIC (i.e. COon -[iMIC]2 = [ArC{(Dipp)NC}2 (C=O)]2 ). COen -[(iMIC)Li]2 undergo redox-neutral salt metathesis reactions with LiAlH4 and (Et2 O)2 BeBr2 and afford COen -[(iMIC)AlH2 ]2 and COen -[(iMIC)BeBr]2 , in which the dianionic COen -moiety remains intact. All compounds have been characterized by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and X-ray diffraction. Stereoelectronic properties of COon -[iMIC]2 are quantified by experimental and theoretical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Merschel
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Yury V Vishnevskiy
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Rajendra S Ghadwal
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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8
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Vermersch F, Wang VT, Abdellaoui M, Jazzar R, Bertrand G. Ambiphilicity of ring-expanded N-heterocyclic carbenes. Chem Sci 2024; 15:3707-3710. [PMID: 38455021 PMCID: PMC10915854 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04543a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
N-heterocyclic carbenes, such as imidazole-2-ylidenes and imidazolin-2-ylidenes, the popular class of singlet carbenes introduced by Arduengo in 1991 have not been shown to be ambiphilic owing to the two σ-withdrawing, π-donating amino groups flanking the carbene centre. However, our experimental data suggest that ring-expanded N-heterocyclic carbenes (RE-NHCs), especially the seven and eight membered rings, are significantly ambiphilic. Our results also show that the steric environment in RE-NHCs can become a determining factor for controlling the E-H bond activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Vermersch
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (IRL 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California La Jolla San Diego California 92093-0358 USA
| | - Victor T Wang
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (IRL 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California La Jolla San Diego California 92093-0358 USA
| | - Mehdi Abdellaoui
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (IRL 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California La Jolla San Diego California 92093-0358 USA
| | - Rodolphe Jazzar
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (IRL 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California La Jolla San Diego California 92093-0358 USA
| | - Guy Bertrand
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (IRL 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California La Jolla San Diego California 92093-0358 USA
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9
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Sau SC, Schmitz M, Burdenski C, Baumert M, Antoni PW, Kerzig C, Hansmann MM. Dicationic Acridinium/Carbene Hybrids as Strongly Oxidizing Photocatalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:3416-3426. [PMID: 38266168 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
A new design concept for organic, strongly oxidizing photocatalysts is described based upon dicationic acridinium/carbene hybrids. A highly modular synthesis of such hybrids is presented, and the dications are utilized as novel, tailor-made photoredox catalysts in the direct oxidative C-N coupling. Under optimized conditions, benzene and even electron-deficient arenes can be oxidized and coupled with a range of N-heterocycles in high to excellent yields with a single low-energy photon per catalytic turnover, while commonly used acridinium photocatalysts are not able to perform the challenging oxidation step. In contrast to traditional photocatalysts, the hybrid photocatalysts reported here feature a reversible two-electron redox system with regular or inverted redox potentials for the two-electron transfer. The different oxidation states could be isolated and structurally characterized supported by NMR, EPR, and X-ray analysis. Mechanistic experiments employing time-resolved emission and transient absorption spectroscopy unambiguously reveal the outstanding excited-state potential of our best-performing catalyst (+2.5 V vs SCE), and they provide evidence for mechanistic key steps and intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaresh C Sau
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Chris Burdenski
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Marcel Baumert
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Patrick W Antoni
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Max M Hansmann
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, Dortmund 44227, Germany
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10
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Segizbayev M, Tho Nguyen M, Gusev DG, Dmitrienko A, Pilkington M, van der Est A, Nikonov GI. A Guanidine-Supported π-Complex of Germanium Amenable to Intramolecular C-C Cleavage in Arene and Ge Atom Transfer. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301981. [PMID: 37732936 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
The germylone dimNHCGe (dimNHC=diimino N-heterocyclic carbene) reacts with azides N3 R (R=SiMe3 or p-tolyl) to furnish the first examples of germanium π-complexes, i. e. guanidine-ligated compounds (dimNHI-SiMe3 )Ge (NHI=N-heterocyclic imine, R=SiMe3 ) and (dimNHI-Tol)Ge (R=p-tolyl). DFT calculations suggest that these species are formed by a Staudinger type replacement of dinitrogen in the azide by a nucleophilic germylone, leading to a transient carbene adduct of iminogermylidene. Heating a solution of compound (dimNHI-SiMe3 )Ge to 70 °C results in extrusion of the iminogermylidene that further aggregates to produce the known [Me3 SiNGe]4 tetramer, whereas the imidazolylidene fragment transforms into an unusual heptatriene species that can be considered as a product of carbene insertion into the C-C bond of a pendant Ar substituent at the imidazolylidene nitrogen of the dimNHC. Reaction of (dimNHI-SiMe3 )Ge with tetrachloro-o-benzoquinone results in the net transfer of a germanium atom and formation of the free diimino-guanidine ligand. This ligand also forms when (dimNHI-SiMe3 )Ge is treated with azide N3 (p-Tol), with the germanium product being [(p-Tol)NGe]n.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medet Segizbayev
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Minh Tho Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Dmitry G Gusev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario N2 L 3 C5, Canada
| | - Anton Dmitrienko
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Melanie Pilkington
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Art van der Est
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Georgii I Nikonov
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
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11
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Park J, Kim J, Jeong GY, Kim Y, Lee E. Uncovering Nitrosyl Reactivity at N-Heterocyclic Carbene Center. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202314978. [PMID: 37917039 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have garnered much attention due to their unique properties, such as strong σ-donating and π-accepting abilities, as well as their transition-metal-like reactivity toward small molecules. In 2015, we discovered that NHCs can react with nitric oxide (NO) gas to form radical adducts that resemble transition metal nitrosyl complexes. To elucidate the analogy between NHC and transition metal NO adducts, here we have undertaken a systematic investigation of the electron- and proton-transfer chemistry of [NHC-NO]⋅ (N-heterocyclic carbene nitric oxide radical) compounds. We have accessed a suite of compounds, comprised of [NHC-NO]+ , [NHC-NO]- , [NHC-NOH]0 , and [NHC-NHOH]+ species. In particular, [NHC-NO]- was isolated as potassium and lithium ion adducts. Most interestingly, a monomeric potassium [NHC-NO]- compound was isolated with the assistance of 18-crown-6, which is the first instance of a monomeric alkali N-oxyl compound to the best of our knowledge. Our results demonstrate that [NHC-NO]⋅ exhibits redox behavior broadly similar to metal nitrosyl complexes, which opens up more possibilities for utilizing NHCs to build on the known reactivity of metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbeom Park
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaelim Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Gu Yoon Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsuk Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
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12
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Ohashi M, Ando K, Murakami S, Michigami K, Ogoshi S. N-Heterocyclic Carbenes with Polyfluorinated Groups at the 4- and 5-Positions from [3 + 2] Cycloadditions between Formamidinates and cis-1,2-Difluoroalkene Derivatives. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:23098-23108. [PMID: 37749910 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
We herein report the formation of fluorinated N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCFs) that bear fluorine atoms at the 4- and 5-positions of the imidazol-2-ylidene ring. Treatment of sodium N,N'-bis(aryl)formamidinates with tetrafluoroethylene followed by the addition of LiBF4 induced a [3 + 2] cycloaddition to afford 4,5-difluorinated imidazolium salts, which served as the precursors for 4,5-difluorinated NHCs. A key feature of this procedure is its applicability to other perfluorinated compounds, which enabled us to incorporate polyfluorinated functional groups at 4- and 5-positions on the imidazol-2-ylidene skeleton. Thus, employing octafluorocyclopentene and hexafluorobenzene led to the formation of 4,4,5,5,6,6-hexafluoro-1,3-diaryl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[d]imidazolium (CypIPrF·HBF4) and 4,5,6,7-tetrafluoro-1,3-diarylbenzimidazolium (BIPrF·HBF4) salts, respectively. A thorough NMR analysis of these NHCFs, their selenium adducts, and their tricarbonyl nickel complexes, (NHCF)Ni(CO)3, demonstrated that the fluorine substituents, contrary to expectations, tend to act as electron donors owing to the considerable positive mesomeric effect, while the perfluorocyclopentene-fused and tetrafluorobenzo-fused rings are pure electron acceptors due to their strong negative inductive effect. The unique and increased π-accepting character of the perfluorocyclopentene-fused and tetrafluorobenzo-fused NHCFs in both stoichiometric and catalytic reactions is further demonstrated by employing (NHCF)Ni(CO)3 and (NHCF)AuCl species, respectively. Moreover, an analysis of the % buried volume (%Vbur) values clearly suggests that the modification of the NHC backbone with polyfluorinated groups can drastically alter the electronic properties of the NHC ligand without substantially changing its steric properties. Our experimental results were further corroborated by a series of computational calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Ohashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai 599-8531 Osaka, Japan
| | - Kota Ando
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871 Osaka, Japan
| | - Shoichi Murakami
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai 599-8531 Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenichi Michigami
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai 599-8531 Osaka, Japan
| | - Sensuke Ogoshi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871 Osaka, Japan
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13
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Pei R, He L, Zhao Y, Wang X. The Dynamic Lewis Acid-Carbene Hybrid: Pushing the Electrophilicity of Carbenes to the Limit. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:21733-21737. [PMID: 37774109 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
This work describes a Lewis-acid-coordination strategy to efficiently enhance the electrophilicity of a carbene beyond structural modification. A hybrid BCF-DAC is formed by the coordination of a Lewis acid, B(C6F5)3 (BCF), to an N,N'-diamidocarbene (DAC), possessing superior low LUMO energy that is indicated by theoretical calculation. This endows the hybridized carbene with a unique reactivity that speeds up the activation of the sp3-hybridized C-H bond of toluene and the [2+1] cycloaddition with C2H2. More strikingly, the hybrid readily undergoes [2+1] cycloaddition with C2H4 under ambient conditions, which is the first example of a stable carbene reacting with ethylene. The Lewis acid approach also features dynamic behavior and electrophilicity tunability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runbo Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Liancheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xinping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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14
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Gorbachev V, Nobile AG, Tsybizova A, Chen P. Probing Electronic Effects in Tridentate Copper(I) Complexes by CIVP Spectroscopy. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:14704-14714. [PMID: 37642404 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Ligand electronic effects play an important role in catalysis, where small changes to ligand structure can bring about large changes in catalytic activity. Therefore, accurate experimental quantification of ligand electronic properties plays a crucial role in understanding and tuning chemical reactivity. In this work, we used cryogenic ion vibrational predissociation (CIVP) spectroscopy to experimentally quantify electronic effects in terpyridine ligands, as simple model systems, by measuring CIVP spectra of their copper complexes tagged by N2 molecules. We used the N2 stretching vibration as a reporter chromophore to probe electronic effects of the investigated ligands and employed quantum chemical calculations to better understand how different substituents influence the vibrational frequencies of the stretching vibration of the chromophore. Our data show that the electronic character, as well as position and number of substituents, can affect the N≡N vibrational frequency, and that the N≡N bond serves as a sensitive probe for electronic and steric effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Peter Chen
- ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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15
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Perera TA, Taylor WV, Gildner MB, Reinheimer EW, Ito S, Nelson A, Yost SR, Hudnall TW. Photochemical reactions of a diamidocarbene: cyclopropanation of bromonaphthalene, addition to pyridine, and activation of sp 3 C-H bonds. Chem Sci 2023; 14:7867-7874. [PMID: 37502328 PMCID: PMC10370591 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05122b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We report unprecedented photochemistry for the diamidocarbene 1. Described within are the double cyclopropanation of 1-bromonaphthalene, the double addition to pyridine, and remarkably, the insertion into the unactivated sp3 C-H bonds of cyclohexane, tetramethylsilane, and n-pentane to give compounds 2-6, respectively. All compounds have been fully characterized, and the solid state structure of 4 was obtained using single crystal electron diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharushi A Perera
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University 601 University Dr San Marcos TX 78666 USA
| | - William V Taylor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University 601 University Dr San Marcos TX 78666 USA
| | - M Brenton Gildner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University 601 University Dr San Marcos TX 78666 USA
| | - Eric W Reinheimer
- Rigaku Americas Corporation 9009 New Trails Dr, The Woodlands TX 77381 USA
| | - Sho Ito
- Rigaku Corporation 3-9-12, Matsubara Akishima Tokyo 196-8666 Japan
| | - Anna Nelson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University 601 University Dr San Marcos TX 78666 USA
| | - Shane R Yost
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University 601 University Dr San Marcos TX 78666 USA
| | - Todd W Hudnall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University 601 University Dr San Marcos TX 78666 USA
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16
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Löwe P, Wünsche MA, Purtscher FRS, Gamper J, Hofer TS, Wilm LFB, Röthel MB, Dielmann F. Terminal methylene phosphonium ions: precursors for transient monosubstituted phosphinocarbenes. Chem Sci 2023; 14:7928-7935. [PMID: 37502319 PMCID: PMC10370551 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02899b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Isolable singlet carbenes are among the most important tools in chemistry, but generally require the interaction of two substituents with the electron deficient carbon atom. We herein report a synthetic approach to monosubstituted phosphinocarbenes via deprotonation of hitherto unknown diprotic terminal methylene phosphonium ions. Two methylene phosphonium salts bearing bulky N-heterocyclic imine substituents at the phosphorus atom were isolated and fully characterized. Deprotonation studies indicate the formation of transient monosubstituted carbenes that undergo intermolecular cycloadditions or intramolecular Buchner ring expansion to afford a cycloheptatriene derivative. The reaction mechanism of the latter transformation was elucidated using DFT calculations, which reveal the ambiphilic nature of the phosphinocarbene enabling the insertion into the aromatic C-C bond. Additional computational studies on the role of substituent effects are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Löwe
- Instutut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Universität Münster Corrensstraße 28/30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Marius A Wünsche
- Instutut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Universität Münster Corrensstraße 28/30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Felix R S Purtscher
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck Innrain 80-82 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Jakob Gamper
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck Innrain 80-82 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Thomas S Hofer
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck Innrain 80-82 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Lukas F B Wilm
- Instutut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Universität Münster Corrensstraße 28/30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Maike B Röthel
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck Innrain 80-82 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Fabian Dielmann
- Instutut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Universität Münster Corrensstraße 28/30 48149 Münster Germany
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck Innrain 80-82 6020 Innsbruck Austria
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17
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Sahu P, Jena AB, Barik S, Kisan HK, Isab AA, Dandapat J, Dinda J. Gold(III) assisted C-N bond dissociation; Synthesis, structure, photoluminescence, and pharmacokinetic studies of 1,10/- phenanthroline-gold(III)-N-heterocyclic carbene. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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18
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Mulks FF, Melaimi M, Yan X, Baik MH, Bertrand G. How To Enhance the Efficiency of Breslow Intermediates for SET Catalysis. J Org Chem 2023; 88:2535-2542. [PMID: 36719963 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative carbene organocatalysis, which proceeds via single electron transfer (SET) pathways, has been limited by the moderately reducing properties of deprotonated Breslow intermediates BI-s derived from thiazol-2-ylidene 1 and 1,2,4-triazolylidene 2. Using computational methods, we assess the redox potentials of BI-s based on ten different types of known stable carbenes and report our findings concerning the key parameters influencing the steps of the catalytic cycle. From the calculated values of the first oxidation potential of BI-s derived from carbenes 1 to 10, it appears that, apart from the diamidocarbene 7, all the others are more reducing than thiazol-2-ylidene 1 and the 1,2,4-triazolylidene 2. We observed that while the reducing power of BI-s significantly decreases with increasing solvent polarity, the redox potential of the oxidant can increase at a greater rate, thus facilitating the reaction. The cation, associated with the base, also plays an important role when a nonpolar solvent is used; large and weakly coordinating cations such as Cs+ are beneficial. The radical-radical coupling step is probably the most challenging step due to both electronic and steric constraints. Based on our results, we predict that mesoionic carbene 3 and abnormal NHC 4 are the most promising candidates for oxidative carbene organocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian F Mulks
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.,UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Mohand Melaimi
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, People's Republic of China
| | - Mu-Hyun Baik
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Guy Bertrand
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
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19
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Amouri H. Luminescent Complexes of Platinum, Iridium, and Coinage Metals Containing N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands: Design, Structural Diversity, and Photophysical Properties. Chem Rev 2023; 123:230-270. [PMID: 36315851 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The employment of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) to design luminescent metal compounds has been the focus of recent intense investigations because of the strong σ-donor properties, which bring stability to the whole system and tend to push the d-d dark states so high in energy that they are rendered thermally inaccessible, thereby generating highly emissive complexes for useful applications such as organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), or featuring chiroptical properties, a field that is still in its infancy. Among the NHC complexes, those containing organic chromophores such as naphthalimide, pyrene, and carbazole exhibit rich emission behavior and thus have attracted extensive interest in the past five years, especially carbene coinage metal complexes with carbazolate ligands. In this review, the design strategies of NHC-based luminescent platinum and iridium complexes with large spin-orbit-coupling (SOC) are described first. Subsequent paragraphs illustrate the recent advances of luminescent coinage metal complexes with nucleophilic- and electrophilic-based carbenes based on silver, gold, and copper metal complexes that have the ability to display rich excited state emissions in particular via thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). The luminescence mechanism and excited state dynamics are also described. We then summarize the advance of NHC-metal complexes in the aforementioned fields in recent years. Finally, we propose the development trend of this fast-growing field of luminescent NHC-metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Amouri
- CNRS, IPCM (UMR 8232), Sorbonne Université-Faculté des Sciences et Ingénerie Campus Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, Cedex 05, France
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20
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Ghosh B, Phukan AK. Unravelling the Potential of Ylides in Stabilizing Low-Valent Group 13 Compounds: Theoretical Predictions of Stable, Five-Membered Group 13 (Aluminum and Gallium) Carbenoids Capable of Small-Molecule Activation. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:14606-14615. [PMID: 36059112 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Computational investigations provide evidence toward the remarkable ability of strongly electron-donating ylidic functionalities in stabilizing singlet group 13 carbenoids with promising ligand properties. All of the proposed carbenoids are found to be considerably nucleophilic and possess significant singlet-triplet energy separation values. The calculated activation barriers and reaction free energies obtained for the cleavage of different enthalpically strong bonds by these carbenoids are found to be either comparable to or lower than those of the experimentally evaluated aluminum and gallium carbenoids, thereby indicating their potential in small-molecule activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijoy Ghosh
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napam 784028, Assam, India
| | - Ashwini K Phukan
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napam 784028, Assam, India
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21
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Breitwieser K, Bahmann H, Weiss R, Munz D. Gauging Radical Stabilization with Carbenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206390. [PMID: 35796423 PMCID: PMC9545232 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Carbenes, including N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands, are used extensively to stabilize open-shell transition metal complexes and organic radicals. Yet, it remains unknown, which carbene stabilizes a radical well and, thus, how to design radical-stabilizing C-donor ligands. With the large variety of C-donor ligands experimentally investigated and their electronic properties established, we report herein their radical-stabilizing effect. We show that radical stabilization can be understood by a captodative frontier orbital description involving π-donation to- and π-donation from the carbenes. This picture sheds a new perspective on NHC chemistry, where π-donor effects usually are assumed to be negligible. Further, it allows for the intuitive prediction of the thermodynamic stability of covalent radicals of main group- and transition metal carbene complexes, and the quantification of redox non-innocence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Breitwieser
- Coordination ChemistrySaarland UniversityCampus C4.166123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Hilke Bahmann
- Physical and Theoretical ChemistrySaarland UniversityCampus B2.266123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Robert Weiss
- Organische ChemieFriedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-NürnbergHenkestr. 4291054ErlangenGermany
| | - Dominik Munz
- Coordination ChemistrySaarland UniversityCampus C4.166123SaarbrückenGermany
- Inorganic and General ChemistryFriedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstr. 191058ErlangenGermany
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22
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Kim H, Lee E. Ambiphilic singlet carbenes: Electron donors and acceptors. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyunho Kim
- Department of Chemistry Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsung Lee
- Department of Chemistry Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang Republic of Korea
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23
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Deoxygenating Reduction of CO 2 by [Cp*Al] 4 to Form a (Al 3O 2C) 2 Cluster Featuring Two Ketene Moieties. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:14500-14505. [PMID: 36053858 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report that the reaction of the low-valent aluminum(I) species [Cp*Al]4 (Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) with CO2 exhibits complete cleavages of the C═O bonds. The deoxygenating reduction reaction of [Cp*Al]4 with CO2 at 120 °C afforded [(Cp*)3Al3O2C(CO)]2 (1), which featured two stacked (Al3O2C)2 units and two C═C═O ketene moieties. Moreover, the isoelectronic analogues of diimine and isothiocyanate with CO2 were also investigated, and the reactions of [Cp*Al]4 with Dipp*-N═C═N-Dipp* and Dipp-C═N═S [Dipp* = 2,6-bis(diphenylmethyl)-4-tert-butylphenyl; Dipp = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl] afforded dialuminylimine (2) and tetrameric [Cp*AlS]4 (3), respectively.
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24
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Volk J, Heinz M, Leibold M, Bruhn C, Bens T, Sarkar B, Holthausen MC, Siemeling U. A crystalline cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene with a 1,1'-ferrocenylene backbone. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:10396-10399. [PMID: 36039867 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03871d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes with a 1,1'-ferrocenylene backbone (fcCAACs) are established as an original family by the preparation of a crystalline congener. The Ccarbene bond angle is unprecedentedly wide for a CAAC, causing an exceptionally pronounced ambiphilicity. The redox-active backbone opens the door to unconventional metalloradicals and oligoradicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Volk
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany.
| | - Myron Heinz
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Leibold
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany.
| | - Clemens Bruhn
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany.
| | - Tobias Bens
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 50659 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Biprajit Sarkar
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 50659 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Max C Holthausen
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ulrich Siemeling
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany.
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25
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Song H, Pietrasiak E, Lee E. Persistent Radicals Derived from N-Heterocyclic Carbenes for Material Applications. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:2213-2223. [PMID: 35849761 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Persistent radicals are potential building blocks of novel materials in many fields. Recently, highly stable persistent radicals are considered to be within reach, thanks to several radical stabilization strategies such as spin delocalization and steric protection. N-Heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-derived substituents can be attached to a radical center for these purposes, as illustrated by numerous NHC-stabilized radicals reported in the last two decades.This Account describes our recent work on developing NHC-derived persistent radicals, as well as their prospective applications. Considering that NHCs not only stabilize radicals but also reversibly interact with gas molecules, in 2015 our group reported NHC-nitric oxide (NHC-NO) radicals produced by reversibly trapping nitric oxide (NO) radical gas in NHCs. The resultant compounds were loaded into biocompatible poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(caprolactone) (PEG-b-PCL) micelles and injected into tumor-bearing mice. Then, NO release was triggered by high-intensity focused ultrasound irradiation of the tumor tissue. Furthermore, the NHC-NO radicals could also serve as a platform to generate other organic radicals such as oxime ether or iminyl radicals. Apart from medicine-related applications, radicals stabilized by NHCs can be used as energy storage materials. In this context, the triazenyl radical containing two NHC units reported by our laboratory could be a cathode active material in batteries, as an organic alternative to LiCoO2. The subsequently prepared unsymmetrical triazenyl radical derivatives were applied as anolytes in nonaqueous all-organic redox flow batteries. In addition, a ferrocene-based redox flow battery anolyte was obtained by introducing NHC-derived substituents that effectively stabilize the ferrocenate derivatives previously reported only at low temperatures. The batteries containing NHC-supported radicals exhibited high energy efficiency and insignificant radical decomposition over multiple cycles. Finally, toward developing air-persistent organic radicals for flexible devices and MRI contrasting agents, we also highlight our recent air- and physiologically stable organic radicals derived from NHCs. Coordination of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane to the NHC-NO radical produced a new radical cation that is stable in an organic solvent under air for several months. The readily accessible 1,2-dicarbonyl radical cations generated by the reaction of NHCs with oxalyl chloride are remarkably persistent even in an aqueous solution for several months. They are also highly stable even under physiological conditions, making them particularly attractive potential candidates for organic MRI contrast agents. We hope that this Account will serve as a guide for the future development of stable NHC-derived organic radicals and draw the attention of the synthetic community to their potential applications in material science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayoung Song
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology. Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Ewa Pietrasiak
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology. Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology. Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
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26
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Maity L, Barik S, Biswas R, Natarajan R, Dinda J. N‐Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) Boosted Photoluminescence; Synthesis, Structures and Photophysical Properties of bpy/phen‐Au (III)‐NHC Complexes. Appl Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sahadev Barik
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI Bhubaneswar Odisha India
| | - Raju Biswas
- CSIR Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Kolkata West Bengal India
| | | | - Joydev Dinda
- Department of Chemistry Utkal University Bhubaneswar Odisha India
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27
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Breitwieser K, Bahmann H, Weiss R, Munz D. Gauging Radical Stabilization with Carbenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Breitwieser
- Saarland University: Universitat des Saarlandes Coordination Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Hilke Bahmann
- Saarland University: Universitat des Saarlandes Theoretical Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Robert Weiss
- FAU Erlangen Nuremberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Organic Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Dominik Munz
- Universitat des Saarlandes Inorganic Chemistry: Coordination Chemistry Campus C 4.1 66123 Saarbrücken GERMANY
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28
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Zhang J, Li T, Li X, Lv A, Li X, Wang Z, Wang R, Ma Y, Fang R, Szostak R, Szostak M. Thiazol-2-ylidenes as N-Heterocyclic carbene ligands with enhanced electrophilicity for transition metal catalysis. Commun Chem 2022; 5:60. [PMID: 36697942 PMCID: PMC9814509 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00675-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last 20 years, N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have emerged as a dominant direction in ligand development in transition metal catalysis. In particular, strong σ-donation in combination with tunable steric environment make NHCs to be among the most common ligands used for C-C and C-heteroatom bond formation. Herein, we report the study on steric and electronic properties of thiazol-2-ylidenes. We demonstrate that the thiazole heterocycle and enhanced π-electrophilicity result in a class of highly active carbene ligands for electrophilic cyclization reactions to form valuable oxazoline heterocycles. The evaluation of steric, electron-donating and π-accepting properties as well as structural characterization and coordination chemistry is presented. This mode of catalysis can be applied to late-stage drug functionalization to furnish attractive building blocks for medicinal chemistry. Considering the key role of N-heterocyclic ligands, we anticipate that N-aryl thiazol-2-ylidenes will be of broad interest as ligands in modern chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China.
| | - Tao Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Xiangyang Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Anqi Lv
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Xue Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Ruihong Wang
- Institute of Frontier Science and Technology Transfer, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Yangmin Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Ran Fang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China.
| | - Roman Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Wroclaw University, F. Joliot-Curie 14, Wroclaw, 50-383, Poland
| | - Michal Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA.
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Fujimori
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
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30
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Brüggemann P, Mzyk K, Molter M, Nellesen J, Schaper K, Ganter C. Synthesis, Reactivity and Electronic Properties of Quinazolin‐2‐one‐Based N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Brüggemann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Karol Mzyk
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Marius Molter
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Joscha Nellesen
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Klaus Schaper
- Institut für Organische Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Christian Ganter
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
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31
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Maiti A, Sobottka S, Chandra S, Jana D, Ravat P, Sarkar B, Jana A. Diamidocarbene-Based Thiele and Tschitschibabin Hydrocarbons: Carbonyl Functionalized Kekulé Diradicaloids. J Org Chem 2021; 86:16464-16472. [PMID: 34780693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report diamidocarbene (DAC)-based Thiele and Tschitschibabin hydrocarbons, diradicaloids that contain four carbonyl/amido functional groups. The impact of two different π-conjugated spacers, p-phenylene vs p,p'-biphenylene, has been realized. The quantum chemical calculations suggest diamidocarbene (DAC)-based Thiele hydrocarbon (p-phenylene bridged) closed-shell singlet is the ground state, whereas for the diamidocarbene (DAC)-based Tschitschibabin hydrocarbon (p,p'-biphenylene bridged), open-shell singlet is the ground state. The influence of two different π-conjugated spacers also has been reflected in their UV-vis spectra. To gain more information on the diamidocarbene (DAC)-based Thiele and Tschitschibabin hydrocarbons, we have also carried out cyclic voltammetry investigations along with UV-vis-NIR-spectroelectrochemical studies of their corresponding 2-e oxidized product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avijit Maiti
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Sebastian Sobottka
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34-36, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Shubhadeep Chandra
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34-36, 14195 Berlin, Germany.,Universität Stuttgart, Fakultät Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Koordinationschemie, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Debayan Jana
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Prince Ravat
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Biprajit Sarkar
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34-36, 14195 Berlin, Germany.,Universität Stuttgart, Fakultät Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Koordinationschemie, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Anukul Jana
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
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32
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Vermersch F, Yazdani S, Junor GP, Grotjahn DB, Jazzar R, Bertrand G. Stable Singlet Carbenes as Organic Superbases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- François Vermersch
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (IRL 3555) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
| | - Sima Yazdani
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (IRL 3555) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry San Diego State University 5500 Campanile Drive San Diego CA 92182-1030 USA
| | - Glen P. Junor
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (IRL 3555) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
| | - Douglas B. Grotjahn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry San Diego State University 5500 Campanile Drive San Diego CA 92182-1030 USA
| | - Rodolphe Jazzar
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (IRL 3555) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
| | - Guy Bertrand
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (IRL 3555) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
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33
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Shibahara F, Shibata Y, Murai T. Imidazo[1,5- a]pyridinylidenes as π-Accepting NHC Ligands in Catalysis. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.210461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fumitoshi Shibahara
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yoshifuru Shibata
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Murai
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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34
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Vermersch F, Yazdani S, Junor GP, Grotjahn DB, Jazzar R, Bertrand G. Stable Singlet Carbenes as Organic Superbases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:27253-27257. [PMID: 34729888 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A simple experimental procedure for scaling carbene Brønsted basicity is described. The results highlight the strong basicity of pyrazol-4-ylidenes, a type of mesoionic carbene, also named cyclic-bentallenes (CBA). They are more basic (pKaH >42.7 in acetonitrile) than the popular proazaphosphatrane Verkade bases, and even the Schwesinger phosphazene superbase P4 (t Bu). The basicity of these compounds can readily be tuned, and they are accessible in multigram quantities. These results open new avenues for carbon centered superbases.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Vermersch
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (IRL 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, USA
| | - Sima Yazdani
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (IRL 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182-1030, USA
| | - Glen P Junor
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (IRL 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, USA
| | - Douglas B Grotjahn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182-1030, USA
| | - Rodolphe Jazzar
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (IRL 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, USA
| | - Guy Bertrand
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (IRL 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, USA
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35
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Abstract
In this contribution, we provide a comprehensive overview of acyclic twisted amides, covering the literature since 1993 (the year of the first recognized report on acyclic twisted amides) through June 2020. The review focuses on classes of acyclic twisted amides and their key structural properties, such as amide bond twist and nitrogen pyramidalization, which are primarily responsible for disrupting nN to π*C═O conjugation. Through discussing acyclic twisted amides in comparison with the classic bridged lactams and conformationally restricted cyclic fused amides, the reader is provided with an overview of amidic distortion that results in novel conformational features of acyclic amides that can be exploited in various fields of chemistry ranging from organic synthesis and polymers to biochemistry and structural chemistry and the current position of acyclic twisted amides in modern chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangrong Meng
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Michal Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
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36
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Dong Z, Blaskovits JT, Fadaei-Tirani F, Scopelliti R, Sienkiewicz A, Corminboeuf C, Severin K. Tuning the π-Accepting Properties of Mesoionic Carbenes: A Combined Computational and Experimental Study. Chemistry 2021; 27:11983-11988. [PMID: 34105837 PMCID: PMC8456875 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Mesoionic imidazolylidenes are recognized as excellent electron‐donating ligands in organometallic and main group chemistry. However, these carbene ligands typically show poor π‐accepting properties. A computational analysis of 71 mesoionic imidazolylidenes that bear different aryl or heteroaryl substituents in C2 position was performed. The study has revealed that a diphenyltriazinyl (Dpt) substituent renders the corresponding carbene particularly π‐acidic. The computational results could be corroborated experimentally. A mesoionic imidazolylidene with a Dpt substituent was found to be a better σ‐donor and a better π‐acceptor compared to an Arduengo‐type N‐heterocyclic carbene. To demonstrate the utility of the new carbene, the ligand was used to stabilize a low‐valent paramagnetic tin compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowen Dong
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J Terence Blaskovits
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Farzaneh Fadaei-Tirani
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrzej Sienkiewicz
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.,ADSresonances Sarl, Route de Genève 60B, 1028, Préverenges, Switzerland
| | - Clémence Corminboeuf
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kay Severin
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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37
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Song H, Lee E. Theoretical Assessment of Dinitrogen Fixation on Carbon Atom. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:2421-2425. [PMID: 34250740 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Dinitrogen activation in non-metallic systems has received considerable attention in recent years. Herein, we report the theoretical feasibility of N2 fixation using aminocarbenes (L) or their anionic derivatives. The molecular descriptors of L and anionic L- , which affect the interaction of L and anionic L- with N2 , were identified through multiple linear regression analysis. Additionally, the electron flow during C-N bond formation was confirmed by performing intrinsic reaction coordination calculations with intrinsic bond orbital analysis for the reaction of anionic L- with N2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayoung Song
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Graduate school of artificial intelligence, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
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38
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Sorbelli D, Belanzoni P, Belpassi L. Tuning the Gold(I)‐Carbon σ Bond in Gold‐Alkynyl Complexes through Structural Modifications of the NHC Ancillary Ligand: Effect on Spectroscopic Observables and Reactivity. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Sorbelli
- Department of Chemistry Biology and Biotechnology University of Perugia Via Elce di Sotto 8 I-06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Paola Belanzoni
- Department of Chemistry Biology and Biotechnology University of Perugia Via Elce di Sotto 8 I-06123 Perugia Italy
- CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies “Giulio Natta” (CNR-SCITEC) c/o Department of Chemistry Biology and Biotechnology University of Perugia Via Elce di Sotto 8 I-06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies “Giulio Natta” (CNR-SCITEC) c/o Department of Chemistry Biology and Biotechnology University of Perugia Via Elce di Sotto 8 I-06123 Perugia Italy
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39
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Specklin D, Fliedel C, Dagorne S. Recent Representative Advances on the Synthesis and Reactivity of N-Heterocyclic-Carbene-Supported Zinc Complexes. CHEM REC 2021; 21:1130-1143. [PMID: 33792152 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The present account reviews the most recent noteworthy developments on the synthesis, structure and catalytic applications of Zn-NHC species, a class of complexes that have attracted attention over the past five to ten years due to their enhanced robustness and hydrolytic stability versus classical Zn organometallics. In particular, thanks to NHC stabilization, access to unprecedented Zn species were recently achieved, including two-coordinate Zn(II) organocations and thermally stable molecularly well-defined Zn hydride species, opening the way to effective Zn-mediated hydro-silylation/-boration catalysis of various unsaturated substrates under mild conditions. The potential of NHC-Zn species for the stabilization of unprecedented Zn species and use in various catalytic applications is only emerging and the vast array of readily available NHC structures should promote future developments of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Specklin
- Institut de Chimie (UMR CNRS 7177), Université de Strasbourg, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christophe Fliedel
- Institut de Chimie (UMR CNRS 7177), Université de Strasbourg, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Samuel Dagorne
- Institut de Chimie (UMR CNRS 7177), Université de Strasbourg, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67000, Strasbourg, France
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40
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Borthakur B, Ghosh B, Phukan AK. The flourishing chemistry of carbene stabilized compounds of group 13 and 14 elements. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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41
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Kim H, Kim M, Song H, Lee E. Indol‐2‐ylidene (IdY): Ambiphilic N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Derived from Indole**. Chemistry 2021; 27:3849-3854. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyunho Kim
- Department of Chemistry Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 790-784 Republic of Korea
| | - Minseop Kim
- Department of Chemistry Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 790-784 Republic of Korea
| | - Hayoung Song
- Department of Chemistry Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 790-784 Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsung Lee
- Department of Chemistry Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 790-784 Republic of Korea
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42
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Shao Y, Huang M, Gu F, Zhao C, Qu LB, Ke Z. Diazadiborinine as an ambiphilic catalyst for metal-free hydrogenation: a computational study on the structural design and reaction mechanism. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01510e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reactivity and mechanism of hydrogenation by a metal-free ambiphilic catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youxiang Shao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- PCFM Lab
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
| | - Ming Huang
- School of Clinical Pharmacy
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou 510006
- P. R. China
| | - Fenglong Gu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of the Environment
- School of Chemistry and Environment
- South China Normal University
- Guangzhou 510006
- P. R. China
| | - Cunyuan Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- PCFM Lab
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
| | - Ling-Bo Qu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- P. R. China
| | - Zhuofeng Ke
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- PCFM Lab
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
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43
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Reiter D, Holzner R, Porzelt A, Frisch P, Inoue S. Silylated silicon-carbonyl complexes as mimics of ubiquitous transition-metal carbonyls. Nat Chem 2020; 12:1131-1135. [PMID: 33071286 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-020-00555-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Transition-metal-carbonyl complexes are common organometallic reagents that feature metal-CO bonds. These complexes have proven to be powerful catalysts for various applications. By contrast, silicon-carbonyl complexes, organosilicon reagents poised to be eco-friendly alternatives for transition-metal carbonyls, have remained largely elusive. They have mostly been explored theoretically and/or through low-temperature matrix isolation studies, but their instability had typically precluded isolation under ambient conditions. Here we present the synthesis, isolation and full characterization of stable silyl-substituted silicon-carbonyl complexes, along with bonding analysis. Initial reactivity investigations showed examples of CO liberation, which could be induced either thermally or photochemically, as well as substitution and functionalization of the CO moiety. Importantly, the complexes exhibit strong Si-CO bonding, with CO→Si σ-donation and Si→CO π-backbonding, which is reminiscent of transition-metal carbonyls. This similarity between the abundant semi-metal silicon and rare transition metals may provide new opportunities for the development of silicon-based catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Reiter
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Richard Holzner
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Amelie Porzelt
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Philipp Frisch
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Garching bei München, Germany.
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44
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Peltier JL, Tomás-Mendivil E, Tolentino DR, Hansmann MM, Jazzar R, Bertrand G. Realizing Metal-Free Carbene-Catalyzed Carbonylation Reactions with CO. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:18336-18340. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse L. Peltier
- UCSD−CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Eder Tomás-Mendivil
- UCSD−CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU), Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018 Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Daniel R. Tolentino
- UCSD−CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Max M. Hansmann
- UCSD−CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Rodolphe Jazzar
- UCSD−CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Guy Bertrand
- UCSD−CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
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45
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Zhao H, Yang D, Zhou Y, Fang Y, Shi M, Vessally E. A computational quest for the effects of fused rings on the stability of Hammick carbenes type remote
N
‐heterocyclic
carbenes. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202000247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhao
- Department of Neurology Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu, Sichuan Province P. R. China
| | - DongDong Yang
- Department of Neurology Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu, Sichuan Province P. R. China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu, Sichuan Province P. R. China
| | - Yu Fang
- Department of Neurology Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu, Sichuan Province P. R. China
| | - Min Shi
- Department of Neurology Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu, Sichuan Province P. R. China
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46
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Delaude L. The Chemistry of Azolium‐Carboxylate Zwitterions and Related Compounds: a Survey of the Years 2009–2020. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Delaude
- Laboratory of CatalysisMolSys Research UnitInstitut de Chimie Organique (B6a)Université de Liège Allée du six Août 13 4000 Liège Belgium
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47
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Ghosh B, Phukan AK. Probing the potential of metalla-N-heterocyclic carbenes towards activation of enthalpically strong bonds. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:9505-9515. [PMID: 32608419 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01363c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory calculations are employed to explore the reactivity of metalla-N-heterocyclic carbenes (MNHCs) towards activation of a variety of small molecules (H2, NH3, PH3, SiH3Ph and CH4). All the MNHCs considered are found to have a stable singlet ground state and possess suitable electronic properties for their application in small molecule activation. The calculated energy barriers of E-H (E = H, C, N, Si, P) activation for the MNHCs are found to be in agreement with those of the experimentally evaluated cyclic alkyl(amino)carbene (CAAC) and diamidocarbenes (DACs), thereby indicating the activating effect of the incorporation of an ancillary metal center within a cyclic NHC, and highlighting a new, underexplored strategy in achieving difficult bond activations with carbenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijoy Ghosh
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napaam 784028, Assam, India.
| | - Ashwini K Phukan
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napaam 784028, Assam, India.
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48
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Morgante P, Captain B, Chouinard CD, Peverati R, Takenaka N. Synthesis of electrophilic N-heterocyclic carbenes based on azahelicene. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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49
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Jhulki L, Purkait R, Kisan H, Bertolasi V, Isab A, Sinha C, Dinda J. A promising class of luminescent derivatives of Silver(I) and Gold(I)‐
N
‐heterocyclic carbene. Appl Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lalmohan Jhulki
- Department of Applied Science Haldia Institute of Technology Haldia West Bengal 721657 India
| | - Rakesh Purkait
- Department of Chemistry Jadavpur University Kolkata West Bengal 700032 India
| | - HemantaK. Kisan
- Department of Chemistry Utkal University Vani Vihar Bhubaneswar Odisha 751004 India
| | - Valerio Bertolasi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Centro di Strutturistica Diffrattometrica Universita' di Ferrara Via L.Borsari, 46 Italy
| | - AnvarhuseinA. Isab
- Department of Chemistry King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia
| | - Chittaranjan Sinha
- Department of Chemistry Jadavpur University Kolkata West Bengal 700032 India
| | - Joydev Dinda
- Department of Chemistry Utkal University Vani Vihar Bhubaneswar Odisha 751004 India
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50
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Hölzel T, Ganter C. Influence of ring substituents on the electronic properties of 1,2,4-triazolylidenes. J Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2020.121234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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