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Xu X, Gao C, Emusani R, Jia C, Xiang D. Toward Practical Single-Molecule/Atom Switches. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2400877. [PMID: 38810145 PMCID: PMC11304318 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202400877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Electronic switches have been considered to be one of the most important components of contemporary electronic circuits for processing and storing digital information. Fabricating functional devices with building blocks of atomic/molecular switches can greatly promote the minimization of the devices and meet the requirement of high integration. This review highlights key developments in the fabrication and application of molecular switching devices. This overview offers valuable insights into the switching mechanisms under various stimuli, emphasizing structural and energy state changes in the core molecules. Beyond the molecular switches, typical individual metal atomic switches are further introduced. A critical discussion of the main challenges for realizing and developing practical molecular/atomic switches is provided. These analyses and summaries will contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the switch mechanisms, providing guidance for the rational design of functional nanoswitch devices toward practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Xu
- Institute of Modern Optics and Center of Single Molecule SciencesNankai UniversityTianjin Key Laboratory of Micro‐scale Optical Information Science and TechnologyTianjin300350China
| | - Chunyan Gao
- Institute of Modern Optics and Center of Single Molecule SciencesNankai UniversityTianjin Key Laboratory of Micro‐scale Optical Information Science and TechnologyTianjin300350China
| | - Ramya Emusani
- Institute of Modern Optics and Center of Single Molecule SciencesNankai UniversityTianjin Key Laboratory of Micro‐scale Optical Information Science and TechnologyTianjin300350China
| | - Chuancheng Jia
- Institute of Modern Optics and Center of Single Molecule SciencesNankai UniversityTianjin Key Laboratory of Micro‐scale Optical Information Science and TechnologyTianjin300350China
| | - Dong Xiang
- Institute of Modern Optics and Center of Single Molecule SciencesNankai UniversityTianjin Key Laboratory of Micro‐scale Optical Information Science and TechnologyTianjin300350China
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2
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Ward JS, Vezzoli A, Wells C, Bailey S, Jarvis SP, Lambert CJ, Robertson C, Nichols RJ, Higgins SJ. A Systematic Study of Methyl Carbodithioate Esters as Effective Gold Contact Groups for Single-Molecule Electronics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403577. [PMID: 38770763 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
There are several binding groups used within molecular electronics for anchoring molecules to metal electrodes (e.g., R-SMe, R-NH2, R-CS2 -, R-S-). However, some anchoring groups that bind strongly to electrodes have poor/unknown stability, some have weak electrode coupling, while for some their binding motifs are not well defined. Further binding groups are required to aid molecular design and to achieve a suitable balance in performance across a range of properties. We present an in-depth investigation into the use of carbodithioate esters as contact groups for single-molecule conductance measurements, using scanning tunnelling microscopy break junction measurements (STM-BJ) and detailed surface spectroscopic analysis. We demonstrate that the methyl carbodithioate ester acts as an effective contact for gold electrodes in STM-BJ measurements. Surface enhanced Raman measurements demonstrate that the C=S functionality remains intact when adsorbed on to gold nanoparticles. A gold(I) complex was also synthesised showing a stable C=S→AuI interaction from the ester. Comparison with a benzyl thiomethyl ether demonstrates that the C=S moiety significantly contributes to charge transport in single-molecule junctions. The overall performance of the CS2Me group demonstrates it should be used more extensively and has strong potential for the fabrication of larger area devices with long-term stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown St., Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
- Chemistry Department, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK
| | - Andrea Vezzoli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown St., Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Charlie Wells
- Physics Department, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, UK
| | - Steven Bailey
- Physics Department, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, UK
| | - Samuel P Jarvis
- Physics Department, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, UK
| | - Colin J Lambert
- Physics Department, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, UK
| | - Craig Robertson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown St., Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Richard J Nichols
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown St., Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Simon J Higgins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown St., Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
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3
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Chen L, Yang Z, Lin Q, Li X, Bai J, Hong W. Evolution of Single-Molecule Electronic Interfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:1988-2004. [PMID: 38227964 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Single-molecule electronics can fabricate single-molecule devices via the construction of molecule-electrode interfaces and also provide a unique tool to investigate single-molecule scale physicochemical processes at these interfaces. To investigate single-molecule electronic devices with desired functionalities, an understanding of the interface evolution processes in single-molecule devices is essential. In this review, we focus on the evolution of molecule-electrode interface properties, including the background of interface evolution in single-molecule electronics, the construction of different types of single-molecule interfaces, and the regulation methods. Finally, we discuss the perspective of future characterization techniques and applications for single-molecule electronic interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & College of Materials & IKKEM, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, China
| | - Zixian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & College of Materials & IKKEM, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, China
| | - Qichao Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & College of Materials & IKKEM, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & College of Materials & IKKEM, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, China
| | - Jie Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & College of Materials & IKKEM, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, China
| | - Wenjing Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & College of Materials & IKKEM, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, China
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4
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Kumar R, Seth C, Venkatramani R, Kaliginedi V. Do quantum interference effects manifest in acyclic aliphatic molecules with anchoring groups? NANOSCALE 2023; 15:15050-15058. [PMID: 37671581 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr02140h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability to control single molecule electronic conductance is imperative for achieving functional molecular electronics applications such as insulation, switching, and energy conversion. Quantum interference (QI) effects are generally used to control electronic transmission through single molecular junctions by tuning the molecular structure or the position of the anchoring group(s) in the molecule. While previous studies focussed on the QI between σ and/or π channels of the molecular backbone, here, we show that single molecule electronic devices can be designed based on QI effects originating from the interactions of anchoring groups. Furthermore, while previous studies have concentrated on the QI mostly in conjugated/cyclic systems, our study showcases that QI effects can be harnessed even in the simplest acyclic aliphatic systems-alkanedithiols, alkanediamines, and alkanediselenols. We identify band gap state resonances in the transmission spectrum of these molecules whose positions and intensities depend on the chain length, and anchoring group sensitive QI between the nearly degenerate molecular orbitals localized on the anchoring groups. We predict that these QI features can be harnessed through an external mechanical stimulus to tune the charge transport properties of single molecules in the break-junction experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Kumar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Mumbai 400005, India.
| | - Charu Seth
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore 560012, India.
| | - Ravindra Venkatramani
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Mumbai 400005, India.
| | - Veerabhadrarao Kaliginedi
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore 560012, India.
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Lokamani M, Kilibarda F, Günther F, Kelling J, Strobel A, Zahn P, Juckeland G, Gothelf KV, Scheer E, Gemming S, Erbe A. Stretch Evolution of Electronic Coupling of the Thiophenyl Anchoring Group with Gold in Mechanically Controllable Break Junctions. J Phys Chem Lett 2023:5709-5717. [PMID: 37318265 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The current-voltage characteristics of a single-molecule junction are determined by the electronic coupling Γ between the electronic states of the electrodes and the dominant transport channel(s) of the molecule. Γ is profoundly affected by the choice of the anchoring groups and their binding positions on the tip facets and the tip-tip separation. In this work, mechanically controllable break junction experiments on the N,N'-bis(5-ethynylbenzenethiol-salicylidene)ethylenediamine are presented, in particular, the stretch evolution of Γ with increasing tip-tip separation. The stretch evolution of Γ is characterized by recurring local maxima and can be related to the deformation of the molecule and sliding of the anchoring groups above the tip facets and along the tip edges. A dynamic simulation approach is implemented to model the stretch evolution of Γ, which captures the experimentally observed features remarkably well and establishes a link to the microscopic structure of the single-molecule junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mani Lokamani
- Department of Information Services and Computing, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Filip Kilibarda
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Florian Günther
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, USP Av. Trabalhador saocarlense, 400, 13560-970, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jeffrey Kelling
- Department of Information Services and Computing, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Physics, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Alexander Strobel
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter Zahn
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Guido Juckeland
- Department of Information Services and Computing, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Kurt V Gothelf
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Centre for DNA Nanotechnology, iNANO, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus C, 8000 Denmark
| | - Elke Scheer
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Sibylle Gemming
- Institute of Physics, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Artur Erbe
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
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6
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Li X, Anderson R, Fry HC, Pratik SM, Xu W, Goswami S, Allen TG, Yu J, Rajasree SS, Cramer CJ, Rumbles G, Gómez-Gualdrón DA, Deria P. Metal-Carbodithioate-Based 3D Semiconducting Metal-Organic Framework: Porous Optoelectronic Material for Energy Conversion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37256818 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c04200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Solar energy conversion requires the working compositions to generate photoinduced charges with high potential and the ability to deliver charges to the catalytic sites and/or external electrode. These two properties are typically at odds with each other and call for new molecular materials with sufficient conjugation to improve charge conductivity but not as much conjugation as to overly compromise the optical band gap. In this work, we developed a semiconducting metal-organic framework (MOF) prepared explicitly through metal-carbodithioate "(-CS2)nM" linkage chemistry, entailing augmented metal-linker electronic communication. The stronger ligand field and higher covalent character of metal-carbodithioate linkages─when combined with spirofluorene-derived organic struts and nickel(II) ion-based nodes─provided a stable, semiconducting 3D-porous MOF, Spiro-CS2Ni. This MOF lacks long-range ordering and is defined by a flexible structure with non-aggregated building units, as suggested by reverse Monte Carlo simulations of the pair distribution function obtained from total scattering experiments. The solvent-removed "closed pore" material recorded a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller area of ∼400 m2/g, where the "open pore" form possesses 90 wt % solvent-accessible porosity. Electrochemical measurements suggest that Spiro-CS2Ni possesses a band gap of 1.57 eV (σ = 10-7 S/cm at -1.3 V bias potential), which can be further improved by manipulating the d-electron configuration through an axial coordination (ligand/substrate), the latter of which indicates usefulness as an electrocatalyst and/or a photoelectrocatalyst (upon substrate binding). Transient-absorption spectroscopy reveals a long-lived photo-generated charge-transfer state (τCR = 6.5 μs) capable of chemical transformation under a biased voltage. Spiro-CS2Ni can endure a compelling range of pH (1-12 for weeks) and hours of electrochemical and photoelectrochemical conditions in the presence of water and organic acids. We believe this work provides crucial design principles for low-density, porous, light-energy-conversion materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlin Li
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Science, Southern Illinois University, 1245 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Ryther Anderson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1601 Illinois Street, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - H Christopher Fry
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Saied Md Pratik
- Department of Chemistry, Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, and Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Wenqian Xu
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Subhadip Goswami
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Taylor G Allen
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Jierui Yu
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Science, Southern Illinois University, 1245 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Sreehari Surendran Rajasree
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Science, Southern Illinois University, 1245 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Christopher J Cramer
- Department of Chemistry, Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, and Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Garry Rumbles
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Diego A Gómez-Gualdrón
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1601 Illinois Street, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Pravas Deria
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Science, Southern Illinois University, 1245 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
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7
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Wang S, Liu Y, Zhu A, Tian Y. In Vivo Electrochemical Biosensors: Recent Advances in Molecular Design, Electrode Materials, and Electrochemical Devices. Anal Chem 2023; 95:388-406. [PMID: 36625112 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical biosensors provide powerful tools for dissecting the dynamically changing neurochemical signals in the living brain, which contribute to the insight into the physiological and pathological processes of the brain, due to their high spatial and temporal resolutions. Recent advances in the integration of in vivo electrochemical sensors with cross-disciplinary advances have reinvigorated the development of in vivo sensors with even better performance. In this Review, we summarize the recent advances in molecular design, electrode materials, and electrochemical devices for in vivo electrochemical sensors from molecular to macroscopic dimensions, highlighting the methods to obtain high performance for fulfilling the requirements for determination in the complex brain through flexible and smart design of molecules, materials, and devices. Also, we look forward to the development of next-generation in vivo electrochemical biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shidi Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yuandong Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Anwei Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yang Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, China
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8
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Li J, Zhuang Z, Shen P, Song S, Tang BZ, Zhao Z. Achieving Multiple Quantum-Interfered States via Through-Space and Through-Bond Synergistic Effect in Foldamer-Based Single-Molecule Junctions. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:8073-8083. [PMID: 35483005 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The construction of multivalued logic circuits by multiple quantum-interfered states at the molecular level can make full use of molecular diversity and versatility, broadening the application of molecular electronics. Understanding charge transport through different conducting pathways and how they interact with each other in molecules with a secondary structure is an indispensable foundation to achieve this goal. Herein, we elucidate the synergistic effect from through-space and through-bond conducting pathways in foldamers derived from ortho-pentaphenylene by the separate modulation on these pathways. The shrinkage of central heterocycles' sizes allows foldamers to stack with larger overlap degrees, resulting in level-crossing and thus transformation from constructive quantum interference (CQI) to destructive quantum interference (DQI) in a through-space pathway. The alteration of central heterocycles' connection sites enhances through-bond conjugation, leading to amplified contribution from a through-bond pathway. The enhanced through-bond pathway destructively interferes with the through-space pathway, exerting a suppression effect on transmission. Therefore, four quantum-interfered states of through-space and through-bond combination are generated, including through-space CQI-dominated states, through-space DQI-dominated states, through-space CQI states with through-bond suppression, and through-space DQI states with through-bond suppression. These findings enable us to regulate charge transport within high-order structures via multiple conducting pathways and provide a proof of concept to construct multivalued logic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zeyan Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Pingchuan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shaoxin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.,School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China
| | - Zujin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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9
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Abstract
Single-molecule junctions - devices fabricated by electrically connecting a single molecule to two electrodes - can respond to a variety of stimuli, that include electrostatic/electrochemical gating, light, other chemical species, and mechanical forces. When the latter is used, the device becomes mechanoresistive which means that its electrical resistance/conductance changes upon application of a mechanical stress. The mechanoresistive phenomenon can arise at the metal-molecule interface or it can be embedded in the molecular backbone, and several strategies to attain high reproducibility, high sensitivity and reversible behaviour have been developed over the years. These devices offer a unique insight on the process of charge transfer/transport at the metal/molecule interface, and have potential for applications as nanoelectromechanical systems, integrating electrical and mechanical functionality at the nanoscale. In this review, the status of the field is presented, with a focus on those systems that proved to have reversible behaviour, along with a discussion on the techniques used to fabricate and characterise mechanoresistive devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Vezzoli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK.
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, University of Liverpool, Peach Streat, Liverpool L69 7ZF, UK
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10
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Yao X, Vonesch M, Combes M, Weiss J, Sun X, Lacroix JC. Single-Molecule Junctions with Highly Improved Stability. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:6540-6548. [PMID: 34286999 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Single-molecule junctions (SMJs) have been fabricated using layers generated by diazonium electroreduction. This process creates a C-Au covalent bond between the molecule and the electrode. Rigid oligomers of variable length, based on porphyrin derivatives in their free base or cobalt complex forms, have been grafted on the surface. The conductance of the oligomers has been studied by a scanning tunneling microscopy break junction (STM-bj) technique and G(t) measurements, and the lifetime of the SMJs has been investigated. The conductance histograms indicate that charge transport in the porphyrins is relatively efficient and influenced by the presence of the cobalt center. With both systems, random telegraph G(t) signals are easily recorded, showing SMJ on/off states. The SMJs then stabilize and exhibit a surprisingly long lifetime around 10 s, and attenuation plots, obtained by both G(t) and STM-bj measurements, give identical values. This work shows that highly stable SMJs can be prepared using a diazonium grafting approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Yao
- ITODYS, CNRS-UMR 7086, Université de Paris, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Maxime Vonesch
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS-UMR 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Maïwenn Combes
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS-UMR 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean Weiss
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS-UMR 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Xiaonan Sun
- ITODYS, CNRS-UMR 7086, Université de Paris, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Lacroix
- ITODYS, CNRS-UMR 7086, Université de Paris, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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11
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O'Driscoll LJ, Bryce MR. A review of oligo(arylene ethynylene) derivatives in molecular junctions. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:10668-10711. [PMID: 34110337 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr02023d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Oligo(arylene ethynylene) (OAE) derivatives are the "workhorse" molecules of molecular electronics. Their ease of synthesis and flexibility of functionalisation mean that a diverse array of OAE molecular wires have been designed, synthesised and studied theoretically and experimentally in molecular junctions using both single-molecule and ensemble methods. This review summarises the breadth of molecular designs that have been investigated with emphasis on structure-property relationships with respect to the electronic conductance of OAEs. The factors considered include molecular length, connectivity, conjugation, (anti)aromaticity, heteroatom effects and quantum interference (QI). Growing interest in the thermoelectric properties of OAE derivatives, which are expected to be at the forefront of research into organic thermoelectric devices, is also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke J O'Driscoll
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham, UKDH1 3LE.
| | - Martin R Bryce
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham, UKDH1 3LE.
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12
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Aggarwal A, Bag S, Venkatramani R, Jain M, Maiti PK. Multiscale modelling reveals higher charge transport efficiencies of DNA relative to RNA independent of mechanism. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:18750-18760. [PMID: 32970051 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr02382e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we compare the charge transport properties of multiple double-stranded (ds)RNA sequences with corresponding dsDNA sequences. Recent studies have presented a contradictory picture of relative charge transport efficiencies in A-form DNA : RNA hybrids and dsDNA. Using a multiscale modelling framework, we compute conductance of dsDNA and dsRNA using Landauer formalism in the coherent limit and Marcus-Hush theory in the incoherent limit. We find that dsDNA conducts better than dsRNA in both the charge transport regimes. Our analysis shows that the structural differences in the twist angle and slide of dsDNA and dsRNA are the main reasons behind the higher conductance of dsDNA in the incoherent hopping regime. In the coherent limit however, for the same base pair length, the conductance of dsRNA is higher than that of dsDNA for the morphologies where dsRNA has a smaller end-to-end length relative to that of dsDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Aggarwal
- Centre for Condensed Matter Theory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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13
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Nanofabrication Techniques in Large-Area Molecular Electronic Devices. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10176064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The societal impact of the electronics industry is enormous—not to mention how this industry impinges on the global economy. The foreseen limits of the current technology—technical, economic, and sustainability issues—open the door to the search for successor technologies. In this context, molecular electronics has emerged as a promising candidate that, at least in the short-term, will not likely replace our silicon-based electronics, but improve its performance through a nascent hybrid technology. Such technology will take advantage of both the small dimensions of the molecules and new functionalities resulting from the quantum effects that govern the properties at the molecular scale. An optimization of interface engineering and integration of molecules to form densely integrated individually addressable arrays of molecules are two crucial aspects in the molecular electronics field. These challenges should be met to establish the bridge between organic functional materials and hard electronics required for the incorporation of such hybrid technology in the market. In this review, the most advanced methods for fabricating large-area molecular electronic devices are presented, highlighting their advantages and limitations. Special emphasis is focused on bottom-up methodologies for the fabrication of well-ordered and tightly-packed monolayers onto the bottom electrode, followed by a description of the top-contact deposition methods so far used.
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14
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Onuchic JN, Rubtsov IV, Therien MJ. Tribute to David N. Beratan. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:3437-3440. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c02606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Mukhopadhyay A, Bernard B, Liu K, Paulino V, Liu C, Donley C, Olivier JH. Molecular Strategies to Modulate the Electrochemical Properties of P-Type Si(111) Surfaces Covalently Functionalized with Ferrocene and Naphthalene Diimide. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:11026-11041. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b09812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Cox Science Center, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Brianna Bernard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Cox Science Center, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Kaixuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Cox Science Center, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Victor Paulino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Cox Science Center, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Chuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Cox Science Center, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Carrie Donley
- Chapel Hill Analytical and Nanofabrication Laboratory, Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina, 243 Chapman Hall, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jean-Hubert Olivier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Cox Science Center, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
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16
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Herrer L, Ismael A, Martín S, Milan DC, Serrano JL, Nichols RJ, Lambert C, Cea P. Single molecule vs. large area design of molecular electronic devices incorporating an efficient 2-aminepyridine double anchoring group. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:15871-15880. [PMID: 31414113 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr05662a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
When a molecule is bound to external electrodes by terminal anchor groups, the latter are of paramount importance in determining the electrical conductance of the resulting molecular junction. Here we explore the electrical properties of a molecule with bidentate anchor groups, namely 4,4'-(1,4-phenylenebis(ethyne-2,1-diyl))bis(pyridin-2-amine), in both large area devices and at the single molecule level. We find an electrical conductance of 0.6 × 10-4G0 and 1.2 × 10-4G0 for the monolayer and for the single molecule, respectively. These values are approximately one order of magnitude higher than those reported for monodentate materials having the same molecular skeleton. A combination of theory and experiments is employed to understand the conductance of monolayer and single molecule electrical junctions featuring this new multidentate anchor group. Our results demonstrate that the molecule has a tilt angle of 30° with respect to the normal to the surface in the monolayer, while the break-off length in the single molecule junction occurs for molecules having a tilt angle estimated as 40°, which would account for the difference in their conductance values per molecule. The bidentate 2-aminepyridine anchor is of general interest as a contact group, since this terminal functionalized aromatic ring favours binding of the adsorbate to the metal contact resulting in enhanced conductance values.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Herrer
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain. and Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA) and Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas (LMA), Edificio I+D Campus Río Ebro, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Mariano Esquillor, s/n, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - A Ismael
- Department of Physics, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK. and Department of Physics, College of Education for Pure Science, Tikrit University, Tikrit, Iraq
| | - S Martín
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain. and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK.
| | - D C Milan
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J L Serrano
- Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA) and Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas (LMA), Edificio I+D Campus Río Ebro, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Mariano Esquillor, s/n, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain. and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK. and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - R J Nichols
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK.
| | - C Lambert
- Department of Physics, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK.
| | - P Cea
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain. and Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA) and Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas (LMA), Edificio I+D Campus Río Ebro, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Mariano Esquillor, s/n, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain. and Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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17
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Lin G, Cheng M, Liou S, Tsao H, Lin C, Lin YR, Lee G, Chen C, Peng S. Revisit of trinickel metal string complexes [Ni
3
L
4
X
2
] (L = dipyridylamido, diazaphenoxazine; X = NCS, CN) for quantum transport. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201900229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geng‐Min Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced DeviceNational Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | | | - Shun‐Jie Liou
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced DeviceNational Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Ho‐Sung Tsao
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced DeviceNational Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Chih‐Hsun Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced DeviceNational Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yi R. Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced DeviceNational Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Gene‐Hsiang Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced DeviceNational Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Chun‐hsien Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced DeviceNational Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Shie‐Ming Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced DeviceNational Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
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18
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Šebera J, Lindner M, Gasior J, Mészáros G, Fuhr O, Mayor M, Valášek M, Kolivoška V, Hromadová M. Tuning the contact conductance of anchoring groups in single molecule junctions by molecular design. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:12959-12964. [PMID: 31259338 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr04071d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A tetraphenylmethane tripod functionalized with three thiol moieties in the para position can serve as a supporting platform for functional molecular electronic elements. A combined experimental scanning tunneling microscopy break junction technique with theoretical approaches based on density functional theory and non-equilibrium Green's function formalism was used for detailed charge transport analysis to find configurations, geometries and charge transport pathways in the molecular junctions of single molecule oligo-1,4-phenylene conductors containing this tripodal anchoring group. The effect of molecular length (n = 1 to 4 repeating phenylene units) on the charge transport properties and junction configurations is addressed. The number of covalent attachments between the electrode and the tripodal platform changes with n affecting the contact conductance of the junction. The longest homologue n = 4 adopts an upright configuration with all three para thiolate moieties of the tripod attached to the gold electrode. The contact conductance of the tetraphenylmethane tripod substituted by thiols in the para position is higher than that substituted in the meta position. Such molecular arrangement is highly conducting and allows well-defined directional positioning of a variety of functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Šebera
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Marcin Lindner
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Nanotechnology, P. O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Jindřich Gasior
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Gábor Mészáros
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, HAS, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Olaf Fuhr
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Nanotechnology, P. O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Marcel Mayor
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Nanotechnology, P. O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany. and Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michal Valášek
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Nanotechnology, P. O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Viliam Kolivoška
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Magdaléna Hromadová
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic.
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19
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Herrer L, González-Orive A, Marqués-González S, Martín S, Nichols RJ, Serrano JL, Low PJ, Cea P. Electrically transmissive alkyne-anchored monolayers on gold. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:7976-7985. [PMID: 30968913 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr10464f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Well-ordered, tightly-packed (surface coverage 0.97 × 10-9 mol cm-2) monolayer films of 1,4-bis((4-ethynylphenyl)ethynyl)benzene (1) on gold are prepared via a simple self-assembly process, taking advantage of the ready formation of alkynyl C-Au σ-bonds. Electrochemical measurements using [Ru(NH3)6]3+, [Fe(CN)6]3-, and ferrocenylmethanol [Fe(η5-C5H4CH2OH)(η5-C5H5)] redox probes indicate that the alkynyl C-Au contacted monolayer of 1 presents a relatively low barrier for electron transfer. This contrasts with monolayer films on gold of other oligo(phenylene ethynylene) derivatives of comparable length and surface coverage, but with different contacting groups. Additionally, a low voltage transition (Vtrans = 0.51 V) from direct tunneling (rectangular barrier) to field emission (triangular barrier) is observed. This low transition voltage points to a low tunneling barrier, which is consistent with the facile electron transport observed through the C-Au contacted self-assembled monolayer of 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Herrer
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
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20
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Abstract
The corpus of electron transfer (ET) theory provides considerable power to describe the kinetics and dynamics of electron flow at the nanoscale. How is it, then, that nucleic acid (NA) ET continues to surprise, while protein-mediated ET is relatively free of mechanistic bombshells? I suggest that this difference originates in the distinct electronic energy landscapes for the two classes of reactions. In proteins, the donor/acceptor-to-bridge energy gap is typically several-fold larger than in NAs. NA ET can access tunneling, hopping, and resonant transport among the bases, and fluctuations can enable switching among mechanisms; protein ET is restricted to tunneling among redox active cofactors and, under strongly oxidizing conditions, a few privileged amino acid side chains. This review aims to provide conceptual unity to DNA and protein ET reaction mechanisms. The establishment of a unified mechanistic framework enabled the successful design of NA experiments that switch electronic coherence effects on and off for ET processes on a length scale of multiple nanometers and promises to provide inroads to directing and detecting charge flow in soft-wet matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Beratan
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA; .,Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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21
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Herrer IL, Ismael AK, Milán DC, Vezzoli A, Martín S, González-Orive A, Grace I, Lambert C, Serrano JL, Nichols RJ, Cea P. Unconventional Single-Molecule Conductance Behavior for a New Heterocyclic Anchoring Group: Pyrazolyl. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:5364-5372. [PMID: 30160491 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b02051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrical conductance across a molecular junction is strongly determined by the anchoring group of the molecule. Here we highlight the unusual behavior of 1,4-bis(1H-pyrazol-4-ylethynyl)benzene that exhibits unconventional junction current versus junction-stretching distance curves, which are peak-shaped and feature two conducting states of 2.3 × 10-4 G0 and 3.4 × 10-4 G0. A combination of theory and experiments is used to understand the conductance of single-molecule junctions featuring this new anchoring group, i.e., pyrazolyl. These results demonstrate that the pyrazolyl moiety changes its protonation state and contact binding during junction evolution and that it also binds in either end-on or facial geometries with gold contacts. The pyrazolyl moiety holds general interest as a contacting group, because this linkage leads to a strong double anchoring of the molecule to the gold electrode, resulting in enhanced conductance values.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Lucia Herrer
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias , Universidad de Zaragoza , 50009 Zaragoza , Spain
- Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA) and Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas (LMA), edificio i+d Campus Río Ebro , Universidad de Zaragoza , C/Mariano Esquillor, s/n , 50018 Zaragoza , Spain
| | - Ali K Ismael
- Department of Physics , University of Lancaster , Lancaster LA1 4YB , United Kingdom
- Department of Physics, College of Education for Pure Science , Tikrit University , Tikrit , Iraq
| | - David C Milán
- Department of Chemistry , University of Liverpool , Crown Street , Liverpool L69 7ZD , United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Vezzoli
- Department of Chemistry , University of Liverpool , Crown Street , Liverpool L69 7ZD , United Kingdom
| | - Santiago Martín
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias , Universidad de Zaragoza , 50009 Zaragoza , Spain
- Instituto de Ciencias de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA) , Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC , 50009 Zaragoza , Spain
| | - Alejandro González-Orive
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry , University of Paderborn , Warburger Straße 100 , 33098 Paderborn , Germany
| | - Iain Grace
- Department of Physics , University of Lancaster , Lancaster LA1 4YB , United Kingdom
| | - Colin Lambert
- Department of Physics , University of Lancaster , Lancaster LA1 4YB , United Kingdom
| | - José L Serrano
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias , Universidad de Zaragoza , 50009 Zaragoza , Spain
- Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA) and Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas (LMA), edificio i+d Campus Río Ebro , Universidad de Zaragoza , C/Mariano Esquillor, s/n , 50018 Zaragoza , Spain
| | - Richard J Nichols
- Department of Chemistry , University of Liverpool , Crown Street , Liverpool L69 7ZD , United Kingdom
| | - Pilar Cea
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias , Universidad de Zaragoza , 50009 Zaragoza , Spain
- Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA) and Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas (LMA), edificio i+d Campus Río Ebro , Universidad de Zaragoza , C/Mariano Esquillor, s/n , 50018 Zaragoza , Spain
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22
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Goronzy DP, Ebrahimi M, Rosei F, Fang Y, De Feyter S, Tait SL, Wang C, Beton PH, Wee ATS, Weiss PS, Perepichka DF. Supramolecular Assemblies on Surfaces: Nanopatterning, Functionality, and Reactivity. ACS NANO 2018; 12:7445-7481. [PMID: 30010321 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b03513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how molecules interact to form large-scale hierarchical structures on surfaces holds promise for building designer nanoscale constructs with defined chemical and physical properties. Here, we describe early advances in this field and highlight upcoming opportunities and challenges. Both direct intermolecular interactions and those that are mediated by coordinated metal centers or substrates are discussed. These interactions can be additive, but they can also interfere with each other, leading to new assemblies in which electrical potentials vary at distances much larger than those of typical chemical interactions. Earlier spectroscopic and surface measurements have provided partial information on such interfacial effects. In the interim, scanning probe microscopies have assumed defining roles in the field of molecular organization on surfaces, delivering deeper understanding of interactions, structures, and local potentials. Self-assembly is a key strategy to form extended structures on surfaces, advancing nanolithography into the chemical dimension and providing simultaneous control at multiple scales. In parallel, the emergence of graphene and the resulting impetus to explore 2D materials have broadened the field, as surface-confined reactions of molecular building blocks provide access to such materials as 2D polymers and graphene nanoribbons. In this Review, we describe recent advances and point out promising directions that will lead to even greater and more robust capabilities to exploit designer surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic P Goronzy
- California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Maryam Ebrahimi
- INRS Centre for Energy, Materials and Telecommunications , 1650 Boul. Lionel Boulet , Varennes , Quebec J3X 1S2 , Canada
| | - Federico Rosei
- INRS Centre for Energy, Materials and Telecommunications , 1650 Boul. Lionel Boulet , Varennes , Quebec J3X 1S2 , Canada
- Institute for Fundamental and Frontier Science , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu 610054 , P.R. China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Department of Chemistry , McGill University , Montreal H3A 0B8 , Canada
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Department of Chemistry , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , Leuven 3001 , Belgium
| | - Steven L Tait
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Chen Wang
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Peter H Beton
- School of Physics & Astronomy , University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2RD , United Kingdom
| | - Andrew T S Wee
- Department of Physics , National University of Singapore , 117542 Singapore
| | - Paul S Weiss
- California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Dmitrii F Perepichka
- California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , McGill University , Montreal H3A 0B8 , Canada
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23
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Dubois V, Raja SN, Gehring P, Caneva S, van der Zant HSJ, Niklaus F, Stemme G. Massively parallel fabrication of crack-defined gold break junctions featuring sub-3 nm gaps for molecular devices. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3433. [PMID: 30143636 PMCID: PMC6109151 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05785-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Break junctions provide tip-shaped contact electrodes that are fundamental components of nano and molecular electronics. However, the fabrication of break junctions remains notoriously time-consuming and difficult to parallelize. Here we demonstrate true parallel fabrication of gold break junctions featuring sub-3 nm gaps on the wafer-scale, by relying on a novel self-breaking mechanism based on controlled crack formation in notched bridge structures. We achieve fabrication densities as high as 7 million junctions per cm2, with fabrication yields of around 7% for obtaining crack-defined break junctions with sub-3 nm gaps of fixed gap width that exhibit electron tunneling. We also form molecular junctions using dithiol-terminated oligo(phenylene ethynylene) (OPE3) to demonstrate the feasibility of our approach for electrical probing of molecules down to liquid helium temperatures. Our technology opens a whole new range of experimental opportunities for nano and molecular electronics applications, by enabling very large-scale fabrication of solid-state break junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Dubois
- Department of Micro and Nanosystems (MST), School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shyamprasad N Raja
- Department of Micro and Nanosystems (MST), School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pascal Gehring
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Sabina Caneva
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Herre S J van der Zant
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Niklaus
- Department of Micro and Nanosystems (MST), School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Göran Stemme
- Department of Micro and Nanosystems (MST), School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044, Stockholm, Sweden.
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24
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Sangtarash S, Vezzoli A, Sadeghi H, Ferri N, O'Brien HM, Grace I, Bouffier L, Higgins SJ, Nichols RJ, Lambert CJ. Gateway state-mediated, long-range tunnelling in molecular wires. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:3060-3067. [PMID: 29376529 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr07243k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
If the factors controlling the decay in single-molecule electrical conductance G with molecular length L could be understood and controlled, then this would be a significant step forward in the design of high-conductance molecular wires. For a wide variety of molecules conducting by phase coherent tunnelling, conductance G decays with length following the relationship G = Ae-βL. It is widely accepted that the attenuation coefficient β is determined by the position of the Fermi energy of the electrodes relative to the energy of frontier orbitals of the molecular bridge, whereas the terminal anchor groups which bind to the molecule to the electrodes contribute to the pre-exponential factor A. We examine this premise for several series of molecules which contain a central conjugated moiety (phenyl, viologen or α-terthiophene) connected on either side to alkane chains of varying length, with each end terminated by thiol or thiomethyl anchor groups. In contrast with this expectation, we demonstrate both experimentally and theoretically that additional electronic states located on thiol anchor groups can significantly decrease the value of β, by giving rise to resonances close to EF through coupling to the bridge moiety. This interplay between the gateway states and their coupling to a central conjugated moiety in the molecular bridges creates a new design strategy for realising higher-transmission molecular wires by taking advantage of the electrode-molecule interface properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sangtarash
- Quantum Technology Centre, Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK.
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25
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Bejarano F, Olavarria-Contreras IJ, Droghetti A, Rungger I, Rudnev A, Gutiérrez D, Mas-Torrent M, Veciana J, van der Zant HSJ, Rovira C, Burzurı E, Crivillers N. Robust Organic Radical Molecular Junctions Using Acetylene Terminated Groups for C-Au Bond Formation. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:1691-1696. [PMID: 29307191 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b10019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Organic paramagnetic and electroactive molecules are attracting interest as core components of molecular electronic and spintronic devices. Currently, further progress is hindered by the modest stability and reproducibility of the molecule/electrode contact. We report the synthesis of a persistent organic radical bearing one and two terminal alkyne groups to form Au-C σ bonds. The formation and stability of self-assembled monolayers and the electron transport through single-molecule junctions at room temperature have been studied. The combined analysis of both systems demonstrates that this linker forms a robust covalent bond with gold and a better-defined contact when compared to traditional sulfur-based linkers. Density functional theory and quantum transport calculations support the experimental observation highlighting a reduced variability of conductance values for the C-Au based junction. Our findings advance the quest for robustness and reproducibility of devices based on electroactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Bejarano
- Department of Molecular Nanoscience and Organic Materials, Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB- CSIC) and CIBER-BBN , Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | - Andrea Droghetti
- Nano-Bio Spectroscopy Group and European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility (ETSF), Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU) , Avenida Tolosa 72, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ivan Rungger
- National Physical Laboratory , Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Rudnev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern , Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.,Russian Academy of Sciences A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry RAS, Leninskii pr. 31, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Diego Gutiérrez
- Department of Molecular Nanoscience and Organic Materials, Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB- CSIC) and CIBER-BBN , Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marta Mas-Torrent
- Department of Molecular Nanoscience and Organic Materials, Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB- CSIC) and CIBER-BBN , Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jaume Veciana
- Department of Molecular Nanoscience and Organic Materials, Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB- CSIC) and CIBER-BBN , Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Herre S J van der Zant
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology , Lorentzweg 1, Delft 2628 CJ, The Netherlands
| | - Concepció Rovira
- Department of Molecular Nanoscience and Organic Materials, Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB- CSIC) and CIBER-BBN , Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Enrique Burzurı
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology , Lorentzweg 1, Delft 2628 CJ, The Netherlands.,IMDEA Nanoscience, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, c/Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Núria Crivillers
- Department of Molecular Nanoscience and Organic Materials, Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB- CSIC) and CIBER-BBN , Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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26
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Investigation of the geometrical arrangement and single molecule charge transport in self-assembled monolayers of molecular towers based on tetraphenylmethane tripod. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.11.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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27
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Beall E, Ulku S, Liu C, Wierzbinski E, Zhang Y, Bae Y, Zhang P, Achim C, Beratan DN, Waldeck DH. Effects of the Backbone and Chemical Linker on the Molecular Conductance of Nucleic Acid Duplexes. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:6726-6735. [PMID: 28434220 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b02260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Scanning tunneling microscope break junction measurements are used to examine how the molecular conductance of nucleic acids depends on the composition of their backbone and the linker group to the electrodes. Molecular conductances of 10 base pair long homoduplexes of DNA, aeg-PNA, γ-PNA, and a heteroduplex of DNA/aeg-PNA with identical nucleobase sequence were measured. The molecular conductance was found to vary by 12 to 13 times with the change in backbone. Computational studies show that the molecular conductance differences between nucleic acids of different backbones correlate with differences in backbone structural flexibility. The molecular conductance was also measured for duplexes connected to the electrode through two different linkers, one directly to the backbone and one directly to the nucleobase stack. While the linker causes an order-of-magnitude increase in the overall conductance for a particular duplex, the differences in the electrical conductance with backbone composition are preserved. The highest molecular conductance value, 0.06G0, was measured for aeg-PNA duplexes with a base stack linker. These findings reveal an important new strategy for creating longer and more complex electroactive, nucleic acid assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Beall
- Chemistry Department, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Selma Ulku
- Chemistry Department, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Chaoren Liu
- Chemistry Department, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Emil Wierzbinski
- Chemistry Department, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- Chemistry Department, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Yookyung Bae
- Chemistry Department, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Peng Zhang
- Chemistry Department, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Catalina Achim
- Chemistry Department, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - David N Beratan
- Chemistry Department, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - David H Waldeck
- Chemistry Department, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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28
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Bock S, Al‐Owaedi OA, Eaves SG, Milan DC, Lemmer M, Skelton BW, Osorio HM, Nichols RJ, Higgins SJ, Cea P, Long NJ, Albrecht T, Martín S, Lambert CJ, Low PJ. Single-Molecule Conductance Studies of Organometallic Complexes Bearing 3-Thienyl Contacting Groups. Chemistry 2017; 23:2133-2143. [PMID: 27897344 PMCID: PMC5396322 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The compounds and complexes 1,4-C6 H4 (C≡C-cyclo-3-C4 H3 S)2 (2), trans-[Pt(C≡C-cyclo-3-C4 H3 S)2 (PEt3 )2 ] (3), trans-[Ru(C≡C-cyclo-3-C4 H3 S)2 (dppe)2 ] (4; dppe=1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane) and trans-[Ru(C≡C-cyclo-3-C4 H3 S)2 {P(OEt)3 }4 ] (5) featuring the 3-thienyl moiety as a surface contacting group for gold electrodes have been prepared, crystallographically characterised in the case of 3-5 and studied in metal|molecule|metal junctions by using both scanning tunnelling microscope break-junction (STM-BJ) and STM-I(s) methods (measuring the tunnelling current (I) as a function of distance (s)). The compounds exhibit similar conductance profiles, with a low conductance feature being more readily identified by STM-I(s) methods, and a higher feature by the STM-BJ method. The lower conductance feature was further characterised by analysis using an unsupervised, automated multi-parameter vector classification (MPVC) of the conductance traces. The combination of similarly structured HOMOs and non-resonant tunnelling mechanism accounts for the remarkably similar conductance values across the chemically distinct members of the family 2-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sören Bock
- School of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Western Australia35 Stirling HighwayCrawley6009WAAustralia
| | - Oday A. Al‐Owaedi
- Department of PhysicsLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YBUK
- Department of Laser Physics, Women Faculty of ScienceBabylon UniversityIraq
| | - Samantha G. Eaves
- School of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Western Australia35 Stirling HighwayCrawley6009WAAustralia
- Department of ChemistryDurham UniversitySouth Rd.DurhamDH1 3LEUK
| | - David C. Milan
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of LiverpoolCrown St.LiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | - Mario Lemmer
- Department of ChemistryImperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | - Brian W. Skelton
- School of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Western Australia35 Stirling HighwayCrawley6009WAAustralia
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and AnalysisUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern Australia6009Australia
| | - Henrry M. Osorio
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de CienciasUniversidad de Zaragoza50009ZaragozaSpain
- Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA) y Laboratorio de Microscopias, Avanzadas (LMA), Edificio I+D Campus Rio EbroUniversidad de ZaragozaC/Mariano Esquillor, s/n50018ZaragozaSpain
- Departamento de FísicaEscuela Politécnica NacionalAv. Ladrón de Guevara, E11-253170525QuitoEcuador
| | - Richard J. Nichols
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of LiverpoolCrown St.LiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | - Simon J. Higgins
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of LiverpoolCrown St.LiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | - Pilar Cea
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de CienciasUniversidad de Zaragoza50009ZaragozaSpain
- Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA) y Laboratorio de Microscopias, Avanzadas (LMA), Edificio I+D Campus Rio EbroUniversidad de ZaragozaC/Mariano Esquillor, s/n50018ZaragozaSpain
| | | | - Tim Albrecht
- Department of ChemistryImperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | - Santiago Martín
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de CienciasUniversidad de Zaragoza50009ZaragozaSpain
- Instituto de Ciencias de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA)Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC50009ZaragozaSpain
| | | | - Paul J. Low
- School of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Western Australia35 Stirling HighwayCrawley6009WAAustralia
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29
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Seth C, Kaliginedi V, Suravarapu S, Reber D, Hong W, Wandlowski T, Lafolet F, Broekmann P, Royal G, Venkatramani R. Conductance in a bis-terpyridine based single molecular breadboard circuit. Chem Sci 2017; 8:1576-1591. [PMID: 28451287 PMCID: PMC5359913 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc03204d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling charge flow in single molecule circuits with multiple electrical contacts and conductance pathways is a much sought after goal in molecular electronics. In this joint experimental and theoretical study, we advance the possibility of creating single molecule breadboard circuits through an analysis of the conductance of a bis-terpyridine based molecule (TP1). The TP1 molecule can adopt multiple conformations through relative rotations of 7 aromatic rings and can attach to electrodes in 61 possible single and multi-terminal configurations through 6 pyridyl groups. Despite this complexity, we show that it is possible to extract well defined conductance features for the TP1 breadboard and assign them rigorously to the underlying constituent circuits. Mechanically controllable break-junction (MCBJ) experiments on the TP1 molecular breadboard show an unprecedented 4 conductance states spanning a range 10 -2G0 to 10 -7G0. Quantitative theoretical examination of the conductance of TP1 reveals that combinations of 5 types of single terminal 2-5 ring subcircuits are accessed as a function of electrode separation to produce the distinct conductance steps observed in the MCBJ experiments. We estimate the absolute conductance for each single terminal subcircuit and its percentage contribution to the 4 experimentally observed conductance states. We also provide a detailed analysis of the role of quantum interference and thermal fluctuations in modulating conductance within the subcircuits of the TP1 molecular breadboard. Finally, we discuss the possible development of molecular circuit theory and experimental advances necessary for mapping conductance through complex single molecular breadboard circuits in terms of their constituent subcircuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charu Seth
- Department of Chemical Sciences , Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba , Mumbai 400 005 , India .
| | - Veerabhadrarao Kaliginedi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Bern , Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 , Bern , Switzerland .
| | - Sankarrao Suravarapu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Bern , Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 , Bern , Switzerland .
| | - David Reber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Bern , Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 , Bern , Switzerland .
| | - Wenjing Hong
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , China
| | - Thomas Wandlowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Bern , Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 , Bern , Switzerland .
| | - Frédéric Lafolet
- Université Grenoble Alpes , Département de Chimie Moléculaire , UMR CNRS-5250 , Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Grenoble , FR CNRS-2607 , BP 53 , 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9 , France .
| | - Peter Broekmann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Bern , Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 , Bern , Switzerland .
| | - Guy Royal
- Université Grenoble Alpes , Département de Chimie Moléculaire , UMR CNRS-5250 , Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Grenoble , FR CNRS-2607 , BP 53 , 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9 , France .
| | - Ravindra Venkatramani
- Department of Chemical Sciences , Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba , Mumbai 400 005 , India .
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30
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Lemmer M, Inkpen MS, Kornysheva K, Long NJ, Albrecht T. Unsupervised vector-based classification of single-molecule charge transport data. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12922. [PMID: 27694904 PMCID: PMC5063956 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The stochastic nature of single-molecule charge transport measurements requires collection of large data sets to capture the full complexity of a molecular system. Data analysis is then guided by certain expectations, for example, a plateau feature in the tunnelling current distance trace, and the molecular conductance extracted from suitable histogram analysis. However, differences in molecular conformation or electrode contact geometry, the number of molecules in the junction or dynamic effects may lead to very different molecular signatures. Since their manifestation is a priori unknown, an unsupervised classification algorithm, making no prior assumptions regarding the data is clearly desirable. Here we present such an approach based on multivariate pattern analysis and apply it to simulated and experimental single-molecule charge transport data. We demonstrate how different event shapes are clearly separated using this algorithm and how statistics about different event classes can be extracted, when conventional methods of analysis fail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Lemmer
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Imperial College Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Michael S. Inkpen
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Imperial College Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Katja Kornysheva
- Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, Alexandra House, 17-19 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - Nicholas J. Long
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Imperial College Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Tim Albrecht
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Imperial College Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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31
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Frisenda R, van der Zant HSJ. Transition from Strong to Weak Electronic Coupling in a Single-Molecule Junction. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:126804. [PMID: 27689291 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.126804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated charge transport in single-molecule junctions using gold nanoelectrodes at room and cryogenic (10 K) temperatures. A statistical analysis of the low-bias conductance, measured during the stretching of the molecular junctions, shows that the most probable single-molecule conductance is insensitive to the temperature as expected for off-resonant coherent transport. Low-temperature current-voltage measurements show that these junction conformations have a smooth tunnelinglike shape. While separating the electrodes further we find that, in about one-fourth of the cases, the junction switches in an abrupt way to a configuration with I-V characteristics exhibiting a gap around zero bias and resonances at finite bias. The analysis of the I-V shape and of the conductance distance dependence suggests a stretching-induced transition from the strong to the weak electronic coupling regime. The transition involves a large renormalization of the injection barrier and of the electronic coupling between the molecule and the electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Frisenda
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA, The Netherlands
| | - H S J van der Zant
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA, The Netherlands
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32
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Carlotti M, Degen M, Zhang Y, Chiechi RC. Pronounced Environmental Effects on Injection Currents in EGaIn Tunneling Junctions Comprising Self-Assembled Monolayers. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2016; 120:20437-20445. [PMID: 27738488 PMCID: PMC5053169 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b07089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Large-area tunneling junctions using eutectic Ga-In (EGaIn) as a top contact have proven to be a robust, reproducible, and technologically relevant platform for molecular electronics. Thus far, the majority of studies have focused on saturated molecules with backbones consisting mainly of alkanes in which the frontier orbitals are either highly localized or energetically inaccessible. We show that self-assembled monolayers of wire-like oligophenyleneethynylenes (OPEs), which are fully conjugated, only exhibit length-dependent tunneling behavior in a low-O2 environment. We attribute this unexpected behavior to the sensitivity of injection current on environment. We conclude that, contrary to previous reports, the self-limiting layer of Ga2O3 strongly influences transport properties and that the effect is related to the wetting behavior of the electrode. This result sheds light on the nature of the electrode-molecule interface and suggests that adhesive forces play a significant role in tunneling charge-transport in large-area molecular junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Carlotti
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
& Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Degen
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
& Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yanxi Zhang
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
& Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ryan C. Chiechi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
& Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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33
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Wang L, Gong ZL, Li SY, Hong W, Zhong YW, Wang D, Wan LJ. Molecular Conductance through a Quadruple-Hydrogen-Bond-Bridged Supramolecular Junction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:12393-7. [PMID: 27576570 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201605622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A series of self-complementary ureido pyrimidinedione (UPy) derivatives modified with different aurophilic anchoring groups were synthesized. Their electron transport properties through the quadruple hydrogen bonds in apolar solvent were probed employing the scanning tunneling microscopy break junction (STMBJ) technique. The molecule terminated with a thiol shows the optimal electron transport properties, with a statistical conductance value that approaches 10(-3) G0 . The (1) H NMR spectra and control experiments verify the formation of quadruple hydrogen bonds, which can be effectively modulated by the polarity of the solvent environment. These findings provide a new design strategy for supramolecular circuit elements in molecular electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Zhong-Liang Gong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences and, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
| | - Wenjing Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland. .,Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P.R. China.
| | - Yu-Wu Zhong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences and, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China. .,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China.
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China. .,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China.
| | - Li-Jun Wan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
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34
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Wang L, Gong ZL, Li SY, Hong W, Zhong YW, Wang D, Wan LJ. Molecular Conductance through a Quadruple-Hydrogen-Bond-Bridged Supramolecular Junction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201605622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Beijing 100190 P.R. China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P.R. China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Bern; Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Zhong-Liang Gong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences and; Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Beijing 100190 P.R. China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P.R. China
| | - Shu-Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Beijing 100190 P.R. China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P.R. China
| | - Wenjing Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Bern; Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P.R. China
| | - Yu-Wu Zhong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences and; Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Beijing 100190 P.R. China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P.R. China
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Beijing 100190 P.R. China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P.R. China
| | - Li-Jun Wan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Beijing 100190 P.R. China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P.R. China
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35
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Ozawa H, Baghernejad M, Al-Owaedi OA, Kaliginedi V, Nagashima T, Ferrer J, Wandlowski T, García-Suárez VM, Broekmann P, Lambert CJ, Haga MA. Synthesis and Single-Molecule Conductance Study of Redox-Active Ruthenium Complexes with Pyridyl and Dihydrobenzo[b]thiophene Anchoring Groups. Chemistry 2016; 22:12732-40. [PMID: 27472889 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The ancillary ligands 4'-(4-pyridyl)-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine and 4'-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b]thiophene)-2,2'-6',2"-terpyridine were used to synthesize two series of mono- and dinuclear ruthenium complexes differing in their lengths and anchoring groups. The electrochemical and single-molecular conductance properties of these two series of ruthenium complexes were studied experimentally by means of cyclic voltammetry and the scanning tunneling microscopy-break junction technique (STM-BJ) and theoretically by means of density functional theory (DFT). Cyclic voltammetry data showed clear redox peaks corresponding to both the metal- and ligand-related redox reactions. Single-molecular conductance demonstrated an exponential decay of the molecular conductance with the increase in molecular length for both the series of ruthenium complexes, with decay constants of βPY =2.07±0.1 nm(-1) and βBT =2.16±0.1 nm(-1) , respectively. The contact resistance of complexes with 2,3-dihydrobenzo[b]thiophene (BT) anchoring groups is found to be smaller than the contact resistance of ruthenium complexes with pyridine (PY) anchors. DFT calculations support the experimental results and provided additional information on the electronic structure and charge transport properties in those metal|ruthenium complex|metal junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Ozawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, 112-8551, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masoud Baghernejad
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freistrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Oday A Al-Owaedi
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK. .,Department of Laser Physics, Women Faculty of Science, Babylon University, Hillah, Iraq.
| | - Veerabhadrarao Kaliginedi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freistrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Takumi Nagashima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, 112-8551, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jaime Ferrer
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo and CINN, 33007, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Thomas Wandlowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freistrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Peter Broekmann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freistrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Colin J Lambert
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK
| | - Masa-Aki Haga
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, 112-8551, Tokyo, Japan.
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36
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Recent advances of folded tetraphenylethene derivatives featuring through-space conjugation. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2016.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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37
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Electrochemically assisted mechanically controllable break junction studies on the stacking configurations of oligo(phenylene ethynylene)s molecular junctions. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.03.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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38
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Valášek M, Lindner M, Mayor M. Rigid multipodal platforms for metal surfaces. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 7:374-405. [PMID: 27335731 PMCID: PMC4901557 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.7.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this review the recent progress in molecular platforms that form rigid and well-defined contact to a metal surface are discussed. Most of the presented examples have at least three anchoring units in order to control the spatial arrangement of the protruding molecular subunit. Another interesting feature is the lateral orientation of these foot structures which, depending on the particular application, is equally important as the spatial arrangement of the molecules. The numerous approaches towards assembling and organizing functional molecules into specific architectures on metal substrates are reviewed here. Particular attention is paid to variations of both, the core structures and the anchoring groups. Furthermore, the analytical methods enabling the investigation of individual molecules as well as monomolecular layers of ordered platform structures are summarized. The presented multipodal platforms bearing several anchoring groups form considerably more stable molecule-metal contacts than corresponding monopodal analogues and exhibit an enlarged separation of the functional molecules due to the increased footprint, as well as restrict tilting of the functional termini with respect to the metal surface. These platforms are thus ideally suited to tune important properties of the molecule-metal interface. On a single-molecule level, several of these platforms enable the control over the arrangement of the protruding rod-type molecular structures (e.g., molecular wires, switches, rotors, sensors) with respect to the surface of the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Valášek
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Marcin Lindner
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Marcel Mayor
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM), Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Xingang Rd. W., Guangzhou, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johannsring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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39
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Bruce RC, Wang R, Rawson J, Therien MJ, You W. Valence Band Dependent Charge Transport in Bulk Molecular Electronic Devices Incorporating Highly Conjugated Multi-[(Porphinato)Metal] Oligomers. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:2078-81. [PMID: 26829704 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b10772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Molecular electronics offers the potential to control device functions through the fundamental electronic properties of individual molecules, but realization of such possibilities is typically frustrated when such specialized molecules are integrated into a larger area device. Here we utilize highly conjugated (porphinato)metal-based oligomers (PM(n) structures) as molecular wire components of nanotransfer printed (nTP) molecular junctions; electrical characterization of these "bulk" nTP devices highlights device resistances that depend on PM(n) wire length. Device resistance measurements, determined as a function of PM(n) molecular length, were utilized to evaluate the magnitude of a phenomenological β corresponding to the resistance decay parameter across the barrier; these data show that the magnitude of this β value is modulated via porphyrin macrocycle central metal atom substitution [β(PZn(n); 0.065 Å(-1)) < β(PCu(n); 0.132 Å(-1)) < β(PNi(n); 0.176 Å(-1))]. Cyclic voltammetric data, and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopic studies carried out at gold surfaces, demonstrate that these nTP device resistances track with the valence band energy levels of the PM(n) wire, which were modulated via porphyrin macrocycle central metal atom substitution. This study demonstrates the ability to fabricate "bulk" and scalable electronic devices in which function derives from the electronic properties of discrete single molecules, and underscores how a critical device function--wire resistance--may be straightforwardly engineered by PM(n) molecular composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Bruce
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Ruobing Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Jeff Rawson
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Michael J Therien
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Wei You
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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40
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Smith CE, Odoh SO, Ghosh S, Gagliardi L, Cramer CJ, Frisbie CD. Length-Dependent Nanotransport and Charge Hopping Bottlenecks in Long Thiophene-Containing π-Conjugated Molecular Wires. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:15732-41. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b07400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, §Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Samuel O. Odoh
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, §Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Soumen Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, §Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, §Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christopher J. Cramer
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, §Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - C. Daniel Frisbie
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, §Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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41
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Pla-Vilanova P, Aragonès AC, Ciampi S, Sanz F, Darwish N, Diez-Perez I. The spontaneous formation of single-molecule junctions via terminal alkynes. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:381001. [PMID: 26314486 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/38/381001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the spontaneous formation of single-molecule junctions via terminal alkyne contact groups. Self-assembled monolayers that form spontaneously from diluted solutions of 1, 4-diethynylbenzene (DEB) were used to build single-molecule contacts and assessed using the scanning tunneling microscopy-break junction technique (STM-BJ). The STM-BJ technique in both its dynamic and static approaches was used to characterize the lifetime (stability) and the conductivity of a single-DEB wire. It is demonstrated that single-molecule junctions form spontaneously with terminal alkynes and require no electrochemical control or chemical deprotonation. The alkyne anchoring group was compared against typical contact groups exploited in single-molecule studies, i.e. amine (benzenediamine) and thiol (benzendithiol) contact groups. The alkyne contact showed a conductance magnitude comparable to that observed with amine and thiol groups. The lifetime of the junctions formed from alkynes were only slightly less than that of thiols and greater than that observed for amines. These findings are important as (a) they extend the repertoire of chemical contacts used in single-molecule measurements to 1-alkynes, which are synthetically accessible and stable and (b) alkynes have a remarkable affinity toward silicon surfaces, hence opening the door for the study of single-molecule transport on a semiconducting electronic platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pepita Pla-Vilanova
- Departament de Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, and Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), Baldiri Reixac 15-21, E-08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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42
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Nichols RJ, Higgins SJ. Single-Molecule Electronics: Chemical and Analytical Perspectives. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2015; 8:389-417. [PMID: 26048551 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071114-040118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
It is now possible to measure the electrical properties of single molecules using a variety of techniques including scanning probe microcopies and mechanically controlled break junctions. Such measurements can be made across a wide range of environments including ambient conditions, organic liquids, ionic liquids, aqueous solutions, electrolytes, and ultra high vacuum. This has given new insights into charge transport across molecule electrical junctions, and these experimental methods have been complemented with increasingly sophisticated theory. This article reviews progress in single-molecule electronics from a chemical perspective and discusses topics such as the molecule-surface coupling in electrical junctions, chemical control, and supramolecular interactions in junctions and gating charge transport. The article concludes with an outlook regarding chemical analysis based on single-molecule conductance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Nichols
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom;
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Osorio HM, Martín S, López MC, Marqués-González S, Higgins SJ, Nichols RJ, Low PJ, Cea P. Electrical characterization of single molecule and Langmuir-Blodgett monomolecular films of a pyridine-terminated oligo(phenylene-ethynylene) derivative. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 6:1145-57. [PMID: 26171291 PMCID: PMC4464395 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.6.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Monolayer Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films of 1,4-bis(pyridin-4-ylethynyl)benzene (1) together with the "STM touch-to-contact" method have been used to study the nature of metal-monolayer-metal junctions in which the pyridyl group provides the contact at both molecule-surface interfaces. Surface pressure vs area per molecule isotherms and Brewster angle microscopy images indicate that 1 forms true monolayers at the air-water interface. LB films of 1 were fabricated by deposition of the Langmuir films onto solid supports resulting in monolayers with surface coverage of 0.98 × 10(-9) mol·cm(-2). The morphology of the LB films that incorporate compound 1 was studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM). AFM images indicate the formation of homogeneous, monomolecular films at a surface pressure of transference of 16 mN·m(-1). The UV-vis spectra of the Langmuir and LB films reveal that 1 forms two dimensional J-aggregates. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), in particular the "STM touch-to-contact" method, was used to determine the electrical properties of LB films of 1. From these STM studies symmetrical I-V curves were obtained. A junction conductance of 5.17 × 10(-5) G 0 results from the analysis of the pseudolinear (ohmic) region of the I-V curves. This value is higher than that of the conductance values of LB films of phenylene-ethynylene derivatives contacted by amines, thiols, carboxylate, trimethylsilylethynyl or acetylide groups. In addition, the single molecule I-V curve of 1 determined using the I(s) method is in good agreement with the I-V curve obtained for the LB film, and both curves fit well with the Simmons model. Together, these results not only indicate that the mechanism of transport through these metal-molecule-metal junctions is non-resonant tunneling, but that lateral interactions between molecules within the LB film do not strongly influence the molecule conductance. The results presented here complement earlier studies of single molecule conductance of 1 using STM-BJ methods, and support the growing evidence that the pyridyl group is an efficient and effective anchoring group in sandwiched metal-monolayer-metal junctions prepared under a number of different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrry Marcelo Osorio
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA), Edificio I+D, Campus Rio Ebro, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Mariano Esquillor s/n, 50017 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas (LMA) C/Mariano Esquilor s/n, Campus Rio Ebro, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Santiago Martín
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Carmen López
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA), Edificio I+D, Campus Rio Ebro, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Mariano Esquillor s/n, 50017 Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Simon J Higgins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Nichols
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J Low
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, WA, Australia
| | - Pilar Cea
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA), Edificio I+D, Campus Rio Ebro, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Mariano Esquillor s/n, 50017 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas (LMA) C/Mariano Esquilor s/n, Campus Rio Ebro, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
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44
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Metzger
- Laboratory for Molecular
Electronics, Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
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45
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Chen L, Wang YH, He B, Nie H, Hu R, Huang F, Qin A, Zhou XS, Zhao Z, Tang BZ. Multichannel conductance of folded single-molecule wires aided by through-space conjugation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:4231-5. [PMID: 25694026 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201411909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Deciphering charge transport through multichannel pathways in single-molecule junctions is of high importance to construct nanoscale electronic devices and deepen insight into biological redox processes. Herein, we report two tailor-made folded single-molecule wires featuring intramolecular π-π stacking interactions. The scanning tunneling microscope (STM) based break-junction technique and theoretical calculations show that through-bond and through-space conjugations are integrated into one single-molecule wire, allowing for two simultaneous conducting channels in a single-molecule junction. These folded molecules with stable π-π stacking interaction offer conceptual advances in single-molecule multichannel conductance, and are perfect models for conductance studies in biological systems, organic thin films, and π-stacked columnar aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Chen
- Guangdong Innovative Research Team, SCUT-HKUST Joint Research Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou 510640 (China)
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46
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Chen L, Wang YH, He B, Nie H, Hu R, Huang F, Qin A, Zhou XS, Zhao Z, Tang BZ. Multichannel Conductance of Folded Single-Molecule Wires Aided by Through-Space Conjugation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201411909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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47
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Khoo KH, Chen Y, Li S, Quek SY. Length dependence of electron transport through molecular wires – a first principles perspective. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:77-96. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp05006a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The length dependence of coherent electron transport through molecular wires is discussed in the context of a survey of state-of-the-art first principles calculation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khoong Hong Khoo
- Department of Physics
- Faculty of Science
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre
| | - Yifeng Chen
- Department of Physics
- Faculty of Science
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre
| | - Suchun Li
- Department of Physics
- Faculty of Science
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
- Institute of High Performance Computing
| | - Su Ying Quek
- Department of Physics
- Faculty of Science
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre
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48
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Cocq K, Lepetit C, Maraval V, Chauvin R. “Carbo-aromaticity” and novel carbo-aromatic compounds. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:6535-59. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00244c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in experimental and theoretical studies ofcarbo-benzene derivatives, along with the proposition of a generalization of the definition of aromaticity to the two-membered π-rings of triple bonds, suggest relevance for the notion of “carbo-aromaticity”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kévin Cocq
- CNRS
- LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination)
- 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4
- France
- Université de Toulouse
| | - Christine Lepetit
- CNRS
- LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination)
- 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4
- France
- Université de Toulouse
| | - Valérie Maraval
- CNRS
- LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination)
- 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4
- France
- Université de Toulouse
| | - Remi Chauvin
- CNRS
- LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination)
- 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4
- France
- Université de Toulouse
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49
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Baranová Z, Amini H, Bhuvanesh N, Gladysz JA. Rotaxanes Derived from Dimetallic Polyynediyl Complexes: Extended Axles and Expanded Macrocycles. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om501026u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Baranová
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
| | - Hashem Amini
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
| | - Nattamai Bhuvanesh
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
| | - John A. Gladysz
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
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50
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Li Z, Smeu M, Park TH, Rawson J, Xing Y, Therien MJ, Ratner MA, Borguet E. Hapticity-dependent charge transport through carbodithioate-terminated [5,15-bis(phenylethynyl)porphinato]zinc(II) complexes in metal-molecule-metal junctions. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:5493-5499. [PMID: 25255444 DOI: 10.1021/nl502466a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Single molecule break junction experiments and nonequilibrium Green's function calculations using density functional theory (NEGF-DFT) of carbodithioate- and thiol-terminated [5,15-bis(phenylethynyl)-10,20-diarylporphinato]zinc(II) complexes reveal the impact of the electrode-linker coordination mode on charge transport at the single-molecule level. Replacement of thiolate (-S(-)) by the carbodithioate (-CS2(-)) anchoring motif leads to an order of magnitude increase of single molecule conductance. In contrast to thiolate-terminated structures, metal-molecule-metal junctions that exploit the carbodithioate linker manifest three distinct conductance values. We hypothesize that the magnitudes of these conductances depend upon carbodithoate linker hapticity with measured conductances across Au-[5,15-bis(4'-(dithiocarboxylate)phenylethynyl)-10,20-diarylporphinato]zinc(II)-Au junctions the greatest when both anchoring groups attach to the metal surface in a bidentate fashion. We support this hypothesis with NEGF-DFT calculations, which consider the electron transport properties for specific binding geometries. These results provide new insights into the origin of molecule-to-molecule conductance heterogeneity in molecular charge transport measurements and the factors that optimize electrode-molecule-electrode electronic coupling and maximize the conductance for charge transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihai Li
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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