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Maguire S, Strachan G, Norvaiša K, Donohoe C, Gomes-da-Silva LC, Senge MO. Porphyrin Atropisomerism as a Molecular Engineering Tool in Medicinal Chemistry, Molecular Recognition, Supramolecular Assembly, and Catalysis. Chemistry 2024:e202401559. [PMID: 38787350 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Porphyrin atropisomerism, which arises from restricted σ-bond rotation between the macrocycle and a sufficiently bulky substituent, was identified in 1969 by Gottwald and Ullman in 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(o-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrins. Henceforth, an entirely new field has emerged utilizing this transformative tool. This review strives to explain the consequences of atropisomerism in porphyrins, the methods which have been developed for their separation and analysis and present the diverse array of applications. Porphyrins alone possess intriguing properties and a structure which can be easily decorated and molded for a specific function. Therefore, atropisomerism serves as a transformative tool, making it possible to obtain even a specific molecular shape. Atropisomerism has been thoroughly exploited in catalysis and molecular recognition yet presents both challenges and opportunities in medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Maguire
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, D02R590, Ireland
| | - Grant Strachan
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, D02R590, Ireland
| | - Karolis Norvaiša
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, D02R590, Ireland
| | - Claire Donohoe
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, D02R590, Ireland
- CQC, Coimbra Chemistry Centre, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3004-535, Portugal
| | | | - Mathias O Senge
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, D02R590, Ireland
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS), Focus Group-Molecular and Interfacial Engineering of Organic Nanosystems, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenberg Str. 2a, 85748, Garching, Germany
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2
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Bhunia S, Ghatak A, Dey A. Second Sphere Effects on Oxygen Reduction and Peroxide Activation by Mononuclear Iron Porphyrins and Related Systems. Chem Rev 2022; 122:12370-12426. [PMID: 35404575 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c01021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Activation and reduction of O2 and H2O2 by synthetic and biosynthetic iron porphyrin models have proved to be a versatile platform for evaluating second-sphere effects deemed important in naturally occurring heme active sites. Advances in synthetic techniques have made it possible to install different functional groups around the porphyrin ligand, recreating artificial analogues of the proximal and distal sites encountered in the heme proteins. Using judicious choices of these substituents, several of the elegant second-sphere effects that are proposed to be important in the reactivity of key heme proteins have been evaluated under controlled environments, adding fundamental insight into the roles played by these weak interactions in nature. This review presents a detailed description of these efforts and how these have not only demystified these second-sphere effects but also how the knowledge obtained resulted in functional mimics of these heme enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmistha Bhunia
- School of Chemical Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A Raja SC Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Arnab Ghatak
- School of Chemical Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A Raja SC Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Abhishek Dey
- School of Chemical Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A Raja SC Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
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Lehnert N, Kim E, Dong HT, Harland JB, Hunt AP, Manickas EC, Oakley KM, Pham J, Reed GC, Alfaro VS. The Biologically Relevant Coordination Chemistry of Iron and Nitric Oxide: Electronic Structure and Reactivity. Chem Rev 2021; 121:14682-14905. [PMID: 34902255 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signaling molecule that is involved in a wide range of physiological and pathological events in biology. Metal coordination chemistry, especially with iron, is at the heart of many biological transformations involving NO. A series of heme proteins, nitric oxide synthases (NOS), soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), and nitrophorins, are responsible for the biosynthesis, sensing, and transport of NO. Alternatively, NO can be generated from nitrite by heme- and copper-containing nitrite reductases (NIRs). The NO-bearing small molecules such as nitrosothiols and dinitrosyl iron complexes (DNICs) can serve as an alternative vehicle for NO storage and transport. Once NO is formed, the rich reaction chemistry of NO leads to a wide variety of biological activities including reduction of NO by heme or non-heme iron-containing NO reductases and protein post-translational modifications by DNICs. Much of our understanding of the reactivity of metal sites in biology with NO and the mechanisms of these transformations has come from the elucidation of the geometric and electronic structures and chemical reactivity of synthetic model systems, in synergy with biochemical and biophysical studies on the relevant proteins themselves. This review focuses on recent advancements from studies on proteins and model complexes that not only have improved our understanding of the biological roles of NO but also have provided foundations for biomedical research and for bio-inspired catalyst design in energy science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Lehnert
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Eunsuk Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Hai T Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Jill B Harland
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Andrew P Hunt
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Elizabeth C Manickas
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Kady M Oakley
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - John Pham
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Garrett C Reed
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Victor Sosa Alfaro
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
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4
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Marquardt M, Cula B, Budhija V, Dallmann A, Schwalbe M. Structural Determination of an Unusual Cu I -Porphyrin-π-Bond in a Hetero-Pacman Cu-Zn-Complex. Chemistry 2021; 27:3991-3996. [PMID: 33405305 PMCID: PMC7986761 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of a hetero‐dinuclear compound is presented, in which a copper(I) trishistidine type coordination unit is positioned directly above a zinc porphyrin unit. The close distance between the two coordination fragments is secured by a rigid xanthene backbone, and a unique (intramolecular) copper porphyrin‐π‐bond was determined for the first time in the molecular structure. This structural motif was further analyzed by temperature‐dependent NMR studies: In solution at room temperature the coordinative bond fluctuates, while it can be frozen at low temperatures. Preliminary reactivity studies revealed a reduced reactivity of the copper(I) moiety towards dioxygen. The results adumbrate why nature is avoiding metal porphyrin‐π‐bonds by fixing reactive metal centers in a predetermined distance to each other within multimetallic enzymatic reaction centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Marquardt
- Institute of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Beatrice Cula
- Institute of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vishal Budhija
- Institute of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - André Dallmann
- Institute of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Schwalbe
- Institute of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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Ghosh AC, Duboc C, Gennari M. Synergy between metals for small molecule activation: Enzymes and bio-inspired complexes. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Singha A, Mondal A, Nayek A, Dey SG, Dey A. Oxygen Reduction by Iron Porphyrins with Covalently Attached Pendent Phenol and Quinol. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:21810-21828. [PMID: 33320658 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Phenols and quinols participate in both proton transfer and electron transfer processes in nature either in distinct elementary steps or in a concerted fashion. Recent investigations using synthetic heme/Cu models and iron porphyrins have indicated that phenols/quinols can react with both ferric superoxide and ferric peroxide intermediates formed during O2 reduction through a proton coupled electron transfer (PCET) process as well as via hydrogen atom transfer (HAT). Oxygen reduction by iron porphyrins bearing covalently attached pendant phenol and quinol groups is investigated. The data show that both of these can electrochemically reduce O2 selectively by 4e-/4H+ to H2O with very similar rates. However, the mechanism of the reaction, investigated both using heterogeneous electrochemistry and by trapping intermediates in organic solutions, can be either PCET or HAT and is governed by the thermodynamics of these intermediates involved. The results suggest that, while the reduction of the FeIII-O2̇- species to FeIII-OOH proceeds via PCET when a pendant phenol is present, it follows a HAT pathway with a pendant quinol. In the absence of the hydroxyl group the O2 reduction proceeds via an electron transfer followed by proton transfer to the FeIII-O2̇- species. The hydrogen bonding from the pendant phenol group to FeIII-O2̇- and FeIII-OOH species provides a unique advantage to the PCET process by lowering the inner-sphere reorganization energy by limiting the elongation of the O-O bond upon reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmita Singha
- School of Chemical Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A Raja SC Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Arnab Mondal
- School of Chemical Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A Raja SC Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Abhijit Nayek
- School of Chemical Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A Raja SC Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Somdatta Ghosh Dey
- School of Chemical Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A Raja SC Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Abhishek Dey
- School of Chemical Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A Raja SC Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
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Zhao L, Xu Q, Shao Z, Chen Y, Xue Z, Li H, Zhang J. Enhanced Oxygen Reduction Reaction Performance Using Intermolecular Forces Coupled with More Exposed Molecular Orbitals of Triphenylamine in Co-porphyrin Electrocatalysts. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:45976-45986. [PMID: 32975398 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c11742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Triphenylamine (TPA) has often been used as a building block to construct functional organic materials yet is rarely employed in oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) due to its strong electron-donating ability. This versatile segment bears a three-dimensional spatial structure whose effect has not been fully explored in catalytic systems. To this end, five symmetric cobalt porphyrins with carbazole and TPA derivatives have been synthesized and their ORR performance has been evaluated in acid medium. It was found that all compounds produced mainly hydrogen peroxide in oxygen reduction, with CP1 attaching benzyl derivatives and XCP4 possessing TPA-carbazole substituents at the meso-position of porphyrin, showing similar but more positive ORR potential as compared to the other analogues. Importantly, XCP4 achieved the greatest response current and the largest electron transfer numbers and H2O2 yields among the investigated molecules. Detailed electrochemical measurements suggested that the dipole-induced partial charges on the porphyrin in tandem with the more exposed molecular orbitals on TPA contributed to this enhancement, with the former attracting more protons to the affinity of reactive sites and the latter increasing the collision frequency between the electrocatalyst and H+ in solution. This is the first attempt to integrate the intermolecular forces with more exposed molecular orbitals in altering the electrochemical process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Qingxiang Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Zhiwen Shao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Zhaoli Xue
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Henan Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Jianming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
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Proteins-Based Nanocatalysts for Energy Conversion Reactions. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2020; 378:43. [PMID: 32562011 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-020-00306-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the incorporation of molecular enzymes into nanostructured frameworks to create efficient energy conversion biomaterials has gained increasing interest as a promising strategy owing to both the dynamic behavior of proteins for their electrocatalytic function and the unique properties of the synergistic interactions between proteins and nanosized materials. Herein, we review the impact of proteins on energy conversion fields and the contribution of proteins to the improved activity of the resulting nanocomposites. We address different strategies to fabricate protein-based nanocatalysts as well as current knowledge on the structure-function relationships of enzymes during the catalytic processes. Additionally, a comprehensive review of state-of-the-art bioelectrocatalytic materials for water-splitting reactions such as hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reactions (OER) is afforded. Finally, we briefly envision opportunities to develop a new generation of electrocatalysts towards the electrochemical reduction of N2 to NH3 using theoretical tools to built nature-inspired nitrogen reduction reaction catalysts.
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Smith PT, Kim Y, Benke BP, Kim K, Chang CJ. Supramolecular Tuning Enables Selective Oxygen Reduction Catalyzed by Cobalt Porphyrins for Direct Electrosynthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:4902-4907. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201916131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter T. Smith
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Berkeley Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720-1460 USA
| | - Younghoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC) Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Bahiru Punja Benke
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC) Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Kimoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC) Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Christopher J. Chang
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Berkeley Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720-1460 USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720-1460 USA
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Smith PT, Kim Y, Benke BP, Kim K, Chang CJ. Supramolecular Tuning Enables Selective Oxygen Reduction Catalyzed by Cobalt Porphyrins for Direct Electrosynthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201916131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter T. Smith
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Berkeley Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720-1460 USA
| | - Younghoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC) Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Bahiru Punja Benke
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC) Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Kimoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC) Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Christopher J. Chang
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Berkeley Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720-1460 USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720-1460 USA
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Amanullah S, Singha A, Dey A. Tailor made iron porphyrins for investigating axial ligand and distal environment contributions to electronic structure and reactivity. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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12
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Collman JP, Zhong M, Boulatov R. Functionalization of 1-methyl-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid at the C-2 position: Efficient syntheses of 2-substituted t-butyl 1-methyl-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylates. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.3184/030823400103167093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A number of 2-substituted t-butyl 1-methyl-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylates, which can be readily converted to the corresponding acids, were efficiently prepared from t-butyl 2-bromo-1-methyl-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylate via brominelithium exchange or palladium-catalysed coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P. Collman
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5080, USA
| | - Min Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5080, USA
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5080, USA
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Adam SM, Wijeratne GB, Rogler PJ, Diaz DE, Quist DA, Liu JJ, Karlin KD. Synthetic Fe/Cu Complexes: Toward Understanding Heme-Copper Oxidase Structure and Function. Chem Rev 2018; 118:10840-11022. [PMID: 30372042 PMCID: PMC6360144 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Heme-copper oxidases (HCOs) are terminal enzymes on the mitochondrial or bacterial respiratory electron transport chain, which utilize a unique heterobinuclear active site to catalyze the 4H+/4e- reduction of dioxygen to water. This process involves a proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) from a tyrosine (phenolic) residue and additional redox events coupled to transmembrane proton pumping and ATP synthesis. Given that HCOs are large, complex, membrane-bound enzymes, bioinspired synthetic model chemistry is a promising approach to better understand heme-Cu-mediated dioxygen reduction, including the details of proton and electron movements. This review encompasses important aspects of heme-O2 and copper-O2 (bio)chemistries as they relate to the design and interpretation of small molecule model systems and provides perspectives from fundamental coordination chemistry, which can be applied to the understanding of HCO activity. We focus on recent advancements from studies of heme-Cu models, evaluating experimental and computational results, which highlight important fundamental structure-function relationships. Finally, we provide an outlook for future potential contributions from synthetic inorganic chemistry and discuss their implications with relevance to biological O2-reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M. Adam
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Gayan B. Wijeratne
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Patrick J. Rogler
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Daniel E. Diaz
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - David A. Quist
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Jeffrey J. Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Kenneth D. Karlin
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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Bhunia S, Rana A, Roy P, Martin DJ, Pegis ML, Roy B, Dey A. Rational Design of Mononuclear Iron Porphyrins for Facile and Selective 4e -/4H + O 2 Reduction: Activation of O-O Bond by 2nd Sphere Hydrogen Bonding. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:9444-9457. [PMID: 29975839 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b02983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Facile and selective 4e-/4H+ electrochemical reduction of O2 to H2O in aqueous medium has been a sought-after goal for several decades. Elegant but synthetically demanding cytochrome c oxidase mimics have demonstrated selective 4e-/4H+ electrochemical O2 reduction to H2O is possible with rate constants as fast as 105 M-1 s-1 under heterogeneous conditions in aqueous media. Over the past few years, in situ mechanistic investigations on iron porphyrin complexes adsorbed on electrodes have revealed that the rate and selectivity of this multielectron and multiproton process is governed by the reactivity of a ferric hydroperoxide intermediate. The barrier of O-O bond cleavage determines the overall rate of O2 reduction and the site of protonation determines the selectivity. In this report, a series of mononuclear iron porphyrin complexes are rationally designed to achieve efficient O-O bond activation and site-selective proton transfer to effect facile and selective electrochemical reduction of O2 to water. Indeed, these crystallographically characterized complexes accomplish facile and selective reduction of O2 with rate constants >107 M-1 s-1 while retaining >95% selectivity when adsorbed on electrode surfaces (EPG) in water. These oxygen reduction reaction rate constants are 2 orders of magnitude faster than all known heme/Cu complexes and these complexes retain >90% selectivity even under rate determining electron transfer conditions that generally can only be achieved by installing additional redox active groups in the catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmistha Bhunia
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry , Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , 2A Raja SC Mullick Road , Kolkata , West Bengal 700032 , India
| | - Atanu Rana
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry , Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , 2A Raja SC Mullick Road , Kolkata , West Bengal 700032 , India
| | - Pronay Roy
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry , Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , 2A Raja SC Mullick Road , Kolkata , West Bengal 700032 , India
| | - Daniel J Martin
- Department of Chemistry , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Michael L Pegis
- Department of Chemistry , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Bijan Roy
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry , Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , 2A Raja SC Mullick Road , Kolkata , West Bengal 700032 , India
| | - Abhishek Dey
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry , Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , 2A Raja SC Mullick Road , Kolkata , West Bengal 700032 , India
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17
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Zhang W, Lai W, Cao R. Energy-Related Small Molecule Activation Reactions: Oxygen Reduction and Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution Reactions Catalyzed by Porphyrin- and Corrole-Based Systems. Chem Rev 2016; 117:3717-3797. [PMID: 28222601 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 681] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Globally increasing energy demands and environmental concerns related to the use of fossil fuels have stimulated extensive research to identify new energy systems and economies that are sustainable, clean, low cost, and environmentally benign. Hydrogen generation from solar-driven water splitting is a promising strategy to store solar energy in chemical bonds. The subsequent combustion of hydrogen in fuel cells produces electric energy, and the only exhaust is water. These two reactions compose an ideal process to provide clean and sustainable energy. In such a process, a hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), an oxygen evolution reaction (OER) during water splitting, and an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) as a fuel cell cathodic reaction are key steps that affect the efficiency of the overall energy conversion. Catalysts play key roles in this process by improving the kinetics of these reactions. Porphyrin-based and corrole-based systems are versatile and can efficiently catalyze the ORR, OER, and HER. Because of the significance of energy-related small molecule activation, this review covers recent progress in hydrogen evolution, oxygen evolution, and oxygen reduction reactions catalyzed by porphyrins and corroles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Wenzhen Lai
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China , Beijing 100872, China
| | - Rui Cao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an 710119, China.,Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China , Beijing 100872, China
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Tishchenko KI, Beloglazkina EK, Mazhuga AG, Zyk NV. Copper-containing enzymes: Site types and low-molecular-weight model compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s2079978016010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Chatterjee S, Sengupta K, Hematian S, Karlin KD, Dey A. Electrocatalytic O2-Reduction by Synthetic Cytochrome c Oxidase Mimics: Identification of a "Bridging Peroxo" Intermediate Involved in Facile 4e(-)/4H(+) O2-Reduction. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:12897-905. [PMID: 26419806 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b06513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A synthetic heme-Cu CcO model complex shows selective and highly efficient electrocatalytic 4e(-)/4H(+) O2-reduction to H2O with a large catalytic rate (>10(5) M(-1) s(-1)). While the heme-Cu model (FeCu) shows almost exclusive 4e(-)/4H(+) reduction of O2 to H2O (detected using ring disk electrochemistry and rotating ring disk electrochemistry), when imidazole is bound to the heme (Fe(Im)Cu), this same selective O2-reduction to water occurs only under slow electron fluxes. Surface enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy coupled to dynamic electrochemistry data suggests the formation of a bridging peroxide intermediate during O2-reduction by both complexes under steady state reaction conditions, indicating that O-O bond heterolysis is likely to be the rate-determining step (RDS) at the mass transfer limited region. The O-O vibrational frequencies at 819 cm(-1) in (16)O2 (759 cm(-1) in (18)O2) for the FeCu complex and at 847 cm(-1) (786 cm(-1)) for the Fe(Im)Cu complex, indicate the formation of side-on and end-on bridging Fe-peroxo-Cu intermediates, respectively, during O2-reduction in an aqueous environment. These data suggest that side-on bridging peroxide intermediates are involved in fast and selective O2-reduction in these synthetic complexes. The greater amount of H2O2 production by the imidazole bound complex under fast electron transfer is due to 1e(-)/1H(+) O2-reduction by the distal Cu where O2 binding to the water bound low spin Fe(II) complex is inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Chatterjee
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Kushal Sengupta
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Shabnam Hematian
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Kenneth D Karlin
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Abhishek Dey
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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Recent applications of a synthetic model of cytochrome c oxidase: beyond functional modeling. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:5798-810. [PMID: 20527796 DOI: 10.1021/ic100472p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This account reports recent developments of a functional model for the active site of cytochrome c oxidase (CcO). This CcO mimic not only performs the selective four-electron reduction of oxygen to water but also catalytically reduces oxygen using the biological one-electron reductant, cytochrome c. This functional model has been used to understand other biological reactions of CcO, for example, the interaction between the gaseous hormone, NO, and CcO. A mechanism for inactivating NO-CcO complexes is found to involve a reaction between oxygen and Cu(B). Moreover, NO is shown to be capable of protecting CcO from toxic inhibitors such as CN(-) and CO. Finally, this functional CcO model has been used to show how H(2)S could induce hibernation by reversibly inhibiting the oxygen binding step involved in respiration.
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Lu WB, Wang CX, Zhou XH, Ren JG. Synthesis, characterization of heterodinuclear Co-Cu complex and its electrocatalytic activity towards O2 reduction: Implications for cytochrome c oxidase active site modeling. CHINESE J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.20030210916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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Lu W, Lv Q, Wang C, Zhou X. Synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of a porphyrin–dibenzimidazole dinucleating ligand and its cobalt–copper heterodinuclear complex as a cytochrome C oxidase active site model. J COORD CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00958970310001636462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weibing Lu
- a College of Chemistry and Molecular Science , Wuhan University , Wuhan, 430072, P.R. China
| | - Qingye Lv
- a College of Chemistry and Molecular Science , Wuhan University , Wuhan, 430072, P.R. China
| | - Cunxin Wang
- a College of Chemistry and Molecular Science , Wuhan University , Wuhan, 430072, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohai Zhou
- a College of Chemistry and Molecular Science , Wuhan University , Wuhan, 430072, P.R. China
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23
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Savéant JM. Molecular catalysis of electrochemical reactions. Mechanistic aspects. Chem Rev 2008; 108:2348-78. [PMID: 18620367 DOI: 10.1021/cr068079z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 617] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Savéant
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche Universite-CNRS 7591, Université de Paris 7-Denis Diderot, 2 place Jussieu, 75251 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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Collman JP, Decréau RA. Functional biomimetic models for the active site in the respiratory enzyme cytochrome c oxidase. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:5065-76. [PMID: 18956030 DOI: 10.1039/b808070b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A functional analog of the active site in the respiratory enzyme, cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) reproduces every feature in CcO's active site: a myoglobin-like heme (heme a3), a distal tridentate imidazole copper complex (Cu(B)), a phenol (Tyr244), and a proximal imidazole. When covalently attached to a liquid-crystalline SAM film on an Au electrode, this functional model continuously catalyzes the selective four-electron reduction of dioxygen at physiological potential and pH, under rate-limiting electron flux (as occurs in CcO).
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Collman
- Stanford University, Chemistry Department, Stanford, CA-94305-5080, USA.
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25
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Yeung N, Lu Y. One heme, diverse functions: using biosynthetic myoglobin models to gain insights into heme-copper oxidases and nitric oxide reductases. Chem Biodivers 2008; 5:1437-1454. [PMID: 18729107 PMCID: PMC2770894 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200890134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Yeung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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26
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Rosenthal J, Nocera DG. Oxygen Activation Chemistry of Pacman and Hangman Porphyrin Architectures Based on Xanthene and Dibenzofuran Spacers. PROGRESS IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470144428.ch7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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27
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Bröring M. Supramolecular bioinorganic chemistry: model complexes of cytochrome C oxidase meet functional surfaces. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:6222-4. [PMID: 17634994 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200702254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bröring
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
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28
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Bröring M. Supramolekulare Bioanorganik: Modellkomplexe für Cytochrom-c-Oxidasen auf funktionellen Oberflächen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200702254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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29
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Collman JP, Yang Y, Decréau RA. Synthesis of nitric oxide reductase active site models bearing key components at both distal and proximal sites. Org Lett 2007; 9:2855-8. [PMID: 17580884 PMCID: PMC2532532 DOI: 10.1021/ol071007p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrins 1ab and 2ab were successfully synthesized from cis-alpha2-bisimidazole-beta-imidazole-tail porphyrins and two newly synthesized imidazole pickets containing an aliphatic ester chain following a [2+1] approach. The four compounds possess a distal trisimidazole set, a distal carboxylic acid, and a proximal imidazole, which constitute all the key features of the coordination environment of the active site in Bacterial Nitric Oxide Reductase (NOR) and make them the closest synthetic NOR model ligands to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Collman
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, USA.
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Rai J, Raghothama S, Sahal D. Tyrosine-heme ligation in heme-peptide complex: design based on conserved motif of catalase. J Pept Sci 2007; 13:406-12. [PMID: 17516588 DOI: 10.1002/psc.862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of evolutionary conservation of sequence in catalases, we have designed a heme-binding peptide (Ac-RLKSYTDTQISR12-(GGGG)-CRIVHC22-NH2) for the 'redox activity modulation' of heme. Heme-binding studies showed a blue-shifted Soret (369 nm) in the presence of TFE and a red-shifted Soret (418 nm) in the absence of TFE. These blue- and red-shifted Sorets suggest ligation through tyrosinate and histidine, respectively. This is the first designed peptide ligating to heme through tyrosine. NMR studies have confirmed that tyrosine ligation to heme in this heme-peptide complex occurs only in the presence of TFE. We suggest that TFE induces helicity in the peptide and brings the arginine and tyrosine in proximity, resulting in ionization of the phenolic side chain of tyrosine. In the absence of TFE, the unstructured peptide lacks the intra-molecular Arg(+)Tyr(-) ion pair, allowing heme binding to histidine. This peptide has significant peroxidase activity though it does not have catalase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagdish Rai
- International Centre For Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
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31
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Collman JP, Devaraj NK, Decréau RA, Yang Y, Yan YL, Ebina W, Eberspacher TA, Chidsey CED. A cytochrome C oxidase model catalyzes oxygen to water reduction under rate-limiting electron flux. Science 2007; 315:1565-8. [PMID: 17363671 PMCID: PMC3064436 DOI: 10.1126/science.1135844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We studied the selectivity of a functional model of cytochrome c oxidase's active site that mimics the coordination environment and relative locations of Fe(a3), Cu(B), and Tyr(244). To control electron flux, we covalently attached this model and analogs lacking copper and phenol onto self-assembled monolayer-coated gold electrodes. When the electron transfer rate was made rate limiting, both copper and phenol were required to enhance selective reduction of oxygen to water. This finding supports the hypothesis that, during steady-state turnover, the primary role of these redox centers is to rapidly provide all the electrons needed to reduce oxygen by four electrons, thus preventing the release of toxic partially reduced oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P. Collman
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. (J.P.C.); (C.E.D.C.)
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32
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Abstract
The structural characterization of de novo designed metalloproteins together with determination of chemical reactivity can provide a detailed understanding of the relationship between protein structure and functional properties. Toward this goal, using the basic scaffold of 1pbz (Rosenblatt et al. (2003) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A;100:13140) we have designed cyclic DeltaF-containing heme-binding peptides. The alpha- and beta-bands in UV-Vis spectroscopy are indicative of bis-His-ligated heme complex. Most of our DeltaF-containing peptides have more affinity to cobalt(III)Coproporphyrinate-I than heme because cobalt(III)Coproporphyrinate-I contains two additional propionate groups which can have salt bridge interactions with the lysine residues in the peptide. Helicity induction in peptide by DeltaF and aromatic interaction of DeltaF with heme have increased the heme affinity of CP-6-12pbz (cyclic peptide with substitutions of Ala at positions 6 and 12 by DeltaF; 905/mm) compared with 1pbz (279/mm). The nuclear magnetic resonance spectra are indicative of overall helical structure for CP-6-12pbz and CP-6-12pbz in complex with cobalt (III)Coproporphyrinate-I. The descending order of heme affinity in peptides (CP-6-12pbz > CP-12pbz > CP-5-12pbz) indicates that DeltaF at i + 3 or i - 3 from the central H9 favors heme binding but disrupts the same when placed at i - 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagdish Rai
- International Centre For Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
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Ola MS, Berkich DA, Xu Y, King MT, Gardner TW, Simpson I, LaNoue KF. Analysis of glucose metabolism in diabetic rat retinas. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006; 290:E1057-67. [PMID: 16380392 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00323.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This study was conceived in an effort to understand cause and effect relationships between hyperglycemia and diabetic retinopathy. Numerous studies show that hyperglycemia leads to oxidative stress in the diabetic retinas, but the mechanisms that generate oxidative stress have not been resolved. Increased electron pressure on the mitochondrial electron transfer chain, increased generation of cytosolic NADH, and decreases in cellular NADPH have all been cited as possible sources of reactive oxygen species and nitrous oxide. In the present study, excised retinas from control and diabetic rats were exposed to euglycemic and hyperglycemic conditions. Using a microwave irradiation quenching technique to study retinas of diabetic rats in vivo, glucose, glucose-derived metabolites, and NADH oxidation/reduction status were measured. Studying excised retinas in vitro, glycolytic flux, lactate production, and tricarboxylic acid cycle flux were evaluated. Enzymatically assayed glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate were only slightly elevated by hyperglycemia and/or diabetes, but polyols were increased dramatically. Cytosolic NADH-to-NAD ratios were not elevated by hyperglycemia nor by diabetes in vivo or in vitro. Tricarboxylic acid cycle flux was not increased by the diabetic state nor by hyperglycemia. On the other hand, small increases in glycolytic flux were observed with hyperglycemia, but glycolytic flux was always lower in diabetic compared with control animals. An observed decrease in activity of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase may be partially responsible for slow glycolytic flux for retinas of diabetic rats. Therefore, it is concluded that glucose metabolism, downstream of hexokinase, is not elevated by hyperglycemia or diabetes. Metabolites upstream of glucose such as the sorbitol pathway (which decreases NADPH) and polyol synthesis are increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shamsul Ola
- Dept. of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, P.O. Box 850, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Mayer I, Formiga AL, Engelmann FM, Winnischofer H, Oliveira PV, Tomazela DM, Eberlin MN, Toma HE, Araki K. Study of the spectroscopic and electrochemical properties of tetraruthenated porphyrins by theoretical–experimental approach. Inorganica Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2005.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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36
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Fukuzumi S, Okamoto K, Tokuda Y, Gros CP, Guilard R. Dehydrogenation versus oxygenation in two-electron and four-electron reduction of dioxygen by 9-alkyl-10-methyl-9,10-dihydroacridines catalyzed by monomeric cobalt porphyrins and cofacial dicobalt porphyrins in the presence of perchloric acid. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 126:17059-66. [PMID: 15612745 DOI: 10.1021/ja046422g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dehydrogenation of 10-methyl-9,10-dihydroacridine (AcrH(2)) by dioxygen (O(2)) proceeds efficiently, accompanied by the two-electron and four-electron reduction of O(2) to produce H(2)O(2) and H(2)O, which are effectively catalyzed by monomeric cobalt porphyrins and cofacial dicobalt porphyrins in the presence of perchloric acid (HClO(4)) in acetonitrile (MeCN) and benzonitrile (PhCN), respectively. The cobalt porphyrin catalyzed two-electron reduction of O(2) also occurs efficiently by 9-alkyl-10-methyl-9,10-dihydroacridines (AcrHR; R = Me, Et, and CH(2)COOEt) to yield 9-alkyl-10-methylacridinium ion (AcrR+) and H(2)O(2). In the case of R = Bu(t) and CMe(2)COOMe, however, the catalytic two-electron and four-electron reduction of O(2) by AcrHR results in oxygenation of the alkyl group of AcrHR rather than dehydrogenation to yield 10-methylacridinium ion (AcrH+) and the oxygenated products of the alkyl groups, i.e., the corresponding hydroperoxides (ROOH) and the alcohol (ROH), respectively. The catalytic mechanisms of the dehydrogenation vs the oxygenation of AcrHR in the two-electron and four-electron reduction of O(2), catalyzed by monomeric cobalt porphyrins and cofacial dicobalt porphyrins, respectively, are discussed in relation to the C(9)-H or C(9)-C bond cleavage of AcrHR radical cations produced in the electron-transfer oxidation of AcrHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunichi Fukuzumi
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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Ikeda T. A novel electrochemical approach to the characterization of oxidoreductase reactions. CHEM REC 2004; 4:192-203. [PMID: 15293339 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.20014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical methods based on enzyme-electrochemical reactions have been developed for studying oxidoreductase reactions. The methods measure a current resulting from an oxidoreductase reaction with an electrode serving as a final electron acceptor (or donor) in the reaction. A theoretical equation for the enzyme-electrochemical reaction, called bioelectrocatalysis, is derived, which enables kinetic analysis of the reaction. In combination with spectrophotometry, the electrochemical method provides a method for determining the redox potentials of proteins and enzymes. An alternative method based on bulk electrolysis in a quartz cell for UV-vis spectroscopy has been developed for the measurements of protein redox potentials on a conventional spectrophotometer. The electrochemical methods are applied to kinetic and thermodynamic analyses for the reactions of a variety of enzymes including a newly discovered enzyme, quinohemoprotein amine dehydrogenase (QH-AmDH), and bilirubin oxidase (BOD) [EC 1.3.3.5, from Myrothecium verrucaria], a copper-containing enzyme useful for bioelectrocatalytic O(2) reduction in biofuel cells. The electrochemical method for kinetic analysis has been successfully applied to the analysis of oxidoreductase reactions in vivo, as demonstrated by the reaction of glucose dehydrogenase in Escherichia coli. The advantages of the electrochemical methods are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokuji Ikeda
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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Fukuzumi S, Okamoto K, Gros CP, Guilard R. Mechanism of Four-Electron Reduction of Dioxygen to Water by Ferrocene Derivatives in the Presence of Perchloric Acid in Benzonitrile, Catalyzed by Cofacial Dicobalt Porphyrins. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:10441-9. [PMID: 15315460 DOI: 10.1021/ja048403c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The selective two-electron reduction of dioxygen occurs in the case of a monocobalt porphyrin [Co(OEP)], whereas the selective four-electron reduction of dioxygen occurs in the case of a cofacial dicobalt porphyrin [Co(2)(DPX)]. The other cofacial dicobalt porphyrins [Co(2)(DPA), Co(2)(DPB), and Co(2)(DPD)] also catalyze the two-electron reduction of dioxygen, but the four-electron reduction is not as efficient as in the case of Co(2)(DPX). The micro-superoxo species of cofacial dicobalt porphyrins were produced by the reactions of cofacial dicobalt(II) porphyrins with dioxygen in the presence of a bulky base and the subsequent one-electron oxidation of the resulting micro-peroxo species by iodine. The superhyperfine structure due to two equivalent cobalt nuclei was observed at room temperature in the ESR spectra of the micro-superoxo species. The superhyperfine coupling constant of the micro-superoxo species of Co(2)(DPX) is the largest among those of cofacial dicobalt porphyrins. This indicates that the efficient catalysis by Co(2)(DPX) for the four-electron reduction of dioxygen by Fe(C(5)H(4)Me)(2) results from the strong binding of the reduced oxygen with Co(2)(DPX) which has a subtle distance between two cobalt nuclei for the oxygen binding. Mechanisms of the catalytic two-electron and four-electron reduction of dioxygen by ferrocene derivatives will be discussed on the basis of detailed kinetics studies on the overall catalytic reactions as well as on each redox reaction in the catalytic cycle. The turnover-determining step in the Co(OEP)-catalyzed two-electron reduction of dioxygen is an electron transfer from ferrocene derivatives to Co(OEP)(+), whereas the turnover-determining step in the Co(2)(DPX)-catalyzed four-electron reduction of dioxygen changes from the electron transfer to the O-O bond cleavage of the peroxo species of Co(2)(DPX), depending on the electron donor ability of ferrocene derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunichi Fukuzumi
- Contribution from the Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Reedy
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, MC 3121, New York, New York 10027, USA
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunsuk Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Charles and 34th Streets, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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41
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Ruzié C, Gueyrard D, Boitrel B. Synthesis of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(2-amino-5-methoxyphenyl)-porphyrin: a versatile building block for porphyrin face selection. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2003.12.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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42
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Collman JP, Boulatov R, Sunderland CJ, Fu L. Functional Analogues of CytochromecOxidase, Myoglobin, and Hemoglobin. Chem Rev 2004; 104:561-88. [PMID: 14871135 DOI: 10.1021/cr0206059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 516] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James P Collman
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Shin H, Lee DH, Kang C, Karlin KD. Electrocatalytic four-electron reductions of O2 to H2O with cytochrome c oxidase model compounds. Electrochim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(03)00565-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Paul D, Melin F, Hirtz C, Wytko J, Ochsenbein P, Bonin M, Schenk K, Maltese P, Weiss J. Induced fit process in the selective distal binding of imidazoles in zinc(II) porphyrin receptors. Inorg Chem 2003; 42:3779-87. [PMID: 12793814 DOI: 10.1021/ic0341643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The respective affinities of various imidazole derivatives, imidazole (ImH), 2-methylimidazole (2-MeImH), 2-phenylimidazole (2-PhImH), N-methylimidazole (N-MeIm), 2-methylbenzimidazole (2-MeBzImH), and 4,5-dimethylbenzimidazole (4,5-Me(2)BzImH), for two phenanthroline (Phen) strapped zinc(II) porphyrin receptors porphen-Zn 1-Zn and 2-Zn have been studied. The formation of a supplementary H-bond considerably enhances the affinity of the zinc(II)-porphen receptor for imidazoles unsubstituted on the pyrrolic nitrogen (ImH) versus N-substituted imidazoles such as N-MeIm. The ImHs subset porphen-Zn complexes are formed with association constants up to 4 orders of magnitude superior to those measured either for N-MeIm as substrate or TPP-Zn as receptor. Distal or proximal binding of the substrates was determined by (1)H NMR measurements and titration. In two cases, the very high stability of the inclusion complex enabled the use of 2D NMR techniques. Excellent correlation between solution and solid-state structures has been obtained. A total of six X-ray structures are detailed in this article showing that the evolution of the shape of the zinc(II) receptor is mostly dependent on the steric constraints induced by the substitution on the imidazole. Hindered guests also progressively induce considerable mobility restrictions and severe distortions on the receptor, especially in the case of 2-MeBzImH and 2-PhImH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharam Paul
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie, UMR 7512 au CNRS, Université Louis Pasteur, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, F-67070 Strasbourg, France
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Karshtedt D, Bell AT, Tilley TD. Synthesis and Study of Heterobimetallic Complexes Supported by a Ferrocene-Based Bisphosphine−Diamine Ligand. Organometallics 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/om0300631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Karshtedt
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Alexis T. Bell
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - T. Don Tilley
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720
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Sigman JA, Kim HK, Zhao X, Carey JR, Lu Y. The role of copper and protons in heme-copper oxidases: kinetic study of an engineered heme-copper center in myoglobin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:3629-34. [PMID: 12655052 PMCID: PMC152973 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0737308100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To probe the role of copper and protons in heme-copper oxidase (HCO), we have performed kinetic studies on an engineered heme-copper center in sperm whale myoglobin (Leu-29 --> HisPhe-43 --> His, called Cu(B)Mb) that closely mimics the heme-copper center in HCO. In the absence of metal ions, the engineered Cu(B) center in Cu(B)Mb decreases the O(2) binding affinity of the heme. However, addition of Ag(I), a redox-inactive mimic of Cu(I), increases the O(2)-binding affinity. More importantly, copper ion in the Cu(B) center is essential for O(2) reduction, as no O(2) reduction can be observed in copper-free, Zn(II), or Ag(I) derivatives of Cu(B)Mb. Instead of producing a ferryl-heme as in HCO, the Cu(B)Mb generates verdoheme because the engineered Cu(B)Mb may lack a hydrogen bonding network that delivers protons to promote the heterolytic OO cleavage necessary for the formation of ferryl-heme. Reaction of oxidized Cu(B)Mb with H(2)O(2), a species equivalent in oxidation state to 2e(-), reduced O(2) but, possessing the extra protons, resulted in ferryl-heme formation, as in HCO. The results showed that the Cu(B) center plays a critical role in O(2) binding and reduction, and that proton delivery during the O(2) reduction is important to avoid heme degradation and to promote the HCO reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Mano N, Kim HH, Heller A. On the Relationship between the Characteristics of Bilirubin Oxidases and O2 Cathodes Based on Their “Wiring”. J Phys Chem B 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp025955d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Mano
- Department of Chemical Engineering and the Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Hyug-Han Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and the Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Adam Heller
- Department of Chemical Engineering and the Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
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Thrash TP, Wilson LJ. Zn(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Fe(III) complexes of potentially bimetalating tris(pyridine- and imidazole-appended) picket-fence naphthylporphyrins with benzyl ether spacers: implications for cytochrome c oxidase active-site modeling. Inorg Chem 2001; 40:4556-62. [PMID: 11511199 DOI: 10.1021/ic001274q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two new unsymmetrical picket-fence naphthylporphyrin ligands, 1 and 2, and several of their metalated porphyrinato complexes have been synthesized as precursor model compounds for the binuclear (Fe/Cu) cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) active site. 1 and 2 have a naphthylporphyrin superstructure that has been specifically incorporated to confer long-term configurational stability to the atropisomeric products. The two picket-fence porphyrin ligands also bear covalently linked, axially offset tris(heterocycle) coordination sites for a copper ion, much like that found in the native enzyme. Monometallic porphyrin complexes [M = Zn(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Fe(III)] of the pyridine-appended ligand 1 have been prepared and spectroscopically and magnetically characterized. An unusual monomeric iron(III) hydroxo porphyrin complex was isolated upon workup of the compound formed under ferrous sulfate/acetic acid reflux conditions. There is general difficulty in forming binuclear complexes of 1, which is attributed to the conformational flexibility of the benzyl ether type picket spacers. The potential of ligands such as 1 and 2 for future CcO active-site modeling studies is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Thrash
- Department of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, M.S. 60, Rice University, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, Texas 77251-1892, USA
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Abstract
A series of iron porphyrins has been synthesized as models of cytochrome c oxidase; their activity as 4e catalysts in the reduction of dioxygen has been studied at pH 7. These compounds have been obtained by grafting very different residues onto the same iron complex, namely tripodal tetraamines, pickets, and straps, in order to change the environment of the metal center. In the case of porphyrins bearing a tripodal cap, the secondary amines have been alkylated with different substituents so as to modify the electronic environment of the distal pocket. Surprisingly, when the iron porphyrin is functionalized with four identical acrylamido pickets, the resulting complex exhibits biomimetic activity in that it catalyzes oxygen reduction with almost no production of hydrogen peroxide. The crystal structure of the redox-inactive zinc(II) analogue is reported; this shows how the metal influences the spatial arrangement of the four pickets through axial coordination and hydrogen bonding. Even a bis-strapped iron porphyrin, for which no dimerization or self-aggregation can occur at the electrode surface, acts as a 4e catalyst for O2 reduction. It is thus demonstrated that at pH close to physiological values, the iron porphyrin is an intrinsically efficient catalyst for the reduction of oxygen to water.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ricard
- LSEO, UMR-CNRS 5632, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
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Didier A, Michaudet L, Ricard D, Baveux-Chambenoît V, Richard P, Boitrel B. A Versatile and Convenient Method for the Functionalization of Porphyrins. European J Org Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1099-0690(200105)2001:10<1927::aid-ejoc1917>3.0.co;2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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