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Talukdar D, Gole B. Foldamer-Based Mechanoresponsive Materials: Molecular Nanoarchitectonics to Advanced Functions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:18791-18805. [PMID: 39051976 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Artificial molecules that respond to external stimuli such as light, heat, chemical signals, and mechanical force have garnered significant interest due to their tunable functions, variable optical properties, and mechanical responses. Particularly, mechanoresponsive materials featuring molecules that respond to mechanical stress or show force-induced optical changes have been intriguing due to their extraordinary functions. Despite the promising potential of many such materials reported in the past, practical applications have remained limited, primarily because their functions often depend on irreversible covalent bond rupture. Foldamers, oligomers that fold into well-defined secondary structures, offer an alternative class of mechanoactive motifs. These molecules can reversibly sustain mechanical stress and efficiently dissipate energy by transitioning between folded and unfolded states. This review focuses on the emerging properties of foldamer-based mechanoresponsive materials. We begin by highlighting the mechanical responses of foldamers in their molecular form, which have been primarily investigated using single-molecule force spectroscopy and other analytical methods. Following this, we provide a detailed survey of the current trends in foldamer-appended polymers, emphasizing their emerging mechanical and mechanochromic properties. Subsequently, we present an overview of the state-of-the-art advancements in foldamer-appended polymers, showcasing significant reports in this field. This review covers some of the most recent advances in this direction and draws a perspective for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhrubajyoti Talukdar
- Biomimetic Supramolecular Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence Deemed to be University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Bappaditya Gole
- Biomimetic Supramolecular Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence Deemed to be University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
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Liu Q, Zhang T, Ikemoto Y, Shinozaki Y, Watanabe G, Hori Y, Shigeta Y, Midorikawa T, Harano K, Sagara Y. Grinding-Induced Water Solubility Exhibited by Mechanochromic Luminescent Supramolecular Fibers. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2400063. [PMID: 38461517 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202400063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Most mechanochromic luminescent compounds are crystalline and highly hydrophobic; however, mechanochromic luminescent molecular assemblies comprising amphiphilic molecules have rarely been explored. This study investigated mechanochromic luminescent supramolecular fibers composed of dumbbell-shaped 9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene-based amphiphiles without any tetraethylene glycol (TEG) substituents or with two TEG substituents. Both amphiphiles formed water-insoluble supramolecular fibers via linear hydrogen bond formation. Both compounds acquired water solubility when solid samples composed of supramolecular fibers are ground. Grinding induces the conversion of 1D supramolecular fibers into micellar assemblies where fluorophores can form excimers, thereby resulting in a large redshift in the fluorescence spectra. Excimer emission from the ground amphiphile without TEG chains is retained after dissolution in water. The micelles are stable in water because hydrophilic dendrons surround the hydrophobic luminophores. By contrast, when water is added to a ground amphiphile having TEG substituents, fragmented supramolecular fibers with the same molecular arrangement as the initial supramolecular fibers are observed, because fragmented fibers are thermodynamically preferable to micelles as the hydrophobic arrays of fluorophores are covered with hydrophilic TEG chains. This leads to the recovery of the initial fluorescent properties for the latter amphiphile. These supramolecular fibers can be used as practical mechanosensors to detect forces at the mesoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiming Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
| | - Tianyue Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
| | - Yuka Ikemoto
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute/SPring-8, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan
| | - Yudai Shinozaki
- Department of Physics, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitazato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Go Watanabe
- Department of Physics, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitazato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
- Department of Data Science, School of Frontier Engineering, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitazato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
- Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (KISTEC), 705-1 Shimoimaizumi, Ebina, Kanagawa, 243-0435, Japan
| | - Yuta Hori
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Yasuteru Shigeta
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Takemi Midorikawa
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Koji Harano
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
- Living Systems Materialogy (LiSM) Research Group, International Research Frontiers Initiative (IRFI), Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuda-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Sagara
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
- Living Systems Materialogy (LiSM) Research Group, International Research Frontiers Initiative (IRFI), Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuda-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan
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He P, Wei C, Wang Q, Liu F, Liang S, Xu Y, Kang B. Mechanochromic Polymer Film with High Sensitivity toward Tensile Strain by the Post-Curing Ring-Closure Induced Pre-Stretching. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2400145. [PMID: 38776530 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Mechanochromic materials have received broad research interests recently, owing to its ability to monitor the in situ stress/strain in polymer materials in a straightforward way. However, one major setback that hinders the practical application of these materials is their low sensitivity toward tensile strain. Here a new strategy for pre-stretching of the mechanochromic agent in a polymer film on the molecular scale, which can effectively enhance the mechanochromic sensitivity of a polymer film toward tensile strain, is shown. In situ fluorescent measurement during tensile test shows an early activation of the mechanochromic agent at tensile strain as low as 50%. The pre-stretching effect is realized by first inducing ring-opening of the mechanochromic agent by molecular functionalization, and then compelling the ring-closure process in the cured film by elevated temperature. This post-curing ring-closure process will result in pre-stretched mechanochromic agent in a crosslinked network. The mechanism for mechanochromic activation of polymer films with different composition is elaborated by visco-elastic measurements, and the effect of pre-stretching is further confirmed by films with other compositions. Combined with the simplicity of the method developed, this work could offer an alternative strategy to enhance the sensitivity of different mechanochromic agents toward tensile strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyu He
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science, Mianyang, 621900, Sichuan, P. R. China
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Wei
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, Sichuan, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Qin Wang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, Sichuan, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Fengrui Liu
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, Sichuan, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Shuen Liang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Yewei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science, Mianyang, 621900, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Biao Kang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, Sichuan, P. R. China
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Sun PB, Pomfret MN, Elardo MJ, Suresh A, Rentería-Gómez Á, Lalisse RF, Keating S, Chen C, Hilburg SL, Chakma P, Wu Y, Bell RC, Rowan SJ, Gutierrez O, Golder MR. Molecular Ball Joints: Mechanochemical Perturbation of Bullvalene Hardy-Cope Rearrangements in Polymer Networks. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:19229-19238. [PMID: 38961828 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
The solution-state fluxional behavior of bullvalene has fascinated physical organic and supramolecular chemists alike. Little effort, however, has been put into investigating bullvalene applications in bulk, partially due to difficulties in characterizing such dynamic systems. To address this knowledge gap, we herein probe whether bullvalene Hardy-Cope rearrangements can be mechanically perturbed in bulk polymer networks. We use dynamic mechanical analysis to demonstrate that the activation barrier to the glass transition process is significantly elevated for bullvalene-containing materials relative to "static" control networks. Furthermore, bullvalene rearrangements can be mechanically perturbed at low temperatures in the glassy region; such behavior facilitates energy dissipation (i.e., increased hysteresis energy) and polymer chain alignment to stiffen the material (i.e., increased Young's modulus) under load. Computational simulations corroborate our work that showcases bullvalene as a reversible "low-force" covalent mechanophore in the modulation of viscoelastic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiguan B Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering & Science Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98115, United States
| | - Meredith N Pomfret
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering & Science Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98115, United States
| | - Matthew J Elardo
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering & Science Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98115, United States
| | - Adhya Suresh
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Ángel Rentería-Gómez
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Remy F Lalisse
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Sheila Keating
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Chuqiao Chen
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Shayna L Hilburg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98115, United States
| | - Progyateg Chakma
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering & Science Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98115, United States
| | - Yunze Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering & Science Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98115, United States
| | - Rowina C Bell
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering & Science Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98115, United States
| | - Stuart J Rowan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Osvaldo Gutierrez
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Matthew R Golder
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering & Science Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98115, United States
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Yang M, Chen S, Zhang Z, Cheng L, Zhao J, Bai R, Wang W, Gao W, Yu W, Jiang X, Yan X. Stimuli-responsive mechanically interlocked polymer wrinkles. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5760. [PMID: 38982046 PMCID: PMC11233622 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49750-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Artificial wrinkles, especially those with responsive erasure/regeneration behaviors have gained extensive interest due to their potential in smart applications. However, current wrinkle modulation methods primarily rely on network rearrangement, causing bottlenecks in in situ wrinkle regeneration. Herein, we report a dually cross-linked network wherein [2]rotaxane cross-link can dissipate stress within the wrinkles through its sliding motion without disrupting the network, and quadruple H-bonding cross-link comparatively highlight the advantages of [2]rotaxane modulation. Acid stimulation dissociates quadruple H-bonding and destructs network, swiftly eliminating the wrinkles. However, the regeneration process necessitates network rearrangement, making in situ recovery unfeasible. By contrast, alkaline stimulation disrupts host-guest recognition, and subsequent intramolecular motion of [2]rotaxane dissipate energy to eliminate wrinkles gradually. The always intact network allows for the in situ recovery of surface microstructures. The responsive behaviors of quadruple H-bonding and mechanical bond are orthogonal, and their combination leads to wrinkles with multiple but accurate responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengling Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Shuai Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Zhaoming Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Lin Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Jun Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Ruixue Bai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Wenbin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Wenzhe Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Wei Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Xuesong Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China.
| | - Xuzhou Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China.
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Trung NT, Chiu CH, Cuc TTK, Khang TM, Jalife S, Nhien PQ, Hue BTB, Wu JI, Li YK, Lin HC. Tunable Nano-Bending Structures of Loosened/Tightened Lassos with Bi-Stable Vibration-Induced Emissions for Multi-Manipulations of White-Light Emissions and Sensor Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2311789. [PMID: 38240392 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The first tunable nano-bending structures of [1]rotaxane containing a single-fluorophoric N,N'-diphenyl-dihydrodibenzo[a,c]phenazine (DPAC) moiety (i.e., [1]RA) are developed as a loosened lasso structure to feature the bright white-light emission [CIE (0.27, 0.33), Φ = 21.2%] in THF solution, where bi-stable states of bending and twisted structures of DPAC unit in [1]RA produce cyan and orange emissions at 480 and 600 nm, respectively. With acid/base controls, tunable loosened/tightened nano-loops of corresponding [1]rotaxanes (i.e., [1]RA/[1]RB) can be achieved via the shuttling of macrocycles reversibly, and thus to adjust their respective white-light/cyan emissions, where the cyan emission of [1]RB is obtained due to the largest conformational constraint of DPAC moiety in its bending form of [1]RB with a tightened lasso structure. Additionally, the non-interlocked analog M-Boc only shows the orange emission, revealing the twisted form of DPAC fluorophore in M-Boc without any conformational constraint. Moreover, the utilization of solvents (with different viscosities and polarities), temperatures, and water fractions could serve as effective tools to adjust the bi-stable vibration-induced emission (VIE) colors of [1]rotaxanes. Finally, tuning ratiometric emission colors of adaptive conformations of DPAC moieties by altering nano-bending structures in [1]rotaxanes and external stimuli can be further developed as intelligent temperature and viscosity sensor materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thanh Trung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300093, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hao Chiu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300093, Taiwan
| | - Tu Thi Kim Cuc
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300093, Taiwan
| | - Trang Manh Khang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300093, Taiwan
| | - Said Jalife
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Pham Quoc Nhien
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Can Tho University, Can Tho City, 94000, Vietnam
| | - Bui Thi Buu Hue
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Can Tho University, Can Tho City, 94000, Vietnam
| | - Judy I Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Yaw-Kuen Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300093, Taiwan
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300093, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Cheu Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300093, Taiwan
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300093, Taiwan
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Cui F, Xie Z, Yang R, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Zheng H, Han X. Aggregation-induced emission enhancement (AIEE) active bispyrene-based fluorescent probe: "turn-off" fluorescence for the detection of nitroaromatics. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 314:124222. [PMID: 38565053 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The detection of nitroaromatic explosives in real samples is essential for environmental monitoring because of their strongly powerful nature and wide applications in industries. Aggregation-induced emission enhancement (AIEE) active fluorescent probe has been widely employed to detect nitroaromatic explosives. Hereby, a simple V-shaped bispyrene-based fluorescent probe (called py-o) with AIEE properties was designed and synthesized, which was fully charactered by 1D NMR, ESI, FTIR, and 2D NOESY spectra. The py-o displayed bright blue-green fluorescence excimer emission at 480 nm in DMF/H2O (v/v 1:1). It is observed that the fluorescence excimer emission of py-o at 480 nm was quenched by PA in solution with a quenching constant of 5.45 × 104 M-1, and the limit of detection was approximately 0.139 μM. The details of the sensing mechanism were explained using 1H NMR titrations, Job's plot and Bensi-Hildebrand methods, which revealed a 1:1 binding ratio via the π-π interactions between PA and py-o. Meanwhile, it exhibited outstanding anti-interference ability in the detection of PA when interfering analytes were added under the same conditions. Furthermore, low-cost thin-layer chromatography (TLC) plates coated with py-o were developed as fluorescent tools for naked-eye detection of PA in the solid state. Therefore, this work provides a new method for constructing an AIEE fluorescent probe for the detection of nitroaromatic explosives to utilize in environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjuan Cui
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161006, PR China.
| | - Zhiyu Xie
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161006, PR China
| | - Rui Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161006, PR China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161006, PR China
| | - Yue Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161006, PR China
| | - Huiyuan Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161006, PR China
| | - Xue Han
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161006, PR China
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8
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Cheng X, Hu H, Bu L, Wu Y, Ma Z, Ma Z. Suppressive Photochromism and Promotive Mechanochromism of Rhodamine Mechanophore by the Strategy of Poly(methyl acrylate)/Polyurethane Interpenetrating Polymer Network. ACS Macro Lett 2024; 13:308-314. [PMID: 38373339 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
As molecular design and the structure-property relationships of photochemical molecules established in the literature serve as a convenient reference for mechanophore exploration, many typical mechanophores suffer undesired responses to UV light or even sunlight in bulk polymers. We developed a strategy of a poly(methyl acrylate)/polyurethane (PMA/PU) interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) to suppress the photochromic property of the mechanophore and promote its mechanochromic property. A widely used rhodamine mechanophore (Rh-2OH) was first incorporated into polyurethane (P1). Then P1 was swollen in methyl acrylate and photopolymerized to prepare a PMA2.8/PU IPN (P2). Different from photo/force-responsive P1, P2 selectively responded to force because the low free volume in IPN greatly hinders photoisomerization of the rhodamine spirolactam, suggesting that a simple IPN strategy successfully resolves the giant problem of nonselective response to photo/force for photochromic mechanophores. Moreover, PMA/PU IPN enhanced the mechanical property, resulting in a higher mechanochemical activation ratio than PU, and the prestretching effect of PMA/PU IPN promoted the force sensitivity of rhodamine mechanophores significantly. We believe that the strategy can be applied to other mechanophores, promoting their application in more complicated environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cheng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Huan Hu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lijuan Bu
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhimin Ma
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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9
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Ma Y, Wang Q, Deng J, Yan X, Liu J, Ding L, Miao R, Fang Y. Ultrabright Acrylic Polymers with Tunable Fluorescence Enabled by Imprisoning Single TICT Probe. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300592. [PMID: 37956231 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Bright and colorful fluorescent polymers are ideal materials for a variety of applications. Although polymers could be made fluorescent by physical doping or chemical binding of fluorescent units, it is a great challenge to get colorful and highly emissive polymers with a single fluorophore. Here the development of a general and facile method to synthesize ultrabright and colorful polymers using a single twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) probe is reported. By incorporating polymerizable, highly fluorescent, and environmental sensitive TICT probe, a series of colorful acrylic polymers (emission from 481 to 543 nm) with almost 100% fluorescence quantum yields are prepared. Like the solvatochromic effect, functional groups within side chains of acrylic polymers (including alkyl chain, tetrahydrofurfuryl group, and hydroxyl group) provide varied environmental polarity for the incorporated fluorophore, resulting in a series of colorful polymeric materials. Benefiting from the excellent photophysical properties, the polymers show great potential in encryption, cultural relics protection, white light-emitting diode bulb making, and fingerprint identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P. R. China
| | - Qiuping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P. R. China
| | - Jia Deng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P. R. China
| | - Xudong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P. R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P. R. China
| | - Liping Ding
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P. R. China
| | - Rong Miao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P. R. China
| | - Yu Fang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P. R. China
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10
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Oggioni M, Clough JM, Weder C. Mechanochromic polymer blends made with an excimer-forming telechelic sensor molecule. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:2126-2131. [PMID: 38349528 PMCID: PMC10900888 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01489d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
The ability to monitor mechanical stresses and strains in polymers via an optical signal enables the investigation of deformation processes in such materials and is technologically useful for sensing damage and failure in critical components. We show here that this can be achieved by simply blending polymers of interest with a small amount of a mechanochromic luminescent additive (Py-PEB) that can be accessed in one step by end-functionalizing a telechelic poly(ethylene-co-butylene) (PEB) with excimer-forming pyrenes. Py-PEB is poorly miscible with polar polymers, such as poly(ε-caprolactone) and poly(urethane), so that blends undergo microphase separation even at low additive concentrations (0.1-1 wt%), and the emission is excimer-dominated. Upon deformation, the ratio of excimer-to-monomer emission intensity decreases in response to the applied stress or strain. The approach appears to be generalizable, although experiments with poly(isoprene) show that it is not universal and that the (in)solubility of the additive in the polymer must be carefully tuned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Oggioni
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg CH-1700, Switzerland.
| | - Jess M Clough
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg CH-1700, Switzerland.
- National Center of Competence in Research Bio-inspired Materials, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg CH-1700, Switzerland.
- National Center of Competence in Research Bio-inspired Materials, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg CH-1700, Switzerland
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11
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Schyns ZG, Bennett TM, Davison GE, Shaver MP. Effect of Polymer Host on Aggregation-Induced Enhanced Emission of Fluorescent Optical Brighteners. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2024; 6:2031-2040. [PMID: 38357437 PMCID: PMC10862481 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.4c00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Fluorophores displaying concentration-dependent luminescence are becoming increasingly valuable in stress-sensing, tagging, and dyeing applications, including the quantification of recycled content in plastic packaging. In this work, we investigate the effects of the polymer matrix, dye structure, and crystallinity on aggregation-induced enhanced emission (AIEE). We demonstrate that the aggregation threshold required for successful quantification can be adjusted through modulation of guest-host (dye-polymer) interactions and monitored using an array of fluorescence characterization. Modification of guest-host interactions is realized through choice of host, change of guest, and tuning of the crystallinity of the host system. Increasing the number of guest-host interactions and solubility between guest and host, loosely predicted through the calculation of the solubility parameter, increases the aggregation threshold relative to other low-polarity and low-interacting systems. We demonstrate that issues, such as loading level and cost, associated with high aggregation thresholds, can be circumvented by increasing system crystallinity, improving spectral intensities, and subsequent quantification. These insights explore the fundamental understanding of supramolecular interactions that govern dye-polymer systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoé
O. G. Schyns
- Department
of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9BL, United
Kingdom
- Sustainable
Materials Innovation Hub, Henry Royce Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9BL, United
Kingdom
| | - Thomas M. Bennett
- Department
of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9BL, United
Kingdom
- Sustainable
Materials Innovation Hub, Henry Royce Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9BL, United
Kingdom
| | - Gemma E. Davison
- ReCon Limited, Henry Royce Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9BL, United
Kingdom
| | - Michael P. Shaver
- Department
of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9BL, United
Kingdom
- Sustainable
Materials Innovation Hub, Henry Royce Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9BL, United
Kingdom
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12
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Gridneva T, Karimata A, Bansal R, Fayzullin RR, Vasylevskyi S, Bruhacs A, Khusnutdinova JR. Deep-red photoluminescent mechanoresponsive polymers with dynamic Cu I-arylamide mechanophores. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 60:212-215. [PMID: 38050702 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04643e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the use of copper arylamide complexes as efficient photoluminescent mechanophores to design deep-red/near-IR emissive polymers showing reversible changes in photoluminescence intensity in the red/near-IR region in response to mechanical stretching. The mechanoresponse was repeatable over 30 cycles, showing a measurable increase of photoluminescence intensity even at a small applied stress of ca. 0.01 MPa. We demonstrate the potential of using conformationally dynamic copper amide complexes as sensitive and reversible mechanophores for near-IR imaging; systematic control over the emission range was achieved using amide modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Gridneva
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, 904-0412, Japan.
| | - Ayumu Karimata
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, 904-0412, Japan.
| | - Richa Bansal
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, 904-0412, Japan.
| | - Robert R Fayzullin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Arbuzov Street, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Serhii Vasylevskyi
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, 904-0412, Japan.
| | - Andrew Bruhacs
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, 904-0412, Japan.
| | - Julia R Khusnutdinova
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, 904-0412, Japan.
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13
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Fei G, Li S, Liu Y, Carney JB, Chen T, Li Y, Gao X, Chen J, Chen P, Yue Y, Bao K, Tang B, Chen G. Structure-activity strategies for mechanically responsive fluorescent materials: a molecular perspective. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 60:10-25. [PMID: 38018176 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04992b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical response luminescence (MRL) describes the photophysical properties triggered by mechanical stimulation. Usually, MRL can be regulated by intermolecular interactions, molecular conformation or molecular packing, to achieve the desirable optical properties. Herein, at the molecular level, this review covers the factors that influence mechanically responsive fluorescent materials, involving the single- or multifactorial modulation of aliphatic chains, donor-receptor switch, substituent adjustment, and position isomerism. According to these factors, the structure-activity strategies can be summarized as: (i) the self-recovery of optical properties, from the final to initial state, can be regulated by introducing long alkyl chains to a fluorophore. (ii) The sensitivity of MRL materials can be controlled by modifying the donor-acceptor structure via the changed ICT (intramolecular charge transfer) and intramolecular interaction. (iii) The electronic and steric effects of substituents can affect ICT and intermolecular interactions, thereby resulting in high quantum yield and high-contrast MRL materials via changing the molecular stacking of crystalline states. (iv) Intermolecular interaction is modulated by the position isomerism of the substituents, which results in switched molecular packing for the extended response toward a wide range of stimuli. It is anticipated that the molecular mechanisms of these structure-activity relationships will serve as a significant reference for developing novel, high contrast, recyclable mechanical response luminous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiqiang Fei
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China.
| | - Shaoqi Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China.
| | - Yuxia Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China.
| | - Jared B Carney
- Department of Chemistry, Delaware State University, Dover, Delaware 19901, USA.
| | - Tao Chen
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, CAS, No. 23, Qinghai, 810008, China.
| | - Yulin Li
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, CAS, No. 23, Qinghai, 810008, China.
| | - Xiaoyong Gao
- Jiangsu Simba Biological Medicine Co., Ltd. Gaogang Distrct Qidizhihui Park, Taizhou city, China
| | - Ji Chen
- Jiangsu Simba Biological Medicine Co., Ltd. Gaogang Distrct Qidizhihui Park, Taizhou city, China
| | - Pu Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Yanfeng Yue
- Department of Chemistry, Delaware State University, Dover, Delaware 19901, USA.
| | - Kai Bao
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA.
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
| | - Guang Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China.
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14
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Mo R, Zhang F, Sheng X, Zhang X. A Sensitive Concentration- and Polarity-Dependent Pyrene-Derived Vibrationally Resolved Fluorescence Probe for The Polymer Interdiffusion Study. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2300391. [PMID: 37690003 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
The vibrationally resolved pyrene fluorescence probe method is once popular but now languished, because the vibrationally resolved patterns of pyrene with limited sensitivity and concentration independence have not been updated for over 50 years. During investigation on the polymer interdiffusion of a latex film, it is found that a pyrene acylhydrazone whose vibrationally resolved fluorescence pattern contradictory to those reported in pyrene and most pyrene derivatives. The pyrene acylhydrazone has sensitive concentration- and polarity-dependent fluorescence spectra (the sensitivity on polarity is at most 26 times higher than the old vibrationally resolved patterns), and the sensitivity well remains when it is copolymerized in a polymer. The vibrationally resolved spectrum of this pyrene acylhydrazone is a powerful fluorescence probe, which would be as useful as the pyrene excimer probe nowadays popular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruibin Mo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Fusheng Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xinxin Sheng
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xinya Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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15
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Imato K, Ishii A, Kaneda N, Hidaka T, Sasaki A, Imae I, Ooyama Y. Thermally Stable Photomechanical Molecular Hinge: Sterically Hindered Stiff-Stilbene Photoswitch Mechanically Isomerizes. JACS AU 2023; 3:2458-2466. [PMID: 37772185 PMCID: PMC10523368 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Molecular photoswitches are extensively used as molecular machines because of the small structures, simple motions, and advantages of light including high spatiotemporal resolution. Applications of photoswitches depend on the mechanical responses, in other words, whether they can generate motions against mechanical forces as actuators or can be activated and controlled by mechanical forces as mechanophores. Sterically hindered stiff stilbene (HSS) is a promising photoswitch offering large hinge-like motions in the E/Z isomerization, high thermal stability of the Z isomer, which is relatively unstable compared to the E isomer, with a half-life of ca. 1000 years at room temperature, and near-quantitative two-way photoisomerization. However, its mechanical response is entirely unexplored. Here, we elucidate the mechanochemical reactivity of HSS by incorporating one Z or E isomer into the center of polymer chains, ultrasonicating the polymer solutions, and stretching the polymer films to apply elongational forces to the embedded HSS. The present study demonstrated that HSS mechanically isomerizes only in the Z to E direction and reversibly isomerizes in combination with UV light, i.e., works as a photomechanical hinge. The photomechanically inducible but thermally irreversible hinge-like motions render HSS unique and promise unconventional applications differently from existing photoswitches, mechanophores, and hinges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Imato
- Applied Chemistry
Program,
Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Akira Ishii
- Applied Chemistry
Program,
Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Naoki Kaneda
- Applied Chemistry
Program,
Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Taichi Hidaka
- Applied Chemistry
Program,
Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Ayane Sasaki
- Applied Chemistry
Program,
Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Ichiro Imae
- Applied Chemistry
Program,
Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Yousuke Ooyama
- Applied Chemistry
Program,
Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-8527, Japan
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16
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Traeger H, Kiebala D, Calvino C, Sagara Y, Schrettl S, Weder C, Clough JM. Microscopic strain mapping in polymers equipped with non-covalent mechanochromic motifs. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:3467-3475. [PMID: 37350289 PMCID: PMC10463555 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00650f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical failure of polymers remains challenging to understand and predict, as it often involves highly localised phenomena that cannot be probed with bulk characterisation techniques. Here, we present a generalisable protocol based on optical microscopy, tensile testing, and image processing that permits the spatially resolved interrogation of mechanical deformation at the molecular level around defects in mechanophore-containing polymers. The approach can be applied to a broad range of polymeric materials, mechanophores, and deformation scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Traeger
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Derek Kiebala
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Céline Calvino
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yoshimitsu Sagara
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Stephen Schrettl
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Jess M Clough
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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17
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Willis-Fox N, Watchorn-Rokutan E, Rognin E, Daly R. Technology pull: scale-up of polymeric mechanochemical force sensors. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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18
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Zhu G, Yu T, Chen J, Hu R, Yang G, Zeng Y, Li Y. Dipyrene-Terminated Oligosilanes Enable Ratiometric Fluorescence Response in Polymers toward Mechano- and Thermo-Stimuli. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:11033-11041. [PMID: 36802470 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Developing fluorescent motifs capable of displaying mechano- and thermo-stimuli reversibly and ratiometrically is appealing for monitoring the deformation or temperature to which polymers are subjected. Here, a series of excimer-type chromophores Sin-Py (n = 1-3) consisting of two pyrenes linked with oligosilanes of one to three silicon atoms is developed as the fluorescent motif incorporated in a polymer. The fluorescence of Sin-Py is steered with the linker length where Si2-Py and Si3-Py with disilane and trisilane linkers display prominent excimer emission accompanied by pyrene monomer emission. Covalent incorporation of Si2-Py and Si3-Py in polyurethane gives fluorescent polymers PU-Si2-Py and PU-Si3-Py, respectively, where intramolecular pyrene excimers and corresponding combined emission of excimer and monomer are obtained. Polymer films of PU-Si2-Py and PU-Si3-Py display instant and reversible ratiometric fluorescence change during the uniaxial tensile test. The mechanochromic response arises from the reversible suppression of excimer formation during the mechanically induced separation of the pyrene moieties and relaxation. Furthermore, PU-Si2-Py and PU-Si3-Py show thermochromic response toward temperature, and the inflection point from the ratiometric emission as a function of temperature gives an indication of the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polymers. The design of the excimer-based mechanophore with oligosilane provides a generally implementable way to develop mechano- and thermo-dual-responsive polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tianjun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rui Hu
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Guoqiang Yang
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yi Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
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19
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Watabe T, Otsuka H. Swelling-induced Mechanochromism in Multinetwork Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216469. [PMID: 36524463 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel and versatile approach to achieving swelling-induced mechanochemistry using a multinetwork (MN) strategy that enables polymer networks to repeatedly swell with monomers and solvents. The isotropic expansion of the first network (FN) provides sufficient force to drive the mechanochemical scission of a radical-based mechanophore, difluorenylsuccinonitrile (DFSN). Although prompt recombination generally occurs in such highly mobile environments, the resulting pink radicals are kinetically stabilized in the gels, probably due to limited diffusion in the extended polymer chains. Moreover, the DFSN embedded in the isotropically strained chain exhibits increased thermal reactivity, which can be reasonably explained by an entropic contribution of the FN to the dissociation. The utility of the MN polymers is demonstrated not only in terms of swelling-force-induced network modification, but also in the context of tunable reactivity of the dissociative unit through proper design of the hierarchical network architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Watabe
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan.,Living Systems Materialogy (LiSM) Research Group, International Research Frontiers Initiative (IRFI), Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
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20
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Phosphorescent extensophores expose elastic nonuniformity in polymer networks. Nat Commun 2023; 14:537. [PMID: 36725874 PMCID: PMC9892573 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36249-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Networks and gels are soft elastic solids of tremendous technological importance that consist of cross-linked polymers whose structure and connectivity at the molecular level are fundamentally nonuniform. Pre-failure local mechanical responses are not understood at the level of individual crosslinks, despite the enormous attention given to their macroscopic mechanical responses and to developing optical probes to detect their loci of mechanical failure. Here, introducing the extensophore concept to measure nondestructive forces using an optical probe with continuous force readout proportional to deformation, we show that the crosslinks in an elastic polymer network extend, fluctuate, and deform with a wide range of molecular individuality. Requiring little specialized equipment, this foundational single-molecule phosphorescence approach, applied here to polymer science and engineering, can be useful to a broad science and engineering community.
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21
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Double-Layer Hydrogels with Tunable Mechanofluorochromic Response for Smart Display. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-022-2885-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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22
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Hertel R, Maftuhin W, Walter M, Sommer M. Conformer Ring Flip Enhances Mechanochromic Performance of ansa-Donor-Acceptor-Donor Mechanochromic Torsional Springs. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:21897-21907. [PMID: 36414534 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochromophores based on conformational changes of donor-acceptor-donor (DAD) springs allow sensing of forces acting on polymer chains by monotonic changes of absorbance or photoluminescence (PL) wavelength. Here, we identify a series of thiophene (D)-flanked quinoxalines (A) as molecular torsional springs for force sensing in bulk polymers at room temperature. The mode of DAD linkage to the polymer matrix and linker rigidity are key parameters that influence the efficacy of force transduction to the DAD spring and thus mechanochromic response, as probed by in situ PL spectroscopy of bulk films during stress-strain experiments. The largest shift of the PL maximum, and thus the highest sensitivity, is obtained from an ansa-DAD spring exhibiting bridged D units and a stiff A linker. Using detailed spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations, we reveal conformer redistribution in the form of a thiophene ring flip as the major part of the overall mechanochromic response. At forces as low as 27 pN at early stages of deformation, the ring flip precedes mechanically induced planarization of the ansa-DAD spring, the latter process producing a PL shift of 21 nm nN-1. Within the stress-strain diagram, the thiophene ring flip and DAD planarization are thus two separated processes that also cause irreversible and reversible mechanochromic responses, respectively, upon sample failure. As the thiophene ring flip requires much smaller forces than planarization of the DAD spring, such micromechanical motion gives access to sensing of tiny forces and expands both sensitivity and the force range of conformational mechanochromophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Hertel
- Institute for Chemistry, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz09111, Germany
| | - Wafa Maftuhin
- FIT Freiburg Centre for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg79110, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT, Freiburg79110, Germany
| | - Michael Walter
- FIT Freiburg Centre for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg79110, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT, Freiburg79110, Germany.,Fraunhofer IWM, MikroTribologie Centrum μTC, Freiburg79108, Germany
| | - Michael Sommer
- Institute for Chemistry, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz09111, Germany
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23
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Li Q, Lu X, Lv Z, Zhu B, Lu Q. Full-Color and Switchable Circularly Polarized Light from a Macroscopic Chiral Dendritic Film through a Solid-State Supramolecular Assembly. ACS NANO 2022; 16:18863-18872. [PMID: 36346796 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c07768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chiral materials displaying chirality across multiple length scales have attracted increasing interest due to their potential applications in diverse fields. Herein, we report an efficient approach for the construction of macroscopic crystal dendrites with hierarchical chirality based on an in situ solid assembly in a block copolymer film. Chiral fluorescent crystals are formed by enantiopure d-/l-dibenzoyl tartaric acid and pyrenecarboxylic acid in a poly(1,4-butadiene)-b-poly(ethylene oxide) film. The chiro-optical activity of the crystalline dendrites can be greatly amplified in the absorption and scattering regions and goes along with the dimension of dendrites. Notably, the chiral dendrites exhibited strong circularly polarized luminescence emission with a high dissymmetric factor (0.03). The enhancement of the quantum yield of the chiral film was up to 28%, which was 14 times higher that of the corresponding fluorescent molecules. The circularly polarized emission bands of the films can be fine-tuned by contriving the emissive bands of fluorescent molecules. More importantly, the chiral signals are able to be wiped when the fluorescent group photodimerizes under UV irradiation. This work provides an efficient way to develop functional materials through solid self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxiang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Electrical & Thermal Aging, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemin Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Electrical & Thermal Aging, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiguo Lv
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Bangshang Zhu
- Institute of Analytic Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghua Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Electrical & Thermal Aging, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, People's Republic of China
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24
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Thazhathethil S, Muramatsu T, Tamaoki N, Weder C, Sagara Y. Excited State Charge-Transfer Complexes Enable Fluorescence Color Changes in a Supramolecular Cyclophane Mechanophore. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209225. [PMID: 35950260 PMCID: PMC9804172 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochromic mechanophores are reporter molecules that indicate mechanical events through changes of their photophysical properties. Supramolecular mechanophores in which the activation is based on the rearrangement of luminophores and/or quenchers without any covalent bond scission, remain less well investigated. Here, we report a cyclophane-based supramolecular mechanophore that contains a 1,6-bis(phenylethynyl)pyrene luminophore and a pyromellitic diimide quencher. In solution, the blue monomer emission of the luminophore is largely quenched and a faint reddish-orange emission originating from a charge-transfer (CT) complex is observed. A polyurethane elastomer containing the mechanophore displays orange emission in the absence of force, which is dominated by the CT-emission. Mechanical deformation causes a decrease of the CT-emission and an increase of blue monomer emission, due to the spatial separation between the luminophore and quencher. The ratio of the two emission intensities correlates with the applied stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakkeeb Thazhathethil
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringTokyo Institute of Technology2-12-1 OokayamaMeguro-ku, Tokyo152-8552Japan
- Research Institute for Electronic ScienceHokkaido UniversityN20, W10SapporoHokkaido001-0020Japan
| | - Tatsuya Muramatsu
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringTokyo Institute of Technology2-12-1 OokayamaMeguro-ku, Tokyo152-8552Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Tamaoki
- Research Institute for Electronic ScienceHokkaido UniversityN20, W10SapporoHokkaido001-0020Japan
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle InstituteUniversity of FribourgChemin des Verdiers 41700FribourgSwitzerland
| | - Yoshimitsu Sagara
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringTokyo Institute of Technology2-12-1 OokayamaMeguro-ku, Tokyo152-8552Japan
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25
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Schyns ZG, Bennett TM, Shaver MP. Recycled Plastic Content Quantified through Aggregation-Induced Emission. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2022; 10:12659-12669. [PMID: 36189110 PMCID: PMC9516760 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c03389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The linearity of the plastics economy is wasteful and polluting. To encourage recycling and decrease diversion to landfill, new legislation within the EU and UK will tax single-use plastic products made with less than 30% recycled plastic. At present, quantitative determination of recycled content is elusive and existing methods are inconsistent. We present a fluorescence-based analytical technique to determine recycled content in plastic and (single use) packaging. Bathochromic shifts resulting from aggregation of the fluorescent brightener 4,4'-bis(2-benzoxazolyl) stilbene (BBS) in three commodity plastics [high-density polyethylene, polypropylene, and poly(ethylene terephthalate)] at loadings ≤0.5 wt % were used to systematically quantify simulated recycled contents as low as 10 wt %. Linear correlations were found between recycled content and three fluorescence-based properties: emission, lifetime, and resulting color. We demonstrate how this multi-branched verification system is completely independent of sample dimensions and processing conditions, has a negligible effect on polymer properties, and is inexpensive and highly compatible with existing recycling infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoé
O. G. Schyns
- Department
of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9BL, U.K.
- Sustainable
Materials Innovation Hub, Henry Royce Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9BL, U.K.
| | - Thomas M. Bennett
- Department
of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9BL, U.K.
- Sustainable
Materials Innovation Hub, Henry Royce Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9BL, U.K.
| | - Michael P. Shaver
- Department
of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9BL, U.K.
- Sustainable
Materials Innovation Hub, Henry Royce Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9BL, U.K.
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26
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Thazhathethil S, Muramatsu T, Tamaoki N, Weder C, Sagara Y. Excited State Charge‐Transfer Complexes Enable Fluorescence Color Changes in a Supramolecular Cyclophane Mechanophore. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202209225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shakkeeb Thazhathethil
- Hokkaido University Graduate School of Life Science: Hokkaido Daigaku Daigakuin Seimei Kagakuin Division of Life Science JAPAN
| | - Tatsuya Muramatsu
- Tokyo Institute of Technology: Tokyo Kogyo Daigaku Department of Materials Science and Engineering JAPAN
| | - Nobuyuki Tamaoki
- Hokkaido University Graduate School of Life Science: Hokkaido Daigaku Daigakuin Seimei Kagakuin Division of Life Science JAPAN
| | - Christoph Weder
- University of Fribourg: Universite de Fribourg Adolphe Merkle Institute JAPAN
| | - Yoshimitsu Sagara
- Tokyo Institute of Technology Department of Chemical Science and Engineering 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku 152-8552 Tokyo JAPAN
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27
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Roy I, David AHG, Das PJ, Pe DJ, Stoddart JF. Fluorescent cyclophanes and their applications. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:5557-5605. [PMID: 35704949 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00352b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
With the serendipitous discovery of crown ethers by Pedersen more than half a century ago and the subsequent introduction of host-guest chemistry and supramolecular chemistry by Cram and Lehn, respectively, followed by the design and synthesis of wholly synthetic cyclophanes-in particular, fluorescent cyclophanes, having rich structural characteristics and functions-have been the focus of considerable research activity during the past few decades. Cyclophanes with remarkable emissive properties have been investigated continuously over the years and employed in numerous applications across the field of science and technology. In this Review, we feature the recent developments in the chemistry of fluorescent cyclophanes, along with their design and synthesis. Their host-guest chemistry and applications related to their structure and properties are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indranil Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA.
| | - Arthur H G David
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA.
| | - Partha Jyoti Das
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA.
| | - David J Pe
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA.
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA. .,School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.,Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310021, China.,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center Hangzhou, 311215, China
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28
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Supramolecular Rings as Building Blocks for Stimuli-Responsive Materials. Gels 2022; 8:gels8060350. [PMID: 35735694 PMCID: PMC9222365 DOI: 10.3390/gels8060350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive polymers are of great interest due to their ability to translate changing environmental conditions into responses in defined materials. One possibility to impart such behavior is the incorporation of optically active molecules into a polymer host. Here, we describe how sensor molecules that consist of a π-extended benzothiadiazole emitter and a naphthalene diimide quencher can be exploited in this context. The two optically active entities were connected via different spacers and, thanks to attractive intramolecular interactions between them, the new sensor molecules assembled into cyclic structures in which the fluorescence was quenched by up to 43% when compared to solutions of the individual dyes. Detailed spectroscopic investigations of the sensor molecules in solution show that the extent of donor/acceptor interactions is influenced by various factors, including solvent polarity and ion concentration. The new sensor molecule was covalently incorporated into a polyurethane; the investigation of the optical characteristics in both the solid and solvent-swollen states indicates that a stimulus-induced formation of associated dye pairs is possible in polymeric materials. Indeed, a solvatochromic quenching effect similar to the behavior in solution was observed for solvent-swollen polymer samples, leading to an effective change of the green emission color of the dye to a yellow color.
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29
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Uchida J, Soberats B, Gupta M, Kato T. Advanced Functional Liquid Crystals. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2109063. [PMID: 35034382 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystals have been intensively studied as functional materials. Recently, integration of various disciplines has led to new directions in the design of functional liquid-crystalline materials in the fields of energy, water, photonics, actuation, sensing, and biotechnology. Here, recent advances in functional liquid crystals based on polymers, supramolecular complexes, gels, colloids, and inorganic-based hybrids are reviewed, from design strategies to functionalization of these materials and interfaces. New insights into liquid crystals provided by significant progress in advanced measurements and computational simulations, which enhance new design and functionalization of liquid-crystalline materials, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Uchida
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Bartolome Soberats
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, Cra. Valldemossa Km. 7.5, Palma de Mallorca, 07122, Spain
| | - Monika Gupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takashi Kato
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
- Research Initiative for Supra-Materials, Shinshu University, Wakasato, Nagano, 380-8553, Japan
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30
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Wang Y, Wu H, Hu W, Stoddart JF. Color-Tunable Supramolecular Luminescent Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2105405. [PMID: 34676928 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202105405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Constructing multicolor photoluminescent materials with tunable properties is an attractive research objective on account of their abundant applications in materials science and biomedical engineering. By comparison with covalent synthesis, supramolecular chemistry has provided a more competitive and promising strategy for the production of organic materials and the regulation of their photophysical properties. By taking advantage of dynamic and reversible noncovalent bonding interactions, supramolecular strategies can, not only simplify the design and fabrication of organic materials, but can also endow them with dynamic reversibility and stimuli responsiveness, making it much easier to adjust the superstructures and properties of the materials. Occasionally, it is possible to introduce emergent properties into these materials, which are absent in their precursor compounds, broadening their potential applications. In an attempt to highlight the state-of-the-art noncovalent strategies available for the construction of smart luminescent materials, an overview of color-tunable materials is presented in this Review, with the emphasis being placed on the examples drawn from host-guest complexes, supramolecular assemblies and crystalline materials. The noncovalent synthesis of room-temperature phosphorescent materials and the modulation of their luminescent properties are also described. Finally, future directions and scientific challenges in the emergent field of color-tunable supramolecular emissive materials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Huang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Wenping Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311215, China
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31
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Ito S. Mechanochromic luminescence of soft crystals: Recent systematic studies in controlling the molecular packing and mechanoresponsive properties. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C: PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2021.100481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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32
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Hu H, Cheng X, Ma Z, Sijbesma RP, Ma Z. Polymer Mechanochromism from Force-Tuned Excited-State Intramolecular Proton Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:9971-9979. [PMID: 35617457 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Real-time monitoring of strain/stress in polymers is a big challenge to date. Herein, we for the first time report an ESIPT (excited-state intramolecular proton transfer)-based mechanochromic mechanophore (MM). The synthesis of target MM PhMz-4OH [(2-hydroxyphenyl)benzimidazole with four aliphatic hydroxyls] is quite facile. PhMz-4OH possesses characteristic dual emissions, and its ESIPT activity is greatly affected by steric hindrance. Then, PhMz-4OH was covalently linked into polyurethane chains (PhMz-4OH@PU). Upon stretching, the PhMz-4OH@PU films showed fluorescence color change and spectral variation with the increase in enol emission and blueshift of keto emission due to the force-induced torsion of the dihedral angle between the proton donor and the proton acceptor. The PhMz-4OH@PU films with high mechanophore concentrations (>0.36 mol %) might undergo a two-stage force-responsive process, including torsion of the dihedral angle via force-induced disaggregation and direct chain-transduced force-induced torsion of the dihedral angle. The intensity ratio of enol emission to keto emission (IE/IK) shows a quantitative correlation with elongation, and real-time strain sensing is achieved. PhMz-4OH is a successful type II MM (without covalent bond scission) and displays high sensitivity and excellent reversibility to stress. Two control structures PhMz-NH2 and PhMz-2OH were also embedded into PU but no spectral or color changes were detected, further confirming that mechanochromism of PhMz-4OH@PU films arises from the chain-transduced force. Density function theory (DFT) calculation was performed to study the force-tuned ESIPT process theoretically and rationalize the experimental results. This study might lay the foundation for real-time stress/strain sensing in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Hu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhimin Ma
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Rint P Sijbesma
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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33
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Cachaneski-Lopes JP, Batagin-Neto A. Effects of Mechanical Deformation on the Opto-Electronic Responses, Reactivity, and Performance of Conjugated Polymers: A DFT Study. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071354. [PMID: 35406228 PMCID: PMC9002523 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of polymers for optoelectronic applications is an important research area; however, a deeper understanding of the effects induced by mechanical deformations on their intrinsic properties is needed to expand their applicability and improve their durability. Despite the number of recent studies on the mechanochemistry of organic materials, the basic knowledge and applicability of such concepts in these materials are far from those for their inorganic counterparts. To bring light to this, here we employ molecular modeling techniques to evaluate the effects of mechanical deformations on the structural, optoelectronic, and reactivity properties of traditional semiconducting polymers, such as polyaniline (PANI), polythiophene (PT), poly (p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV), and polypyrrole (PPy). For this purpose, density functional theory (DFT)-based calculations were conducted for the distinct systems at varied stretching levels in order to identify the influence of structural deformations on the electronic structure of the systems. In general, it is noticed that the elongation process leads to an increase in electronic gaps, hypsochromic effects in the optical absorption spectrum, and small changes in local reactivities. Such changes can influence the performance of polymer-based devices, allowing us to establish significant structure deformation response relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Augusto Batagin-Neto
- POSMAT, School of Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru 17033-360, SP, Brazil;
- Institute of Science and Engineering, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Itapeva 18409-010, SP, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-(15)-3524-9100 (ext. 9159)
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34
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Gon M, Tanaka K, Chujo Y. Recent Progresses on Designable Hybrids with Stimuli-Responsive Optical Properties Originating from Molecular Assembly Concerning Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200144. [PMID: 35322576 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we describe recent progresses on the stimuli-responsive hybrid materials based on polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) and their applications as a chemical sensor. In particular, we explain the unique functions originating from molecular assembly concerning POSS-containing soft materials mainly from our studies. POSS has an inorganic cubic core composed of silicon-oxygen (Si-O) bonds and organic substituents at each vertex. Owing to intrinsic properties of POSS, such as high thermal stability, rigidity, and low chemical reactivity, various robust hybrid materials have been developed. From the numerous numbers of POSS hybrids, we herein focus on the environment-sensitive optical materials in which molecular assembly of POSS itself and functional units connected to POSS should be a key factor for expressing material properties. We also explain the mechanisms of chemical sensors originating from these stimuli-responsive optical properties. Stimuli-responsive excimer emission and pollutant detectors, nanoplastic sensors with the water-dispersive POSS networks, trans fatty acid sensors, turn-on luminescent sensors for aerobic condition and fluoride anion sensors are described. We also mention the mechanochromic polyurethane hybrids and the thermally-durable mechanochromic luminescent materials. The roles of the unique optical properties from soft materials composed of rigid POSS, which doesn't have significant light-absorption and emission properties in the visible region, are surveyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Gon
- Kyoto University: Kyoto Daigaku, Polymer Chemistry, Kyoto University, Katsura Nishikyo-ku, 615-8510, Kyoto, JAPAN
| | - Kazuo Tanaka
- Kyoto University, Graduate School of Engineering, Department of Polymer Chemistry, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, 615-8510, Kyoto, JAPAN
| | - Yoshiki Chujo
- Kyoto University: Kyoto Daigaku, Polymer chemistry, Kyoto University, Katsura Nishikyo-ku, 615-8510, Kyoto, JAPAN
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35
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Kasori R, Watabe T, Aoki D, Otsuka H. Enhancement of Mechanophore Activation by Electrostatic Interaction. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20220021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Kasori
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Takuma Watabe
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
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36
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Yamakado T, Saito S. Ratiometric Flapping Force Probe That Works in Polymer Gels. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:2804-2815. [PMID: 35108003 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Polymer gels have recently attracted attention for their application in flexible devices, where mechanically robust gels are required. While there are many strategies to produce tough gels by suppressing nanoscale stress concentration on specific polymer chains, it is still challenging to directly verify the toughening mechanism at the molecular level. To solve this problem, the use of the flapping molecular force probe (FLAP) is promising because it can evaluate the nanoscale forces transmitted in the polymer chain network by ratiometric analysis of a stress-dependent dual fluorescence. A flexible conformational change of FLAP enables real-time and reversible responses to the nanoscale forces at the low force threshold, which is suitable for quantifying the percentage of the stressed polymer chains before structural damage. However, the previously reported FLAP only showed a negligible response in solvated environments because undesirable spontaneous planarization occurs in the excited state, even without mechanical force. Here, we have developed a new ratiometric force probe that functions in common organogels. Replacement of the anthraceneimide units in the flapping wings with pyreneimide units largely suppresses the excited-state planarization, leading to the force probe function under wet conditions. The FLAP-doped polyurethane organogel reversibly shows a dual-fluorescence response under sub-MPa compression. Moreover, the structurally modified FLAP is also advantageous in the wide dynamic range of its fluorescence response in solvent-free elastomers, enabling clearer ratiometric fluorescence imaging of the molecular-level stress concentration during crack growth in a stretched polyurethane film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yamakado
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shohei Saito
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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37
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Kotani R, Yokoyama S, Nobusue S, Yamaguchi S, Osuka A, Yabu H, Saito S. Bridging pico-to-nanonewtons with a ratiometric force probe for monitoring nanoscale polymer physics before damage. Nat Commun 2022; 13:303. [PMID: 35027559 PMCID: PMC8758707 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-27972-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the transmission of nanoscale forces in the pico-to-nanonewton range is important in polymer physics. While physical approaches have limitations in analyzing the local force distribution in condensed environments, chemical analysis using force probes is promising. However, there are stringent requirements for probing the local forces generated before structural damage. The magnitude of those forces corresponds to the range below covalent bond scission (from 200 pN to several nN) and above thermal fluctuation (several pN). Here, we report a conformationally flexible dual-fluorescence force probe with a theoretically estimated threshold of approximately 100 pN. This probe enables ratiometric analysis of the distribution of local forces in a stretched polymer chain network. Without changing the intrinsic properties of the polymer, the force distribution was reversibly monitored in real time. Chemical control of the probe location demonstrated that the local stress concentration is twice as biased at crosslinkers than at main chains, particularly in a strain-hardening region. Due to the high sensitivity, the percentage of the stressed force probes was estimated to be more than 1000 times higher than the activation rate of a conventional mechanophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Kotani
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Soichi Yokoyama
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shunpei Nobusue
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
| | | | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yabu
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research (AIMR), Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan.
| | - Shohei Saito
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
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38
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Hu H, Cheng X, Ma Z, Wang Z, Ma Z. A double-spiro ring-structured mechanophore with dual-signal mechanochromism and multistate mechanochemical behavior: non-sequential ring-opening and multimodal analysis. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00728b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a novel aminobenzopyranoxanthene-based mechanophore with a dual-signal response and two mechanogenerated ring-opened isomers, of which the relative distribution is modulated by external force based on the heat–force equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Hu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhimin Ma
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhijian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Advanced Materials and Performance, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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39
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Shi H, Wu S, Si M, Wei S, Lin G, Liu H, Xie W, Lu W, Chen T. Cephalopod-Inspired Design of Photomechanically Modulated Display Systems for On-Demand Fluorescent Patterning. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107452. [PMID: 34695246 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cephalopods can display variable body color/patterns upon environmental stimulation via bioelectricity-controlled muscle contraction/expansion of skin chromatophores. However, it remains challenging to produce artificial display analogs that exhibit reversible and rapid switching between multiple expected luminescent patterns, although such systems are very appealing for many practical uses (e.g., data encryption). Inspired by the bioelectromechanical display tactic of cephalopods, in this work, a conceptually new photomechanically modulated fluorescent system that enables on-demand display of fluorescent patterns via a cascading stimulation-mechanical movement-optical output conduction mechanism is presented. Specifically, this biomimetic system comprises a customizable hollow display panel and a bottom-tethered photothermally responsive fluorescent actuator. Under NIR light, the photomechanically bending movements of the fluorescent actuator will immediately cover the hollow window of the display panel and synchronously manifest as the display of fluorescent patterns. Owing to its desirable time- and light-power-dependent actuating behaviors, diverse fluorescent patterns/information can be dynamically and reversibly displayed by facilely controlling this single remote NIR signal. This bioinspired strategy is universal and promising for fabricating on-demand fluorescent display platforms that combine a wide choice of fluorophores, remote control with high spatial/temporal precision, and especially single-input multiple-output features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Shi
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shuangshuang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Muqing Si
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shuxin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guoqing Lin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Weiping Xie
- Public Technology Service Center, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
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40
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Karimata A, Khusnutdinova JR. Photo- and triboluminescent pyridinophane Cu complexes: New organometallic tools for mechanoresponsive materials. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:3411-3420. [DOI: 10.1039/d1dt04305f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of mechanoresponsive polymers has emerged as a new, attractive area of research in which changes at the molecular level exert macrolevel effects in the bulk material, and vice...
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41
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Shi QX, Xiao H, Sheng YJ, Li DS, Su M, Sun XL, Bao H, Wan WM. Barbier single-atom polymerization induced emission as a one-pot approach towards stimuli-responsive luminescent polymers. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00816e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A one-pot strategy for the design of stimuli-responsive luminescent polymers has been demonstrated through Barbier PIE, where the N,N-dimethyl moiety endows the polymers with both stimuli-responsive and red-shifted nonconjugated emission properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan-Xi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Hang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Jing Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, P. R. China
| | - De-Shan Li
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Min Su
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Li Sun
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, P. R. China
| | - Hongli Bao
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Ming Wan
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
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42
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Traeger H, Sagara Y, Berrocal JA, Schrettl S, Weder C. Strain-correlated mechanochromism in different polyurethanes featuring a supramolecular mechanophore. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00218c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A previously reported, supramolecular, loop-forming mechanophore comprised of two covalently connected perylene diimide (PDI) dyes was equipped with hydroxy groups and covalently incorporated into different polyurethanes (PUs). Four PUs with...
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43
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Di Q, Li J, Zhang Z, Yu X, Tang B, Zhang H, Zhang H. Quantifiable stretching-induced fluorescence shifts of an elastically bendable and plastically twistable organic crystal. Chem Sci 2021; 12:15423-15428. [PMID: 34976364 PMCID: PMC8635174 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03818d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic crystals with mechanical stimulus-response properties are being developed increasingly nowadays. However, the studies involving tensile-responsive crystals are still lacking due to the strict requirement of crystals with good flexibility. In this work, an organic crystal with the ability of elastic bending and plastic twisting upon loading stress and shearing force, respectively, is reported. The deformability in different directions enables the crystal to be a model for tensile-responsive study. Indeed, blue shifts of fluorescence were observed when the tensile forces loaded upon the needle-shaped crystal were stretched to a certain degree. The mathematical correlation between emission wavelength changes and stretching strain was obtained for the first time, which proves that the crystal has a potential application for tension sensors. In addition, a low detection limit and high sensitivity enabled the crystal to have the ability to detect tension variations in precision instruments. Theoretical calculations and X-ray crystal structure analyses revealed the mechanism of emission wavelength shifts caused by molecular movement during the stretching process. The presented crystal successfully overcame the limitations of traditional mechanochromic organic crystals, which have difficulty in responding to tensile forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Di
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Zhanrui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Xu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Baolei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Houyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 P. R. China
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44
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Wang T, Wang H, Shen L, Zhang N. Force-induced strengthening of a mechanochromic polymer based on a naphthalene-fused cyclobutane mechanophore. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:12675-12678. [PMID: 34779466 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05305a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We discovered a force-induced strengthening of a mechanochromic polymer based on a naphthalene-fused cyclobutane mechanophore (NCD). Our results revealed that mechanically induced retro-cycloaddition of the NCD and subsequent crosslinking reactions between CC bonds were responsible for this peculiar strenghthening, and demonstrated the good possibility that the NCD can be applied in smart materials fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisheng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing, 211167, P. R. China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials and Application Technology, Nanjing, 211167, P. R. China
| | - Haoxiang Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing, 211167, P. R. China.
| | - Lei Shen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing, 211167, P. R. China.
| | - Na Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing, 211167, P. R. China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials and Application Technology, Nanjing, 211167, P. R. China
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45
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He S, Stratigaki M, Centeno SP, Dreuw A, Göstl R. Tailoring the Properties of Optical Force Probes for Polymer Mechanochemistry. Chemistry 2021; 27:15889-15897. [PMID: 34582082 PMCID: PMC9292383 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The correlation of mechanical properties of polymer materials with those of their molecular constituents is the foundation for their holistic comprehension and eventually for improved material designs and syntheses. Over the last decade, optical force probes (OFPs) were developed, shedding light on various unique mechanical behaviors of materials. The properties of polymers are diverse, ranging from soft hydrogels to ultra-tough composites, from purely elastic rubbers to viscous colloidal solutions, and from transparent glasses to super black dyed coatings. Only very recently, researchers started to develop tailored OFP solutions that account for such material requirements in energy (both light and force), in time, and in their spatially detectable resolution. We here highlight notable recent examples and identify future challenges in this emergent field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyang He
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056AachenGermany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Maria Stratigaki
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056AachenGermany
| | - Silvia P. Centeno
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056AachenGermany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific ComputingHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 20569120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056AachenGermany
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46
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Qi Q, Sekhon G, Chandradat R, Ofodum NM, Shen T, Scrimgeour J, Joy M, Wriedt M, Jayathirtha M, Darie CC, Shipp DA, Liu X, Lu X. Force-Induced Near-Infrared Chromism of Mechanophore-Linked Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:17337-17343. [PMID: 34586805 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A near-infrared (NIR) mechanophore was developed and incorporated into a poly(methyl acrylate) chain to showcase the first force-induced NIR chromism in polymeric materials. This mechanophore, based on benzo[1,3]oxazine (OX) fused with a heptamethine cyanine moiety, exhibited NIR mechanochromism in solution, thin-film, and bulk states. The mechanochemical activity was validated using UV-vis-NIR absorption/fluorescence spectroscopies, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), NMR, and DFT simulations. Our work demonstrates that NIR mechanochromic polymers have considerable potential in mechanical force sensing, damage detection, bioimaging, and biomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Tianruo Shen
- Fluorescence Research Group, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, 487372 Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaogang Liu
- Fluorescence Research Group, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, 487372 Singapore
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47
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Abstract
AbstractOptical force probes (OFPs) are force-responsive molecules that report on mechanically induced transformations by the alteration of their optical properties. Yet, their modular design and incorporation into polymer architectures at desired positions is challenging. Here we report triazole-extended anthracene OFPs that combine two modular ‘click’ reactions in their synthesis potentially allowing their incorporation at desirable positions in complex polymer materials. Importantly, these retain the excellent optical properties of their parent 9-π-extended anthracene OFP counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Göstl
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
| | - Christoph Baumann
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University
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48
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Cha Y, Zhu T, Sha Y, Lin H, Hwang J, Seraydarian M, Craig SL, Tang C. Mechanochemistry of Cationic Cobaltocenium Mechanophore. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:11871-11878. [PMID: 34283587 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent research on the mechanochemistry of metallocene mechanophores has shed light on the force-responsiveness of these thermally and chemically stable organometallic compounds. In this work, we report a combination of experimental and computational studies on the mechanochemistry of main-chain cobaltocenium-containing polymers. Ester derivatives of the cationic cobaltocenium, though isoelectronic to neutral ferrocene, are unstable in the nonmechanical control experimental conditions that were accommodated by their ferrocene analogs. Replacing the electron withdrawing C-ester linkages with electron-donating C-alkyls conferred the necessary stability and enabled the mechanochemistry of the cobaltocenium to be assessed. Despite their high bond dissociation energy, cobaltocenium mechanophores are found to be selective sites of main chain scission under sonomechanical activation. Computational CoGEF calculations suggest that the presence of a counterion to cobaltocenium plays a vital role by promoting a peeling mechanism of dissociation in conjunction with the initial slipping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Cha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Tianyu Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Ye Sha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Huina Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - JiHyeon Hwang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Matthew Seraydarian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Chuanbing Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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49
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50
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Muramatsu T, Okado Y, Traeger H, Schrettl S, Tamaoki N, Weder C, Sagara Y. Rotaxane-Based Dual Function Mechanophores Exhibiting Reversible and Irreversible Responses. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:9884-9892. [PMID: 34162206 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochromic mechanophores permit the design of polymers that indicate mechanical events through optical signals. Here we report rotaxane-based supramolecular mechanophores that display both reversible and irreversible fluorescence changes. These responses are triggered by different forces and are achieved by exploiting the molecular shuttling function and force-induced dethreading of rotaxanes. The new rotaxane mechanophores are composed of a ring featuring a luminophore, which is threaded onto an axle with a matching quencher and two stoppers. In the stress-free state, the luminophore is preferentially located in the proximity of the quencher, and the emission is quenched. The luminophore slides away from the quencher when a force is applied and the fluorescence is switched on. This effect is reversible, unless the force is so high that the luminophore-carrying ring slips past the stopper and dethreading occurs. We show that the combination of judiciously selected ring and stopper moieties is crucial to attain interlocked structures that display such a dual response. PU elastomers that contain such doubly responsive rotaxanes exhibit reversible fluorescence changes over multiple loading-unloading cycles due to the shuttling function, whereas permanent changes are observed upon repeated deformations to high strains due to breakage of the mechanical bond upon dethreading of the ring from the axle. This response allows one, at least conceptually, to monitor the actual deformation of polymer materials and examine mechanical damage that was inflicted in the past on the basis of an optical signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Muramatsu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Yuji Okado
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, N20, W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
| | - Hanna Traeger
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Stephen Schrettl
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Nobuyuki Tamaoki
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, N20, W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Yoshimitsu Sagara
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan.,JST-PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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