1
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Lamba M, Singh PR, Tanmay, Goswami A. Metal-Free Switchable Chemo- and Regioselective Alkylation of Oxindoles Using Secondary Alcohols. J Org Chem 2024; 89:11244-11260. [PMID: 39106447 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we have disclosed N-alkylation and C-alkylation reactions of 2-oxindoles with secondary alcohols. Interestingly, these chemoselective reactions are tunable by changing the reaction conditions. Utilization of protic solvent and Brønsted acid catalyst afforded C-alkylation, whereas, aprotic solvent and Lewis acid catalyst afforded N-alkylation of 2-oxindoles in good to excellent yields. Regioselectivity is achieved by protecting the N-center of the oxindole and C5 alkylated product is furnished exclusively. This protocol is notable because it demonstrates functionalization at the C7 position of oxindole without the need for any directing group at the N-center. Further, a new protocol has been reported for C-H oxygenation at the benzylic position of one of the C5 alkylated derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Lamba
- Department of Chemistry, SS Bhatnagar Block, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Punjab140001, India
| | - Prasoon Raj Singh
- Department of Chemistry, SS Bhatnagar Block, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Punjab140001, India
| | - Tanmay
- Department of Chemistry, SS Bhatnagar Block, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Punjab140001, India
| | - Avijit Goswami
- Department of Chemistry, SS Bhatnagar Block, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Punjab140001, India
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2
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Nuruzzaman M, Nizam ZM, Ohata J. Fluoroalcohols for chemical modification of biomolecules. TETRAHEDRON CHEM 2024; 11:100088. [PMID: 39239262 PMCID: PMC11376189 DOI: 10.1016/j.tchem.2024.100088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
While their broad utility in various chemistry fields were well recognized for decades, fluoroalcohols have recently emerged as a unique solvent system for bioconjugation development. This review describes examples and roles of fluoroalcohols such as trifluoroethanol (TFE) and hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) for chemical modification of biomolecules such as polypeptides, nucleic acids, and saccharides. Many chemical modification processes were facilitated by notable functions of those fluoroalcohols such as a proton shuttle, reversible adduct formation with reactive species, and compatibility with electrochemistry/photochemistry. The usefulness of the fluoroalcohol solvents can be even promoted by its combination with a different solvent system for reaction enhancement and protein stabilization. The collection of the various chemical transformations in this review is an indication of the rapid growth of the solvent-assisted bioconjugation field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Nuruzzaman
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, United States
| | - Zeinab M Nizam
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, United States
| | - Jun Ohata
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, United States
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3
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Ramos-Martín M, García-Álvarez J, Soto AP. Access to Substituted 1,1-Diarylalkanes by Friedel-Crafts Benzylations Mediated by FeCl 3-based Deep Eutectic Solvents. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202400892. [PMID: 39052527 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The development of new, more efficient Friedel-Crafts benzylation methodologies that provide access to 1,1-diarylalkanes is an important objective of interest for the production of pharmaceuticals and fine chemical products. In this regard, this study introduces a novel synthetic route to 1,1-diarylalkanes conducted in the Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) 3 FeCl3 ⋅ 6 H2O/Gly, which serves as both a reaction medium and promoter. Under these conditions, Friedel-Crafts benzylations of various arenes bearing activating and deactivating ortho-/para-directing groups, can be performed using diverse benzylating reagents such as styrenes, alcohols, acetates, ethers, and chlorides. Importantly, highly electronically deactivated electrophiles, including those with CF3 and NO2 groups, are suitable substrates. This methodology provides a wide range of asymmetric 1,1-diarylalkanes (up to 132 examples) with generally good yields and high regioselectivities. The efficiency of this approach was demonstrated with the multigram-scale synthesis (10 mmol) of 1-phenyl-1-xylyl ethane (PXE), a liquid with great industrial applicability. Moreover, the Fe(III)-based DES could be reused for 20 consecutive cycles with no appreciable erosion of the yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ramos-Martín
- Laboratorio de Química Sintética Sostenible (QuimSinSos), Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica (IUQOEM), Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, E-33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Joaquín García-Álvarez
- Laboratorio de Química Sintética Sostenible (QuimSinSos), Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica (IUQOEM), Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, E-33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Alejandro Presa Soto
- Laboratorio de Química Sintética Sostenible (QuimSinSos), Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica (IUQOEM), Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, E-33006, Oviedo, Spain
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4
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Nuruzzaman M, Colella BM, Uzoewulu CP, Meo AE, Gross EJ, Ishizawa S, Sana S, Zhang H, Hoff ME, Medlock BTW, Joyner EC, Sato S, Ison EA, Li Z, Ohata J. Hexafluoroisopropanol as a Bioconjugation Medium of Ultrafast, Tryptophan-Selective Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6773-6783. [PMID: 38421958 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The past decade has seen a remarkable growth in the number of bioconjugation techniques in chemistry, biology, material science, and biomedical fields. A core design element in bioconjugation technology is a chemical reaction that can form a covalent bond between the protein of interest and the labeling reagent. Achieving chemoselective protein bioconjugation in aqueous media is challenging, especially for generally less reactive amino acid residues, such as tryptophan. We present here the development of tryptophan-selective bioconjugation methods through ultrafast Lewis acid-catalyzed reactions in hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP). Structure-reactivity relationship studies have revealed a combination of thiophene and ethanol moieties to give a suitable labeling reagent for this bioconjugation process, which enables modification of peptides and proteins in an extremely rapid reaction unencumbered by noticeable side reactions. The capability of the labeling method also facilitated radiofluorination application as well as antibody functionalization. Enhancement of an α-helix by HFIP leads to its compatibility with a certain protein, and this report also demonstrates a further stabilization strategy achieved by the addition of an ionic liquid to the HFIP medium. The nonaqueous bioconjugation approaches allow access to numerous chemical reactions that are unavailable in traditional aqueous processes and will further advance the chemistry of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Nuruzzaman
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Brandon M Colella
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Chiamaka P Uzoewulu
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Alissa E Meo
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Elizabeth J Gross
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Seiya Ishizawa
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Sravani Sana
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Raleigh, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - He Zhang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Raleigh, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Meredith E Hoff
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Bryce T W Medlock
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Emily C Joyner
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Shinichi Sato
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Elon A Ison
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Zibo Li
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Raleigh, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jun Ohata
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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5
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Junaid M, Happy S, Yadagiri D. Light-induced arylation (alkylation) of N-sulfonylhydrazones with boronic acids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2796-2799. [PMID: 38362736 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00161c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Di- and triarylmethanes are an important class of compounds in many fields. Here, we report an efficient light-induced arylation (alkylation) for the synthesis of diarylmethanes, bis(diarylmethyl)benzenes, arylalkylmethanes, and triarylmethanes from readily accessible N-sulfonylhydrazones and aryl/alkylboronic acids with the aid of Cs2CO3. In the presence of light, the synthesis of diarylmethanes was also achieved from aldehydes in a one-pot manner via a three-component approach in good yields. Furthermore, we have demonstrated the synthetic utility by synthesizing organoboron compounds and 2°-alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Junaid
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Synthesis & Catalysis Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Sharma Happy
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Synthesis & Catalysis Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Dongari Yadagiri
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Synthesis & Catalysis Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India.
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6
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Abstract
Organoboron acids are stable, organic-soluble Lewis acids with potential application as catalysts for a wide variety of chemical reactions. In this review, we summarize the utility of boronic and borinic acids, as well as boric acid, as catalysts for organic transformations. Typically, the catalytic processes exploit the Lewis acidity of trivalent boron, enabling the reversible formation of a covalent bond with oxygen. Our focus is on recent developments in the catalysis of dehydration, carbonyl condensation, acylation, alkylation, and cycloaddition reactions. We conclude that organoboron acids have a highly favorable prospectus as the source of new catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Graham
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ronald T Raines
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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7
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Zheng Y, Huang Q, Fang X, Xie Y. Route to Functionalized Tetrahydrobenzo[ d]azepines via Re 2O 7-Mediated Intramolecular Friedel-Crafts Reaction. J Org Chem 2024; 89:2001-2008. [PMID: 38251420 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
We describe a Re2O7-mediated intramolecular dehydrative Friedel-Crafts reaction for the efficient synthesis of various benzo-fused heterocycles such as benzazepines and benzazocines. This process is characterized by a broad substrate scope, mild reaction conditions, high efficiency, and high atom economy. The potential application of this methodology was exemplified by the facile preparation of a NMDA antagonist as well as a key intermediate en route to SKF 38393.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhu Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qing Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiong Fang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Youwei Xie
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
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8
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Singh S, Kumar A, Nebhani L, Hazra CK. Sustainable Sulfonic Acid Functionalized Tubular Shape Mesoporous Silica as a Heterogeneous Catalyst for Selective Unsymmetrical Friedel-Crafts Alkylation in One Pot. JACS AU 2023; 3:3400-3411. [PMID: 38155639 PMCID: PMC10751772 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
The development of general and more sustainable heterogeneous catalytic processes for Friedel-Crafts (FC) alkylation reactions is a key objective of interest for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and commodity chemicals. Sustainable heterogeneous catalysis for the typical FC alkylation of an easily accessible carbonyl electrophile and arenes or with two different arene nucleophiles in one-pot is a prime challenge. Herein, we present a resolution to these issues through the design and utilization of a mesoporous silica catalyst that has been functionalized with sulfonic acid. For the synthesis of sulfonic acid-functionalized mesoporous silica (MSN-SO3H), thiol-functionalized mesoporous silica was first synthesized by the co-condensation method, followed by oxidation of the thiol functionality to the sulfonic acid group. Sulfonation of mesoporous silica was confirmed by 13C CP MAS NMR spectroscopy. Further, the devised heterogeneous catalysis using MSN-SO3H has been successfully employed in the construction of diverse polyalkanes including various bioactive molecules, viz arundine, tatarinoid-C, and late-stage functionalization of natural products like menthol and Eugenol. Further, we have utilized this sustainable technique to facilitate the formation of unsymmetrical C-S bonds in a one-pot fashion. In addition, the catalyst was successfully recovered and recycled for eight cycles, demonstrating the high sustainability and cost-effectiveness of this protocol for both academic and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Singh
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Leena Nebhani
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Chinmoy Kumar Hazra
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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9
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Blackner JJ, Rooney DM, Hollett JW, McCubbin JA. Ferrocenium Boronic Acid Catalyzed Deoxygenative Coupling of Alcohols with Carbon- and Nitrogen-Based Borate and Silane Nucleophiles. J Org Chem 2023; 88:8505-8511. [PMID: 37285506 PMCID: PMC10337667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A boronic acid catalyzed carbon-carbon and carbon-nitrogen bond-forming reaction for the functionalization of various π-activated alcohols has been developed. Ferrocenium boronic acid hexafluoroantimonate salt was identified as an effective catalyst in the direct deoxygenative coupling of alcohols with a variety of potassium trifluoroborate and organosilane nucleophiles. In a comparison between these two classes of nucleophiles, the use of organosilanes leads to higher reaction yields, increased diversity of the alcohol substrate scope, and high E/Z selectivity. Furthermore, the reaction proceeds under mild conditions and yields up to 98%. Computational studies provide a rationalization for a mechanistic pathway for the retention of E/Z stereochemistry when E or Z alkenyl silanes are used as nucleophiles. This methodology is complementary to existing methodologies for deoxygenative coupling reactions involving organosilanes, and it is effective with a variety of organosilane nucleophile sub-types, including allylic, vinylic, and propargylic trimethylsilanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake J. Blackner
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Deirdre M. Rooney
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Winnipeg, 515 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3B 2E9, Canada
| | - Joshua W. Hollett
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Winnipeg, 515 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3B 2E9, Canada
| | - J. Adam McCubbin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Winnipeg, 515 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3B 2E9, Canada
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10
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Sloane S, Vang ZP, Nelson G, Qi L, Sonstrom RE, Alansari IY, Behlow KT, Pate BH, Neufeldt SR, Clark JR. Precision Deuteration Using Cu-Catalyzed Transfer Hydrodeuteration to Access Small Molecules Deuterated at the Benzylic Position. JACS AU 2023; 3:1583-1589. [PMID: 37388686 PMCID: PMC10301681 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
A highly regio- and chemoselective Cu-catalyzed aryl alkyne transfer hydrodeuteration to access a diverse scope of aryl alkanes precisely deuterated at the benzylic position is described. The reaction benefits from a high degree of regiocontrol in the alkyne hydrocupration step, leading to the highest selectivities reported to date for an alkyne transfer hydrodeuteration reaction. Only trace isotopic impurities are formed under this protocol, and analysis of an isolated product by molecular rotational resonance spectroscopy confirms that high isotopic purity products can be generated from readily accessible aryl alkyne substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha
E. Sloane
- Department
of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233-1881, United
States
| | - Zoua Pa Vang
- Department
of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233-1881, United
States
| | - Genevieve Nelson
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montana
State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Lihan Qi
- Department
of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233-1881, United
States
| | | | - Isabella Y. Alansari
- Department
of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233-1881, United
States
| | - Kiera T. Behlow
- Department
of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233-1881, United
States
| | - Brooks H. Pate
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United
States
| | - Sharon R. Neufeldt
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montana
State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Joseph R. Clark
- Department
of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233-1881, United
States
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11
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Seki M, Tapkir SR, Nadiveedhi MR, Mulani SK, Mashima K. New Synthesis of Diarylmethanes, Key Building Blocks for SGLT2 Inhibitors. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:17288-17295. [PMID: 37214716 PMCID: PMC10193421 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of diarylmethanes, a key building block for SGLT2 inhibitors, has been developed through ketone synthesis by Friedel-Crafts acylation with TiCl4, followed by reduction with TiCl4/NaBH4. The new protocol proceeded more cleanly than the previous methods employing AlCl3 and BF3·OEt2/Et3SiH to provide the diarylmethanes corresponding to canagliflozin, empagliflozin, and luseogliflozin in a highly expedient and affordable manner. In the case of a diarylmethane for the synthesis of dapagliflozin, the reduction step took place by an alternative method using InCl3/Al/BF3·OEt2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Seki
- R&D
Planning Department, Tokuyama Corporation, 40 Wadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-4247, Japan
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka
University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Sandeep Ramesharao Tapkir
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka
University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | | | - Shaheen Kasim Mulani
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka
University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazushi Mashima
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka
University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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12
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Rygus JPG, Hall DG. Direct nucleophilic and electrophilic activation of alcohols using a unified boron-based organocatalyst scaffold. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2563. [PMID: 37142592 PMCID: PMC10160031 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38228-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Organocatalytic strategies for the direct activation of hydroxy-containing compounds have paled in comparison to those applicable to carbonyl compounds. To this end, boronic acids have emerged as valuable catalysts for the functionalization of hydroxy groups in a mild and selective fashion. Distinct modes of activation in boronic acid-catalyzed transformations are often accomplished by vastly different catalytic species, complicating the design of broadly applicable catalyst classes. Herein, we report the use of benzoxazaborine as a general scaffold for the development of structurally related yet mechanistically divergent catalysts for the direct nucleophilic and electrophilic activation of alcohols under ambient conditions. The utility of these catalysts is demonstrated in the monophosphorylation of vicinal diols and the reductive deoxygenation of benzylic alcohols and ketones respectively. Mechanistic studies of both processes reveal the contrasting nature of key tetravalent boron intermediates in the two catalytic manifolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P G Rygus
- Department of Chemistry, Centennial Center for Interdisciplinary Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Dennis G Hall
- Department of Chemistry, Centennial Center for Interdisciplinary Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada.
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13
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Hu X, Zhao X, Lv X, Wu YB, Bu Y, Lu G. Ab Initio Metadynamics Simulations of Hexafluoroisopropanol Solvent Effects: Synergistic Role of Solvent H-Bonding Networks and Solvent-Solute C-H/π Interactions. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203879. [PMID: 36575142 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The solvent effects in Friedel-Crafts cycloalkylation of epoxides and Cope rearrangement of aldimines were investigated by using ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. Explicit molecular treatments were applied for both reactants and solvents. The reaction mechanisms were elucidated via free energy calculations based on metadynamics simulations. The results reveal that both reactions proceed in a concerted fashion. Key solvent-substrate interactions are identified from the structures of transition states with explicit solvent molecules. The remarkable promotion effect of hexafluoroisopropanol solvent is ascribed to the synergistic effect of H-bonding networks and C-H/π interactions with substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmin Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Xia Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Xiangying Lv
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Bo Wu
- Key Lab for Materials of Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, and Key Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, P. R. China
| | - Yuxiang Bu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Gang Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, P. R. China
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14
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Bezawada SA, Ušto N, Wilke C, Barnes-Flaspoler M, Jagan R, Bauer EB. Ferrocenophanium Stability and Catalysis. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062729. [PMID: 36985702 PMCID: PMC10058812 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferrocenium catalysis is a vibrant research area, and an increasing number of ferrocenium-catalyzed processes have been reported in the recent years. However, the ferrocenium cation is not very stable in solution, which may potentially hamper catalytic applications. In an effort to stabilize ferrocenium-type architectures by inserting a bridge between the cyclopentadienyl rings, we investigated two ferrocenophanium (or ansa-ferrocenium) cations with respect to their stability and catalytic activity in propargylic substitution reactions. One of the ferrocenophanium complexes was characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Cyclic voltammetry experiments of the ferrocenophane parent compounds were performed in the absence and presence of alcohol nucleophiles, and the stability of the cations in solution was judged based on the reversibility of the electron transfer. The experiments revealed a moderate stabilizing effect of the bridge, albeit the effect is not very pronounced or straightforward. Catalytic propargylic substitution test reactions revealed decreased activity of the ferrocenophanium cations compared to the ferrocenium cation. It appears that the somewhat stabilized ferrocenophanium cations show decreased catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Anvesh Bezawada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Neira Ušto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Chloe Wilke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Michael Barnes-Flaspoler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Rajamoni Jagan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Eike B Bauer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
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15
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Lee SH, Chi HM. HFIP-Empowered One-Pot Synthesis of C4-Aryl-Substituted Tetrahydroquinolines with Propargylic Chlorides and Anilines. Org Lett 2023; 25:1083-1087. [PMID: 36794874 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Transition-metal-free, practical one-pot synthesis of C4-aryl-substituted tetrahydroquinolines from simple anilines and readily accessible propargylic chlorides has been developed. Activation of the C-Cl bond by 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol turned out to be the key interaction, which allowed C-N bond formation under an acidic medium. Propargylated aniline is formed as an intermediate via propargylation, and subsequential cyclization and reduction gave 4-arylated tetrahydroquinolines. To demonstrate the synthetic utility, total syntheses of aflaquinolone F and I have been accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, South Korea
| | - Hyung Min Chi
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, South Korea.,Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, South Korea
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16
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Singh S, Mondal S, Tiwari V, Karmakar T, Hazra CK. Cooperative Friedel-Crafts Alkylation of Electron-Deficient Arenes via Catalyst Activation with Hexafluoroisopropanol. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300180. [PMID: 36680470 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A Friedel-Crafts alkylation of electron-deficient arenes with aldehydes through ''catalyst activation'' is presented. Through hydrogen bonding interactions, the solvent 1,1,1,3,3,3, -hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) interacted with the added Brønsted acid catalyst pTSA•H2 O, increasing its acidity. This activated catalyst enabled the Friedel-Crafts alkylation of electron-neutral as well as electron-deficient arenes. Strongly electron withdrawing arenes including arenes with multiple halogen atoms, NO2 , CHO, CO2 R, and CN, groups acted as efficient nucleophiles in this reaction. DFT studies reveal multiple roles of solvent HFIP viz; increasing the Brønsted acidity of the catalyst pTSA•H2 O, and stabilization of the transition states through a concerted pathway enabling the challenging reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Sankalan Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Vikas Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Tarak Karmakar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Chinmoy Kumar Hazra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
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17
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Babcock EG, Rahman MS, Taylor JE. Brønsted acid-catalysed desilylative heterocyclisation to form substituted furans. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 21:163-168. [PMID: 36472096 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01828d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Heterocyclisation of tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBS) protected γ-hydroxy-α,β-unsaturated ketones catalysed by para-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TSA) to form substituted furans is reported. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions at room temperature in methanol to give a range of furan products (21 examples, up to 98% yield). Mechanistic experiments suggest the reaction proceeds via in situ deprotection followed by catalytic dehydrative heterocyclisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G Babcock
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, Somerset, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Md Shafiqur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, Somerset, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - James E Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, Somerset, BA2 7AY, UK.
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18
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Blechschmidt DR, Lovstedt A, Kass SR. Metallocenium Lewis Acid Catalysts for Use in Friedel–Crafts Alkylation and Diels–Alder Reactions. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Blechschmidt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Alex Lovstedt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Steven R. Kass
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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19
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Motiwala HF, Armaly AM, Cacioppo JG, Coombs TC, Koehn KRK, Norwood VM, Aubé J. HFIP in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:12544-12747. [PMID: 35848353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) is a polar, strongly hydrogen bond-donating solvent that has found numerous uses in organic synthesis due to its ability to stabilize ionic species, transfer protons, and engage in a range of other intermolecular interactions. The use of this solvent has exponentially increased in the past decade and has become a solvent of choice in some areas, such as C-H functionalization chemistry. In this review, following a brief history of HFIP in organic synthesis and an overview of its physical properties, literature examples of organic reactions using HFIP as a solvent or an additive are presented, emphasizing the effect of solvent of each reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim F Motiwala
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Ahlam M Armaly
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Jackson G Cacioppo
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Thomas C Coombs
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403 United States
| | - Kimberly R K Koehn
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Verrill M Norwood
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
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20
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Hu L, Liu Y, Fang X, zheng Y, Liao RZ, Li M, Xie Y. An Intermolecular Hydroarylation of Highly Deactivated Styrenes Catalyzed by Re 2O 7/HReO 4 in Hexafluoroisopropanol. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica; Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education; Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yibing Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica; Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education; Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiong Fang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica; Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education; Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yuzhu zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica; Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education; Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Rong-zhen Liao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica; Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education; Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Man Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica; Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education; Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Youwei Xie
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica; Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education; Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
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21
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Chigumbu P, Fu J, Takia IRT, Wang Y, Han X. Friedel-Crafts Benzylation of Unprotected Anilines with Indole-3-
carbinols to Access Trifluoro-methyl(indolyl)phenylmethanes. LETT ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1570178618666210225114226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
:
An unprecedented protocol for the efficient and highly chemoselective alkylation of unprotected anilines with deactivated CF3-indole-3-carbinols promoted by In(OTf)3 has been developed. A series of diversified trifluoromethylated (indolyl)phenylmethanes were produced featuring the C-alkylation in moderate to high chemical yields and with high regioselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paidamoyo Chigumbu
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Chemical & Biological Processing, Technology of Farm Products, School of Biological
and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China, 310023
| | - Junfeng Fu
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Chemical & Biological Processing, Technology of Farm Products, School of Biological
and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China, 310023
| | - Ingrid Rakielle Tsapy Takia
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Chemical & Biological Processing, Technology of Farm Products, School of Biological
and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China, 310023
| | - Yongjiang Wang
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Chemical & Biological Processing, Technology of Farm Products, School of Biological
and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China, 310023
| | - Xiaoyu Han
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Chemical & Biological Processing, Technology of Farm Products, School of Biological
and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China, 310023
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22
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Zhang D, Xu Z, Tang T, Le L, Wang C, Kambe N, Qiu R. Pd-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Sb-Aryl Stibines with Halogenomethyl Arenes to Give Unsymmetirc Diarylmethanes. Org Lett 2022; 24:3155-3160. [PMID: 35471895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we describe a general method for the synthesis of unsymmetric diarylmethanes from (hetero)aryl methyl halides and Sb-aryl stibines. This protocol shows a broad substrate scope and a good functional group tolerance. Drug molecules, including beclobrate 3al and bifemelane 3as, and drug derivatives, including celecoxib 3p, ibuprofen 3ao, and probenecid 3ap, were efficiently synthesized on a gram scale. The possible mechanism is proposed on the basis of the results of control experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, P. R. China
| | - Ting Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, P. R. China
| | - Liyuan Le
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, P. R. China
| | - Cairong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, P. R. China
| | - Nobuaki Kambe
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Renhua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, P. R. China
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23
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Mu J, Liang M, Huang H, Meng J, Xu L, Song Z, Wu M, Miao Z, Zhuo S, Zhou J. Experimental and theoretical study of ZrMo-KIT-6 solid acid catalyst with abundant Brønsted acid sites. RSC Adv 2022; 12:9310-9322. [PMID: 35424842 PMCID: PMC8985161 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00586g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Given their excellent reusability and environmental friendliness, solid acid catalysts have drawn considerable attention in acid-catalyzed reactions. However, the rational design and synthesis of solid acid catalysts with abundant Brønsted acid sites remains a challenge. In this paper, KIT-6, Zr-KIT-6, Mo-KIT-6, and ZrMo-KIT-6 solid acid catalysts are designed and synthesized. The textural properties, chemical bonds, and acidic properties of these catalysts are explored. Theoretical calculations are conducted to explore the formation mechanism of Brønsted acid sites. The theoretical trend of acidity is consistent with the experimental result of acidity and further demonstrates that the synergistic effect of Zr and Mo species improves the formation of Brønsted acid sites. The as-obtained ZrMo-KIT-6 solid acid catalysts are employed in Friedel–Crafts benzylation reaction, and the outstanding catalytic performance of the ZrMo-KIT-6 catalyst indicates that it is an excellent Brønsted solid acid catalyst. Synergistic effect of Zr and Mo species in the formation of Brønsted acid sites is investigated by experimental and theoretical study.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglin Mu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology Zibo 255000 P. R. China +86 533 2781664
| | - Manfen Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology Zibo 255000 P. R. China +86 533 2781664
| | - Hong Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology Zibo 255000 P. R. China +86 533 2781664
| | - Jian Meng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology Zibo 255000 P. R. China +86 533 2781664
| | - Leilei Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology Nanjing 210044 P. R. China
| | - Zhiling Song
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 P. R. China
| | - Mei Wu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Mineral Salt Deep Utilization, Huaiyin Institute of Technology Huaian 223003 P. R. China
| | - Zhichao Miao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology Zibo 255000 P. R. China +86 533 2781664
| | - Shuping Zhuo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology Zibo 255000 P. R. China +86 533 2781664
| | - Jin Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology Zibo 255000 P. R. China +86 533 2781664
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24
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Hu H, Wu X, Qiu Y, Wang C, Wang W, Yue G, Wang H, Feng J, Wang G, Ni H, Zou P. Arylboronic Acid Catalyzed Dehydrative Mono-/Dialkylation Reactions of β-Ketoacids and Alcohols. Org Lett 2022; 24:832-836. [PMID: 35043629 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c04050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The dehydrative mono-/dialkylation reactions of alcohols and β-ketoacids were realized under arylboronic acid catalysis, furnishing a series of β-aryl ketones and β-ketoesters in yields of 15-99%, with CO2 and H2O being the byproducts. In this context, the decarboxylative alkylation reaction occurred to give β-aryl ketones at 50 °C, while the decarboxylation was suppressed to generate dialkylated ester products at 0 °C. A possible catalytic cycle was proposed based on control experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Hu
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wu
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, P.R. China
| | - Yuqian Qiu
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, P.R. China
| | - Cuilin Wang
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, P.R. China
| | - Guizhou Yue
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, P.R. China
| | - Hanguang Wang
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, P.R. China
| | - Juhua Feng
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, P.R. China
| | - Guangtu Wang
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, P.R. China
| | - Hailiang Ni
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, P.R. China
| | - Ping Zou
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, P.R. China
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25
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Guo F, Xiao J, Deng J, Li F, Tang Z. Esters as Both Alkylating and Acylating Reagents: PCl
3
‐Promoted Friedel‐Crafts Reaction in One‐Pot. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fengzhe Guo
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan 411201 China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan 411201 China
| | - Jinfeng Deng
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan 411201 China
| | - Fangshao Li
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan 411201 China
| | - Zi‐Long Tang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan 411201 China
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26
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Tian FX, Qu J. Studies on the Origin of the Stabilizing Effects of Fluorinated Alcohols and Weakly Coordinated Fluorine-Containing Anions on Cationic Reaction Intermediates. J Org Chem 2022; 87:1814-1829. [PMID: 35020378 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Many synthetic methods that use fluorinated alcohols as solvents have been reported, and the fluorinated alcohols have been found to be crucial to the success of these methods. In addition, there have been reports indicating that adding a weakly coordinated fluorine-containing anion, such as BF4-, PF6-, or SbF6-, to fluorinated alcohols can improve yields. The boosting effect of fluorinated alcohols is attributed mainly to hydrogen bond activation. A few studies have suggested that the very polar fluorinated alcohols can stabilize cationic reaction intermediates. However, how they do so and why weakly coordinated fluorine-containing anions improve yields have not been studied in depth. Here, we used quaternary ammonium cations, a quaternary phosphonium cation, and a triaryl-substituted carbocation as models for short-lived cationic intermediates and studied the possible interactions of these cations with fluorinated alcohols and BF4-, PF6-, or SbF6-. On the basis of the results, we propose that the C-F dipoles of fluorinated alcohols and the E-F dipoles (where E is B, P, or Sb) of weakly coordinated fluorine-containing anions stabilized these cations by intermolecular charge-dipole interactions. We deduced that in the same fashion the C-F and E-F dipoles can thermodynamically stabilize cationic reaction intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Xian Tian
- The State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jin Qu
- The State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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27
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Zheng Y, Fang X, Deng WH, Zhao B, Liao RZ, Xie Y. Direct activation of alcohols via perrhenate ester formation for an intramolecular dehydrative Friedel–Crafts reaction. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00229a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A general and highly efficient intramolecular dehydrative Friedel–Crafts reactions via Re2O7 mediated hydroxyl group activation is described for the syntheses of tetrahydronaphthalene, tetrahydroquinoline, tetrahydroisoquinoline, chromane, and isochromane derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhu Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Xiong Fang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Hao Deng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Bin Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Rong-Zhen Liao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Youwei Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
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28
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Mazumdar W, Driver TG. Recent Advances in the Development of Catalytic Methods that Construct Medium-ring Lactams, Partially Saturated Benzazepines and their Derivatives. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2021; 53:1734-1748. [PMID: 34421133 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1705995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent catalytic methods to construct medium-sized lactams and partially saturated benzazepines and their derivatives are surveyed. The review is divided into the following sections: 1 Introduction 2 Non-Transition Metal Catalyzed Reactions 2.1 Beckmann Rearrangement 2.2 Non-Beckmann Rearrangement Reactions 2.3 Multi-component reactions 3 Transition Metal-Catalyzed Reactions 3.1 Au-catalyzed reactions to access medium-sized N-heterocycles 3.2 Reactions involving a metal η3-complex catalytic intermediate 3.3 Transition metal-catalyzed reactions of strained cycloalkanes 4 Conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wrickban Mazumdar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL, USA, 60607
| | - Tom G Driver
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL, USA, 60607
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29
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Wang Y, Duan R, Wu Y, Li X, Deng C. Metal‐Free Synthesis of Diarylmethanes through Visible‐Light Induced Radical Reactions with Arylamines. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202101388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youjia Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry College of Sciences Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 P. R. China
| | - Ruochen Duan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry College of Sciences Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 P. R. China
| | - Yanhui Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry College of Sciences Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 P. R. China
| | - Xulian Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry College of Sciences Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 P. R. China
| | - Chao Deng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry College of Sciences Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 P. R. China
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30
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Li H, Peng M, Lai Z, Ning L, Chen X, Zhang X, Wang P, Szostak R, Szostak M, An J. Acyl fluorides as direct precursors to fluoride ketyl radicals: reductive deuteration using SmI 2 and D 2O. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:5195-5198. [PMID: 33908475 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01381e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A highly chemoselective reductive deuteration of acyl fluorides to provide α,α-dideuterio alcohols with exquisite levels of deuterium incorporation was developed using SmI2 and D2O as the deuterium source. This method introduces acyl fluorides as attractive radical precursors for the generation of reactive acyl-type fluoride ketyls that should find widespread application in many synthetic strategies involving single electron transfer processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengzhao Li
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China. and Department of Chemistry and Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mengqi Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zemin Lai
- Department of Chemistry and Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lei Ning
- Department of Chemistry and Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xingyue Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoxu Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Pengjie Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Roman Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Wroclaw University, F. Joliot-Curie 14, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Michal Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA.
| | - Jie An
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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31
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Adhikari P, Bhattacharyya D, Nandi S, Kancharla PK, Das A. Reductive Alkylation of Quinolines to N-Alkyl Tetrahydroquinolines Catalyzed by Arylboronic Acid. Org Lett 2021; 23:2437-2442. [PMID: 33711233 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A boronic acid catalyzed one-pot tandem reduction of quinolines to tetrahydroquinolines followed by reductive alkylation by the aldehyde has been demonstrated. This step-economcial synthesis of N-alkyl tetrahydroquinolines has been achieved directly from readily available quinolines, aldehydes, and Hantzsch ester under mild reaction conditions. The mechanistic study demonstrates the unique behavior of organoboron catalysts as both Lewis acids and hydrogen-bond donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Adhikari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Dipanjan Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Sekhar Nandi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Pavan K Kancharla
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Animesh Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
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32
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Borodkin GI, Elanov IR, Shubin VG. Carbocation Catalysis of Organic Reactions. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428021030015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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33
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Lv F, Xiao J, Xiang J, Guo F, Tang ZL, Han LB. Conversion of Aryl Aldehydes to Benzyl Iodides and Diarylmethanes by H 3PO 3/I 2. J Org Chem 2021; 86:3081-3088. [PMID: 33435674 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, H3PO3 was used as both the reducing reagent and the promotor in the reductive benzylation reactions with aryl aldehydes. By using a H3PO3/I2 combination, various aromatic aldehydes underwent iodination reactions and Friedel-Crafts type reactions with arenes via benzyl iodide intermediates, readily producing benzyl iodides and diarylmethanes in good yields. Intramolecular cyclization reactions also took place, giving the corresponding cyclic compounds. This new strategy features easy-handling, low-cost, and metal-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Lv
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Junchun Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Fengzhe Guo
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Zi-Long Tang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Li-Biao Han
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
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34
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Guo P, Wang K, Jin WJ, Xie H, Qi L, Liu XY, Shu XZ. Dynamic Kinetic Cross-Electrophile Arylation of Benzyl Alcohols by Nickel Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 143:513-523. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Ke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Wen-Jie Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Hao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Liangliang Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xue-Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xing-Zhong Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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35
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Lawrence JMIA, Floreancig PE. Dehydrative Re 2O 7-Catalyzed Approach to Dihydropyran Synthesis. Org Lett 2020; 22:9513-9517. [PMID: 33295777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Monoallylic 1,3- and 1,5-diols undergo Re2O7-mediated ionization to form allylic cations that engage in cyclization reactions to form dihydropyran products. The reactions give the 2,6-trans-stereoisomer as the major products as a result of minimizing steric interactions in a boat-like transition state. The results of these studies are consistent with cationic intermediates, with an intriguing observation of stereochemical retention in one example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc I A Lawrence
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Paul E Floreancig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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36
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Kasakado T, Hyodo M, Furuta A, Kamardine A, Ryu I, Fukuyama T. Flow
Friedel–Crafts
alkylation of
1‐adamantanol
with arenes using
HO‐SAS
as an immobilized acid catalyst. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202000518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Kasakado
- Organization for Research Promotion Osaka Prefecture University Sakai Japan
| | - Mamoru Hyodo
- Organization for Research Promotion Osaka Prefecture University Sakai Japan
| | - Akihiro Furuta
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University Sakai Japan
| | - Aina Kamardine
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University Sakai Japan
| | - Ilhyong Ryu
- Organization for Research Promotion Osaka Prefecture University Sakai Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry National Chiao Tung University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Takahide Fukuyama
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University Sakai Japan
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37
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Xiao X, Shao B, Lu Y, Cao Q, Xia C, Chen F. Recent Advances in Asymmetric Organomulticatalysis. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic China
| | - Bing‐Xuan Shao
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic China
| | - Yin‐Jie Lu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic China
| | - Qian‐Qian Cao
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic China
| | - Chun‐Nian Xia
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic China
| | - Fen‐Er Chen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic China
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules Fudan University Shanghai 200433 People's Republic China
- Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs Shanghai 200433 People's Republic China
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38
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Li FX, Ren SJ, Li PF, Yang P, Qu J. An Endo-Selective Epoxide-Opening Cascade for the Fast Assembly of the Polycyclic Core Structure of Marine Ladder Polyethers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:18473-18478. [PMID: 32666578 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The rapid synthesis of marine ladder polyethers from polyepoxide precursors (in analogy with the biosynthetic pathway hypothesized by Nakanishi) is hampered by the fact that the exo-selective epoxide-opening cyclization cascade that gives THF-type polyethers is preferred over the endo-selective cascade that gives the desired products. We found that perfluoro-tert-butanol (PFTB) cooperating with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([EMIM]BF4 ) can promote endo-selective epoxide-opening cyclization reactions of trisubstituted epoxy alcohols. Starting from readily accessible homochiral polyepoxy alcohols with a methyl group at all the endo-cyclization sites, we were able to construct polyethers up to five consecutive fused 6-, 7-, and/or 8-membered rings in one step. Notably, molecules with the 7/7/6/6 and 7/7/6/7/6 polyether frameworks of hemibrevetoxin B and brevenal, respectively, could be synthesized in 40 % and 17 % chemical yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Xing Li
- The State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Shu-Jian Ren
- The State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Pei-Fang Li
- The State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Peng Yang
- The State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jin Qu
- The State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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39
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Estopiñá-Durán S, Mclean EB, Donnelly LJ, Hockin BM, Taylor JE. Arylboronic Acid Catalyzed C-Alkylation and Allylation Reactions Using Benzylic Alcohols. Org Lett 2020; 22:7547-7551. [PMID: 32959662 PMCID: PMC8155392 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The arylboronic acid
catalyzed dehydrative C-alkylation
of 1,3-diketones and 1,3-ketoesters using secondary benzylic alcohols
as the electrophile is reported, forming new C–C bonds (19
examples, up to 98% yield) with the release of water as the only byproduct.
The process is also applicable to the allylation of benzylic alcohols
using allyltrimethylsilane as the nucleophile (12 examples, up to
96% yield).
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Estopiñá-Durán
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, KY16 9ST, U.K.,Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, Somerset BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Euan B Mclean
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - Liam J Donnelly
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - Bryony M Hockin
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - James E Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, Somerset BA2 7AY, U.K
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40
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Zhai G, Liu X, Ma W, Wang G, Yang L, Li S, Wu Y, Hu X. B(C 6 F 5 ) 3 -Catalyzed Tandem Friedel-Crafts and C-H/C-O Coupling Reactions of Dialkylanilines. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:3082-3086. [PMID: 32770729 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tandem Friedel-Crafts (FC) and C-H/C-O coupling reactions catalyzed by tris(pentafluorophenyl) borane (B(C6 F5 )3 ) were achieved without using any other additive in the absence of solvent. This process can be used for the reactions between a series of dialkylanilines and vinyl ethers with good isolated yields of bis(4-dialkylaminophenyl) compounds. Based on combined theoretical and experimental studies, the possible reaction mechanism was proposed. B(C6 F5 )3 can activate the C=C and C-O bond for FC and C-H/C-O coupling reactions respectively. The FC reaction is slow, which is followed by a fast C-H/C-O coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaowen Zhai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Xueting Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Wentao Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Guoqiang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Liu Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Shuhua Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Youting Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Xingbang Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
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41
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Li F, Ren S, Li P, Yang P, Qu J. An
Endo
‐Selective Epoxide‐Opening Cascade for the Fast Assembly of the Polycyclic Core Structure of Marine Ladder Polyethers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202007980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng‐Xing Li
- The State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Shu‐Jian Ren
- The State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Pei‐Fang Li
- The State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Peng Yang
- The State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Jin Qu
- The State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
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42
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Lielpetere A, Jirgensons A. Friedel-Crafts Alkylation with Carbenium Ions Generated by Electrochemical Oxidation of Stannylmethyl Ethers. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lielpetere
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis; Aizkraukles Street 21 L V-1006 Riga Latvia
| | - Aigars Jirgensons
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis; Aizkraukles Street 21 L V-1006 Riga Latvia
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43
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Caspers LD, Spils J, Damrath M, Lork E, Nachtsheim BJ. One-Pot Synthesis and Conformational Analysis of Six-Membered Cyclic Iodonium Salts. J Org Chem 2020; 85:9161-9178. [PMID: 32539390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Two one-pot procedures for the construction of carbon-bridged diaryliodonium triflates and tetrafluoroborates are described. Strong Brønsted acids enable the effective Friedel-Crafts alkylation with diversely substituted o-iodobenzyl alcohol derivatives, providing diphenylmethane scaffolds, which are subsequently oxidized and cyclized to the corresponding dibenzo[b,e]iodininium salts. Based on NMR investigations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we could verify the so-far-undescribed existence of two stable isomers in cyclic iodonium salts substituted with aliphatic side chains in the carbon bridge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucien D Caspers
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Julian Spils
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Mattis Damrath
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Enno Lork
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Boris J Nachtsheim
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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44
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Ma W, Zhai G, Hu X, Wu Y. Experimental and theoretical study on the cyclic(alkyl)(amino)carbene-copper catalyzed Friedel-Crafts reaction of N,N-dialkylanilines with styrenes. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:4272-4275. [PMID: 32441731 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02734c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Friedel-Crafts reaction of alkalinous substrates is challenging because of the coordination between amines and traditional acid catalysts. Based on theoretical research, we designed a catalytic process for the Friedel-Crafts reactions of N,N-dialkylanilines in the presence of CAAC-CuCl [CAAC = cyclic(alkyl)(amino)carbene] and KB(C6F5)4. Experimental results show that the catalytic system is suitable for a series of N,N-dialkylanilines and styrenes with good to excellent yields of para-selectivity products. The results are comparable to those obtained in carbene-gold catalyzed processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Separation Engineering Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China.
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45
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Zhang S, Lebœuf D, Moran J. Brønsted Acid and H‐Bond Activation in Boronic Acid Catalysis. Chemistry 2020; 26:9883-9888. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaofei Zhang
- University of Strasbourg CNRS ISIS UMR 7006 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - David Lebœuf
- University of Strasbourg CNRS ISIS UMR 7006 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Joseph Moran
- University of Strasbourg CNRS ISIS UMR 7006 67000 Strasbourg France
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46
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Sheppard GS, Wang L, Fidanze SD, Hasvold LA, Liu D, Pratt JK, Park CH, Longenecker K, Qiu W, Torrent M, Kovar PJ, Bui M, Faivre E, Huang X, Lin X, Wilcox D, Zhang L, Shen Y, Albert DH, Magoc TJ, Rajaraman G, Kati WM, McDaniel KF. Discovery of N-Ethyl-4-[2-(4-fluoro-2,6-dimethyl-phenoxy)-5-(1-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)phenyl]-6-methyl-7-oxo-1 H-pyrrolo[2,3- c]pyridine-2-carboxamide (ABBV-744), a BET Bromodomain Inhibitor with Selectivity for the Second Bromodomain. J Med Chem 2020; 63:5585-5623. [PMID: 32324999 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The BET family of proteins consists of BRD2, BRD3, BRD4, and BRDt. Each protein contains two distinct bromodomains (BD1 and BD2). BET family bromodomain inhibitors under clinical development for oncology bind to each of the eight bromodomains with similar affinities. We hypothesized that it may be possible to achieve an improved therapeutic index by selectively targeting subsets of the BET bromodomains. Both BD1 and BD2 are highly conserved across family members (>70% identity), whereas BD1 and BD2 from the same protein exhibit a larger degree of divergence (∼40% identity), suggesting selectivity between BD1 and BD2 of all family members would be more straightforward to achieve. Exploiting the Asp144/His437 and Ile146/Val439 sequence differences (BRD4 BD1/BD2 numbering) allowed the identification of compound 27 demonstrating greater than 100-fold selectivity for BRD4 BD2 over BRD4 BD1. Further optimization to improve BD2 selectivity and oral bioavailability resulted in the clinical development compound 46 (ABBV-744).
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Affiliation(s)
- George S Sheppard
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Le Wang
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Steven D Fidanze
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Lisa A Hasvold
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Dachun Liu
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - John K Pratt
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Chang H Park
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Kenton Longenecker
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Wei Qiu
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Maricel Torrent
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Peter J Kovar
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Mai Bui
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Emily Faivre
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Xiaoli Huang
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Lin
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Denise Wilcox
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Lu Zhang
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Yu Shen
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Daniel H Albert
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Terrance J Magoc
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Ganesh Rajaraman
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Warren M Kati
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Keith F McDaniel
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
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47
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Yurino T, Hachiya A, Suzuki K, Ohkuma T. Selective Conversion of Benzylic Phosphates into Diarylmethanes Through Al(OTf) 3
-Catalyzed Friedel-Crafts-Type Benzylation. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taiga Yurino
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Frontier Chemistry Center; Faculty of Engineering; Hokkaido University; 060-8628 Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | - Asuka Hachiya
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering; Faculty of Engineering; Hokkaido University; 060-8628 Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | - Keisuke Suzuki
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering; Faculty of Engineering; Hokkaido University; 060-8628 Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | - Takeshi Ohkuma
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Frontier Chemistry Center; Faculty of Engineering; Hokkaido University; 060-8628 Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
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48
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Baig MZK, Prusti B, Bhuin S, Chakravarty M. The reaction of anthracenyl-α-hydroxyphosphonate with anthracene: Access to diverse ( bis)-anthracenylmethylphosphonates as a suitable source for extensive π-conjugates. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2020.1723098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moghal Zubair Khalid Baig
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Banchhanidhi Prusti
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Shouvik Bhuin
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Manab Chakravarty
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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49
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Li H, Hou Y, Liu C, Lai Z, Ning L, Szostak R, Szostak M, An J. Pentafluorophenyl Esters: Highly Chemoselective Ketyl Precursors for the Synthesis of α,α-Dideuterio Alcohols Using SmI2 and D2O as a Deuterium Source. Org Lett 2020; 22:1249-1253. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b04383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hengzhao Li
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuxia Hou
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chengwei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Zemin Lai
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lei Ning
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Roman Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Wroclaw University, F. Joliot-Curie 14, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Michal Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Jie An
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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50
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Dimakos V, Gorelik D, Su HY, Garrett GE, Hughes G, Shibayama H, Taylor MS. Site-selective redox isomerizations of furanosides using a combined arylboronic acid/photoredox catalyst system. Chem Sci 2020; 11:1531-1537. [PMID: 34084383 PMCID: PMC8148048 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05173b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In the presence of an arylboronic acid and a hydrogen atom transfer mediator under photoredox conditions, furanoside derivatives undergo site-selective redox isomerizations to 2-keto-3-deoxyfuranosides. Experimental evidence and computational modeling suggest that the transformation takes place by abstraction of the hydrogen atom from the 2-position of the furanoside-derived arylboronic ester, followed by C3-O bond cleavage via spin-center shift. This mechanism is reminiscent of the currently accepted pathway for the formation of 3'-ketodeoxynucleotides by ribonucleotide reductase enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Dimakos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Daniel Gorelik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Hsin Y Su
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Graham E Garrett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Gregory Hughes
- Global Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories P. O. Box 2000 Rahway NJ 07065 USA
| | - Hiromitsu Shibayama
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Mark S Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
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