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Ahsan A, Wang X, Sk R, Heydari M, Buimaga-Iarinca L, Wäckerlin C, Lucenti E, Decurtins S, Cariati E, Jung TA, Aschauer U, Liu SX. Self-Assembly of N-Rich Triimidazoles on Ag(111): Mixing the Pleasures and Pains of Epitaxy and Strain. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2023; 127:23000-23009. [PMID: 38053624 PMCID: PMC10694807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c03325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present report, homochiral hydrogen-bonded assemblies of heavily N-doped (C9H6N6) heterocyclic triimidazole (TT) molecules on an Ag(111) substrate were investigated using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and low energy electron diffraction (LEED) techniques. The planar and prochiral TT molecules, which exhibit a threefold rotation symmetry and lack mirror symmetry when assembled on the substrate, carry multiple hydrogen-bonding donor and acceptor functionalities, inevitably leading to the formation of hexameric two-dimensionally extended assemblies that can be either homo- (RR/SS) or heterochiral (RS). Experimental STM data showing well-ordered homochiral domains and experimental LEED data are consistent with simulations assuming the R19.1° overlayer on the Ag(111) lattice. Importantly, we report the unexpected coincidence of spontaneous resolution with the condensation of neighboring islands in adjacent "Janus pairs". The islands are connected by a characteristic fault zone, an observation that we discuss in the context of the fairly symmetric molecule and its propensity to compromise and benefit from interisland bonding at the expense of lattice mismatches and strain in the defect zone. We relate this to the close to triangular shape and the substantial but weak bonding scheme beyond van der Waals (vdW) of the TT molecules, which is due to the three N-containing five-membered imidazole rings. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show clear energetic differences between homochiral and heterochiral pairwise interactions, clearly supporting the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Ahsan
- Laboratory
for X-ray Nanoscience and Technologies, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen-PSI 5232, Switzerland
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Xing Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Rejaul Sk
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Mehdi Heydari
- Laboratory
for X-ray Nanoscience and Technologies, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen-PSI 5232, Switzerland
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Luiza Buimaga-Iarinca
- National
Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies
(INCDTIM), Donat Str., Cluj-Napoca 67-103, Romania
| | - Christian Wäckerlin
- Laboratory
for X-ray Nanoscience and Technologies, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen-PSI 5232, Switzerland
- Institute
of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Station 3, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Elena Lucenti
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences and Technologies “Giulio Natta”
(SCITEC) of CNR, via Golgi 19, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Silvio Decurtins
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Elena Cariati
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences and Technologies “Giulio Natta”
(SCITEC) of CNR, via Golgi 19, Milano 20133, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano and INSTM RU Via Golgi 19, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Thomas A. Jung
- Laboratory
for X-ray Nanoscience and Technologies, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen-PSI 5232, Switzerland
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Aschauer
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern 3012, Switzerland
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University
of Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Str. 2A, Salzburg 5020, Austria
| | - Shi-Xia Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern 3012, Switzerland
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2
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Li X, Niu K, Duan S, Tang Y, Hao Z, Xu Z, Ge H, Rosen J, Björk J, Zhang H, Xu X, Chi L. Pyridinic Nitrogen Modification for Selective Acetylenic Homocoupling on Au(111). J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:4545-4552. [PMID: 36794794 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
On-surface acetylenic homocoupling has been proposed to construct carbon nanostructures featuring sp hybridization. However, the efficiency of linear acetylenic coupling is far from satisfactory, often resulting in undesired enyne products or cyclotrimerization products due to the lack of strategies to enhance chemical selectivity. Herein, we inspect the acetylenic homocoupling reaction of polarized terminal alkynes (TAs) on Au(111) with bond-resolved scanning probe microscopy. The replacement of benzene with pyridine moieties significantly prohibits the cyclotrimerization pathway and facilitates the linear coupling to produce well-aligned N-doped graphdiyne nanowires. Combined with density functional theory calculations, we reveal that the pyridinic nitrogen modification substantially differentiates the coupling motifs at the initial C-C coupling stage (head-to-head vs head-to-tail), which is decisive for the preference of linear coupling over cyclotrimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechao Li
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Kaifeng Niu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, Linköping 581 83, Sweden
| | - Sai Duan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Shanghai, Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yanning Tang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhengming Hao
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhichao Xu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Haitao Ge
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Johanna Rosen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, Linköping 581 83, Sweden
| | - Jonas Björk
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, Linköping 581 83, Sweden
| | - Haiming Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Shanghai, Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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3
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Sun Q, Mateo LM, Robles R, Ruffieux P, Bottari G, Torres T, Fasel R, Lorente N. Magnetic Interplay between π-Electrons of Open-Shell Porphyrins and d-Electrons of Their Central Transition Metal Ions. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105906. [PMID: 35302718 PMCID: PMC9259720 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Magnetism is typically associated with d- or f-block elements, but can also appear in organic molecules with unpaired π-electrons. This has considerably boosted the interest in such organic materials with large potential for spintronics and quantum applications. While several materials showing either d/f or π-electron magnetism have been synthesized, the combination of both features within the same structure has only scarcely been reported. Open-shell porphyrins (Pors) incorporating d-block transition metal ions represent an ideal platform for the realization of such architectures. Herein, the preparation of a series of open-shell, π-extended Pors that contain magnetically active metal ions (i.e., CuII , CoII , and FeII ) through a combination of in-solution and on-surface synthesis is reported. A detailed study of the magnetic interplay between π- and d-electrons in these metalloPors has been performed by scanning probe methods and density functional theory calculations. For the Cu and FePors, ferromagnetically coupled π-electrons are determined to be delocalized over the Por edges. For the CoPor, the authors find a Kondo resonance resulting from the singly occupied CoII dz 2 orbital to dominate the magnetic fingerprint. The Fe derivative exhibits the highest magnetization of 3.67 μB (S≈2) and an exchange coupling of 16 meV between the π-electrons and the Fe d-states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Sun
- nanotech@surfaces LaboratoryEmpa ‐ Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and TechnologyDübendorf8600Switzerland
- Materials Genome InstituteShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Luis M. Mateo
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadrid28049Spain
- IMDEA‐NanocienciaCampus de CantoblancoMadrid28049Spain
| | - Roberto Robles
- Centro de Física de Materiales CFM/MPC (CSIC‐UPV/EHU)Paseo de Manuel de Lardizabal 5Donostia‐San Sebastián20018Spain
| | - Pascal Ruffieux
- nanotech@surfaces LaboratoryEmpa ‐ Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and TechnologyDübendorf8600Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Bottari
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadrid28049Spain
- IMDEA‐NanocienciaCampus de CantoblancoMadrid28049Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem)Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadrid28049Spain
| | - Tomás Torres
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadrid28049Spain
- IMDEA‐NanocienciaCampus de CantoblancoMadrid28049Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem)Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadrid28049Spain
| | - Roman Fasel
- nanotech@surfaces LaboratoryEmpa ‐ Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and TechnologyDübendorf8600Switzerland
- Department of ChemistryBiochemistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of BernBern3012Switzerland
| | - Nicolás Lorente
- Centro de Física de Materiales CFM/MPC (CSIC‐UPV/EHU)Paseo de Manuel de Lardizabal 5Donostia‐San Sebastián20018Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC)Donostia‐San Sebastián20018Spain
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4
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Liu X, Matej A, Kratky T, Mendieta‐Moreno JI, Günther S, Mutombo P, Decurtins S, Aschauer U, Repp J, Jelinek P, Liu S, Patera LL. Einsatz der kooperativen Katalyse für die Oberflächensynthese linearer heteroaromatischer Polymere durch selektive C‐H‐Aktivierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202112798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xunshan Liu
- Departement für Chemie und Biochemie Universität Bern 3012 Bern Schweiz
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou China
| | - Adam Matej
- Institute of Physics of Czech Academy of Sciences 16200 Prague Czech Republic
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN) Palacký University Olomouc 78371 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Tim Kratky
- Chemie Department und Zentralinstitut für Katalyseforschung Technische Universität München 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | | | - Sebastian Günther
- Chemie Department und Zentralinstitut für Katalyseforschung Technische Universität München 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Pingo Mutombo
- Institute of Physics of Czech Academy of Sciences 16200 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Silvio Decurtins
- Departement für Chemie und Biochemie Universität Bern 3012 Bern Schweiz
| | - Ulrich Aschauer
- Departement für Chemie und Biochemie Universität Bern 3012 Bern Schweiz
| | - Jascha Repp
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik Universität Regensburg 93053 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Pavel Jelinek
- Institute of Physics of Czech Academy of Sciences 16200 Prague Czech Republic
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN) Palacký University Olomouc 78371 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Shi‐Xia Liu
- Departement für Chemie und Biochemie Universität Bern 3012 Bern Schweiz
| | - Laerte L. Patera
- Chemie Department und Zentralinstitut für Katalyseforschung Technische Universität München 85748 Garching Deutschland
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik Universität Regensburg 93053 Regensburg Deutschland
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5
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Zahl P, Yakutovich AV, Ventura-Macías E, Carracedo-Cosme J, Romero-Muñiz C, Pou P, Sadowski JT, Hybertsen MS, Pérez R. Hydrogen bonded trimesic acid networks on Cu(111) reveal how basic chemical properties are imprinted in HR-AFM images. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:18473-18482. [PMID: 34580697 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr04471k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
High resolution non-contact atomic force microscopy measurements characterize assemblies of trimesic acid molecules on Cu(111) and the link group interactions, providing the first fingerprints utilizing CO-based probes for this widely studied paradigm for hydrogen bond driven molecular self assembly. The enhanced submolecular resolution offered by this technique uniquely reveals key aspects of the competing interactions. Accurate comparison between full-density-based modeled images and experiment allows to identify key structural elements in the assembly in terms of the electron-withdrawing character of the carboxylic groups, interactions of those groups with Cu atoms in the surface, and the valence electron density in the intermolecular region of the hydrogen bonds. This study of trimesic acid assemblies on Cu(111) combining high resolution atomic force microscopy measurements with theory and simulation forges clear connections between fundamental chemical properties of molecules and key features imprinted in force images with submolecular resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Percy Zahl
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973-5000, USA.
| | - Aliaksandr V Yakutovich
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), nanotech@surfaces laboratory, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Emiliano Ventura-Macías
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Carracedo-Cosme
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Quasar Science Resources S.L., Camino de las Ceudas 2, E-28232 Las Rozas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Romero-Muñiz
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physical, Chemical and Natural Systems, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. Utrera Km. 1, E-41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Pablo Pou
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jerzy T Sadowski
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973-5000, USA.
| | - Mark S Hybertsen
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973-5000, USA.
| | - Rubén Pérez
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain.
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6
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Liu X, Matej A, Kratky T, Mendieta-Moreno JI, Günther S, Mutombo P, Decurtins S, Aschauer U, Repp J, Jelinek P, Liu SX, Patera LL. Exploiting Cooperative Catalysis for the On-Surface Synthesis of Linear Heteroaromatic Polymers via Selective C-H Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202112798. [PMID: 34788494 PMCID: PMC9299585 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202112798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Regiospecific C−H activation is a promising approach to achieve extended polymers with tailored structures. While a recent on‐surface synthetic approach has enabled regioselective homocoupling of heteroaromatic molecules, only small oligomers have been achieved. Herein, selective C−H activation for dehydrogenative C−C couplings of hexaazatriphenylene by Scholl reaction is reported for the first time. By combining low‐temperature scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), we revealed the formation of one‐dimensional polymers with a double‐chain structure. The details of the growth process are rationalized by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, pointing out a cooperative catalytic action of Na and Ag adatoms in steering the C−H selectivity for the polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunshan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Adam Matej
- Institute of Physics of Czech Academy of Sciences, 16200, Prague, Czech Republic.,Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tim Kratky
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | | | - Sebastian Günther
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Pingo Mutombo
- Institute of Physics of Czech Academy of Sciences, 16200, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Silvio Decurtins
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Aschauer
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jascha Repp
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Pavel Jelinek
- Institute of Physics of Czech Academy of Sciences, 16200, Prague, Czech Republic.,Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Shi-Xia Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Laerte L Patera
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany.,Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
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7
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Self-Assembly and Magnetic Order of Bi-Molecular 2D Spin Lattices of M(II,III) Phthalocyanines on Au(111). MAGNETOCHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/magnetochemistry7080119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Single layer low-dimensional materials are presently of emerging interest, including in the context of magnetism. In the present report, on-surface supramolecular architecturing was further developed and employed to create surface supported two-dimensional binary spin arrays on atomically clean non-magnetic Au(111). By chemical programming of the modules, different checkerboards were produced combining phthalocyanines containing metals of different oxidation and spin states, diamagnetic zinc, and a metal-free ‘spacer’. In an in-depth, spectro-microscopy and theoretical account, we correlate the structure and the magnetic properties of these tunable systems and discuss the emergence of 2D Kondo magnetism from the spin-bearing components and via the physico-chemical bonding to the underlying substrate. The contributions of the individual elements, as well as the role of the electronic surface state in the bottom substrate, are discussed, also looking towards further in-depth investigations.
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8
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Li L, Mahapatra S, Liu D, Lu Z, Jiang N. On-Surface Synthesis and Molecular Engineering of Carbon-Based Nanoarchitectures. ACS NANO 2021; 15:3578-3585. [PMID: 33606498 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c08148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis via covalent coupling of adsorbed precursor molecules on metal surfaces has emerged as a promising strategy for the design and fabrication of novel organic nanoarchitectures with unique properties and potential applications in nanoelectronics, optoelectronics, spintronics, catalysis, etc. Surface-chemistry-driven molecular engineering (i.e., bond cleavage, linkage, and rearrangement) by means of thermal activation, light irradiation, and tip manipulation plays critical roles in various on-surface synthetic processes, as exemplified by the work from the Ernst group in a prior issue of ACS Nano. In this Perspective, we highlight recent advances in and discuss the outlook for on-surface syntheses and molecular engineering of carbon-based nanoarchitectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfei Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Sayantan Mahapatra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Dairong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Zhongyi Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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9
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Bhanderi K, Ghalsasi PS, Inoue K. Nonconventional driving force for selective oxidative C-C coupling reaction due to concurrent and curious formation of Ag 0. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1568. [PMID: 33452369 PMCID: PMC7811016 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81020-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Is it possible to 'explore' metal's intrinsic property-a cohesive interaction-which naturally transform M0 into an aggregate or a particle or film for driving oxidative C-C bond formation? With this intention, reduction of [Ag(NH3)2]+ to Ag0 with concurrent oxidation of different phenols/naphthols to biphenyls was undertaken. The work is originated during careful observation of an undergraduate experiment-Tollens' test-where silver mirror film deposition takes place on the walls of borosilicate glass test tube. When the same reaction was carried out in polypropylene (plastic-Eppendorf) tube, we observed aggregation of Ag0 leading to floating Ag-particles but not silver film deposition. This prompted us to carry out challenging cross-coupling reaction by ONLY changing the surface of the reaction flask from glass to plastic to silicones. To our surprise, we observed good selective oxidative homo-coupling on Teflon surface while cross-coupling in Eppendorf vial. Thus, we propose that the formation of biphenyl is driven by the macroscopic growth of Ag0 into [Ag-particle] orchestrated by Ag…Ag cohesive interaction. To validate results, experiments were also performed on gram scale. More importantly, oxidation of β-naphthol carried out in quartz (chiral) tube which yielded slight enantioselective excess of BINOL. Details are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushboo Bhanderi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390002, India
| | - Prasanna S Ghalsasi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390002, India.
| | - Katsuya Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Chirality Research Center (CResCent), Hiroshima University, 1-3-1, Kagamiyama, Higashi Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
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10
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Larson AM, Balema TA, Zahl P, Schilling AC, Stacchiola DJ, Sykes ECH. Hypothetical Efficiency of Electrical to Mechanical Energy Transfer during Individual Stochastic Molecular Switching Events. ACS NANO 2020; 14:16558-16564. [PMID: 32946215 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c04082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There are now many examples of single molecule rotors, motors, and switches in the literature that, when driven by photons, electrons, or chemical reactions, exhibit well-defined motions. As a step toward using these single molecule devices to perform useful functions, one must understand how they interact with their environment and quantify their ability to perform work on it. Using a single molecule rotary switch, we examine the transfer of electrical energy, delivered via electron tunneling, to mechanical motion and measure the forces the switch experiences with a noncontact q-plus atomic force microscope. Action spectra reveal that the molecular switch has two stable states and can be excited resonantly between them at a bias of 100 mV via a one-electron inelastic tunneling process which corresponds to an energy input of 16 zJ. While the electrically induced switching events are stochastic and no net work is done on the cantilever, by measuring the forces between the molecular switch and the AFM cantilever, we can derive the maximum hypothetical work the switch could perform during a single switching event, which is ∼55 meV, equal to 8.9 zJ, which translates to a hypothetical efficiency of ∼55% per individual inelastic tunneling electron-induced switching event. When considering the total electrical energy input, this drops to 1 × 10-7% due to elastic tunneling events that dominate the tunneling current. However, this approach constitutes a general method for quantifying and comparing the energy input and output of molecular-mechanical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Larson
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Tedros A Balema
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Percy Zahl
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Alex C Schilling
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Dario J Stacchiola
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - E Charles H Sykes
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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11
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Leng X, Li W, Liu X, Wang L. Direct observation of meta-selective C-H activation on Pd(1 1 1) by scanning tunneling microscopy. Chem Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2020.110981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Sun Q, Mateo LM, Robles R, Ruffieux P, Lorente N, Bottari G, Torres T, Fasel R. Inducing Open-Shell Character in Porphyrins through Surface-Assisted Phenalenyl π-Extension. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:18109-18117. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Sun
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, China
| | - Luis M. Mateo
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, Campus
de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Robles
- Centro de Fı́sica de Materiales, CFM/MPC (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo de Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Pascal Ruffieux
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Lorente
- Centro de Fı́sica de Materiales, CFM/MPC (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo de Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Giovanni Bottari
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, Campus
de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tomás Torres
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, Campus
de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Roman Fasel
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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13
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Pawlak R, Liu X, Ninova S, D'Astolfo P, Drechsel C, Sangtarash S, Häner R, Decurtins S, Sadeghi H, Lambert CJ, Aschauer U, Liu SX, Meyer E. Bottom-up Synthesis of Nitrogen-Doped Porous Graphene Nanoribbons. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:12568-12573. [PMID: 32589029 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c03946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Although methods for a periodic perforation and heteroatom doping of graphene sheets have been developed, patterning closely spaced holes on the nanoscale in graphene nanoribbons is still a challenging task. In this work, nitrogen-doped porous graphene nanoribbons (N-GNRs) were synthesized on Ag(111) using a silver-assisted Ullmann polymerization of brominated tetrabenzophenazine. Insights into the hierarchical reaction pathways from single molecules toward the formation of one-dimensional organometallic complexes and N-GNRs are gained by a combination of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) with CO-tip, scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS), and density functional theory (DFT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Pawlak
- University of Basel, Department of Physics, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel CH 4056, Switzerland
| | - Xunshan Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern, CH 3012, Switzerland
| | - Silviya Ninova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern, CH 3012, Switzerland
| | - Philipp D'Astolfo
- University of Basel, Department of Physics, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel CH 4056, Switzerland
| | - Carl Drechsel
- University of Basel, Department of Physics, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel CH 4056, Switzerland
| | | | - Robert Häner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern, CH 3012, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Decurtins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern, CH 3012, Switzerland
| | - Hatef Sadeghi
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K
| | | | - Ulrich Aschauer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern, CH 3012, Switzerland
| | - Shi-Xia Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern, CH 3012, Switzerland
| | - Ernst Meyer
- University of Basel, Department of Physics, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel CH 4056, Switzerland
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14
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Kawai S, Krejčí O, Nishiuchi T, Sahara K, Kodama T, Pawlak R, Meyer E, Kubo T, Foster AS. Three-dimensional graphene nanoribbons as a framework for molecular assembly and local probe chemistry. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay8913. [PMID: 32158948 PMCID: PMC7048429 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay8913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in state-of-the-art probe microscopy allow us to conduct single molecular chemistry via tip-induced reactions and direct imaging of the inner structure of the products. Here, we synthesize three-dimensional graphene nanoribbons by on-surface chemical reaction and take advantage of tip-induced assembly to demonstrate their capability as a playground for local probe chemistry. We show that the radical caused by tip-induced debromination can be reversibly terminated by either a bromine atom or a fullerene molecule. The experimental results combined with theoretical calculations pave the way for sequential reactions, particularly addition reactions, by a local probe at the single-molecule level decoupled from the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Kawai
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1, Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Ondřej Krejčí
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 11100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Tomohiko Nishiuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Keisuke Sahara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Takuya Kodama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Rémy Pawlak
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Takashi Kubo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Adam S. Foster
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 11100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz, Staudinger Weg 9, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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15
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Karan S, Geng Y, Decurtins S, Liu SX, Repp J. Gold-linked strings of donor–acceptor dyads: on-surface formation and mutual orientation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:7901-7904. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc02990d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Strings of fused donor–acceptors with their dipoles following a complicated correlation driven partially by next-nearest-neighbor effects on Au(111).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujoy Karan
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics
- University of Regensburg
- 93053 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Yan Geng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Bern
- 3012 Bern
- Switzerland
| | - Silvio Decurtins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Bern
- 3012 Bern
- Switzerland
| | - Shi-Xia Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Bern
- 3012 Bern
- Switzerland
| | - Jascha Repp
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics
- University of Regensburg
- 93053 Regensburg
- Germany
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16
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Mateo LM, Sun Q, Liu SX, Bergkamp JJ, Eimre K, Pignedoli CA, Ruffieux P, Decurtins S, Bottari G, Fasel R, Torres T. On-Surface Synthesis and Characterization of Triply Fused Porphyrin-Graphene Nanoribbon Hybrids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:1334-1339. [PMID: 31729821 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis offers a versatile approach to prepare novel carbon-based nanostructures that cannot be obtained by conventional solution chemistry. Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) have potential for a variety of applications. A key issue for their application in molecular electronics is in the fine-tuning of their electronic properties through structural modifications, such as heteroatom doping or the incorporation of non-benzenoid rings. In this context, the covalent fusion of GNRs and porphyrins (Pors) is a highly appealing strategy. Herein we present the selective on-surface synthesis of a Por-GNR hybrid, which consists of two Pors connected by a short GNR segment. The atomically precise structure of the Por-GNR hybrid has been characterized by bond-resolved scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and noncontact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM). The electronic properties have been investigated by scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS), in combination with DFT calculations, which reveals a low electronic gap of 0.4 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Mateo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,IMDEA-Nanociencia, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Qiang Sun
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Shi-Xia Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jesse J Bergkamp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Bakersfield, 9001 Stockdale Highway, Bakersfield, CA, USA
| | - Kristjan Eimre
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Carlo A Pignedoli
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Ruffieux
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Decurtins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Bottari
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,IMDEA-Nanociencia, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roman Fasel
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tomas Torres
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,IMDEA-Nanociencia, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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17
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Mateo LM, Sun Q, Liu S, Bergkamp JJ, Eimre K, Pignedoli CA, Ruffieux P, Decurtins S, Bottari G, Fasel R, Torres T. On‐Surface Synthesis and Characterization of Triply Fused Porphyrin–Graphene Nanoribbon Hybrids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201913024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis M. Mateo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem) Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Qiang Sun
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Shi‐Xia Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Bern 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Jesse J. Bergkamp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry California State University Bakersfield 9001 Stockdale Highway Bakersfield CA USA
| | - Kristjan Eimre
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Carlo A. Pignedoli
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Pascal Ruffieux
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Silvio Decurtins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Bern 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Bottari
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem) Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Roman Fasel
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Bern 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Tomas Torres
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem) Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid Spain
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18
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Telychko M, Su J, Gallardo A, Gu Y, Mendieta‐Moreno JI, Qi D, Tadich A, Song S, Lyu P, Qiu Z, Fang H, Koh MJ, Wu J, Jelínek P, Lu J. Strain‐Induced Isomerization in One‐Dimensional Metal–Organic Chains. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201909074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mykola Telychko
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials (CA2DM) National University of Singapore 6 Science Drive 2 Singapore 117546 Singapore
| | - Jie Su
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials (CA2DM) National University of Singapore 6 Science Drive 2 Singapore 117546 Singapore
| | - Aurelio Gallardo
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics Charles University V Holešovičkách 2 180 00 Prague Czech Republic
- Institute of Physics The Czech Academy of Sciences 162 00 Prague Czech Republic
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials Palacký University 78371 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Yanwei Gu
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | | | - Dongchen Qi
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Queensland 4001 Australia
| | - Anton Tadich
- Australian Synchrotron 800 Blackburn Road Clayton Victoria 3168 Australia
| | - Shaotang Song
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Pin Lyu
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Zhizhan Qiu
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering National University of Singapore 28 Medical Drive Singapore 117456 Singapore
| | - Hanyan Fang
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Ming Joo Koh
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Pavel Jelínek
- Institute of Physics The Czech Academy of Sciences 162 00 Prague Czech Republic
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials Palacký University 78371 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Jiong Lu
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials (CA2DM) National University of Singapore 6 Science Drive 2 Singapore 117546 Singapore
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19
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Telychko M, Su J, Gallardo A, Gu Y, Mendieta‐Moreno JI, Qi D, Tadich A, Song S, Lyu P, Qiu Z, Fang H, Koh MJ, Wu J, Jelínek P, Lu J. Strain‐Induced Isomerization in One‐Dimensional Metal–Organic Chains. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:18591-18597. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201909074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mykola Telychko
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials (CA2DM) National University of Singapore 6 Science Drive 2 Singapore 117546 Singapore
| | - Jie Su
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials (CA2DM) National University of Singapore 6 Science Drive 2 Singapore 117546 Singapore
| | - Aurelio Gallardo
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics Charles University V Holešovičkách 2 180 00 Prague Czech Republic
- Institute of Physics The Czech Academy of Sciences 162 00 Prague Czech Republic
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials Palacký University 78371 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Yanwei Gu
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | | | - Dongchen Qi
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Queensland 4001 Australia
| | - Anton Tadich
- Australian Synchrotron 800 Blackburn Road Clayton Victoria 3168 Australia
| | - Shaotang Song
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Pin Lyu
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Zhizhan Qiu
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering National University of Singapore 28 Medical Drive Singapore 117456 Singapore
| | - Hanyan Fang
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Ming Joo Koh
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Pavel Jelínek
- Institute of Physics The Czech Academy of Sciences 162 00 Prague Czech Republic
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials Palacký University 78371 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Jiong Lu
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials (CA2DM) National University of Singapore 6 Science Drive 2 Singapore 117546 Singapore
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20
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Cai L, Kang F, Sun Q, Gao W, Yu X, Ma H, Yuan C, Xu W. The Stereoselective Formation of
trans
‐Cumulene through Dehalogenative Homocoupling of Alkenyl
gem
‐Dibromides on Cu(110). ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Cai
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Centre and College of Materials Science and EngineeringTongji University Shanghai 201804 P. R. China
| | - Faming Kang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Centre and College of Materials Science and EngineeringTongji University Shanghai 201804 P. R. China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Centre and College of Materials Science and EngineeringTongji University Shanghai 201804 P. R. China
| | - Wenze Gao
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Centre and College of Materials Science and EngineeringTongji University Shanghai 201804 P. R. China
| | - Xin Yu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Centre and College of Materials Science and EngineeringTongji University Shanghai 201804 P. R. China
| | - Honghong Ma
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Centre and College of Materials Science and EngineeringTongji University Shanghai 201804 P. R. China
| | - Chunxue Yuan
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Centre and College of Materials Science and EngineeringTongji University Shanghai 201804 P. R. China
| | - Wei Xu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Centre and College of Materials Science and EngineeringTongji University Shanghai 201804 P. R. China
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21
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Clair S, de Oteyza DG. Controlling a Chemical Coupling Reaction on a Surface: Tools and Strategies for On-Surface Synthesis. Chem Rev 2019; 119:4717-4776. [PMID: 30875199 PMCID: PMC6477809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis is appearing as an extremely promising research field aimed at creating new organic materials. A large number of chemical reactions have been successfully demonstrated to take place directly on surfaces through unusual reaction mechanisms. In some cases the reaction conditions can be properly tuned to steer the formation of the reaction products. It is thus possible to control the initiation step of the reaction and its degree of advancement (the kinetics, the reaction yield); the nature of the reaction products (selectivity control, particularly in the case of competing processes); as well as the structure, position, and orientation of the covalent compounds, or the quality of the as-formed networks in terms of order and extension. The aim of our review is thus to provide an extensive description of all tools and strategies reported to date and to put them into perspective. We specifically define the different approaches available and group them into a few general categories. In the last part, we demonstrate the effective maturation of the on-surface synthesis field by reporting systems that are getting closer to application-relevant levels thanks to the use of advanced control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Clair
- Aix
Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IM2NP, Marseille, France
| | - Dimas G. de Oteyza
- Donostia
International Physics Center, San
Sebastián 20018, Spain
- Centro
de Física de Materiales CSIC-UPV/EHU-MPC, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- Ikerbasque,
Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48013, Spain
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22
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Zhang X, Xue N, Li C, Li N, Wang H, Kocić N, Beniwal S, Palotás K, Li R, Xue Q, Maier S, Hou S, Wang Y. Coordination-Controlled C-C Coupling Products via ortho-Site C-H Activation. ACS NANO 2019; 13:1385-1393. [PMID: 30726665 PMCID: PMC6396320 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b06885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The coordination-restricted ortho-site C-H bond activation and dehydrogenative homocoupling of 4,4'-(1,3-phenylene)dipyridine (1,3-BPyB) and 4,4'-(1,4-phenylene)dipyridine (1,4-BPyB) on different metal surfaces were studied by a combination of scanning tunneling microscopy, noncontact atomic force microscopy, and density functional theory calculations. The coupling products on Cu(111) exhibited certain configurations subject to the spatial restriction of robust two-fold Cu-N coordination bonds. Compared to the V-shaped 1,3-BPyB, the straight backbone of 1,4-BPyB helped to further reduce the variety of reactive products. By utilizing the three-fold coordination of Fe atoms with 1,4-BPyB molecules on Au(111), a large-scale network containing single products was constructed. Our results offer a promising protocol for controllable on-surface synthesis with the aid of robust coordination interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Key
Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department
of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Na Xue
- Peking University
Information Technology Institute (Tianjin Binhai), Tianjin 300450, China
| | - Chao Li
- Key
Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department
of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Na Li
- Key
Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department
of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Key
Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department
of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Nemanja Kocić
- Department
of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sumit Beniwal
- Department
of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Krisztián Palotás
- Institute
for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner
Research Center for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ruoning Li
- Key
Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department
of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qiang Xue
- Key
Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department
of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Sabine Maier
- Department
of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Shimin Hou
- Key
Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department
of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking University
Information Technology Institute (Tianjin Binhai), Tianjin 300450, China
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- Key
Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department
of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Academy
of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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23
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Ellner M, Pou P, Pérez R. Molecular Identification, Bond Order Discrimination, and Apparent Intermolecular Features in Atomic Force Microscopy Studied with a Charge Density Based Method. ACS NANO 2019; 13:786-795. [PMID: 30605593 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b08209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We introduce an efficient method to simulate high-resolution atomic force microscopy (HR-AFM) images with CO probes. Our model explicitly takes into account the charge densities of the sample and the probe for the calculation of the short-range (SR) interaction and retains ab initio accuracy with only two parameters, that are essentially universal, independent of the number of chemical species and the complexity of the bonding topology. The application to molecular images shows a strong dependence on the stoichiometry and bonding configuration that precludes the chemical identification of individual atoms based on local force-distance curves. However, we have identified features in the 2D images and 3D force maps that reflect the highly anisotropic spatial decay of the molecular charge density and provide a way toward molecular identification. The model treats SR and electrostatics interactions on an equal footing and correctly pinpoints the Pauli repulsion as the underlying interaction responsible for the bond order discrimination in C60. Finally, we settle the controversy regarding the origin of the intermolecular features, discarding the effect of the charge redistribution associated with the H bonds, and linking them with the overlap of the wave functions of the atoms that constitute the bond. This overlap creates saddle regions in the potential energy landscape that are sensed by the probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ellner
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , E-28049 Madrid , Spain
| | - Pablo Pou
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , E-28049 Madrid , Spain
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC) , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , E-28049 Madrid , Spain
| | - Rubén Pérez
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , E-28049 Madrid , Spain
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC) , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , E-28049 Madrid , Spain
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24
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Freund S, Pawlak R, Moser L, Hinaut A, Steiner R, Marinakis N, Constable EC, Meyer E, Housecroft CE, Glatzel T. Transoid-to-Cisoid Conformation Changes of Single Molecules on Surfaces Triggered by Metal Coordination. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:12851-12856. [PMID: 31458009 PMCID: PMC6645055 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Conformational isomers are stereoisomers that can interconvert over low potential barriers by rotation around a single bond. However, such bond rotation is hampered by geometrical constraints when molecules are adsorbed on surfaces. Here, we show that the adsorption of 4,4'-bis(4-carboxyphenyl)-6,6'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine molecules on surfaces leads to the appearance of prochiral single molecules on NiO(001) and to enantiopure supramolecular domains on Au(111) surfaces containing the transoid-molecule conformation. Upon additional Fe adatom deposition, molecules undergo a controlled interconversion from a transoid-to-cisoid conformation as a result of coordination of the Fe atoms to the 2,2'-bipyridine moieties. As confirmed by atomic force microscopy images and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements, the resulting molecular structures become irreversibly achiral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Freund
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rémy Pawlak
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
- E-mail:
| | - Lucas Moser
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Hinaut
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roland Steiner
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Marinakis
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Edwin C. Constable
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Catherine E. Housecroft
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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25
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Queck F, Krejčí O, Scheuerer P, Bolland F, Otyepka M, Jelínek P, Repp J. Bonding Motifs in Metal–Organic Compounds on Surfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:12884-12889. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b06765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Queck
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ondrej Krejčí
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Science, CZ-16253 Praha, Czech Republic
- COMP Center of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Philipp Scheuerer
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Felix Bolland
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michal Otyepka
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Jelínek
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Science, CZ-16253 Praha, Czech Republic
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jascha Repp
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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26
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Cai L, Yu X, Liu M, Sun Q, Bao M, Zha Z, Pan J, Ma H, Ju H, Hu S, Xu L, Zou J, Yuan C, Jacob T, Björk J, Zhu J, Qiu X, Xu W. Direct Formation of C-C Double-Bonded Structural Motifs by On-Surface Dehalogenative Homocoupling of gem-Dibromomethyl Molecules. ACS NANO 2018; 12:7959-7966. [PMID: 30016072 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b02459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Conductive polymers are of great importance in a variety of chemistry-related disciplines and applications. The recently developed bottom-up on-surface synthesis strategy provides us with opportunities for the fabrication of various nanostructures in a flexible and facile manner, which could be investigated by high-resolution microscopic techniques in real space. Herein, we designed and synthesized molecular precursors functionalized with benzal gem-dibromomethyl groups. A combination of scanning tunneling microscopy, noncontact atomic force microscopy, high-resolution synchrotron radiation photoemission spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations demonstrated that it is feasible to achieve the direct formation of C-C double-bonded structural motifs via on-surface dehalogenative homocoupling reactions on the Au(111) surface. Correspondingly, we convert the sp3-hybridized state to an sp2-hybridized state of carbon atoms, i. e., from an alkyl group to an alkenyl one. Moreover, by such a bottom-up strategy, we have successfully fabricated poly(phenylenevinylene) chains on the surface, which is anticipated to inspire further studies toward understanding the nature of conductive polymers at the atomic scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Cai
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Caoan Road 4800 , Shanghai 201804 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Yu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Caoan Road 4800 , Shanghai 201804 , People's Republic of China
| | - Mengxi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Caoan Road 4800 , Shanghai 201804 , People's Republic of China
| | - Meiling Bao
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Caoan Road 4800 , Shanghai 201804 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zeqi Zha
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jinliang Pan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Honghong Ma
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Caoan Road 4800 , Shanghai 201804 , People's Republic of China
| | - Huanxin Ju
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230029 , People's Republic of China
| | - Shanwei Hu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230029 , People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Xu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Caoan Road 4800 , Shanghai 201804 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jiacheng Zou
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Caoan Road 4800 , Shanghai 201804 , People's Republic of China
| | - Chunxue Yuan
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Caoan Road 4800 , Shanghai 201804 , People's Republic of China
| | - Timo Jacob
- Institute of Electrochemistry , Ulm University , Albert Einstein Allee 47 , 89069 Ulm , Germany
| | - Jonas Björk
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM , Linköping University , 581 83 Linköping , Sweden
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230029 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Caoan Road 4800 , Shanghai 201804 , People's Republic of China
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27
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Mönig H. Copper-oxide tip functionalization for submolecular atomic force microscopy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:9874-9888. [PMID: 30124700 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc05332d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Establishing submolecular imaging in real-space by non-contact atomic force microscopy (NC-AFM) has been a major breakthrough in the field of organic surface chemistry. The key for the drastically increased resolution in these experiments is to functionalize a metallic tip apex with an inert probe particle. However, due to their weak bonding at the metal apex, these probe particles show a pronounced dynamic lateral deflection in the measurements. This constitutes a major limitation of this approach as it involves image distortions, an overestimation of bond lengths, and even artificial bond-like contrast features where actually no bonds exist. In this contribution, recent progress by using an alternative approach by copper-oxide tip functionalization is reviewed. Copper-oxide tips (CuOx tips) consist of a bulk copper apex, terminated by a covalently connected single oxygen atom, which chemically passivates the tip. Such CuOx tips can be identified by contrast analysis at specific surface sites and allow for submolecular resolution. A comparative analysis of data recorded with flexible tips allows a detailed discussion of the contrast mechanisms and related artificial effects. It is concluded with an assessment of limitations, future challenges and opportunities in such experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Mönig
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 10, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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28
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Fan Q, Werner S, Tschakert J, Ebeling D, Schirmeisen A, Hilt G, Hieringer W, Gottfried JM. Precise Monoselective Aromatic C-H Bond Activation by Chemisorption of Meta-Aryne on a Metal Surface. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:7526-7532. [PMID: 29750508 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b01658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic C-H bond activation has attracted much attention due to its versatile applications in the synthesis of aryl-containing chemicals. The major challenge lies in the minimization of the activation barrier and maximization of the regioselectivity. Here, we report the highly selective activation of the central aromatic C-H bond in meta-aryne species anchored to a copper surface, which catalyzes the C-H bond dissociation. Two prototype molecules, i.e., 4',6'-dibromo- meta-terphenyl and 3',5'-dibromo- ortho-terphenyl, have been employed to perform C-C coupling reactions on Cu(111). The chemical structures of the resulting products have been clarified by a combination of scanning tunneling microscopy and noncontact atomic force microscopy. Both methods demonstrate a remarkable weakening of the targeted C-H bond. Density functional theory calculations reveal that this efficient C-H activation stems from the extraordinary chemisorption of the meta-aryne on the Cu(111) surface, resulting in the close proximity of the targeted C-H group to the Cu(111) surface and the absence of planarity of the phenyl ring. These effects lead to a lowering of the C-H dissociation barrier from 1.80 to 1.12 eV, in agreement with the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qitang Fan
- Department of Chemistry , Philipps University Marburg , Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 , 35037 Marburg , Germany
| | - Simon Werner
- Department of Chemistry , Philipps University Marburg , Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 , 35037 Marburg , Germany
| | - Jalmar Tschakert
- Institute of Applied Physics (IAP) , Justus Liebig University Gießen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16 , 35392 Gießen , Germany
| | - Daniel Ebeling
- Institute of Applied Physics (IAP) , Justus Liebig University Gießen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16 , 35392 Gießen , Germany
| | - André Schirmeisen
- Institute of Applied Physics (IAP) , Justus Liebig University Gießen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16 , 35392 Gießen , Germany
| | - Gerhard Hilt
- Institute of Chemistry , Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg , Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11 , 26111 Oldenburg , Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hieringer
- Theoretical Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstraße 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - J Michael Gottfried
- Department of Chemistry , Philipps University Marburg , Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 , 35037 Marburg , Germany
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29
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Kalashnyk N, Salomon E, Mun SH, Jung J, Giovanelli L, Angot T, Dumur F, Gigmes D, Clair S. The Orientation of Silver Surfaces Drives the Reactivity and the Selectivity in Homo-Coupling Reactions. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:1802-1808. [PMID: 29732680 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Original reaction pathways can be explored in the on-surface synthesis approach where small aromatic precursors are confined to the surface of single crystal metals. The bis-indanedione molecule reacted with itself on silver surfaces in different ways, through a Knoevenagel reaction or an oxidative coupling, leading to the formation of a variety of new molecular compounds and covalently-linked 1D or 2D networks. Noteworthy, original reaction products were obtained that cannot be synthesized in traditional solvent-based chemistry. The lowest activation temperature for the homo-coupling reactions was found on the Ag(111) surface. The Ag(110) was highly selective in terms of coupling reaction type, while on Ag(100) the temperature could finely control the selectivity. The on-surface synthesis approach is shown here to be particularly efficient to produce original compounds in mild conditions, using activation temperatures as low as 200 °C. The different structures were characterized by scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) together with X-ray photoelectron emission spectroscopy (XPS) and high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Salomon
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, PIIM, Marseille, France
| | - Sung Hwan Mun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehoon Jung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Luca Giovanelli
- Aix Marseille Univ, Univ Toulon, CNRS, IM2NP, Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | - Sylvain Clair
- Aix Marseille Univ, Univ Toulon, CNRS, IM2NP, Marseille, France
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30
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Moreno C, Vilas-Varela M, Kretz B, Garcia-Lekue A, Costache MV, Paradinas M, Panighel M, Ceballos G, Valenzuela SO, Peña D, Mugarza A. Bottom-up synthesis of multifunctional nanoporous graphene. Science 2018; 360:199-203. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aar2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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31
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Wang CX, Jin Q, Shu CH, Hua X, Long YT, Liu PN. Dehydrogenative homocoupling of tetrafluorobenzene on Pd(111) via para-selective C-H activation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:6347-6350. [PMID: 28555228 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc01476g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Aryl homocoupling reactions via meta- and ortho-selective C-H activation have been achieved on surfaces, but the highly important para-selective C-H activation has not been reported yet. Combined with scanning tunneling microscopy, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and density functional theory, here we describe dehydrogenative homocoupling of tetrafluorobenzene on Pd(111) via para-selective C-H activation to form perfluorinated oligo(p-phenylene)s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Xin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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32
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Gross L, Schuler B, Pavliček N, Fatayer S, Majzik Z, Moll N, Peña D, Meyer G. Rasterkraftmikroskopie für die molekulare Strukturaufklärung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201703509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leo Gross
- IBM Research - Zürich; 8803 Rüschlikon Schweiz
| | - Bruno Schuler
- IBM Research - Zürich; 8803 Rüschlikon Schweiz
- Molecular Foundry; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Diego Peña
- Centro de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela 15782 Spanien
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33
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Gross L, Schuler B, Pavliček N, Fatayer S, Majzik Z, Moll N, Peña D, Meyer G. Atomic Force Microscopy for Molecular Structure Elucidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:3888-3908. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201703509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leo Gross
- IBM Research-Zurich; 8803 Rüschlikon Switzerland
| | - Bruno Schuler
- IBM Research-Zurich; 8803 Rüschlikon Switzerland
- Current address: Molecular Foundry; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | | | | | - Zsolt Majzik
- IBM Research-Zurich; 8803 Rüschlikon Switzerland
| | - Nikolaj Moll
- IBM Research-Zurich; 8803 Rüschlikon Switzerland
| | - Diego Peña
- Centro de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela 15782 Spain
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34
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Sun K, Chen A, Liu M, Zhang H, Duan R, Ji P, Li L, Li Q, Li C, Zhong D, Müllen K, Chi L. Surface-Assisted Alkane Polymerization: Investigation on Structure–Reactivity Relationship. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:4820-4825. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Aixi Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meizhuang Liu
- School of Physics & State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiming Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruomeng Duan
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, People’s Republic of China
| | - Penghui Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chen Li
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, People’s Republic of China
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Dingyong Zhong
- School of Physics & State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
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35
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Hinaut A, Meier T, Pawlak R, Feund S, Jöhr R, Kawai S, Glatzel T, Decurtins S, Müllen K, Narita A, Liu SX, Meyer E. Electrospray deposition of structurally complex molecules revealed by atomic force microscopy. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:1337-1344. [PMID: 29296988 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr06261c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Advances in organic chemistry allow the synthesis of large, complex and highly functionalized organic molecules having potential applications in optoelectronics, molecular electronics and organic solar cells. Their integration into devices as individual components or highly ordered thin-films is of paramount importance to address these future prospects. However, conventional sublimation techniques in vacuum are usually not applicable since large organic compounds are often non-volatile and decompose upon heating. Here, we prove by atomic force microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy, the structural integrity of complex organic molecules deposited onto an Au(111) surface using electrospray ionisation deposition. High resolution AFM measurements with CO-terminated tips unambiguously reveal their successful transfer from solution to the gold surface in ultra-high vacuum without degradation of their chemical structures. Furthermore, the formation of molecular structures from small islands to large and highly-ordered self-assemblies of those fragile molecules is demonstrated, confirming the use of electrospray ionisation to promote also on-surface polymerization reactions of highly functionalized organic compounds, biological molecules or molecular magnets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Hinaut
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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36
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Hieulle J, Carbonell-Sanromà E, Vilas-Varela M, Garcia-Lekue A, Guitián E, Peña D, Pascual JI. On-Surface Route for Producing Planar Nanographenes with Azulene Moieties. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:418-423. [PMID: 29232951 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b04309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Large aromatic carbon nanostructures are cornerstone materials due to their increasingly active role in functional devices, but their synthesis in solution encounters size and shape limitations. New on-surface strategies facilitate the synthesis of large and insoluble planar systems with atomic-scale precision. While dehydrogenation is usually the chemical zipping reaction building up large aromatic carbon structures, mostly benzenoid structures are being produced. Here, we report on a new cyclodehydrogenation reaction transforming a sterically stressed precursor with conjoined cove regions into a planar carbon platform by incorporating azulene moieties in their interior. Submolecular resolution STM is used to characterize this exotic large polycyclic aromatic compound on Au(111) yielding unprecedented insight into a dehydrogenative intramolecular aryl-aryl coupling reaction. The resulting polycyclic aromatic carbon structure shows a [18]annulene core hosting peculiar pore states confined at the carbon cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Manuel Vilas-Varela
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Quı́mica Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela , 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Aran Garcia-Lekue
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) , 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science , 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Enrique Guitián
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Quı́mica Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela , 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Diego Peña
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Quı́mica Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela , 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jose Ignacio Pascual
- CIC nanoGUNE , 20018 San Sebastián-Donostia, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science , 48013 Bilbao, Spain
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37
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Judd CJ, Champness NR, Saywell A. An On-Surface Reaction Confined within a Porous Molecular Template. Chemistry 2017; 24:56-61. [PMID: 29065224 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
On-surface reactions based on metal-catalysed Ullmann coupling have been successfully employed to synthesise a wide variety of covalently coupled structures. Substrate chemistry and topology are both known to effect the progression of an on-surface reaction; offering routes to control efficiency and selectivity. Here, we detail ultra-high vacuum scanning probe microscopy experiments showing that templating a catalytically active surface, via a supramolecular template, influences the reaction pathway of an on-surface Ullmann-type coupling reaction by inhibiting one potential intermediate structure and stabilising another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Judd
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Neil R Champness
- School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Saywell
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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38
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Pawlak R, Meier T, Renaud N, Kisiel M, Hinaut A, Glatzel T, Sordes D, Durand C, Soe WH, Baratoff A, Joachim C, Housecroft CE, Constable EC, Meyer E. Design and Characterization of an Electrically Powered Single Molecule on Gold. ACS NANO 2017; 11:9930-9940. [PMID: 28756663 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b03955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The surface diffusion of individual molecules is of paramount importance in self-assembly processes and catalytic processes. However, the fundamental understanding of molecule diffusion peculiarities considering conformations and adsorption sites remain poorly known at the atomic scale. Here, we probe the 4'-(4-tolyl)-2,2':6',2″-terpyridine adsorbed on the Au(111) herringbone structure combining scanning tunneling microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Molecules are controllably translated by electrons excitations over the reconstruction, except at elbows acting as pinning centers. Experimental data supported by theoretical calculations show the formation of coordination bonds between the molecule and Au atoms of the surface. Using force spectroscopy, we quantify local variation of the surface potential and the lateral force required to move the molecule. We found an elevation of the diffusion barrier at elbows of the reconstruction of ∼100 meV compared to the rest of the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Pawlak
- Department of Physics, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Meier
- Department of Physics, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Renaud
- Delft University of Technology , Department of Chemical Engineering, van de Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Marcin Kisiel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Hinaut
- Department of Physics, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Delphine Sordes
- CEMES-CNRS , NanoSciences Group & MANA Satellite, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, BP 94347, Toulouse F-31055 Cedex 4, France
| | - Corentin Durand
- CEMES-CNRS , NanoSciences Group & MANA Satellite, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, BP 94347, Toulouse F-31055 Cedex 4, France
| | - We-Hyo Soe
- CEMES-CNRS , NanoSciences Group & MANA Satellite, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, BP 94347, Toulouse F-31055 Cedex 4, France
| | - Alexis Baratoff
- Department of Physics, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Joachim
- CEMES-CNRS , NanoSciences Group & MANA Satellite, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, BP 94347, Toulouse F-31055 Cedex 4, France
| | - Catherine E Housecroft
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , Spitalstrasse 51, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Edwin C Constable
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , Spitalstrasse 51, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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39
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Jelínek P. High resolution SPM imaging of organic molecules with functionalized tips. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:343002. [PMID: 28749786 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa76c7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
One of the most remarkable and exciting achievements in the field of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) in the last years is the unprecedented sub-molecular resolution of both atomic and electronic structures of single molecules deposited on solid state surfaces. Despite its youth, the technique has already brought many new possibilities to perform different kinds of measurements, which cannot be accomplished by other techniques. This opens new perspectives in advanced characterization of physical and chemical processes and properties of molecular structures on surfaces. Here, we discuss the history and recent progress of the high resolution imaging with a functionalized probe by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) and inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy (IETS). We describe the mechanisms responsible for the high-resolution AFM, STM and IETS-STM contrast. The complexity of this technique requires new theoretical approaches, where a relaxation of the functionalized probe is considered. We emphasise the similarities of the mechanism driving high-resolution SPM with other imaging methods. We also summarise briefly significant achievements and progress in different branches. Finally we provide brief perspectives and remaining challenges of the further refinement of these high-resolution methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Jelínek
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00, Prague, Czech Republic
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40
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Sun Q, Tran BV, Cai L, Ma H, Yu X, Yuan C, Stöhr M, Xu W. On-Surface Formation of Cumulene by Dehalogenative Homocoupling of Alkenyl gem
-Dibromides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201706104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Sun
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center; Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Tongji University; Shanghai 201804 P. R. China
| | - Bay V. Tran
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Liangliang Cai
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center; Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Tongji University; Shanghai 201804 P. R. China
| | - Honghong Ma
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center; Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Tongji University; Shanghai 201804 P. R. China
| | - Xin Yu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center; Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Tongji University; Shanghai 201804 P. R. China
| | - Chunxue Yuan
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center; Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Tongji University; Shanghai 201804 P. R. China
| | - Meike Stöhr
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Wei Xu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center; Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Tongji University; Shanghai 201804 P. R. China
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41
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Sun Q, Tran BV, Cai L, Ma H, Yu X, Yuan C, Stöhr M, Xu W. On-Surface Formation of Cumulene by Dehalogenative Homocoupling of Alkenyl gem-Dibromides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:12165-12169. [PMID: 28772061 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201706104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The on-surface activation of carbon-halogen groups is an efficient route to produce radicals for constructing various hydrocarbons and carbon nanostructures. To date, the employed halide precursors have only one halogen attached to a carbon atom. It is thus of interest to study the effect of attaching more than one halogen atom to a carbon atom with the aim of producing multiple unpaired electrons. By introducing an alkenyl gem-dibromide, cumulene products were fabricated on a Au(111) surface by dehalogenative homocoupling reactions. The reaction products and pathways were unambiguously characterized by a combination of high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy and non-contact atomic force microscopy measurements together with density functional calculations. This study further supplements the database of on-surface synthesis strategies and provides a facile manner for incorporation of more complicated carbon scaffolds into surface nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Sun
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
| | - Bay V Tran
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Liangliang Cai
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
| | - Honghong Ma
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
| | - Xin Yu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
| | - Chunxue Yuan
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
| | - Meike Stöhr
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wei Xu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
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42
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Meier T, Pawlak R, Kawai S, Geng Y, Liu X, Decurtins S, Hapala P, Baratoff A, Liu SX, Jelínek P, Meyer E, Glatzel T. Donor-Acceptor Properties of a Single-Molecule Altered by On-Surface Complex Formation. ACS NANO 2017; 11:8413-8420. [PMID: 28731327 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b03954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Electron donor-acceptor molecules are of outstanding interest in molecular electronics and organic solar cells for their intramolecular charge transfer controlled via electrical or optical excitation. The preservation of their electronic character in the ground state upon adsorption on a surface is cardinal for their implementation in such single-molecule devices. Here, we investigate by atomic force microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy a prototypical system consisting of a π-conjugated tetrathiafulvalene-fused dipyridophenazine molecule adsorbed on thin NaCl films on Cu(111). Depending on the adsorption site, the molecule is found either in a nearly undisturbed free state or in a bound state. In the latter case, the molecule adopts a specific adsorption site, leading to the formation of a chelate complex with a single Na+ alkali cation pulled out from the insulating film. Although expected to be electronically decoupled, the charge distribution of the complex is drastically modified, leading to the loss of the intrinsic donor-acceptor character. The chelate complex formation is reversible with respect to lateral manipulations, enabling tunable donor-acceptor molecular switches activated by on-surface coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Meier
- Department of Physics, University of Basel , Klingelbergstr. 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rémy Pawlak
- Department of Physics, University of Basel , Klingelbergstr. 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Shigeki Kawai
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science , 1-1, Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yan Geng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern , Freiestr. 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Xunshan Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern , Freiestr. 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Decurtins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern , Freiestr. 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Prokop Hapala
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , v.v.i., Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alexis Baratoff
- Department of Physics, University of Basel , Klingelbergstr. 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Shi-Xia Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern , Freiestr. 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pavel Jelínek
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , v.v.i., Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel , Klingelbergstr. 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel , Klingelbergstr. 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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43
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Patera LL, Liu X, Mosso N, Decurtins S, Liu SX, Repp J. Crystallization of a Two-Dimensional Hydrogen-Bonded Molecular Assembly: Evolution of the Local Structure Resolved by Atomic Force Microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:10786-10790. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201705338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laerte L. Patera
- Department of Physics; University of Regensburg; Universitatsstrasse 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Xunshan Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Bern; Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Nico Mosso
- IBM Research-Zurich; Säumerstrasse 4 8803 Rüschlikon Switzerland
| | - Silvio Decurtins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Bern; Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Shi-Xia Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Bern; Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Jascha Repp
- Department of Physics; University of Regensburg; Universitatsstrasse 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
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44
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Patera LL, Liu X, Mosso N, Decurtins S, Liu SX, Repp J. Crystallization of a Two-Dimensional Hydrogen-Bonded Molecular Assembly: Evolution of the Local Structure Resolved by Atomic Force Microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201705338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laerte L. Patera
- Department of Physics; University of Regensburg; Universitatsstrasse 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Xunshan Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Bern; Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Nico Mosso
- IBM Research-Zurich; Säumerstrasse 4 8803 Rüschlikon Switzerland
| | - Silvio Decurtins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Bern; Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Shi-Xia Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Bern; Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Jascha Repp
- Department of Physics; University of Regensburg; Universitatsstrasse 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
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45
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Strain-induced skeletal rearrangement of a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon on a copper surface. Nat Commun 2017; 8:16089. [PMID: 28726802 PMCID: PMC5524995 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms16089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling the structural deformation of organic molecules can drive unique reactions that cannot be induced only by thermal, optical or electrochemical procedures. However, in conventional organic synthesis, including mechanochemical procedures, it is difficult to control skeletal rearrangement in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Here, we demonstrate a reaction scheme for the skeletal rearrangement of PAHs on a metal surface using high-resolution noncontact atomic force microscopy. By a combination of organic synthesis and on-surface cyclodehydrogenation, we produce a well-designed PAH—diazuleno[1,2,3-cd:1′,2′,3′-fg]pyrene—adsorbed flatly onto Cu(001), in which two azuleno moieties are highly strained by their mutual proximity. This local strain drives the rearrangement of one of the azuleno moieties into a fulvaleno moiety, which has never been reported so far. Our proposed thermally driven, strain-induced synthesis on surfaces will pave the way for the production of a new class of nanocarbon materials that conventional synthetic techniques cannot attain. Mechanical strains can induce chemical transformations otherwise inaccessible by conventional stimuli. Here, the authors show the unusual strain-induced transformation of a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon on a metal surface by means of atomic force microscopy.
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46
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Jöhr R, Hinaut A, Pawlak R, Zajac Ł, Olszowski P, Such B, Glatzel T, Zhang J, Muntwiler M, Bergkamp JJ, Mateo LM, Decurtins S, Liu SX, Meyer E. Thermally induced anchoring of a zinc-carboxyphenylporphyrin on rutile TiO2 (110). J Chem Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4982936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Res Jöhr
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Hinaut
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rémy Pawlak
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Łukasz Zajac
- Physics Department, Jagiellonian University, Ul. Prof. St. Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Olszowski
- Physics Department, Jagiellonian University, Ul. Prof. St. Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Bartosz Such
- Physics Department, Jagiellonian University, Ul. Prof. St. Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jun Zhang
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | | | - Jesse J. Bergkamp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Luis-Manuel Mateo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Decurtins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Shi-Xia Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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47
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Kawai S, Nishiuchi T, Kodama T, Spijker P, Pawlak R, Meier T, Tracey J, Kubo T, Meyer E, Foster AS. Direct quantitative measurement of the C═O⋅⋅⋅H-C bond by atomic force microscopy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1603258. [PMID: 28508080 PMCID: PMC5429039 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1603258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The hydrogen atom-the smallest and most abundant atom-is of utmost importance in physics and chemistry. Although many analysis methods have been applied to its study, direct observation of hydrogen atoms in a single molecule remains largely unexplored. We use atomic force microscopy (AFM) to resolve the outermost hydrogen atoms of propellane molecules via very weak C═O⋅⋅⋅H-C hydrogen bonding just before the onset of Pauli repulsion. The direct measurement of the interaction with a hydrogen atom paves the way for the identification of three-dimensional molecules such as DNAs and polymers, building the capabilities of AFM toward quantitative probing of local chemical reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Kawai
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Nishiuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Takuya Kodama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Peter Spijker
- Centre of Excellence in Computational Nanoscience, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, PO Box 11100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Rémy Pawlak
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Meier
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - John Tracey
- Centre of Excellence in Computational Nanoscience, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, PO Box 11100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Takashi Kubo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adam S. Foster
- Centre of Excellence in Computational Nanoscience, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, PO Box 11100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- Division of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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48
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Zint S, Ebeling D, Schlöder T, Ahles S, Mollenhauer D, Wegner HA, Schirmeisen A. Imaging Successive Intermediate States of the On-Surface Ullmann Reaction on Cu(111): Role of the Metal Coordination. ACS NANO 2017; 11:4183-4190. [PMID: 28346826 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b01109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The in-depth knowledge about on-surface reaction mechanisms is crucial for the tailor-made design of covalently bonded organic frameworks, for applications such as nanoelectronic or -optical devices. Latest developments in atomic force microscopy, which rely on functionalizing the tip with single CO molecules at low temperatures, allow to image molecular systems with submolecular resolution. Here, we are using this technique to study the complete reaction pathway of the on-surface Ullmann-type coupling between bromotriphenylene molecules on a Cu(111) surface. All steps of the Ullmann reaction, i.e., bromotriphenylenes, triphenylene radicals, organometallic intermediates, and bistriphenylenes, were imaged with submolecular resolution. Together with density functional theory calculations with dispersion correction, our study allows to address the long-standing question of how the organometallic intermediates are coordinated via Cu surface or adatoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sören Zint
- Institute of Applied Physics (IAP), Justus Liebig University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Daniel Ebeling
- Institute of Applied Physics (IAP), Justus Liebig University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - André Schirmeisen
- Institute of Applied Physics (IAP), Justus Liebig University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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49
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Vilhanová B, Václavík J, Artiglia L, Ranocchiari M, Togni A, van Bokhoven JA. Subnanometer Gold Clusters on Amino-Functionalized Silica: An Efficient Catalyst for the Synthesis of 1,3-Diynes by Oxidative Alkyne Coupling. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beáta Vilhanová
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Department
of Organic Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Václavík
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Luca Artiglia
- Laboratory
for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Marco Ranocchiari
- Laboratory
for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Togni
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jeroen A. van Bokhoven
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Laboratory
for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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Little MS, Yeates SG, Alwattar AA, Heard KWJ, Raftery J, Edwards AC, Parry AVS, Quayle P. Insights into the Scholl Coupling Reaction: A Key Transformation of Relevance to the Synthesis of Graphenes and Related Systems. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201601580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark S. Little
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Road M13 9PL Manchester UK
- School of Chemistry; Imperial College; SW7 2AY London UK
| | - Stephen G. Yeates
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Road M13 9PL Manchester UK
| | - Aula A. Alwattar
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Road M13 9PL Manchester UK
| | - Kane W. J. Heard
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Road M13 9PL Manchester UK
| | - James Raftery
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Road M13 9PL Manchester UK
| | - Alyn C. Edwards
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Road M13 9PL Manchester UK
| | - Adam. V. S. Parry
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Road M13 9PL Manchester UK
| | - Peter Quayle
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Road M13 9PL Manchester UK
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