1
|
Gladkov AA, Levin VV, Dilman AD. Photoredox Activation of Fluorinated Organozinc Reagents: Hydrofluoroalkylation of Unactivated and Electron Deficient Alkenes. J Org Chem 2024; 89:11826-11835. [PMID: 39059413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Hydrofluoroalkylation of alkenes with organozinc reagents under photocatalytic conditions is described. The fluorinated alkyl radicals were generated from organozincs by the single electron oxidation of the carbon-zinc bond. The radical addition step is followed either by hydrogen atom transfer for unactivated olefins or by a reduction/protonation sequence for strongly accepting arylidenemalononitriles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anton A Gladkov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, 119991 Moscow, Leninsky prosp. 47, Russian Federation
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Chemistry, 119991, Moscow, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Russian Federation
| | - Vitalij V Levin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, 119991 Moscow, Leninsky prosp. 47, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander D Dilman
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, 119991 Moscow, Leninsky prosp. 47, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kim S, Kim H. Cu-Electrocatalysis Enables Vicinal Bis(difluoromethylation) of Alkenes: Unraveling Dichotomous Role of Zn(CF 2H) 2(DMPU) 2 as Both Radical and Anion Source. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:22498-22508. [PMID: 39079933 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c06207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
The difluoromethyl group (CF2H) serves as an essential bioisostere in drug discovery campaigns according to Lipinski's Rule of 5 due to its advantageous combination of lipophilicity and hydrogen bonding ability, thereby improving the ADME properties. However, despite the high prevalence and importance of vicinal hydrogen bond donors in pharmaceutical agents, a general synthetic method for doubly difluoromethylated compounds in the vicinal position is absent. Here we describe a copper-electrocatalyzed strategy that enables the vicinal bis(difluoromethylation) of alkenes. By leveraging electrochemistry to oxidize Zn(CF2H)2(DMPU)2-a conventionally utilized anionic transmetalating source, we paved a way to utilize it as a CF2H radical source to deliver the CF2H group in the terminal position of alkenes. Mechanistic studies revealed that the interception of the resultant secondary radical by a copper catalyst and subsequent reductive elimination is facilitated by invoking the Cu(III) intermediate, enabling the second installation of the CF2H group in the internal position. The utility of this electrocatalytic 1,2-bis(difluoromethylation) strategy has been highlighted through the late-stage bioisosteric replacement of pharmaceutical agents such as sotalol and dipivefrine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seonyoung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology (I-CREATE), Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen X, Liu Y, Zhang S, Li Y, Zhou XY, Yu X, Feng X, Yamamoto Y, Bao M. A Difluoromethylation Reagent: Access to Difluoromethyl Arenes through Palladium Catalysis. Org Lett 2024; 26:6024-6029. [PMID: 38984734 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
A new radical difluoromethylation was developed by using inexpensive and readily available difluoroacetic anhydride and N-phenyl-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide for the first time. The reaction of arylboronic acids with the new difluoromethylation reagent, N-phenyl-N-tosyldifluoroacetamide, proceeded smoothly in the presence of palladium catalyst to provide difluoromethylarenes in satisfactory to excellent yields. The electronic property (electron-donating or electron-withdrawing) of the substituent linked to the aromatic ring did not considerably influence the reactivity of arylboronic acid. Various groups, including the synthetically useful functional groups Cl, CN, and NO2, were tolerated well under the current reaction conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Liupanshui Normal University, Liupanshui 553004, China
| | - Yining Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Liupanshui Normal University, Liupanshui 553004, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiujuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yoshinori Yamamoto
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Ming Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhao H, Ravn AK, Haibach MC, Engle KM, Johansson Seechurn CCC. Diversification of Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Processes: Taking the Plunge into the Non-PGM Catalyst Pool. ACS Catal 2024; 14:9708-9733. [PMID: 38988647 PMCID: PMC11232362 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.4c01809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Recent global events have led to the cost of platinum group metals (PGMs) reaching unprecedented heights. Many chemical companies are therefore starting to seriously consider and evaluate if and where they can substitute PGMs for non-PGMs in their catalytic processes. This review covers recent highly relevant applications of non-PGM catalysts in the modern pharmaceutical industry. By highlighting these selected successful examples of non-PGM-catalyzed processes from the literature, we hope to emphasize the enormous potential of non-PGM catalysis and inspire further development within this field to enable this technology to progress toward manufacturing processes. We also present some historical contexts and review the perceived advantages and challenges of implementing non-PGM catalysts in the pharmaceutical manufacturing environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- Sinocompound
Catalysts, Building C,
Bonded Area Technology Innovation Zone, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu 215634, China
| | - Anne K. Ravn
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Michael C. Haibach
- Process
Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Keary M. Engle
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jesani MH, Schwarz M, Kim S, Evans FL, White A, Browning A, Abrams R, Clayden J. Selective Defluorination of Trifluoromethyl Substituents by Conformationally Induced Remote Substitution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403477. [PMID: 38587304 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The selective reduction of an aromatic trifluoromethyl substituent to a difluoromethyl substituent may be achieved by base-promoted elimination to form a difluoro-p-quinomethide which is trapped by an intramolecular nucleophile. High yields are obtained when the nucleophilic trap entails the conformationally favoured cyclisation of an aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) derivative. The resulting cyclised difluoromethyl-substituted arylimidazolidinone products are readily converted to versatile difluoromethyl-substituted aldehydes by reduction and hydrolysis. Defluorination is successful on a range of benzenoid (both para and ortho CF3-substituted) and heterocyclic substrates. Double defluorination may likewise be achieved sequentially, or in a single step, from an Aib dipeptide derivative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehul H Jesani
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Maria Schwarz
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Shiwhu Kim
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Finlay L Evans
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Alexander White
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Alex Browning
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Roman Abrams
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Jonathan Clayden
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xu P, Wang Z, Guo SM, Studer A. Introduction of the difluoromethyl group at the meta- or para-position of pyridines through regioselectivity switch. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4121. [PMID: 38750008 PMCID: PMC11096164 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48383-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Difluoromethyl pyridines have gained significant attention in medicinal and agricultural chemistry. The direct C-H-difluoromethylation of pyridines represents a highly efficient economic way to access these azines. However, the direct meta-difluoromethylation of pyridines has remained elusive and methods for site-switchable regioselective meta- and para-difluoromethylation are unknown. Here, we demonstrate the meta-C-H-difluoromethylation of pyridines through a radical process by using oxazino pyridine intermediates, which are easily accessed from pyridines. The selectivity can be readily switched to para by in situ transformation of the oxazino pyridines to pyridinium salts upon acid treatment. The preparation of various meta- and para-difluoromethylated pyridines through this approach is presented. The mild conditions used also allow for the late-stage meta- or para-difluoromethylation of pyridine containing drugs. Sequential double functionalization of pyridines is presented, which further underlines the value of this work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengwei Xu
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Zhe Wang
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Shu-Min Guo
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jia J, Zhumagazy S, Zhu C, Lee SC, Alsharif S, Yue H, Rueping M. Selective Mono-Defluorinative Cross-Coupling of Trifluoromethyl arenes via Multiphoton Photoredox Catalysis. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302927. [PMID: 38573029 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
A new cross-coupling of trifluoromethyl arenes has been realized via multiphoton photoredox catalysis. Trifluoromethyl arenes were demonstrated to undergo selective mono-defluorinative alkylation under mild reaction conditions providing access to a series of valuable α,α-difluorobenzylic compounds. The reaction shows broad substrate scope and general functional group tolerance. In addition to the electron-deficient trifluoromethyl arenes that are easily reduced to the corresponding radical anion, more challenging electron-rich substrates were also successfully applied. Steady-State Stern-Volmer quenching studies indicated that the trifluoromethyl arenes were reduced by the multiphoton excited Ir-based photocatalyst.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Jia
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Serik Zhumagazy
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chen Zhu
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shao-Chi Lee
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salman Alsharif
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huifeng Yue
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108
| | - Magnus Rueping
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Monteith JJ, Rousseaux SAL. Redox-Active Thiocarbonyl Auxiliaries in Ni-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings of Aliphatic Alcohols. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:3581-3594. [PMID: 38047525 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusThe Barton-McCombie deoxygenation reaction first established the use of O-alkyl thiocarbonyl derivatives as powerful redox-active agents for C(sp3)-O reduction. In recent years, first-row transition metals capable of engaging with alkyl radical intermediates generated from O-alkyl thiocarbonyl derivatives using alternative stoichiometric radical precursors have been developed. Given the ability of select Ni catalysts to both participate in single-electron oxidative addition pathways and intercept alkyl radical intermediates, our group has investigated the use of O-alkyl thiocarbonyl derivatives as electrophiles in novel cross-coupling reactions. After describing related work in this area, this Account will first summarize our entry point into this field. Here, we used the cyclopropane ring as a reporter of leaving group reactivity to aid in the design and optimization of a novel redox-active O-thiocarbamate leaving group for C(sp3)-O arylation. Motivation for this pursuit was driven by the propensity of the cyclopropane ring to undergo ring opening under polar (2e) oxidative addition pathways or to be maintained under single-electron (1e) conditions. Using these guiding principles, we developed a method for the deoxygenative arylation of cyclopropanol derivatives using a Ni catalyst without the need for a stoichiometric external reductant or photocatalyst. We next summarize our evaluation of an alternative redox-active O-thiocarbonyl imidazole auxiliary in a related deoxygenative cross-coupling. This work demonstrated an extension of our initial approach to the deoxygenative arylation of primary and secondary aliphatic alcohol derivatives. A brief mechanistic investigation revealed that this reaction likely proceeds via a distinct mechanism involving direct homolytic C(sp3)-O bond cleavage. We conclude this Account with a summary of work aimed toward a unique approach for thiocarboxylic acid derivative synthesis. This project was inspired by the efficiency of thionoester generation under most of the reaction conditions evaluated in our prior investigations. Using alcohol, amine, or thiol starting materials, which were activated with convenient thiocarbonyl sources in a single step, we optimized for a Ni-catalyzed cross-coupling capable of providing access to a range of thionoester, thioamide, or dithioester products. In summary, our work has revealed the potential of redox-active thiocarbonyl auxiliaries in Ni-catalyzed cross-couplings with C(sp3)-O electrophiles. We anticipate that the continued investigation of aliphatic thiocarbonyl derivatives as radical precursors with alternative single-electron inputs will be an area of continued growth in the years to come.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John J Monteith
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Sophie A L Rousseaux
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Purushotam, Bera A, Banerjee D. Recent advances on non-precious metal-catalysed fluorination, difluoromethylation, trifluoromethylation, and perfluoroalkylation of N-heteroarenes. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:9298-9315. [PMID: 37855147 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01132a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights the recent advances, from 2015 to 2023, on the introduction of organo-fluorine derivatives at the N-heteroarene core. Notable features considering new technologies based on organofluorine compounds such as: (i) approaches based on non-precious metal catalysis (Fe, Co, Mn, Ni, etc.), (ii) the development of new strategies using non-precious metal-catalysts for the introduction of organo-fluorinine derivatives using N-heterocycles with one or more heteroatoms, (iii) newer reagents for fluorination, difluoromethylation, trifluoromethylation, or perfluoroalkylation of N-heteroarenes using different approaches, (iv) mechanistic studies on various catalytic transformations, as and when required, and (v) the synthetic applications of various bio-active organo-fluorine compounds, including post-synthetic drug derivatization, are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Purushotam
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Atanu Bera
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Debasis Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liang YF, Bilal M, Tang LY, Wang TZ, Guan YQ, Cheng Z, Zhu M, Wei J, Jiao N. Carbon-Carbon Bond Cleavage for Late-Stage Functionalization. Chem Rev 2023; 123:12313-12370. [PMID: 37942891 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Late-stage functionalization (LSF) introduces functional group or structural modification at the final stage of the synthesis of natural products, drugs, and complex compounds. It is anticipated that late-stage functionalization would improve drug discovery's effectiveness and efficiency and hasten the creation of various chemical libraries. Consequently, late-stage functionalization of natural products is a productive technique to produce natural product derivatives, which significantly impacts chemical biology and drug development. Carbon-carbon bonds make up the fundamental framework of organic molecules. Compared with the carbon-carbon bond construction, the carbon-carbon bond activation can directly enable molecular editing (deletion, insertion, or modification of atoms or groups of atoms) and provide a more efficient and accurate synthetic strategy. However, the efficient and selective activation of unstrained carbon-carbon bonds is still one of the most challenging projects in organic synthesis. This review encompasses the strategies employed in recent years for carbon-carbon bond cleavage by explicitly focusing on their applicability in late-stage functionalization. This review expands the current discourse on carbon-carbon bond cleavage in late-stage functionalization reactions by providing a comprehensive overview of the selective cleavage of various types of carbon-carbon bonds. This includes C-C(sp), C-C(sp2), and C-C(sp3) single bonds; carbon-carbon double bonds; and carbon-carbon triple bonds, with a focus on catalysis by transition metals or organocatalysts. Additionally, specific topics, such as ring-opening processes involving carbon-carbon bond cleavage in three-, four-, five-, and six-membered rings, are discussed, and exemplar applications of these techniques are showcased in the context of complex bioactive molecules or drug discovery. This review aims to shed light on recent advancements in the field and propose potential avenues for future research in the realm of late-stage carbon-carbon bond functionalization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Feng Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Le-Yu Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Tian-Zhang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yu-Qiu Guan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Zengrui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Minghui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jialiang Wei
- Changping Laboratory, Yard 28, Science Park Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ning Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Changping Laboratory, Yard 28, Science Park Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jiang X, Song Y, Peng J, Zhong Z, Chen L, Zeng X. Oxidant- and Base-Free, Copper-Catalyzed Difluoromethylation of Haloalkynes. Org Lett 2023; 25:8127-8132. [PMID: 37922337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
We report herein a highly efficient copper-catalyzed protocol for the transformation of haloalkynes to the corresponding difluoromethylated alkynes. This scalable protocol exhibits a broad substrate scope and excellent functional group tolerance, enabling the late-stage difluoromethylation of bioactive molecules. Additionally, the strategy of utilizing the difluoromethylalkynes in gram-scale reactions and multiple transformations has proven to be highly valuable in synthetic chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xujuan Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Yanshan Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Junjie Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Zhiying Zhong
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Li Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Xiaojun Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang XY, Sun SP, Sang YQ, Xue XS, Min QQ, Zhang X. Reductive Catalytic Difluorocarbene Transfer via Palladium Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202306501. [PMID: 37365143 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed reductive difluorocarbene transfer reaction that tames difluorocarbene to couple with two electrophiles has been developed, representing a new mode of difluorocarbene transfer reaction. The approach uses low-cost and bulk industrial chemical chlorodifluoromethane (ClCF2 H) as the difluorocarbene precursor. It produces a variety of difluoromethylated (hetero)arenes from widely available aryl halides/triflates and proton sources, featuring high functional group tolerance and synthetic convenience without preparing organometallic reagents. Experimental mechanistic studies reveal that an unexpected Pd0/II catalytic cycle is involved in this reductive reaction, wherein the oxidative addition of palladium(0) difluorocarbene ([Pd0 (Ln )]=CF2 ) with aryl electrophile to generate the key intermediate aryldifluoromethylpalladium [ArCF2 Pd(Ln )X], followed by reaction with hydroquinone, is responsible for the reductive difluorocarbene transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shi-Ping Sun
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yue-Qian Sang
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiao-Song Xue
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qiao-Qiao Min
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xingang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- School of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhao H, Gu Y, Shen Q. [(SIPr)Ag(CF 2 H)]: A Shelf-Stable, Versatile Difluoromethylation Reagent. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300124. [PMID: 37194962 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Due to its unique physical and electrophilic properties, the difluoromethyl group (-CF2 H) has been playing an irreplaceable role in the field of pharmaceutical and agrochemical industry. Methods that could efficiently incorporate the difluoromethyl group into the target molecules are increasing in the recent years. Developing a stable and efficient difluoromethylating reagent is thus highly attractive. In this review, we describe the development of a nucleophilic difluoromethylation reagent [(SIPr)Ag(CF2 H)], including its elemental reaction, difluoromethylation reaction with different types of electrophiles, and its application in the synthesis of a nucleophilic and an electrophilic difluoromethylthiolating reagent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiwei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Yang Gu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Qilong Shen
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Briand M, Anselmi E, Dagousset G, Magnier E. The Revival of Enantioselective Perfluoroalkylation - Update of New Synthetic Approaches from 2015-2022. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300114. [PMID: 37219007 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Over the last years, methods devoted to the synthesis of asymmetric molecules bearing a perfluoroalkylated chain have been limited in number. Among them, only a few can be used on a large variety of scaffolds. This microreview aims at summarizing these recent advances in enantioselective perfluoroalkylation (-CF3 , -CF2 H, -Cn F2n+1 ) and highlights the need for new enantioselective methods to easily synthesize chiral fluorinated molecules which would be useful for the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. Some perspectives are also mentioned.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Briand
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CNRS, UMR 8180 Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, 45 Avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Elsa Anselmi
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CNRS, UMR 8180 Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, 45 Avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035, Versailles Cedex, France
- Université de Tours, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Parc Grandmont, Avenue Monge, 37200, Tours, France
| | - Guillaume Dagousset
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CNRS, UMR 8180 Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, 45 Avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Emmanuel Magnier
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CNRS, UMR 8180 Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, 45 Avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035, Versailles Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Song H, Li J, Zhang Y, Chen K, Liu L, Zhang J, Duan XH, Hu M. Photoredox Catalysis-Enabled C-H Difluoromethylation of Heteroarenes with Pentacoordinate Phosphorane as the Reagent. J Org Chem 2023; 88:12013-12023. [PMID: 37549379 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Difluoromethylated heterocyclic compounds have found broad applications in numerous bioactive molecules. Herein, we report photoredox catalysis-induced direct C-H difluoromethylation of heterocycles by using bis(difluoromethyl) pentacoordinate phosphorane (PPh3(CF2H)2, 1) as the reagent. A variety of heterocycles, such as quinoxalin-2(1H)-one, thiophene, indole, and coumarin, are readily tailored with a difluoromethyl group. The method is featured as transition-metal-free by using an organic compound Erythrosin B as the catalyst and O2 as the oxidant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Song
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jingwen Li
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yinbin Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Ke Chen
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Le Liu
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xin-Hua Duan
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Mingyou Hu
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Shen ZJ, Zhu C, Zhang X, Yang C, Rueping M, Guo L, Xia W. Organoboron Reagent-Controlled Selective (Deutero)Hydrodefluorination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217244. [PMID: 36525004 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
(Deuterium-labeled) CF2 H- and CFH2 -moieties are of high interest in drug discovery. The high demand for the incorporation of these fluoroalkyl moieties into molecular structures has witnessed significant synthetic progress, particularly in the (deutero)hydrodefluorination of CF3 -containing compounds. However, the controllable replacement of fluorine atoms while maintaining high chemoselectivity remains challenging. Herein, we describe the development of a selective (deutero)hydrodefluorination reaction via electrolysis. The reaction exhibits a remarkable chemoselectivity control, which is enabled by the addition of different organoboron sources. The procedure is operationally simple and scalable, and provides access in one step to high-value building blocks for application in medicinal chemistry. Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been carried out to investigate the reaction mechanism and to rationalize the chemoselectivity observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Jia Shen
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chen Zhu
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiao Zhang
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chao Yang
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Magnus Rueping
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lin Guo
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Wujiong Xia
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Newton JJ, Engüdar G, Brooke AJ, Nodwell MB, Horngren-Rhodes H, Martin RE, Schaffer P, Britton R, Friesen CM. Rapid 18 F- and 19 F-Difluoromethylation through Desulfurative Fluorination of Transient N-, O-, and C-Linked Dithioles. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202862. [PMID: 36318597 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The difluoromethyl group plays an important role in modern medicinal and agrochemistry. While several difluoromethylation reagents have been reported, these typically rely on difluoromethyl carbenes or anions, or target specific processes. Here, we describe a conceptually unique and general process for O-H, N-H and C-H difluoromethylation that involves the formation of a transient dithiole followed by facile desulfurative fluorination using silver(I) fluoride. We also introduce the 5,6-dimethoxy-1,3-benzodithiole (DMBDT) function, which undergoes sufficiently rapid desulfurative fluorination to additionally support 18 F-difluoromethylation. This new process is compatible with the wide range of functional groups typically encountered in medicinal chemistry campaigns, and the use of Ag18 F is demonstrated in the production of 18 F-labeled derivatives of testosterone, perphenazine, and melatonin, 58.0±2.2, 20.4±0.3 and 32.2±3.6 MBq μmol-1 , respectively. We expect that the DMBDT group and this 18 F/19 F-difluoromethylation process will inspire and support new efforts in medicinal chemistry, agrochemistry and radiotracer production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josiah J Newton
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada.,Neufeld Science Centre, Department of Chemistry, Trinity Western University, 22500 University Drive, Langley, British Columbia, V2Y 1Y1, Canada
| | - Gökçe Engüdar
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 2A3(Canada), Department of Radiology, 775 Laurel Street, 11th floor, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Alan J Brooke
- Neufeld Science Centre, Department of Chemistry, Trinity Western University, 22500 University Drive, Langley, British Columbia, V2Y 1Y1, Canada
| | - Matthew B Nodwell
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Holly Horngren-Rhodes
- Neufeld Science Centre, Department of Chemistry, Trinity Western University, 22500 University Drive, Langley, British Columbia, V2Y 1Y1, Canada
| | - Rainer E Martin
- Medicinal Chemistry, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul Schaffer
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada.,Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 2A3(Canada), Department of Radiology, 775 Laurel Street, 11th floor, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Robert Britton
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Chadron M Friesen
- Neufeld Science Centre, Department of Chemistry, Trinity Western University, 22500 University Drive, Langley, British Columbia, V2Y 1Y1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ispizua-Rodriguez X, Krishnamurti V, Carpio V, Barrett C, Prakash GKS. Copper-Catalyzed Synthesis of Difluoromethyl Alkynes from Terminal and Silyl Acetylenes. J Org Chem 2023; 88:1194-1199. [PMID: 36622772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
An efficient method for the direct C(sp)-H difluoromethylation of terminal alkynes and the desilylation-difluoromethylation of (trimethylsilyl)acetylenes is disclosed. The copper-catalyzed transformation provides access to a wide range of structurally diverse CF2H alkynes in good yields, utilizing a (difluoromethyl)zinc reagent and an organic oxidant. The difluoromethylation of important synthons and API's is showcased. The synthetic utility of these (difluoromethyl)alkynes is demonstrated by selected cycloaddition reactions. Additionally, a slight modification to the reaction conditions allowed the selective preparation of a 2-difluoromethylindole.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xanath Ispizua-Rodriguez
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Vinayak Krishnamurti
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Vanessa Carpio
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Colby Barrett
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - G K Surya Prakash
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lalloo N, Brigham CE, Sanford MS. Mechanism-Driven Development of Group 10 Metal-Catalyzed Decarbonylative Coupling Reactions. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:3430-3444. [PMID: 36382937 PMCID: PMC9764028 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Transition-metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions are widely used in both academia and industry for the construction of carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. The vast majority of cross-coupling reactions utilize aryl (pseudo)halides as the electrophilic coupling partner. Carboxylic acid derivatives (RC(O)X) represent a complementary class of electrophiles that can engage in decarbonylative couplings to produce analogous products. This decarbonylative approach offers the advantage that RC(O)X are abundant and inexpensive. In addition, decarbonylative coupling enables both intramolecular (between R and X of the carboxylic acid derivative) as well as intermolecular bond-forming reactions (in which an exogeneous nucleophile is coupled with the R group derived from RC(O)X). In these intermolecular reactions, the X-substituent on the carboxylic acid can be tuned to facilitate both oxidative addition and transmetalation, thus eliminating the need for an exogeneous base. This Account details our group's development of a diverse variety of base-free decarbonylative coupling reactions catalyzed by group 10 metals. Furthermore, it highlights how catalyst design can be guided by stoichiometric organometallic studies of these systems.Our early studies focused on intramolecular decarbonylative couplings that transform RC(O)X to the corresponding R-X with extrusion of CO. We first identified Pd and Ni monodentate phosphine catalysts that convert aryl thioesters (ArC(O)SR) to the corresponding thioethers (ArSR). We next expanded this reactivity to fluoroalkyl thioesters, using readily available fluoroalkyl carboxylic acids as the fluoroalkyl (RF) source. A Ni-phosphinoferrocene catalyst proved optimal, and the large bite angle bidentate ligand was necessary to promote the challenging RF-S bond-forming reductive elimination step.We next pursued intramolecular decarbonylative couplings of aroyl halides. Palladium-based catalysts bearing dialkylbiaryl ligands (e.g., BrettPhos) were identified as optimal for converting aroyl chlorides (ArC(O)Cl) to aryl chlorides (ArCl). These ligands were selected based on their ability to facilitate the key C-Cl bond-forming reductive elimination step of the catalytic cycle. In contrast, all attempts to convert aroyl fluorides [ArC(O)F)] to aryl fluorides (ArF) were unsuccessful with either Pd- or Ni-based catalysts. Organometallic studies of the Ni-system show that C(O)-F oxidative addition and CO deinsertion proceed smoothly, but the resulting nickel(II) aryl fluoride intermediate fails to undergo C-F bond-forming reductive elimination.In contrast to its inertness to reductive elimination, this nickel(II) aryl fluoride proved highly reactive toward transmetalation. The fluoride ligand serves as an internal base, such that no additional base is required. We leveraged this "transmetalation active" intermediate to achieve base-free Ni-catalyzed intermolecular decarbonylative coupling reactions between aroyl fluorides and boron reagents to access both biaryl and aryl-boronate ester products. By tuning the electrophile, transmetalating reagent, and catalyst, this same approach also proved applicable to base-free intermolecular decarbonylative fluoroalkylation (between difluoromethylacetyl fluoride and arylboronate esters) and aryl amination (between phenol esters and silyl amines).Moving forward, a key goal is to identify catalyst systems that enable more challenging bond constructions via this manifold. In addition, CO inhibition remains a major issue leading to the requirement for high temperatures and high catalyst loadings. Identifying catalysts that are resistant to CO binding and/or approaches to remove CO under mild conditions will be critical for making these reactions more practical and scalable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naish Lalloo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Conor E. Brigham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Melanie S. Sanford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Deolka S, Govindarajan R, Vasylevskyi S, Roy MC, Khusnutdinova JR, Khaskin E. Ligand-free nickel catalyzed perfluoroalkylation of arenes and heteroarenes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:12971-12979. [PMID: 36425484 PMCID: PMC9667918 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03879j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe a "ligand-free" Ni-catalyzed perfluoroalkylation of heteroarenes to produce a diverse array of trfiluoromethyl, pentafluoroethyl and heptafluoropropyl adducts. Catalysis proceeds at room temperature via a radical pathway. The catalytic protocol is distinguished by its simplicity, and its wide scope demonstrates the potential in the late-stage functionalization of drug analogues and peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Deolka
- Coordination Chemistry and Catalysis Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son 904-0495 Okinawa Japan
| | - Ramadoss Govindarajan
- Coordination Chemistry and Catalysis Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son 904-0495 Okinawa Japan
| | - Serhii Vasylevskyi
- Coordination Chemistry and Catalysis Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son 904-0495 Okinawa Japan
| | - Michael C Roy
- Coordination Chemistry and Catalysis Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son 904-0495 Okinawa Japan
| | - Julia R Khusnutdinova
- Coordination Chemistry and Catalysis Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son 904-0495 Okinawa Japan
| | - Eugene Khaskin
- Coordination Chemistry and Catalysis Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son 904-0495 Okinawa Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhang FX, Lin JH, Xiao JC. Difluoromethylsulfonyl Imidazolium Salt for Difluoromethylation of Alkenes. Org Lett 2022; 24:7611-7616. [PMID: 36201292 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we describe the design and synthesis of a difluoromethylsulfonyl imidazolium salt, which can act as a radical difluoromethylation reagent to achieve the challenging amino- and oxy-difluoromethylation of alkenes. Notably, the three steps for the synthesis of the imidazolium salt do not require any tedious distillation or column chromatography purification process, and the amino- and oxy-difluoromethylation paths are simply determined by the selection of reaction solvents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Hong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, 200032 Shanghai, China.,Department of Chemistry, Innovative Drug Research Center, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, China
| | - Ji-Chang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, 200032 Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhao H, Leng XB, Zhang W, Shen Q. [Ph
4
P]
+
[Cu(CF
2
H)
2
]
−
: A Powerful Difluoromethylating Reagent Inspired by Mechanistic Investigation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202210151. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haiwei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Xuebing B. Leng
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Centre for Green Chemistry and Department of Chemistry University of Massachusetts Boston 100 Morrissey Boulevard Boston Massachusetts 02125 USA
| | - Qilong Shen
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhao H, Leng X, Zhang W, Shen Q. [Ph4P]+[Cu(CF2H)2]‐: A Powerful Difluoromethylating Reagent Inspired by Mechanistic Investigation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202210151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haiwei Zhao
- SIOC: Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry 345 Lingling Lu 200032 Shanghai CHINA
| | - Xuebing Leng
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry 345 Lingling Lu 200032 Shanghai CHINA
| | - Wei Zhang
- University of Massachusetts Boston Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Qilong Shen
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemsitry 345 Lingling Road 200032 Shanghai CHINA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kim S, Hwang KH, Park HG, Kwak J, Lee H, Kim H. Radical hydrodifluoromethylation of unsaturated C-C bonds via an electroreductively triggered two-pronged approach. Commun Chem 2022; 5:96. [PMID: 36697867 PMCID: PMC9814520 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00697-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to its superior ability in controlling pharmaceutical activity, the installation of difluoromethyl (CF2H) functionality into organic molecules has been an area of intensive research. In this context, difluoromethylation of C-C π bonds mediated by a CF2H radical have been pursued as a central strategy to grant access to difluoromethylated hydrocarbons. However, early precedents necessitate the generation of oxidative chemical species that can limit the generality and utility of the reaction. We report here the successful implementation of radical hydrodifluoromethylation of unsaturated C-C bonds via an electroreductively triggered two-pronged approach. Preliminary mechanistic investigations suggest that the key distinction of the present strategy originates from the reconciliation of multiple redox processes under highly reducing electrochemical conditions. The reaction conditions can be chosen based on the electronic properties of the alkenes of interest, highlighting the hydrodifluoromethylation of both unactivated and activated alkenes. Notably, the reaction delivers geminal (bis)difluoromethylated products from alkynes in a single step by consecutive hydrodifluoromethylation, granting access to an underutilized 1,1,3,3-tetrafluoropropan-2-yl functional group. The late-stage hydrodifluoromethylation of densely functionalized pharmaceutical agents is also presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seonyoung Kim
- grid.255649.90000 0001 2171 7754Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760 Republic of Korea
| | - Keon Ha Hwang
- grid.29869.3c0000 0001 2296 8192Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, 34114 Republic of Korea ,grid.254230.20000 0001 0722 6377Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam University, Daejeon, 34134 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Gyu Park
- grid.29869.3c0000 0001 2296 8192Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, 34114 Republic of Korea ,grid.254230.20000 0001 0722 6377Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam University, Daejeon, 34134 Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesung Kwak
- grid.29869.3c0000 0001 2296 8192Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, 34114 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Lee
- grid.29869.3c0000 0001 2296 8192Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, 34114 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Kim
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Gedde OR, Bonde A, Golbækdal PI, Skrydstrup T. Pd-Catalyzed Difluoromethylations of Aryl Boronic Acids, Halides, and Pseudohalides with ICF 2 H Generated ex Situ. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200997. [PMID: 35388933 PMCID: PMC9321866 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
An expedient ex-situ generation of difluoroiodomethane (DFIM) and its immediate use in a Pd-catalyzed difluoromethylation of aryl boronic acids and ester derivatives in a two-chamber reactor is reported. Heating a solution of bromodifluoroacetic acid with sodium iodide in sulfolane proved to be effective for the generation of near stoichiometric amounts of DFIM for the ensuing catalytic coupling step. A two-step difluoromethylation of aryl (pseudo)halides with tetrahydroxydiboron as a low-cost reducing agent, both promoted by Pd catalysis, proved effective to install this fluorine-containing C1 group onto several pharmaceutically relevant molecules. Finally, the method proved adaptable to deuterium incorporation by simply adding D2 O to the DFIM-generating chamber.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver R. Gedde
- Carbon Dioxide Activation Center (CADIAC)The Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) andDepartment of ChemistryAarhus UniversityGustav Wieds Vej 148000Aarhus CDenmark
| | - Andreas Bonde
- Carbon Dioxide Activation Center (CADIAC)The Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) andDepartment of ChemistryAarhus UniversityGustav Wieds Vej 148000Aarhus CDenmark
| | - Peter I. Golbækdal
- Carbon Dioxide Activation Center (CADIAC)The Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) andDepartment of ChemistryAarhus UniversityGustav Wieds Vej 148000Aarhus CDenmark
| | - Troels Skrydstrup
- Carbon Dioxide Activation Center (CADIAC)The Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) andDepartment of ChemistryAarhus UniversityGustav Wieds Vej 148000Aarhus CDenmark
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
With the continued interest in the properties of the difluoromethyl (CF2H) group, small molecules with alkyl-CF2H motifs have gained increasing attention. However, concise and efficient synthetic protocols to achieve these structures are still urgently needed. Herein, we report a new acyldifluoromethylation of inert alkenes via a synergistic NHC-photoredox catalysis featuring broad substrate scope and good functional group tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bei Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jian Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Miele M, Castoldi L, Simeone X, Holzer W, Pace V. Straightforward synthesis of bench-stable heteroatom-centered difluoromethylated entities via controlled nucleophilic transfer from activated TMSCHF 2. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:5761-5764. [PMID: 35450981 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00886f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The commercially available and experimentally convenient (bp 65 °C) difluoromethyltrimethylsilane (TMSCHF2) is proposed as a valuable difluoromethylating transfer reagent for delivering the CHF2 moiety to various heteroatom-based electrophiles. Upon activation with an alkoxide, a conceptually intuitive nucleophilic displacement directly furnishes in high yields the bench-stable analogues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Miele
- University of Vienna - Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Laura Castoldi
- University of Milano - Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Xenia Simeone
- University of Vienna - Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Wolfgang Holzer
- University of Vienna - Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Vittorio Pace
- University of Vienna - Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14 1090 Vienna, Austria. .,University of Torino - Department of Chemistry, Via Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Allylic substitution reactions with fluorinated nucleophiles. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
29
|
Li H, Wang F, Zhu S, Chu L. Selective Fluoromethyl Couplings of Alkynes via Nickel Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers Sand Polymer Materials Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology Donghua University Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers Sand Polymer Materials Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology Donghua University Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Shengqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers Sand Polymer Materials Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology Donghua University Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Lingling Chu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers Sand Polymer Materials Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology Donghua University Shanghai 201620 China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Dolbier W, Wei S, Le S, Lei Z, Zhou L, Zhang Z. Difluoromethylarylation of α, β- Unsaturated Amides via a Photocatalytic Radical Smiles Rearrangement. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:2064-2068. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00186a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A photocatalytic Smiles rearrangement, triggered by radical difluoromethylation of conjugated arylsulfonylated amides, was developed to construct both β-difluoromethyl amide and heterocyclic scaffolds selectively. This transformation features mild conditions and broad...
Collapse
|
31
|
Li H, Wang F, Zhu S, Chu L. Selective Fluoromethyl Couplings of Alkynes via Nickel Catalysis*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202116725. [PMID: 34962343 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We describe here a Ni-catalyzed intermolecular carbo-fluoromethylation of alkynes with aliphatic halides and fluoromethyl halides (BrCF 2 H and ICH 2 F) in the presence of zinc, enabling the facile and selective access to a diverse range of biologically valuable CF 2 H/CH 2 F-incorporated alkenes with excellent regio- and stereo-selectivity. Notably, merging intramolecular radical cyclization with fluoromethyl coupling enables the expedient constructions of CF 2 H/CH 2 F-incorporated lactones and lactams with high efficiency and selectivity. Mechanistic studies disclose that this catalytic protocol proceeds via a radical addition to an alkyne followed by selective coupling with the fluoromethyl unit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Li
- Donghua University - Songjiang Campus: Donghua University, CALM, 2999 NORTH RENMIN ROAD, 201620, Shanghai, CHINA
| | - Fang Wang
- Donghua University - Songjiang Campus: Donghua University, CALM, 2999 NORTH RENMIN ROAD, 201620, Shanghai, CHINA
| | - Shengqing Zhu
- Donghua University - Songjiang Campus: Donghua University, CALM, 2999 NORTH RENMIN ROAD, 201620, Shanghai, CHINA
| | - Lingling Chu
- Donghua University, Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, 2999 Renmin Road, Songjiang District, 201620, Shanghai, CHINA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Cai A, Yan W, Wang C, Liu W. Copper-Catalyzed Difluoromethylation of Alkyl Iodides Enabled by Aryl Radical Activation of Carbon-Iodine Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:27070-27077. [PMID: 34652873 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The engagement of unactivated alkyl halides in copper-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions has been historically challenging, due to their low reduction potential and the slow oxidative addition of copper(I) catalysts. In this work, we report a novel strategy that leverages the halogen abstraction ability of aryl radicals, thereby engaging a diverse range of alkyl iodides in copper-catalyzed Negishi-type cross-coupling reactions at room temperature. Specifically, aryl radicals generated via copper catalysis efficiently initiate the cleavage of the carbon-iodide bonds of alkyl iodides. The alkyl radicals thus generated enter the copper catalytic cycles to couple with a difluoromethyl zinc reagent, thus furnishing the alkyl difluoromethane products. This unprecedented Negishi-type difluoromethylation approach has been applied to the late-stage modification of densely functionalized pharmaceutical agents and natural products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aijie Cai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Wenhao Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Cai A, Yan W, Wang C, Liu W. Copper‐Catalyzed Difluoromethylation of Alkyl Iodides Enabled by Aryl Radical Activation of Carbon–Iodine Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aijie Cai
- Department of Chemistry University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH 45221 USA
| | - Wenhao Yan
- Department of Chemistry University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH 45221 USA
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Chemistry University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH 45221 USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Chemistry University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH 45221 USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lalloo N, Malapit CA, Taimoory SM, Brigham CE, Sanford MS. Decarbonylative Fluoroalkylation at Palladium(II): From Fundamental Organometallic Studies to Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:18617-18625. [PMID: 34709804 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This Article describes the development of a decarbonylative Pd-catalyzed aryl-fluoroalkyl bond-forming reaction that couples fluoroalkylcarboxylic acid-derived electrophiles [RFC(O)X] with aryl organometallics (Ar-M'). This reaction was optimized by interrogating the individual steps of the catalytic cycle (oxidative addition, carbonyl de-insertion, transmetalation, and reductive elimination) to identify a compatible pair of coupling partners and an appropriate Pd catalyst. These stoichiometric organometallic studies revealed several critical elements for reaction design. First, uncatalyzed background reactions between RFC(O)X and Ar-M' can be avoided by using M' = boronate ester. Second, carbonyl de-insertion and Ar-RF reductive elimination are the two slowest steps of the catalytic cycle when RF = CF3. Both steps are dramatically accelerated upon changing to RF = CHF2. Computational studies reveal that a favorable F2C-H---X interaction contributes to accelerating carbonyl de-insertion in this system. Finally, transmetalation is slow with X = difluoroacetate but fast with X = F. Ultimately, these studies enabled the development of an (SPhos)Pd-catalyzed decarbonylative difluoromethylation of aryl neopentylglycol boronate esters with difluoroacetyl fluoride.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naish Lalloo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Christian A Malapit
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - S Maryamdokht Taimoory
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Conor E Brigham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Melanie S Sanford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
García-Domínguez P. Synthesis of L–Au(I)–CF 2H Complexes and Their Application as Transmetalation Shuttles to the Difluoromethylation of Aryl Iodides. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
36
|
Ispizua-Rodriguez X, Munoz SB, Krishnamurti V, Mathew T, Prakash GKS. Direct Synthesis of Tri-/Difluoromethyl Ketones from Carboxylic Acids by Cross-Coupling with Acyloxyphosphonium Ions. Chemistry 2021; 27:15908-15913. [PMID: 34469605 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A simple and straightforward approach to the synthesis of trifluoromethyl and difluoromethyl ketones from widely available carboxylic acids is disclosed. The transformation utilizes an acyloxyphosphonium ion as the active electrophile, conveniently generated in situ from the carboxylic acid substrate by using commodity chemicals. The utility of the reaction system is exemplified by its chemoselectivity, with tolerance to a variety of important functional groups. The late-stage functionalization of carboxylic acid active pharmaceutical ingredients and pharmaceutically relevant compounds is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xanath Ispizua-Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, 837 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, CA-90089-1661, USA
| | - Socrates B Munoz
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, 322 CBC Bldg, Manhattan, KS66506-0401, USA
| | - Vinayak Krishnamurti
- Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, 837 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, CA-90089-1661, USA
| | - Thomas Mathew
- Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, 837 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, CA-90089-1661, USA
| | - G K S Prakash
- Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, 837 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, CA-90089-1661, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Shreiber ST, Vicic DA. Solvated Nickel Complexes as Stoichiometric and Catalytic Perfluoroalkylation Agents*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:18162-18167. [PMID: 34076931 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The acetonitrile-solvated [(MeCN)Ni(C2 F5 )3 ]- was prepared in order to compare and contrast its reactivity with the known [(MeCN)Ni(CF3 )3 ]- towards organic electrophiles. Both [(MeCN)Ni(CF3 )3 ]- and [(MeCN)Ni(C2 F5 )3 ]- successfully react with aryl iodonium and diazonium salts as well as alkynyl iodonium salts to give fluoroalkylated organic products. Electrochemical analysis of [(MeCN)NiII (C2 F5 )3 ]- suggests that, upon electro-oxidation to [(MeCN)n NiIII (C2 F5 )3 ], reductive homolysis of a perfluoroethyl radical occurs, with the concomitant formation of [(MeCN)2 NiII (C2 F5 )2 ]. Catalytic C-H trifluoromethylations of electron-rich arenes were successfully achieved using either [(MeCN)Ni(CF3 )3 ]- or the related [Ni(CF3 )4 ]2- . Stoichiometric reactions of the solvated nickel complexes reveal that "ligandless" nickel is exceptionally capable of serving as reservoir of CF3 groups under catalytically relevant conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott T Shreiber
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 E. Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA
| | - David A Vicic
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 E. Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Shreiber ST, Vicic DA. Solvated Nickel Complexes as Stoichiometric and Catalytic Perfluoroalkylation Agents**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott T. Shreiber
- Department of Chemistry Lehigh University 6 E. Packer Avenue Bethlehem PA 18015 USA
| | - David A. Vicic
- Department of Chemistry Lehigh University 6 E. Packer Avenue Bethlehem PA 18015 USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Britton R, Gouverneur V, Lin JH, Meanwell M, Ni C, Pupo G, Xiao JC, Hu J. Contemporary synthetic strategies in organofluorine chemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s43586-021-00042-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
40
|
Zheng Y, Perfetto A, Luise D, Ciofini I, Miesch L. Direct Synthesis of CF 2H-Substituted 2-Amidofurans via Copper-Catalyzed Addition of Difluorinated Diazoacetone to Ynamides. Org Lett 2021; 23:5528-5532. [PMID: 34190568 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The significance of molecules containing difluoromethyl groups is driven by their potential applications in pharmaceutical and agrochemical science. Methods for the incorporation of lightly fluorinated groups such as CF2H have been less well developed. Here we report the use of difluorinated diazoacetone as a practical reagent for the direct synthesis of CF2H-substituted 2-amidofurans through addition to ynamides. These newly designed difluorinated amidofurans were elaborated to create new nitrogen-containing frameworks that would be challenging to obtain otherwise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongxiang Zheng
- Equipe Synthèse Organique et Phytochimie, Institut de Chimie, CNRS-UdS, UMR 7177, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, CS 90032, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Anna Perfetto
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Chemical Theory and Modelling Group, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Davide Luise
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Chemical Theory and Modelling Group, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Ilaria Ciofini
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Chemical Theory and Modelling Group, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Laurence Miesch
- Equipe Synthèse Organique et Phytochimie, Institut de Chimie, CNRS-UdS, UMR 7177, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, CS 90032, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Cai A, Yan W, Liu W. Aryl Radical Activation of C-O Bonds: Copper-Catalyzed Deoxygenative Difluoromethylation of Alcohols. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:9952-9960. [PMID: 34180233 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Given their ubiquity in natural products and pharmaceuticals, alcohols represent one of the most attractive starting materials for the construction of C-C bonds. We report herein the first catalytic strategy to harness the reactivity of aryl radicals for the activation of C-O bonds in alcohol-derived xanthate esters, allowing for the discovery of the first catalytic deoxygenative difluoromethylation reaction. Under copper-catalyzed conditions, a wide variety of alkyl xanthate esters, readily synthesized from alcohol feedstocks, were activated by catalytically generated aryl radicals and were converted to the alkyl-difluoromethane products via alkyl radical intermediates. This scalable protocol exhibits a broad substrate scope and functional group tolerance, enabling late-stage modification of complex pharmaceutical agents. A one-pot protocol has been developed that allows for the direct use of free alcohols without purification of the xanthate esters. Mechanistic studies are consistent with the hypothesis of aryl radicals being formed and initiating the cleavage of the C-O bonds of xanthate esters, to generate alkyl radicals as the key intermediates. This aryl radical activation approach represents a new strategy for the activation of alcohols as cross-coupling partners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aijie Cai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Wenhao Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Cai A, Yan W, Zeng X, Zacate SB, Chao TH, Krause JA, Cheng MJ, Liu W. Copper-catalyzed carbo-difluoromethylation of alkenes via radical relay. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3272. [PMID: 34075051 PMCID: PMC8169770 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23590-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic molecules that contain alkyl-difluoromethyl moieties have received increased attention in medicinal chemistry, but their synthesis in a modular and late-stage fashion remains challenging. We report herein an efficient copper-catalyzed radical relay approach for the carbo-difluoromethylation of alkenes. This approach simultaneously introduces CF2H groups along with complex alkyl or aryl groups into alkenes with regioselectivity opposite to traditional CF2H radical addition. We demonstrate a broad substrate scope and a wide functional group compatibility. This scalable protocol is applied to the late-stage functionalization of complex molecules and the synthesis of CF2H analogues of bioactive molecules. Mechanistic studies and density functional theory calculations suggest a unique ligand effect on the reactivity of the Cu-CF2H species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aijie Cai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Wenhao Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Xiaojun Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Samson B Zacate
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Tzu-Hsuan Chao
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Jeanette A Krause
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Mu-Jeng Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ye F, Ge Y, Spannenberg A, Neumann H, Xu LW, Beller M. 3,3-Difluoroallyl ammonium salts: highly versatile, stable and selective gem-difluoroallylation reagents. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3257. [PMID: 34059673 PMCID: PMC8167079 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23504-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The selective synthesis of fluorinated organic molecules continues to be of major importance for the development of bioactive compounds (agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals) as well as unique materials. Among the established synthetic toolbox for incorporation of fluorine-containing units, efficient and general reagents for introducing -CF2- groups have been largely neglected. Here, we present the synthesis of 3,3-difluoropropen-1-yl ammonium salts (DFPAs) as stable, and scalable gem-difluoromethylation reagents, which allow for the direct reaction with a wide range of fascinating nucleophiles. DFPAs smoothly react with N-, O-, S-, Se-, and C-nucleophiles under mild conditions without necessity of metal catalysts with exclusive regioselectivity. In this way, the presented reagents also permit the straightforward preparation of many analogues of existing pharmaceuticals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ye
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 2318, Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China
- Leibniz-Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, Rostock, 18059, Germany
| | - Yao Ge
- Leibniz-Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, Rostock, 18059, Germany
| | - Anke Spannenberg
- Leibniz-Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, Rostock, 18059, Germany
| | - Helfried Neumann
- Leibniz-Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, Rostock, 18059, Germany
| | - Li-Wen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 2318, Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China
| | - Matthias Beller
- Leibniz-Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, Rostock, 18059, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Peng L, Wang H, Guo C. Copper-Catalyzed Enantioselective Difluoromethylation of Amino Acids via Difluorocarbene. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:6376-6381. [PMID: 33900748 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Difluoromethyl amino acids (DFAA) exhibit intriguing biological properties, making them highly desirable motifs in agrochemical and pharmaceutical science. However, stereochemical control of direct difluoromethyl transformation via the difluorocarbene species has not been demonstrated. Here we describe an efficient copper-catalyzed asymmetric difluoromethylation reaction that systematically delivers chiral DFAA as rationally designed mechanism-based inhibitors of PLP-dependent amino acid decarboxylases. The reaction employs difluoromonochloromethane, an abundant raw material, as the direct precursor of difluorocarbene species, enabling the unprecedentedly direct conversion of amino esters into corresponding valuable DFAA products in good yields with excellent enantioselectivities. This de novo synthesis creates opportunities to integrate an asymmetric catalytic platform for the preparation of diverse libraries of biologically important DFAA derivatives and will support efforts in both drug discovery and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingzi Peng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Hongyi Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Chang Guo
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Zhou S, Sun ZY, Zhu K, Zhao W, Tang X, Guo M, Wang G. Metal-Free Difunctionalization of Pyridines: Selective Construction of N-CF 2H and N-CHO Dihydropyridines. Org Lett 2021; 23:2205-2211. [PMID: 33635677 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The reactivity of N-difluoromethylpyridinium salts is seldom explored because of their instability and low availability. Here we present a novel nucleophilic addition of N-difluoromethylpyridinium salts with nitroalkanes to synthesize N-CF2H-dihydropyridines and N-CHO-dihydropyridines in a highly efficient and regioselective pathway. This protocol exhibits good functional group tolerance and good to excellent yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sen Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Ze-Ying Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Kongying Zhu
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Testing Center, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Wentao Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyang Tang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Minjie Guo
- Institute for Molecular Design and Synthesis, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Guangwei Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
He G, Xiao X, Jin HZ, Lin JH, Zhong T, Zheng X, Xiao JC. Ph2S/selectfluor-promoted deoxydifluorination of aldehydes. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.131963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
47
|
Sap JBI, Meyer CF, Straathof NJW, Iwumene N, am Ende CW, Trabanco AA, Gouverneur V. Late-stage difluoromethylation: concepts, developments and perspective. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:8214-8247. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00360g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review describes the conceptual advances that have led to the multiple difluoromethylation processes making use of well-defined CF2H sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen B. I. Sap
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Oxford University
- OX1 3TA Oxford
- UK
| | - Claudio F. Meyer
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Oxford University
- OX1 3TA Oxford
- UK
| | - Natan J. W. Straathof
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Oxford University
- OX1 3TA Oxford
- UK
| | - Ndidi Iwumene
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Oxford University
- OX1 3TA Oxford
- UK
| | - Christopher W. am Ende
- Pfizer Inc
- Medicine Design, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, and 1 Portland Street
- Cambridge
- USA
| | | | - Véronique Gouverneur
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Oxford University
- OX1 3TA Oxford
- UK
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
This review highlights important developments in nickel-catalysed mono-, di- and tri-fluoromethylation, trifluoromethylthiolation and trifluoromethylselenolation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pravya P. Nair
- Institute for Integrated Programmes and Research in Basic Sciences (IIRBS), Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarsini Hills P O, Kottayam, Kerala, 686560 India
| | - Rose Mary Philip
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarsini Hills P O, Kottayam, Kerala, 686560 India
| | - Gopinathan Anilkumar
- Institute for Integrated Programmes and Research in Basic Sciences (IIRBS), Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarsini Hills P O, Kottayam, Kerala, 686560 India
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarsini Hills P O, Kottayam, Kerala, 686560 India
- Advanced Molecular Materials Research Centre (AMMRC), Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarsini Hills P O, Kottayam, Kerala, 686560 India
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Xu X, Tao N, Fan WT, Tu G, Geng J, Zhang J, Zhao Y. Ruthenium-Catalyzed Meta-Selective C-H Difluoromethylation of Phenol Derivatives. J Org Chem 2020; 85:13868-13876. [PMID: 33113330 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
With pyrimidine as the directing group, we achieved the meta-selective difluoromethylation of phenol derivatives using ruthenium as a catalyst. This synthetic scheme provided an efficient method for the syntheses of fluorine-containing phenol derivatives. A wide variety of phenol derivatives were well-suited, affording the corresponding products in moderate-to-good yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Na Tao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Tai Fan
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Guangliang Tu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jingyao Geng
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China
| | - Yingsheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Brigham CE, Malapit CA, Lalloo N, Sanford MS. Nickel-Catalyzed Decarbonylative Synthesis of Fluoroalkyl Thioethers. ACS Catal 2020; 10:8315-8320. [PMID: 34306801 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the development of a nickel-catalyzed decarbonylative reaction for the synthesis of fluoroalkyl thioethers (RFSR) from the corresponding thioesters. Readily available, inexpensive, and stable fluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (RFCO2H) serve as the fluoroalkyl (RF) source in this transformation. Stoichiometric organometallic studies reveal that RF-S bond-forming reductive elimination is a challenging step in the catalytic cycle. This led to the identification of diphenylphosphinoferrocene as the optimal ligand for this transformation. Ultimately, this method was applied to the construction of diverse fluoroalkyl thioethers (RFSR), with R = both aryl and alkyl.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Conor E. Brigham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Christian A. Malapit
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Naish Lalloo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Melanie S. Sanford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| |
Collapse
|