1
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Menke JM, Trapp O. Pronounced Self-Induced Diastereomeric Anisochronism in Anisidine Amino Acid Diamides. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400623. [PMID: 38656599 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The emergent properties resulting from selective supramolecular interactions are of significant importance for materials and chemical systems. For the directed use of such properties, a fundamental understanding of the interaction mechanism and the resulting mode of function is necessary for a tailored design. The self-induced diastereomeric anisochronism effect (SIDA), which occurs in the intermolecular interaction of chiral molecules, generates unique properties such as chiral self-recognition and nonlinear effects. Here we show that anisidine amino acid diamides lead to extraordinary signal splitting in NMR spectra through supramolecular interaction and homochiral self-recognition. By systematic experiments we have investigated the underlying SIDA effect, explored its limits and finally successfully utilized it in the determination of enantiomeric ratios by NMR spectroscopy of chiral 'SIDA-inactive' compounds such as thalidomide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Michael Menke
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
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2
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Chen Y, Liu C. Strategies for Synthesizing Supramolecular Block Copolymers. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300623. [PMID: 38095487 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Over the past decade, controlled supramolecular polymerization has been extensively studied and gradually shifted to supramolecular block copolymerization. Supramolecular block copolymers (BCPs) are considered the holy grail for developing supramolecular materials with new functionalities due to their fascinating structures and ability to introduce diverse functions. From a thermodynamic view to kinetic aspects, great progress has been made in the synthetic strategies of BCPs in the past few years. This Concept summarizes various strategies to realize supramolecular block copolymerization. The focus is on providing researchers with a methodological basis for achieving heterogeneous nucleation-elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Chun Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China
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3
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Chen Y, Wan Q, Shi Y, Tang B, Che CM, Liu C. Three-Component Multiblock 1D Supramolecular Copolymers of Ir(III) Complexes with Controllable Sequences. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312844. [PMID: 37905561 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Multicomponent supramolecular block copolymers (BCPs) have attracted much attention due to their potential functionalities, but examples of three-component supramolecular BCPs are rare. Herein, we report the synthesis of three-component multiblock 1D supramolecular copolymers of Ir(III) complexes 1-3 by a sequential seeded supramolecular polymerization approach. Precise control over the kinetically trapped species via the pathway complexity of the monomers is the key to the successful synthesis of BCPs with up to 9 blocks. Furthermore, 5-block BCPs with different sequences could be synthesized by changing the addition order of the kinetic species during a sequentially seeded process. The corresponding heterogeneous nucleation-elongation process has been confirmed by the UV/Vis absorption spectra, and each segment of the multiblock copolymers could be characterized by both TEM and SEM. Interestingly, the energy transfer leads to weakened emission of 1-terminated and enhanced emission of 3-terminated BCPs. This study will be an important step in advancing the synthesis and properties of three-component BCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Qingyun Wan
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yusheng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Bingtao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China
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4
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Rajak A, Das A. Cascade Energy Transfer and White-Light Emission in Chirality-Controlled Crystallization-Driven Two-Dimensional Co-assemblies from Donor and Acceptor Dye-Conjugated Polylactides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202314290. [PMID: 37842911 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Achieving predictable and programmable two-dimensional (2D) structures with specific functions from exclusively organic soft materials remains a scientific challenge. This article unravels stereocomplex crystallization-driven self-assembly as a facile method for producing thermally robust discrete 2D-platelets of diamond shape from biodegradable semicrystalline polylactide (PLA) scaffolds. The method involves co-assembling two PLA stereoisomers, namely, PY-PDLA and NMI-PLLA, which form stereocomplex (SC)-crystals in isopropanol. By conjugating a well-known Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) donor and acceptor dye, namely, pyrene (PY) and naphthalene monoimide (NMI), respectively, to the chain termini of these two interacting stereoisomers, a thermally robust FRET process can be stimulated from the 2D array of the co-assembled dyes on the thermally resilient SC-PLA crystal surfaces. Uniquely, by decorating the surface of the SC-PLA crystals with an externally immobilized guest dye, Rhodamine-B, similar diamond-shaped structures could be produced that exhibit pure white-light emission through a surface-induced two-step cascade energy transfer process. The FRET response in these systems displays remarkable dependence on the intrinsic crystalline packing, which could be modulated by the chirality of the co-assembling PLA chains. This is supported by comparing the properties of similar 2D platelets generated from two homochiral PLLAs (PY-PLLA and NMI-PLLA) labeled with the same FRET pair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aritra Rajak
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS), 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India
| | - Anindita Das
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS), 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India
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5
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Abstract
As an active branch within the field of supramolecular polymers, chiral supramolecular polymers (SPs) are an excellent benchmark to generate helical structures that can clarify the origin of homochirality in Nature or help determine new exciting functionalities of organic materials. Herein, we highlight the most utilized strategies to build up chiral SPs by using chiral monomeric units or external stimuli. Selected examples of transfer of asymmetry, in which the point or axial chirality contained by the monomeric units is efficiently transferred to the supramolecular scaffold yielding enantioenriched helical structures, will be presented. The importance of the thermodynamics and kinetics associated with those processes is stressed, especially the influence that parameters such as the helix reversal and mismatch penalties exert on the achievement of amplification of asymmetry in co-assembled systems will also be considered. Remarkable examples of breaking symmetry, in which chiral supramolecular polymers can be attained from achiral self-assembling units by applying external stimuli like stirring, solvent or light, are highlighted. Finally, the specific and promising applications of chiral supramolecular polymers are presented with recent relevant examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040-Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rafael Gómez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040-Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luis Sánchez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040-Madrid, Spain.
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Chakraborty A, Das PK, Jana B, Ghosh S. Supramolecular alternating copolymers with highly efficient fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Chem Sci 2023; 14:10875-10883. [PMID: 37829017 PMCID: PMC10566455 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03056c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This article reports alternating supramolecular copolymerization of two naphthalene-diimide (NDI)-derived building blocks (NDI-1 and NDI-2) under thermodynamic control. Both monomers contain a central NDI chromophore, attached to a hydrocarbon-chain and a carboxylic-acid group. The NDI core in NDI-2 is symmetrically substituted with two butane-thiol groups, which makes it distinct from NDI-1. In decane, a 1 : 1 mixture of NDI-1 and NDI-2 shows spontaneous gelation and a typical fibrillar network, unlike the behavior of either of the components individually. The solvent-dependent UV/vis spectrum of the mixed sample in decane shows bathochromically shifted sharp absorption bands and a sharp emission band (holds a mirror-image relationship) with a significantly small Stokes shift compared to those in CHCl3, indicating J-aggregation. In contrast, the aggregated spectra of the individual monomers show broad structureless features, suggesting ill-defined aggregates. Cooling curves derived from the temperature-dependent UV/vis spectroscopy studies revealed early nucleation and a signature of well-defined cooperative polymerization for the mixed sample, unlike either of the individual components. Molecular dynamics simulations predicted the greatest dimer formation tendency for the NDI-1 + NDI-2 (1 : 1), followed by pure NDI-1 and NDI-2. Theoretical studies further revealed a partial positive charge in the NDI ring of NDI-1 when compared to NDI-2, promoting the alternating stacking propensity, which is also favored by the steric factor as NDI-2 is core-substituted with alkyl thiols. Such theoretical predictions fully corroborate with the experimental results showing 1 : 1 stoichiometry (from Job's plot) of the two monomers, indicating alternate stacking sequences in the H-bonded (syn-syn catemer type) supramolecular copolymer. Such alternating supramolecular copolymers showed highly efficient (>93%) fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwesha Chakraborty
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road Kolkata 700032 India
| | - Pradipta Kumar Das
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road 700032 Kolkata India
| | - Biman Jana
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road 700032 Kolkata India
| | - Suhrit Ghosh
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road Kolkata 700032 India
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7
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Khanra P, Singh AK, Roy L, Das A. Pathway Complexity in Supramolecular Copolymerization and Blocky Star Copolymers by a Hetero-Seeding Effect. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:5270-5284. [PMID: 36797682 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
This study unravels the intricate kinetic and thermodynamic pathways involved in the supramolecular copolymerization of the two chiral dipolar naphthalene monoimide (NMI) building blocks (O-NMI and S-NMI), differing merely by a single heteroatom (oxygen vs sulfur). O-NMI exhibits distinct supramolecular polymerization features as compared to S-NMI in terms of its pathway complexity, hierarchical organization, and chiroptical properties. Two distinct self-assembly pathways in O-NMI occur due to the interplay between the competing dipolar interactions among the NMI chromophores and amide-amide hydrogen (H)-bonding that engenders distinct nanotapes and helical fibers, from its antiparallel and parallel stacking modes, respectively. In contrast, the propensity of S-NMI to form only a stable spherical assembly is ascribed to its much stronger amide-amide H-bonding, which outperforms other competing interactions. Under the thermodynamic route, an equimolar mixture of the two monomers generates a temporally controlled chiral statistical supramolecular copolymer that autocatalytically evolves from an initially formed metastable spherical heterostructure. In contrast, the sequence-controlled addition of the two monomers leads to the kinetically driven hetero-seeded block copolymerization. The ability to trap O-NMI in a metastable state allows its secondary nucleation from the surface of the thermodynamically stable S-NMI spherical "seed", which leads to the core-multiarmed "star" copolymer with reversibly and temporally controllable length of the growing O-NMI "arms" from the S-NMI "core". Unlike the one-dimensional self-assembly of O-NMI and its random co-assembly with S-NMI, which are both chiral, unprecedentedly, the preferred helical bias of the nucleating O-NMI fibers is completely inhibited by the absence of stereoregularity of the S-NMI "seed" in the "star" topology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payel Khanra
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Ajeet Kumar Singh
- Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai-IOC Odisha Campus Bhubaneswar, IIT Kharagpur Extension Centre, Bhubaneswar 751013, India
| | - Lisa Roy
- Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai-IOC Odisha Campus Bhubaneswar, IIT Kharagpur Extension Centre, Bhubaneswar 751013, India
| | - Anindita Das
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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8
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Cai T, Zhao S, Lin J, Zhang L. Kinetically Programming Copolymerization-like Coassembly of Multicomponent Nanoparticles with DNA. ACS NANO 2022; 16:15907-15916. [PMID: 36129379 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c02867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Programmable coassembly of multicomponent nanoparticles (NPs) into heterostructures has the capability to build upon nanostructured metamaterials with enhanced complexity and diversity. However, a general understanding of how to manipulate the sequence-defined heterostructures using straightforward concepts and quantitatively predict the coassembly process remains unreached. Drawing inspiration from the synthetic concepts of molecular block copolymers is extremely beneficial to achieve controllable coassembly of NPs and access mesoscale structuring mechanisms. We herein report a general paradigm of kinetic pathway guidance for the controllable coassembly of bivalent DNA-functionalized NPs into regular block-copolymer-like heterostructures via the stepwise polymerization strategy. By quantifying the coassembly kinetics and structural statistics, it is demonstrated that the coassembly of multicomponent NPs, through directing the specific pathways of prepolymer intermediates, follows the step-growth copolymerization mechanism. Meanwhile, a quantitative model is developed to predict the growth kinetics and outcomes of heterostructures, all controlled by the designed elements of the coassembly system. Furthermore, the stepwise polymerization strategy can be generalized to build upon a great variety of regular nanopolymers with complex architectures, such as multiblock terpolymers and ladder copolymers. Our theoretical and simulation results provide fundamental insights on quantitative predictions of the coassembly kinetics and coassembled outcomes, which can aid in realizing a diverse set of supramolecular DNA materials by the rational design of kinetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyun Cai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shuochen Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiaping Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Liangshun Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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9
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Takahashi S, Yagai S. Harmonizing Topological Features of Self-Assembled Fibers by Rosette-Mediated Random Supramolecular Copolymerization and Self-Sorting of Monomers by Photo-Cross-Linking. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:13374-13383. [PMID: 35833747 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Random copolymerization is an effective approach to synthesize the desired polymers by harmonizing distinct properties of different monomers. For supramolecular polymers in which monomer binding is inherently dynamic, it is difficult to achieve random copolymerization of monomers with distinct molecular structures and properties due to an enthalpic advantage upon self-recognition (self-sorting). Herein, we demonstrate an example of thermodynamically controlled random supramolecular copolymerization of two monomers functionalized with barbituric acid via the formation of six-membered hydrogen-bonded rosette intermediates to exhibit structural harmonization of the two main-chain motifs, i.e., intrinsically curved and linear motifs. One monomer based on naphthalene chromophore exclusively forms toroidal fibers, whereas another one bearing additional photoreactive diacetylene moiety affords linearly elongated fibers. Supramolecular copolymerization of the two monomers is achieved by cooling hot monomer mixtures in a nonpolar solvent, which results in the formation of thermodynamically stable spirally folded yet elongated fibers. Atomic force microscopic observations and theoretical simulations of the experimental data obtained by absorption spectroscopy reveal the homopolymerization of the diacetylene-functionalized monomer in the high-temperature region, followed by the incorporation of the naphthalene monomer in the medium-temperature region to form supramolecular copolymers with random monomer sequence. Finally, we demonstrate that the random copolymerization process can be switched to a narcissistically self-sorting one by deactivating monomer exchange through the photo-cross-linking of the diacetylene-functionalized monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Takahashi
- Division of Advanced Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Shiki Yagai
- Institute for Advanced Academic Research (IAAR), Chiba University, 1-33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.,Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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10
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Matern J, Fernández Z, Bäumer N, Fernández G. Expanding the Scope of Metastable Species in Hydrogen Bonding‐Directed Supramolecular Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203783. [PMID: 35362184 PMCID: PMC9321731 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We reveal unique hydrogen (H‐) bonding patterns and exploit them to control the kinetics, pathways and length of supramolecular polymers (SPs). New bisamide‐containing monomers were designed to elucidate the role of competing intra‐ vs. intermolecular H‐bonding interactions on the kinetics of supramolecular polymerization (SP). Remarkably, two polymerization‐inactive metastable states were discovered. Contrary to previous examples, the commonly assumed intramolecularly H‐bonded monomer does not evolve into intermolecularly H‐bonded SPs via ring opening, but rather forms a metastable dimer. In this dimer, all H‐bonding sites are saturated, either intra‐ or intermolecularly, hampering elongation. The dimers exhibit an advantageous preorganization, which upon opening of the intramolecular portion of the H‐bonding motif facilitates SP in a consecutive process. The retardation of spontaneous self‐assembly as a result of two metastable states enables length control in SP by seed‐mediated growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Matern
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Zulema Fernández
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Nils Bäumer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Gustavo Fernández
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36 48149 Münster Germany
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11
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Matern J, Fernandez Z, Bäumer N, Fernandez G. Expanding the Scope of Metastable Species in Hydrogen Bonding‐Directed Supramolecular Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Matern
- WWU Münster: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Organisch-Chemisches Institut GERMANY
| | - Zulema Fernandez
- WWU Münster: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Organisch-Chemisches Institut GERMANY
| | - Nils Bäumer
- WWU Münster: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Organisch-Chemisches Institut GERMANY
| | - Gustavo Fernandez
- WWU Münster Organisch-Chemisches Institut Correnstraße, 4ß 48149 Münster GERMANY
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12
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Coste M, Suárez-Picado E, Ulrich S. Hierarchical self-assembly of aromatic peptide conjugates into supramolecular polymers: it takes two to tango. Chem Sci 2022; 13:909-933. [PMID: 35211257 PMCID: PMC8790784 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05589e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular polymers are self-assembled materials displaying adaptive and responsive "life-like" behaviour which are often made of aromatic compounds capable of engaging in π-π interactions to form larger assemblies. Major advances have been made recently in controlling their mode of self-assembly, from thermodynamically-controlled isodesmic to kinetically-controlled living polymerization. Dynamic covalent chemistry has been recently implemented to generate dynamic covalent polymers which can be seen as dynamic analogues of biomacromolecules. On the other hand, peptides are readily-available and structurally-rich building blocks that can lead to secondary structures or specific functions. In this context, the past decade has seen intense research activity in studying the behaviour of aromatic-peptide conjugates through supramolecular and/or dynamic covalent chemistries. Herein, we review those impressive key achievements showcasing how aromatic- and peptide-based self-assemblies can be combined using dynamic covalent and/or supramolecular chemistry, and what it brings in terms of the structure, self-assembly pathways, and function of supramolecular and dynamic covalent polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maëva Coste
- IBMM, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM Montpellier France
| | - Esteban Suárez-Picado
- IBMM, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM Montpellier France
| | - Sébastien Ulrich
- IBMM, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM Montpellier France
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13
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de Windt LNJ, Fernández Z, Fernández-Míguez M, Freire F, Palmans ARA. Elucidating the Supramolecular Copolymerization of N- and C-Centered Benzene-1,3,5-Tricarboxamides: The Role of Parallel and Antiparallel Packing of Amide Groups in the Copolymer Microstructure. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103691. [PMID: 34766652 PMCID: PMC9300128 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An in‐depth study of the supramolecular copolymerization behavior of N‐ and C‐centered benzene‐1,3,5‐tricarboxamides (N‐ and C‐BTAs) has been conducted in methylcyclohexane and in the solid state. The connectivity of the amide groups in the BTAs differs, and mixing N‐ and C‐BTAs results in supramolecular copolymers with a blocky microstructure in solution. The blocky microstructure results from the formation of weaker and less organized, antiparallel hydrogen bonds between N‐ and C‐BTAs. In methylcyclohexane, the helical threefold hydrogen‐bonding network present in C‐ and N‐BTAs is retained in the mixtures. In the solid state, in contrast, the hydrogen bonds of pure BTAs as well as their mixtures organize in a sheet‐like pattern, and in the mixtures long‐range order is lost. Drop‐casting to kinetically trap the solution microstructures shows that C‐BTAs retain the helical hydrogen bonds, but N‐BTAs immediately adopt the sheet‐like pattern, a direct consequence of the lower stabilization energy of the helical hydrogen bonds. In the copolymers, the stability of the helical aggregates depends on the copolymer composition, and helical aggregates are only preserved when a high amount of C‐BTAs is present. The method outlined here is generally applicable to elucidate the copolymerization behavior of supramolecular monomers both in solution as well as in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lafayette N J de Windt
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Zulema Fernández
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares and, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel Fernández-Míguez
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares and, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Félix Freire
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares and, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Anja R A Palmans
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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14
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Yin L, Liu M, Ma H, Cheng X, Miao T, Zhang W, Zhu X. Induction and modulation of supramolecular chirality in side-chain azobenzene polymers through the covalent chiral domino effect. Sci China Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-021-1132-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Su H, Jansen SAH, Schnitzer T, Weyandt E, Rösch AT, Liu J, Vantomme G, Meijer EW. Unraveling the Complexity of Supramolecular Copolymerization Dictated by Triazine-Benzene Interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:17128-17135. [PMID: 34612646 PMCID: PMC8532160 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Supramolecular copolymers
formed by the noncovalent synthesis of
multiple components expand the complexity of functional molecular
systems. However, varying the composition and microstructure of copolymers
through tuning the interactions between building blocks remains a
challenge. Here, we report a remarkable discovery of the temperature-dependent
supramolecular copolymerization of the two chiral monomers 4,4′,4″-(1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triyl)tribenzamide
(S-T) and 4,4′,4″-(benzene-1,3,5-triyl)tribenzamide
(S-B). We first demonstrate
in the homopolymerization of the two individual monomers that a subtle
change from the central triazine to benzene in the chemical structure
of the monomers significantly affects the properties of the resulting
homopolymers in solution. Homopolymers formed by S-T exhibit enhanced stability in comparison
to S-B. More importantly,
through a combination of spectroscopic analysis and theoretical simulation,
we reveal the complex process of copolymerization: S-T aggregates into homopolymers at elevated
temperature, and upon slow cooling S-B gradually intercalates into the copolymers, to finally
give copolymers with almost 80% alternating bonds at 10 °C. The
formation of the predominantly alternating copolymers is plausibly
contributed by preferred heterointeractions between triazine and benzene
cores in S-T and S-B, respectively, at lower temperatures.
Overall, this work unravels the complexity of a supramolecular copolymerization
process where an intermediate heterointeraction (higher than one homointeraction
and lower than the other homointeraction) presents and proposes a
general method to elucidate the microstructures of copolymers responsive
to temperature changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Su
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Stef A H Jansen
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Tobias Schnitzer
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Weyandt
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas T Rösch
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jie Liu
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ghislaine Vantomme
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - E W Meijer
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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16
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Iseki T, Mabesoone MFJ, Koenis MAJ, Lamers BAG, Weyandt E, de Windt LNJ, Buma WJ, Palmans ARA, Meijer EW. Temperature-dependent modulation by biaryl-based monomers of the chain length and morphology of biphenyl-based supramolecular polymers. Chem Sci 2021; 12:13001-13012. [PMID: 34745531 PMCID: PMC8513997 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03974a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular copolymerizations offer attractive options to introduce structural and functional diversity in supramolecular polymer materials. Yet, general principles and structure–property relationships for rational comonomer design remain lacking. Here, we report on the supramolecular (co)aggregation of a phenylpyridine and bipyridine derivative of a recently reported biphenyl tetracarboxamide-based monomer. We show that both arylpyridines are poor monomers for supramolecular homopolymerizations. However, the two arylpyridines efficiently influence supramolecular polymers of a biphenyl-based polymer. The phenylpyridine derivatives primarily sequestrate biphenyl monomers, while the bipyridine intercalates into the polymers at high temperatures. Thereby, these two poorly homopolymerizing monomers allow for a fine control over the length of the biphenyl-based supramolecular polymers. As such, our results highlight the potential to control the structure and morphology of supramolecular polymers by tailoring the electronic properties of additives. Supramolecular copolymerizations offer attractive options to introduce structural and functional diversity in supramolecular polymer materials.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomokazu Iseki
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands .,Material Science Research Laboratory, Kao Corporation Wakayama-shi Wakayama 640-8580 Japan
| | - Mathijs F J Mabesoone
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands .,Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Mark A J Koenis
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Brigitte A G Lamers
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Weyandt
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Lafayette N J de Windt
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Wybren Jan Buma
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands.,Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University Toernooiveld 7c 6525 ED Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Anja R A Palmans
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - E W Meijer
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
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17
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Song Q, Kerr A, Yang J, Hall SCL, Perrier S. Tubular supramolecular alternating copolymers fabricated by cyclic peptide-polymer conjugates. Chem Sci 2021; 12:9096-9103. [PMID: 34276939 PMCID: PMC8261775 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02389f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular copolymers are an emerging class of materials, which bring together different properties and functionalities of multiple components via noncovalent interactions. While it is widely acknowledged that the repeating unit sequence plays an essential role on the performance of these materials, mastering and tuning the supramolecular copolymer sequence is still an open challenge. To date, only statistical supramolecular copolymers have been reported using cyclic peptide-polymer conjugates as building blocks. To enrich the diversity of tubular supramolecular copolymers, we report here a strategy of controlling their sequences by introducing an extra complementary noncovalent interaction. Hence, two conjugates bearing one electron donor and one electron acceptor, respectively, are designed. The two conjugates can individually assemble into tubular supramolecular homopolymers driven by the multiple hydrogen bonding interactions between cyclic peptides. However, the complementary charge transfer interaction between the electron donor and acceptor makes each conjugate more favorable for complexing with its counterpart, resulting in an alternating sequence of the supramolecular copolymer. Following the same principle, more functional supramolecular alternating copolymers are expected to be designed and constructed via other complementary noncovalent interactions (electrostatic interactions, metal coordination interactions, and host-guest interactions, etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Andrew Kerr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Stephen C L Hall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University Parkville VIC 3052 Australia
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18
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Shyshov O, Haridas SV, Pesce L, Qi H, Gardin A, Bochicchio D, Kaiser U, Pavan GM, von Delius M. Living supramolecular polymerization of fluorinated cyclohexanes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3134. [PMID: 34035277 PMCID: PMC8149861 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23370-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of powerful methods for living covalent polymerization has been a key driver of progress in organic materials science. While there have been remarkable reports on living supramolecular polymerization recently, the scope of monomers is still narrow and a simple solution to the problem is elusive. Here we report a minimalistic molecular platform for living supramolecular polymerization that is based on the unique structure of all-cis 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexafluorocyclohexane, the most polar aliphatic compound reported to date. We use this large dipole moment (6.2 Debye) not only to thermodynamically drive the self-assembly of supramolecular polymers, but also to generate kinetically trapped monomeric states. Upon addition of well-defined seeds, we observed that the dormant monomers engage in a kinetically controlled supramolecular polymerization. The obtained nanofibers have an unusual double helical structure and their length can be controlled by the ratio between seeds and monomers. The successful preparation of supramolecular block copolymers demonstrates the versatility of the approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luca Pesce
- Department of Innovative Technologies, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Lugano-Viganello, Switzerland
| | - Haoyuan Qi
- Central Facility of Electron Microscopy, Electron Microscopy Group of Materials Science, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andrea Gardin
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Davide Bochicchio
- Department of Innovative Technologies, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Lugano-Viganello, Switzerland
- Department of Physics, Università degli studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Central Facility of Electron Microscopy, Electron Microscopy Group of Materials Science, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Giovanni M Pavan
- Department of Innovative Technologies, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Lugano-Viganello, Switzerland.
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy.
| | - Max von Delius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
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19
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Martínez-Aguirre MA, Li Y, Vanthuyne N, Bouteiller L, Raynal M. Dissecting the Role of the Sergeants in Supramolecular Helical Catalysts: From Chain Capping to Intercalation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:4183-4191. [PMID: 33180372 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Controlling the properties of supramolecular assemblies requires unveiling the specific interactions between their components. In the present work, the catalytic properties and structure of co-assemblies composed of a benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (BTA) ligand coordinated to copper (the soldier) and seven enantiopure BTAs (the sergeants) have been determined. Whatever the sergeant, the enantioselectivity of the reaction is directly proportional to the optical purity of the supramolecular helices. More strikingly, the role played by the sergeant in the co-assembly process differs significantly: from almost pure intercalator (when it is incorporated in the stacks of the soldier and generates long homochiral helices) to pure chain capper (when it leads to the formation of partly helically biased and short assemblies). The former situation leads to optimal enantioselectivity for the catalytic system under study (58 % ee) while the latter situation leads to very low selectivity (8 % ee). The successful rationalization of this high and unexpected difference is crucial for the development of more efficient catalysts and more elaborate supramolecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayte A Martínez-Aguirre
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Equipe Chimie des Polymères, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Yan Li
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Equipe Chimie des Polymères, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Vanthuyne
- Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2, UMR 7313, 13397, Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Laurent Bouteiller
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Equipe Chimie des Polymères, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Raynal
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Equipe Chimie des Polymères, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
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20
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Martínez‐Aguirre MA, Li Y, Vanthuyne N, Bouteiller L, Raynal M. Dissecting the Role of the Sergeants in Supramolecular Helical Catalysts: From Chain Capping to Intercalation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mayte A. Martínez‐Aguirre
- Sorbonne Université CNRS Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire Equipe Chimie des Polymères 4 Place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
| | - Yan Li
- Sorbonne Université CNRS Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire Equipe Chimie des Polymères 4 Place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
| | - Nicolas Vanthuyne
- Aix Marseille Université Centrale Marseille CNRS, iSm2, UMR 7313 13397 Marseille Cedex 20 France
| | - Laurent Bouteiller
- Sorbonne Université CNRS Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire Equipe Chimie des Polymères 4 Place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
| | - Matthieu Raynal
- Sorbonne Université CNRS Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire Equipe Chimie des Polymères 4 Place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
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21
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Van Zee NJ, Mabesoone MFJ, Adelizzi B, Palmans ARA, Meijer EW. Biasing the Screw-Sense of Supramolecular Coassemblies Featuring Multiple Helical States. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:20191-20200. [PMID: 33169999 PMCID: PMC7705959 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
By enchaining a small fraction of chiral monomer units, the helical sense of a dynamic polymer constructed from achiral monomer units can be disproportionately biased. This phenomenon, known as the sergeants-and-soldiers (S&S) effect, has been found to be widely applicable to dynamic covalent and supramolecular polymers. However, it has not been exemplified with a supramolecular polymer that features multiple helical states. Herein, we demonstrate the S&S effect in the context of the temperature-controlled supramolecular copolymerization of chiral and achiral biphenyl tetracarboxamides in alkanes. The one-dimensional helical structures presented in this study are unique because they exhibit three distinct helical states, two of which are triggered by coassembling with monomeric water that is codissolved in the solvent. The self-assembly pathways are rationalized using a combination of mathematical fitting and simulations with a thermodynamic mass-balance model. We observe an unprecedented case of an "abnormal" S&S effect by changing the side chains of the achiral soldier. Although the molecular structure of these aggregates remains elusive, the coassembly of water is found to have a profound impact on the helical excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J. Van Zee
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and
Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Chimie
Moléculaire, Macromoléculaire, Matériaux, ESPCI
Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mathijs F. J. Mabesoone
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and
Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Beatrice Adelizzi
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and
Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Anja R. A. Palmans
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and
Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - E. W. Meijer
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and
Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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22
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Ter Huurne GM, Chidchob P, Long A, Martinez A, Palmans ARA, Vantomme G. Controlling the Length of Cooperative Supramolecular Polymers with Chain Cappers. Chemistry 2020; 26:9964-9970. [PMID: 32347608 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The design and the characterization of supramolecular additives to control the chain length of benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (BTA) cooperative supramolecular polymers under thermodynamic equilibrium is unraveled. These additives act as chain cappers of supramolecular polymers and feature one face as reactive as the BTA discotic to interact strongly with the polymer end, whereas the other face is nonreactive and therefore impedes further polymerization. Such a design requires fine tuning of the conformational preorganization of the amides and the steric hindrance of the motif. The chain cappers studied are monotopic derivatives of BTA, modified by partial N-methylation of the amides or by positioning of a bulky cyclotriveratrylene cage on one face of the BTA unit. This study not only clarifies the interplay between structural variations and supramolecular interactions, but it also highlights the necessity to combine orthogonal characterization methods, spectroscopy and light scattering, to elucidate the structures and compositions of supramolecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijs M Ter Huurne
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Pongphak Chidchob
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Augustin Long
- CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Aix-Marseille Université, 13013, Marseille, France
| | - Alexandre Martinez
- CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Aix-Marseille Université, 13013, Marseille, France
| | - Anja R A Palmans
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ghislaine Vantomme
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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23
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24
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Helical supramolecular polymers with rationally designed binding sites for chiral guest recognition. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2311. [PMID: 32385267 PMCID: PMC7210886 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16127-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Since various helical supramolecular polymers became available, their application to molecular chirality recognition have been anticipated but not extensively studied. So far, only a few examples of chiral reactions have been reported, but none for chiral separation. Here, we report the application of a helical supramolecular polymer to the enantio-separation of chiral guest molecules. The monomer of this supramolecular polymer is the salt-pair of a dendritic carboxylic acid with an enantiopure amino alcohol. In an apolar solvent, this salt-pair stacks via hydrogen bonds to form a helical polymer. In conjunction with this carboxylic acid, various amino alcohols afford supramolecular polymers, whose helical handedness is determined by the stereochemistry of the amino alcohols. When two salts with the same chirality are mixed, they undergo copolymerization, while those with opposite chirality do not. Owing to this stereoselective copolymerizability, the helical supramolecular polymer could bias the enantiomeric composition of chiral amino alcohols. Since various helical supramolecular polymers became available, their application in molecular chirality recognition have been anticipated but not extensively studied. Here, the authors report the application of a helical supramolecular polymer for the enantio separation of chiral guest molecules.
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25
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Weyandt E, Ter Huurne GM, Vantomme G, Markvoort AJ, Palmans ARA, Meijer EW. Photodynamic Control of the Chain Length in Supramolecular Polymers: Switching an Intercalator into a Chain Capper. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:6295-6303. [PMID: 32167302 PMCID: PMC7118707 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c00858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Supramolecular systems are intrinsically
dynamic and sensitive
to changes in molecular structure and external conditions. Because
of these unique properties, strategies to control polymer length,
composition, comonomer sequence, and morphology have to be developed
for sufficient control over supramolecular copolymerizations. We designed
photoresponsive, mono acyl hydrazone functionalized benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide
(m-BTA) monomers that play a dual role in the coassembly
with achiral alkyl BTAs (a-BTA). In the E isomer form, the chiral m-BTA monomers intercalate
into stacks of a-BTA and dictate the chirality of the
helices. Photoisomerization to the Z isomer transforms
the intercalator into a chain capper, allowing dynamic shortening
of chain length in the supramolecular aggregates. We combine optical
spectroscopy and light-scattering experiments with theoretical modeling
to show the reversible decrease in length when switching from the E to Z isomer of m-BTA in
the copolymer with inert a-BTA. With a mass-balance thermodynamic
model, we gain additional insights into the composition of copolymers
and length distributions of the species over a broad range of concentrations
and mixing ratios of a-BTA/m-BTA. Moreover,
the model was used to predict the impact of an additive (chain capper
and intercalator) on the chain length over a range of concentrations,
showing a remarkable amplification of efficiency at high concentrations.
By employing a stimuli-responsive comonomer in a mostly inert polymer,
we can cooperatively amplify the effect of the switching and obtain
photocontrol of polymer length. Moreover, this dynamic decrease in
chain length causes a macroscopic gel-to-sol phase transformation
of the copolymer gel, although 99.4% of the organogel is inert to
the light stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Weyandt
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs M Ter Huurne
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ghislaine Vantomme
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J Markvoort
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Computational Biology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Anja R A Palmans
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - E W Meijer
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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26
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ten Eikelder HMM, Markvoort AJ. Mass-Balance Models for Scrutinizing Supramolecular (Co)polymerizations in Thermodynamic Equilibrium. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:3465-3474. [PMID: 31756081 PMCID: PMC6921686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed increasing attention on supramolecular polymerization, i.e., the formation of one-dimensional aggregates in which the monomeric units bind together via reversible and usually highly directional non-covalent interactions. Because of the presence of these reversible interactions, such as hydrogen bonding, π-π interactions, or metal coordination, supramolecular polymers exhibit numerous desirable properties ranging from high thermoresponsiveness to self-healing and great capacity for processability and recycling. These properties relate to intriguing experimentally observed nonlinear effects such as the monomer-dependent presence of a critical temperature for aggregation and a solvent- and temperature-tunable aggregate morphology. For coassemblies this is complemented with monomer-ratio- and monomer-compatibility-dependent internal order as well as majority-rules-type chiral amplification. However, the dynamic nature of the (co)polymers and the intricate interplay of many interactions make these effects difficult to rationalize without theoretical models. This Account presents recent advances in the development and use of equilibrium models for supramolecular copolymerization based on mass balances, mainly developed by our group. The basic idea of these models is that we describe a supramolecular (co)polymerization by a set of independent equilibrium reactions, like monomer associations and dissociations, and that in thermodynamic equilibrium the concentrations of the reactants and products in each reaction are coupled via the equilibrium constant of that reaction. Recursion then allows the concentration of each possible aggregate to be written as a function of the free monomer concentrations. Because a monomer should be present either as a free monomer or in one of the aggregates, a set of n equations can be formed with the n free monomer concentrations as the only unknowns. This set of mass-balance equations can then be solved numerically, yielding the free monomer concentrations, from which the complete system can be reconstituted. By a step-by-step extension of the model for the aggregation of a single monomer type to include the formation of multiple aggregate types and the coassembly of multiple monomer types, we can capture increasingly complex supramolecular (co)polymerizations. In each step we illustrate how the extended model explains in detail another of the experimentally observed nonlinear effects, with the common denominator that small differences in association energies are intricately amplified at the supramolecular level. We finally arrive at our latest and most general approach to modeling (cooperative) supramolecular (co)polymerization, which encompasses all of our earlier models and shows great promise to help rationalize also future systems featuring ever-increasing complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huub M. M. ten Eikelder
- Computational Biology Group and Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J. Markvoort
- Computational Biology Group and Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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27
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Vantomme G, ter Huurne GM, Kulkarni C, ten Eikelder HMM, Markvoort AJ, Palmans ARA, Meijer EW. Tuning the Length of Cooperative Supramolecular Polymers under Thermodynamic Control. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:18278-18285. [PMID: 31638390 PMCID: PMC6856959 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b09443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the field of supramolecular (co)polymerizations, the ability to predict and control the composition and length of the supramolecular (co)polymers is a topic of great interest. In this work, we elucidate the mechanism that controls the polymer length in a two-component cooperative supramolecular polymerization and unveil the role of the second component in the system. We focus on the supramolecular copolymerization between two derivatives of benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (BTA) monomers: a-BTA and Nle-BTA. As a single component, a-BTA cooperatively polymerizes into long supramolecular polymers, whereas Nle-BTA only forms dimers. By mixing a-BTA and Nle-BTA in different ratios, two-component systems are obtained, which are analyzed in-depth by combining spectroscopy and light-scattering techniques with theoretical modeling. The results show that the length of the supramolecular polymers formed by a-BTA is controlled by competitive sequestration of a-BTA monomers by Nle-BTA, while the obvious alternative Nle-BTA acts as a chain-capper is not operative. This sequestration of a-BTA leads to short, stable species coexisting with long cooperative aggregates. The analysis of the experimental data by theoretical modeling elucidates the thermodynamic parameters of the copolymerization, the distributions of the various species, and the composition and length of the supramolecular polymers at various mixing ratios of a-BTA and Nle-BTA. Moreover, the model was used to generalize our results and to predict the impact of adding a chain-capper or a competitor on the length of the cooperative supramolecular polymers under thermodynamic control. Overall, this work unveils comprehensive guidelines to master the nature of supramolecular (co)polymers and brings the field one step closer to applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghislaine Vantomme
- Laboratory
of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs M. ter Huurne
- Laboratory
of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Chidambar Kulkarni
- Laboratory
of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Huub M. M. ten Eikelder
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Computational
Biology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J. Markvoort
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Computational
Biology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Anja R. A. Palmans
- Laboratory
of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - E. W. Meijer
- Laboratory
of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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28
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de Windt LJ, Kulkarni C, ten Eikelder HMM, Markvoort AJ, Meijer EW, Palmans ARA. Detailed Approach to Investigate Thermodynamically Controlled Supramolecular Copolymerizations. Macromolecules 2019; 52:7430-7438. [PMID: 31607759 PMCID: PMC6785799 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating the microstructure of supramolecular copolymers remains challenging, despite the progress in the field of supramolecular polymers. In this work, we present a detailed approach to investigate supramolecular copolymerizations under thermodynamic control. Our approach provides insight into the interactions of different types of monomers and hereby allows elucidating the microstructure of copolymers. We select two monomers that undergo cooperative supramolecular polymerization by way of threefold intermolecular hydrogen bonding in a helical manner, namely, benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (BTA) and benzene-1,3,5-tris(carbothioamide) (thioBTA). Two enantiomeric forms and an achiral analogue of BTA and thioBTA are synthesized and their homo- and copolymerizations are studied using light scattering techniques, infrared, ultraviolet, and circular dichroism spectroscopy. After quantifying the thermodynamic parameters describing the homopolymerizations, we outline a method to follow the self-assembly of thioBTA derivatives in the copolymerization with BTA, which involves monitoring a characteristic spectroscopic signature as a function of temperature and relative concentration. Using modified types of sergeants-and-soldiers and majority-rules experiments, we obtain insights into the degree of aggregation and the net helicity. In addition, we apply a theoretical model of supramolecular copolymerization to substantiate the experimental results. We find that the model describes the two-component system well and allows deriving the hetero-interaction energies. The interactions between the same kinds of monomers (BTA-BTA and thioBTA-thioBTA) are slightly more favorable than those between different monomers (BTA-thioBTA), corresponding to a nearly random copolymerization. Finally, to study the interactions of the monomers at the molecular level, we perform density functional theory-based computations. The results corroborate that the two-component system exhibits a random distribution of the two monomer units along the copolymer chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lafayette
N. J. de Windt
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Laboratory of Macromolecular and
Organic Chemistry, and Computational Biology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology,
P. O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Chidambar Kulkarni
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Laboratory of Macromolecular and
Organic Chemistry, and Computational Biology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology,
P. O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Huub M. M. ten Eikelder
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Laboratory of Macromolecular and
Organic Chemistry, and Computational Biology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology,
P. O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J. Markvoort
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Laboratory of Macromolecular and
Organic Chemistry, and Computational Biology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology,
P. O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - E. W. Meijer
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Laboratory of Macromolecular and
Organic Chemistry, and Computational Biology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology,
P. O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Anja R. A. Palmans
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Laboratory of Macromolecular and
Organic Chemistry, and Computational Biology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology,
P. O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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29
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Long A, Jean M, Albalat M, Vanthuyne N, Giorgi M, Górecki M, Dutasta J, Martinez A. Synthesis, resolution, and chiroptical properties of hemicryptophane cage controlling the chirality of propeller arrangement of a
C
3
triamide unit. Chirality 2019; 31:910-916. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.23131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Augustin Long
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2 Marseille France
| | - Marion Jean
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2 Marseille France
| | - Muriel Albalat
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2 Marseille France
| | | | - Michel Giorgi
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, FSCM, Spectropole Marseille France
| | - Marcin Górecki
- Institute of Organic ChemistryPolish Academy of Sciences Warsaw Poland
| | - Jean‐Pierre Dutasta
- Laboratoire de Chimie École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, UCBL Lyon France
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30
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ten
Eikelder HMM, Adelizzi B, Palmans ARA, Markvoort AJ. Equilibrium Model for Supramolecular Copolymerizations. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:6627-6642. [PMID: 31287320 PMCID: PMC6681264 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b04373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The coassembly of different building blocks into supramolecular copolymers provides a promising avenue to control their properties and to thereby expand the potential of supramolecular polymers in applications. However, contrary to covalent copolymerization which nowadays can be well controlled, the control over sequence, polymer length, and morphology in supramolecular copolymers is to date less developed, and their structures are more determined by the delicate balance in binding free energies between the distinct building blocks than by kinetics. Consequently, to rationalize the structures of supramolecular copolymers, a thorough understanding of their thermodynamic behavior is needed. Though this is well established for single-component assemblies and over the past years several models have been proposed for specific copolymerization cases, a generally applicable model for supramolecular cooperative copolymers is still lacking. Here, we provide a generalization of our earlier mass-balance models for supramolecular copolymerizations that encompasses all our earlier models. In this model, the binding free energies of each pair of monomer types in each aggregate type can be set independently. We provide scripts to solve the model numerically for any (co)polymerization of one or two types of monomer into an arbitrary number of distinct aggregate types. We illustrate the applicability of the model on data from literature as well as on new experimental data of triarylamine triamide-based copolymers in three distinct solvents. We show that apart from common properties such as the degree of polymerization and length distributions, our approach also allows us to investigate properties such as the copolymer microstructure, that is, the internal ordering of monomers within the copolymers. Moreover, we show that in some cases, also intriguing analytical approximations can be derived from the mass balances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huub M. M. ten
Eikelder
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Computational Biology Group,
and Laboratory for
Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven
University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Beatrice Adelizzi
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Computational Biology Group,
and Laboratory for
Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven
University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Anja R. A. Palmans
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Computational Biology Group,
and Laboratory for
Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven
University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J. Markvoort
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Computational Biology Group,
and Laboratory for
Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven
University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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31
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van Buel R, Spitzer D, Berac CM, van der Schoot P, Besenius P, Jabbari-Farouji S. Supramolecular copolymers predominated by alternating order: Theory and application. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:014902. [PMID: 31272178 DOI: 10.1063/1.5097577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate the copolymerization behavior of a two-component system into quasilinear self-assemblies under conditions that interspecies binding is favored over identical species binding. The theoretical framework is based on a coarse-grained self-assembled Ising model with nearest neighbor interactions. In Ising language, such conditions correspond to the antiferromagnetic case giving rise to copolymers with predominantly alternating configurations. In the strong coupling limit, we show that the maximum fraction of polymerized material and the average length of strictly alternating copolymers depend on the stoichiometric ratio and the activation free energy of the more abundant species. They are substantially reduced when the stoichiometric ratio noticeably differs from unity. Moreover, for stoichiometric ratios close to unity, the copolymerization critical concentration is remarkably lower than the homopolymerization critical concentration of either species. We further analyze the polymerization behavior for a finite and negative coupling constant and characterize the composition of supramolecular copolymers. Our theoretical insights rationalize experimental results of supramolecular polymerization of oppositely charged monomeric species in aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinier van Buel
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Staudingerweg 7-9, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel Spitzer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Marijan Berac
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Paul van der Schoot
- Theory of Polymer and Soft Matter Group, Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Pol Besenius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sara Jabbari-Farouji
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Staudingerweg 7-9, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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32
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Coelho JP, Matern J, Albuquerque RQ, Fernández G. Mechanistic Insights into Statistical Co-Assembly of Metal Complexes. Chemistry 2019; 25:8960-8964. [PMID: 30920063 PMCID: PMC7318678 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Statistical copolymerization plays a key role in many biological and technological processes; however, mechanistic understanding of the formation of analogous supramolecular counterparts remains limited. Herein, we report detailed insights into the supramolecular co-assembly of two π-conjugated PdII and PtII complexes, which in isolation self-assemble into flexible fibers and nanodisks, respectively. An efficient single-step co-assembly into only one type of nanostructure (fibers or nanodisks) takes place if any of the components is in excess. In contrast, equimolar mixtures lead to PdII -rich fiber-like co-assemblies by a statistical co-nucleation event along with a residual amount of self-sorted nanodisks in a stepwise manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao Paulo Coelho
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität, MünsterCorrensstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Jonas Matern
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität, MünsterCorrensstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Rodrigo Q. Albuquerque
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität, MünsterCorrensstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Gustavo Fernández
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität, MünsterCorrensstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
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33
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Chen C, Fu H, Baumgartner R, Song Z, Lin Y, Cheng J. Proximity-Induced Cooperative Polymerization in “Hinged” Helical Polypeptides. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:8680-8683. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b02298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chongyi Chen
- Ningbo Key Laboratory
of Specialty Polymers, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Hailin Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Program at the Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | | | | | - Yao Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Program at the Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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34
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Adelizzi B, Van Zee NJ, de Windt LNJ, Palmans ARA, Meijer EW. Future of Supramolecular Copolymers Unveiled by Reflecting on Covalent Copolymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:6110-6121. [PMID: 30889358 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b01089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular copolymers are an emerging class of materials, and in the last years their potential has been demonstrated on a broad scale. Implementing noncovalent polymers with multiple components can bring together useful features such as dynamicity and new functionalities. However, mastering and tuning the microstructure of these systems is still an open challenge. In this Perspective, we aim to trace the general principles of supramolecular copolymerization by analyzing them through the lens of the well-established field of covalent copolymerization. Our goal is to delineate guidelines to classify and analyze supramolecular copolymers in order to create a fruitful platform to design and investigate new multicomponent systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathan J Van Zee
- Chimie Moléculaire, Macromoléculaire, et Matériaux, École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI)-CNRS, UMR-7167 , Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) Research University , 10 Rue Vauquelin , 75005 Paris , France
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35
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Ma X, Gu M, Zhang L, Lin J, Tian X. Sequence-Regulated Supracolloidal Copolymers via Copolymerization-Like Coassembly of Binary Mixtures of Patchy Nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2019; 13:1968-1976. [PMID: 30624891 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b08431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic copolymers of molecular systems serve as an inspiration for creation of one-dimensional copolymer-like superstructures via coassembly of anisometric nanoparticles. In contrast to the covalent and molecular copolymers, the details of formation mechanisms of copolymer-like superstructures, as well as the factors determining their length and the sequences of arranged nanoparticles, are still poorly understood. Herein, we propose a joint theoretical-computational framework to probe into the coassembly mechanism and kinetics of binary mixtures of patchy nanoparticles. By applying the coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, it is demonstrated that the coassembly of patchy nanoparticles markedly resembles many aspects of molecular step-growth copolymerization, and the sequences of nanoparticles inside the copolymer-like superstructures can be finely regulated by the relative activity and the initial ingredient of patchy nanoparticles as well as the coassembly strategy. A quantitatively copolymerization-like model is developed to account for the coassembly kinetics of patchy nanoparticles and the sequence distribution of arranged nanoparticles, all governed by the elaborate design of lower-level building units. The jointly theoretical and simulated studies offer mechanistic insights into the copolymerization-like kinetics and the sequence prediction for the coassembly of binary mixtures of patchy nanoparticles, paving the way toward the rational design of copolymer-like superstructures with various sequences and functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Mengxin Gu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Liangshun Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Jiaping Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Xiaohui Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
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36
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Polymeric Composite Materials for the Detection of Barium Ions in Aqueous Solutions. INT J POLYM SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/4951327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The design of polymeric composite materials (PCM) for the optical control of chemical substances is currently one of the actively developing fields of science “at the junction” of polymer, organic, and analytical chemistry. The purpose of this work is the preparation of PCM containing derivatives of crown ethers for the optical determination of barium ions. The polymeric composite materials containing a novel optical molecular sensor have been obtained and investigated on the basis of a number of film-forming polymers. The best results have been obtained for PCM based on polyvinyl butyral films (since the fluorescence and absorption maxima shifted by 9 and 16 nm, respectively) in the fluorescence and absorption spectra of this PCM in the presence of barium ions. This makes the proposed PCM highly promising as sensor elements for the detection of the barium ions in the aqueous solutions.
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37
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Rizzuto FJ, Pröhm P, Plajer AJ, Greenfield JL, Nitschke JR. Hydrogen-Bond-Assisted Symmetry Breaking in a Network of Chiral Metal–Organic Assemblies. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:1707-1715. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b12323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix J. Rizzuto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Patrick Pröhm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Alex J. Plajer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Jake L. Greenfield
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Jonathan R. Nitschke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
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38
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Vill R, Gülcher J, Khalatur P, Wintergerst P, Stoll A, Mourran A, Ziener U. Supramolecular polymerization: challenges and advantages of various methods in assessing the aggregation mechanism. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:663-674. [PMID: 30565631 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr08472f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Oligothiophenes with branched alkyl end groups show distinct aggregation in organic solvents. The process of supramolecular polymerization is assessed by three different methods (UV-vis absorption and fluorescence emission spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering) to exclude artifacts. An apparent dependence of the degree of aggregation on the concentration of the oligomers is observed. Above the upper limit of concentration (a lower micromolar range for the present class of compounds), experimental data delivered conflicting results and the concentration should not therefore be exceeded. Scanning force microscopy and molecular dynamics simulations confirm the formation of one-dimensional aggregates with presumably helical arrangement of the achiral monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Vill
- Institute of Organic Chemistry III-Macromolecular Chemistry and Organic Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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39
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Korlepara DB, Henderson WR, Castellano RK, Balasubramanian S. Differentiating the mechanism of self-assembly in supramolecular polymers through computation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:3773-3776. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc01058k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism by which monomers in solution, beyond a certain concentration or below a certain temperature, self-assemble to form one dimensional supramolecular polymers determines much of the bulk properties of the polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya B. Korlepara
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research
- Bangalore
- India
| | - Will R. Henderson
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory
- Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
| | - Ronald K. Castellano
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory
- Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
| | - Sundaram Balasubramanian
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research
- Bangalore
- India
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40
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Toyoda R, Sakamoto R, Fukui N, Matsuoka R, Tsuchiya M, Nishihara H. A single-stranded coordination copolymer affords heterostructure observation and photoluminescence intensification. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaau0637. [PMID: 30613768 PMCID: PMC6314875 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau0637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Few artificial systems can be exfoliated into, and observed as, single wires with lengths of more than several micrometers, and no previous example features a copolymer structure; this is in contrast with biopolymers such as single-strand DNAs. Here, we create a set of one-dimensional coordination copolymers featuring bis(dipyrrinato)zinc complex motifs in the main chain. A series of random copolymers is synthesized from two types of bridging dipyrrin proligand and zinc acetate, with various molar ratios between the proligands. Sonication of the bulk solid copolymer in organic solvent exfoliates single strands with lengths of 1.4 to 3.0 μm. Atomic force microscopy at ambient conditions visualizes the copolymer structure as height distributions. The copolymer structure improves its photoluminescence (up to 32%) relative to that of the corresponding homopolymers (3 and 10%). Numerical simulation based on a restricted random walk model reproduces the photoluminescence intensification, suggesting at the same time the existence of fast intrawire exciton hopping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryojun Toyoda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ryota Sakamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- JST-PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Naoya Fukui
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ryota Matsuoka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Mizuho Tsuchiya
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishihara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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41
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Go M, Choi H, Kim KY, Moon CJ, Choi Y, Miyake H, Lee SS, Jung SH, Choi MY, Jung JH. Temperature-controlled helical inversion of asymmetric triphenylamine-based supramolecular polymers; difference of handedness at the micro- and macroscopic levels. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00051h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The M-helicity of asymmetric N-triphenylamine-based supramolecular polymers was inverted to the P-helicity during heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misun Go
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences
- Gyeongsang National University
- Jinju 52828
- South Korea
| | - Heekyoung Choi
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences
- Gyeongsang National University
- Jinju 52828
- South Korea
| | - Ka Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences
- Gyeongsang National University
- Jinju 52828
- South Korea
| | - Cheol Joo Moon
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences
- Gyeongsang National University
- Jinju 52828
- South Korea
| | - Yeonweon Choi
- Accident Prevention and Assessment Division 2
- National Institute of Chemical Safety
- Daejeon 34111
- South Korea
| | - Hiroyuki Miyake
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Osaka City University
- Osaka 558-8585
- Japan
| | - Shim Sung Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences
- Gyeongsang National University
- Jinju 52828
- South Korea
| | - Sung Ho Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences
- Gyeongsang National University
- Jinju 52828
- South Korea
| | - Myong Yong Choi
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences
- Gyeongsang National University
- Jinju 52828
- South Korea
| | - Jong Hwa Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences
- Gyeongsang National University
- Jinju 52828
- South Korea
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42
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Schaefer C, de Bruijn RAJ, McLeish TCB. Ligand-regulated oligomerisation of allosterically interacting proteins. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:6961-6968. [PMID: 30009315 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00943k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The binding of ligands to distinct sites at proteins or at protein clusters is often cooperative or anti-cooperative due to allosteric signalling between those sites. The allostery is usually attributed to a configurational change of the proteins from a relaxed to a configurationally different tense state. Alternatively, as originally proposed by Cooper and Dryden, a tense state may be achieved by merely restricting the thermal vibrations of the protein around its mean configuration. In this work, we provide theoretical tools to investigate fluctuation allostery using cooling and titration experiments in which ligands regulate dimerisation, or ring or chain formation. We discuss in detail how ligands may regulate the supramolecular (co)polymerisation of liganded and unliganded proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charley Schaefer
- Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
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43
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Greenfield JL, Evans EW, Di Nuzzo D, Di Antonio M, Friend RH, Nitschke JR. Unraveling Mechanisms of Chiral Induction in Double-Helical Metallopolymers. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:10344-10353. [PMID: 30024156 PMCID: PMC6114842 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b06195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembled helical polymers hold great promise as new functional materials, where helical handedness controls useful properties such as circularly polarized light emission or electron spin. The technique of subcomponent self-assembly can generate helical polymers from readily prepared monomers. Here we present three distinct strategies for chiral induction in double-helical metallopolymers prepared via subcomponent self-assembly: (1) employing an enantiopure monomer, (2) polymerization in a chiral solvent, (3) using an enantiopure initiating group. Kinetic and thermodynamic models were developed to describe the polymer growth mechanisms and quantify the strength of chiral induction, respectively. We found the degree of chiral induction to vary as a function of polymer length. Ordered, rod-like aggregates more than 70 nm long were also observed in the solid state. Our findings provide a basis to choose the most suitable method of chiral induction based on length, regiochemical, and stereochemical requirements, allowing stereochemical control to be established in easily accessible ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake L. Greenfield
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
| | - Emrys W. Evans
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Daniele Di Nuzzo
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Di Antonio
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
| | - Richard H. Friend
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan R. Nitschke
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
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44
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Foster JS, Prentice AW, Forgan RS, Paterson MJ, Lloyd GO. Targetable Mechanical Properties by Switching between Self-Sorting and Co-assembly with In Situ Formed Tripodal Ketoenamine Supramolecular Hydrogels. CHEMNANOMAT : CHEMISTRY OF NANOMATERIALS FOR ENERGY, BIOLOGY AND MORE 2018; 4:853-859. [PMID: 31032176 PMCID: PMC6473556 DOI: 10.1002/cnma.201800198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A new family of supramolecular hydrogelators are introduced in which self-sorting and co-assembly can be utilised in the tuneability of the mechanical properties of the materials, a property closely tied to the nanostructure of the gel network. The in situ reactivity of the components of the gelators allows for system chemistry concepts to be applied to the formation of the gels and shows that molecular properties, and not necessarily the chemical identity, determines some gel properties in these family of gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie S. Foster
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical SciencesHeriot-Watt UniversityWilliam Perkin BuildingEdinburghScotland, United KingdomEH11 4AS
| | - Andrew W. Prentice
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical SciencesHeriot-Watt UniversityWilliam Perkin BuildingEdinburghScotland, United KingdomEH11 4AS
| | - Ross S. Forgan
- WestCHEM, School of ChemistryUniversity of GlasgowJoseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, University AvenueGlasgowUnited KingdomG12 8QQ.
| | - Martin J. Paterson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical SciencesHeriot-Watt UniversityWilliam Perkin BuildingEdinburghScotland, United KingdomEH11 4AS
| | - Gareth O. Lloyd
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical SciencesHeriot-Watt UniversityWilliam Perkin BuildingEdinburghScotland, United KingdomEH11 4AS
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45
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Mabesoone MFJ, Markvoort AJ, Banno M, Yamaguchi T, Helmich F, Naito Y, Yashima E, Palmans ARA, Meijer EW. Competing Interactions in Hierarchical Porphyrin Self-Assembly Introduce Robustness in Pathway Complexity. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:7810-7819. [PMID: 29886728 PMCID: PMC6026832 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b02388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Pathway complexity in supramolecular polymerization has recently sparked interest as a method to generate complex material behavior. The response of these systems relies on the existence of a metastable, kinetically trapped state. In this work, we show that strong switch-like behavior in supramolecular polymers can also be achieved through the introduction of competing aggregation pathways. This behavior is illustrated with the supramolecular polymerization of a porphyrin-based monomer at various concentrations, solvent compositions, and temperatures. It is found that the monomers aggregate via an isodesmic mechanism in weakly coupled J-type aggregates at intermediate solvent quality and temperature, followed by nucleated H-aggregates at lower solvent qualities and temperatures. At further increased thermodynamic driving forces, such as high concentration and low temperature, the H-aggregates can form hierarchical superhelices. Our mathematical models show that, contrary to a single-pathway polymerization, the existence of the isodesmic aggregation pathway buffers the free monomer pool and renders the nucleation of the H-aggregates insensitive to concentration changes in the limit of high concentrations. We also show that, at a given temperature or solvent quality, the thermodynamically stable aggregate morphology can be selected by controlling the remaining free external parameter. As a result, the judicious application of pathway complexity allows us to synthesize a diverse set of materials from only a single monomer. We envision that the engineering of competing pathways can increase the robustness in a wide variety of supramolecular polymer materials and lead to increasingly versatile applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathijs F J Mabesoone
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Albert J Markvoort
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands.,Computational Biology Group , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Motonori Banno
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering , Nagoya University , Chikusa-ku , Nagoya 464-8603 , Japan
| | - Tomoko Yamaguchi
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering , Nagoya University , Chikusa-ku , Nagoya 464-8603 , Japan
| | - Floris Helmich
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Yuki Naito
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering , Nagoya University , Chikusa-ku , Nagoya 464-8603 , Japan
| | - Eiji Yashima
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering , Nagoya University , Chikusa-ku , Nagoya 464-8603 , Japan
| | - Anja R A Palmans
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - E W Meijer
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
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46
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Adelizzi B, Aloi A, Markvoort AJ, Ten Eikelder HMM, Voets IK, Palmans ARA, Meijer EW. Supramolecular Block Copolymers under Thermodynamic Control. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:7168-7175. [PMID: 29733207 PMCID: PMC6002778 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b02706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Supramolecular
block copolymers are becoming attractive materials
in nascent optoelectronic and catalytic technologies. However, their
dynamic nature precludes the straightforward tuning and analysis of
the polymer’s structure. Here we report the elucidation on
the microstructure of triarylamine triamide-based supramolecular block
copolymers through a comprehensive battery of spectroscopic, theoretical,
and super-resolution microscopic techniques. Via spectroscopic analysis
we demonstrate that the direct mixing of preassembled homopolymers
and the copolymerization induced by slow cooling of monomers lead
to the formation of the same copolymer’s architecture. The
small but pronounced deviation of the experimental spectra from the
linear combination of the homopolymers’ spectra hints at the
formation of block copolymers. A mass balance model is introduced
to further unravel the microstructure of the copolymers formed, and
it confirms that stable multiblock supramolecular copolymers can be
accessed from different routes. The multiblock structure of the supramolecular
copolymers originates from the fine balance between favorable hydrogen-bonding
interactions and a small mismatch penalty between two different monomers.
Finally, we visualized the formation of the supramolecular block copolymers
by adapting a recently developed super-resolution microscopy technique,
interface point accumulation for imaging in nanoscale topography (iPAINT),
for visualizing the architectures formed in organic media. Combining
multiple techniques was crucial to unveil the microstructure of these
complex dynamic supramolecular systems.
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47
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Uflyand IE, Dzhardimalieva GI. Molecular design of supramolecular polymers with chelated units and their application as functional materials. J COORD CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2018.1465567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor E. Uflyand
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
| | - Gulzhian I. Dzhardimalieva
- Laboratory of Metallopolymers, The Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics RAS, Chernogolovka, Russian Federation
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48
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Thota BNS, Lou X, Bochicchio D, Paffen TFE, Lafleur RPM, van Dongen JLJ, Ehrmann S, Haag R, Pavan GM, Palmans ARA, Meijer EW. Supramolecular Copolymerization as a Strategy to Control the Stability of Self-Assembled Nanofibers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201802238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bala N. S. Thota
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry; Eindhoven University of Technology; 5612 AZ Eindhoven The Netherlands
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Freie Universität Berlin; 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Xianwen Lou
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry; Eindhoven University of Technology; 5612 AZ Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Davide Bochicchio
- Department of Innovative Technologies; University of, Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland; Galleria 2 6928 Manno Switzerland
| | - Tim F. E. Paffen
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry; Eindhoven University of Technology; 5612 AZ Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - René P. M. Lafleur
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry; Eindhoven University of Technology; 5612 AZ Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Joost L. J. van Dongen
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry; Eindhoven University of Technology; 5612 AZ Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Svenja Ehrmann
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Freie Universität Berlin; 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Freie Universität Berlin; 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Giovanni M. Pavan
- Department of Innovative Technologies; University of, Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland; Galleria 2 6928 Manno Switzerland
| | - Anja R. A. Palmans
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry; Eindhoven University of Technology; 5612 AZ Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - E. W. Meijer
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry; Eindhoven University of Technology; 5612 AZ Eindhoven The Netherlands
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49
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Thota BNS, Lou X, Bochicchio D, Paffen TFE, Lafleur RPM, van Dongen JLJ, Ehrmann S, Haag R, Pavan GM, Palmans ARA, Meijer EW. Supramolecular Copolymerization as a Strategy to Control the Stability of Self-Assembled Nanofibers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:6843-6847. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201802238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bala N. S. Thota
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry; Eindhoven University of Technology; 5612 AZ Eindhoven The Netherlands
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Freie Universität Berlin; 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Xianwen Lou
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry; Eindhoven University of Technology; 5612 AZ Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Davide Bochicchio
- Department of Innovative Technologies; University of, Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland; Galleria 2 6928 Manno Switzerland
| | - Tim F. E. Paffen
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry; Eindhoven University of Technology; 5612 AZ Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - René P. M. Lafleur
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry; Eindhoven University of Technology; 5612 AZ Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Joost L. J. van Dongen
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry; Eindhoven University of Technology; 5612 AZ Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Svenja Ehrmann
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Freie Universität Berlin; 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Freie Universität Berlin; 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Giovanni M. Pavan
- Department of Innovative Technologies; University of, Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland; Galleria 2 6928 Manno Switzerland
| | - Anja R. A. Palmans
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry; Eindhoven University of Technology; 5612 AZ Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - E. W. Meijer
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry; Eindhoven University of Technology; 5612 AZ Eindhoven The Netherlands
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50
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Pal DS, Kar H, Ghosh S. Controllable supramolecular polymerization via a chain-growth mechanism. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:928-931. [PMID: 29318226 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc08302e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A naphthalene-diimide appended carboxylic acid either spontaneously self-assembles (P) by an open-chain H-bonding or can be arrested in an intra-molecularly H-bonded monomeric state (M) depending on the sample preparation method. Sonication of P produces a seed (S) that triggers controllable supramolecular polymerization (SP) of M via a chain growth route with first order kinetics, a tunable mesoscopic structure and a living nature as demonstrated by the chain-extension up to three cycles. SP of an achiral M, initiated by a chiral S, illustrates chiral amplification by the "sergeant and soldiers" effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deep Sankar Pal
- Polymer Science Unit, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India.
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