1
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de Lavor TS, Teixeira MHS, de Matos PA, Lino RC, Silva CMF, do Carmo MEG, Beletti ME, Patrocinio AOT, de Oliveira Júnior RJ, Tsubone TM. The impact of biomolecule interactions on the cytotoxic effects of rhenium(I) tricarbonyl complexes. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 257:112600. [PMID: 38759261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2024.112600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Rhenium complexes show great promise as anticancer drug candidates. Specifically, compounds with a Re(CO)3(NN)(py)+ core in their architecture have shown cytotoxicity equal to or greater than that of well-established anticancer drugs based on platinum or organic molecules. This study aimed to evaluate how the strength of the interaction between rhenium(I) tricarbonyl complexes fac-[Re(CO)3(NN)(py)]+, NN = 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), dipyrido[3,2-f:2',3'-h]quinoxaline (dpq) or dipyrido[3,2-a:2'3'-c]phenazine (dppz) and biomolecules (protein, lipid and DNA) impacted the corresponding cytotoxic effect in cells. Results showed that fac-[Re(CO)3(dppz)(py)]+ has higher Log Po/w and binding constant (Kb) with biomolecules (protein, lipid and DNA) compared to complexes of fac-[Re(CO)3(phen)(py)]+ and fac-[Re(CO)3(dpq)(py)]+. As consequence, fac-[Re(CO)3(dppz)(py)]+ exhibited the highest cytotoxicity (IC50 = 8.5 μM for HeLa cells) for fac-[Re(CO)3(dppz)(py)]+ among the studied compounds (IC50 > 15 μM). This highest cytotoxicity of fac-[Re(CO)3(dppz)(py)]+ are probably related to its lipophilicity, higher permeation of the lipid bilayers of cells, and a more potent interaction of the dppz ligand with biomolecules (protein and DNA). Our findings open novel avenues for rational drug design and highlight the importance of considering the chemical structures of rhenium complexes that strongly interact with biomolecules (proteins, lipids, and DNA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayná Saraiva de Lavor
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Fototerapia e Biomoléculas (LIFeBio), Instituto de Química (IQ), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Patrícia Alves de Matos
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Fototerapia e Biomoléculas (LIFeBio), Instituto de Química (IQ), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Campos Lino
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Instituto de Biotecnologia (IBTEC), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Clara Maria Faria Silva
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Instituto de Biotecnologia (IBTEC), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcos Eduardo Gomes do Carmo
- Laboratory of Photochemistry and Materials Science, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Emílio Beletti
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICBIM), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Antonio Otavio T Patrocinio
- Laboratory of Photochemistry and Materials Science, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Robson José de Oliveira Júnior
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Instituto de Biotecnologia (IBTEC), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Tayana Mazin Tsubone
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Fototerapia e Biomoléculas (LIFeBio), Instituto de Química (IQ), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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2
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Kushwaha R, Upadhyay A, Saha S, Yadav AK, Bera A, Dutta A, Banerjee S. Cancer phototherapy by CO releasing terpyridine-based Re(I) tricarbonyl complexes via ROS generation and NADH oxidation. Dalton Trans 2024. [PMID: 39078263 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01309c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Here, we have synthesized and characterized three visible light responsive terpyridine based-Re(I)-tricarbonyl complexes; [Re(CO)3(ph-tpy)Cl] (Retp1), [Re(CO)3(an-tpy)Cl] (Retp2), and [Re(CO)3(py-tpy)Cl] (Retp3) where ph-tpy = 4'-phenyl-2,2':6',2″-terpyridine; an-tpy = 4'-anthracenyl-2,2':6',2″-terpyridine, py-tpy = 4'-pyrenyl-2,2':6',2″-terpyridine. The structures of Retp1 and Retp2 were confirmed from the SC-XRD data, indicating distorted octahedral structures. Unlike traditional PDT agents, these complexes generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) via type I and type II pathways and oxidized redox crucial NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) upon visible light exposure. Retp3 showed significant mitochondrial localization and demonstrated photoactivated anticancer activity (IC50 ∼ 2 µM) by inducing ROS-mediated cell death in cancer cells selectively (photocytotoxicity Index, PI > 28) upon compromising mitochondrial function in A549 cells. Their diagnostic capabilities were ultimately assessed using clinically relevant 3D multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kushwaha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India.
| | - Aarti Upadhyay
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.
| | - Sukanta Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400076, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India.
| | - Arpan Bera
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.
| | - Arnab Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400076, India
| | - Samya Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India.
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3
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Kar B, Shanavas S, Karmakar A, Nagendra AH, Vardhan S, Sahoo SK, Bose B, Kundu S, Paira P. 2-Aryl-1 H-imidazo[4,5- f][1,10]phenanthroline-Based Binuclear Ru(II)/Ir(III)/Re(I) Complexes as Mitochondria Targeting Cancer Stem Cell Therapeutic Agents. J Med Chem 2024; 67:10928-10945. [PMID: 38812379 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
A series of novel Ru(II)/Ir(III)/Re(I)-based organometallic complexes [Ru2L1, Ru2L2, Ir2L1, Ir2L2, Re2L1, and Re2L2] have been synthesized to assess their potency and selectivity against multiple cancer cells A549, HCT-116, and HCT-116 colon CSCs. The cytotoxic screening of the synthesized complexes has revealed that complex Ru2L1 and Ir2L2 are two proficient complexes among all, but Ru2L1 is the most potent complex. A significant binding constant value was observed for DNA and BSA in all complexes. Significant lipophilic properties allow them to penetrate cancer cell membranes, and substantial quantum yield (ϕf) values support bioimaging potential. Again, these complexes are particular for mitochondrial localization and produce a profuse amount of ROS to damage the mitochondrial DNA and then G1 phase cell-cycle arrest. Protein expression analysis unveiled that pro-apoptotic Bax protein overexpressed in Ru2L1-treated cells, whereas antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein was expressed twofold in Ir2L2-treated cells, which correlated with autophagy reticence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binoy Kar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Shanooja Shanavas
- Department Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Institution Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya University, University Road, Derlakatte, Mangalore, 575018 Karnataka, India
| | - Arun Karmakar
- Materials Chemistry Laboratory for Energy, Environment and Catalysis, Electrochemical Process Engineering (EPE) Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630003, India
| | - Apoorva H Nagendra
- Department Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Institution Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya University, University Road, Derlakatte, Mangalore, 575018 Karnataka, India
| | - Seshu Vardhan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, S. V. National Institute of Technology (SVNIT), Ichchanath Surat, Gujarat 395007, India
| | - Suban K Sahoo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, S. V. National Institute of Technology (SVNIT), Ichchanath Surat, Gujarat 395007, India
| | - Bipasha Bose
- Department Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Institution Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya University, University Road, Derlakatte, Mangalore, 575018 Karnataka, India
| | - Subrata Kundu
- Materials Chemistry Laboratory for Energy, Environment and Catalysis, Electrochemical Process Engineering (EPE) Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630003, India
| | - Priyankar Paira
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
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4
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Romão CC, Mendes SS, Rebelo C, Carvalho SM, Saraiva LM. Antimicrobial and anticancer properties of carbon monoxide releasing molecules of the fac-[Re(CO) 3(N-N)L] + family. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:11009-11020. [PMID: 38874948 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00978a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
The toxicity profile of fac-[Re(CO)3(N-N)L]+ complexes against microbial and tumoral cells has been extensively studied, primarily focusing on modifications to the bidentate diimine (N-N) ligand. However, less attention has been paid to modifications of the axial ligand L, which is perpendicular to the Re-N-N plane. This study reveals that the high toxicity of the fac-[Re(CO)3(bpy)(Ctz)]+ complex may be attributed to the structural effect of the trityl (CPh3) group present in clotrimazole, as removal of phenyl rings causes a significant decrease in the activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Moreover, substitution of the 1-tritylimidazole ligand by the structurally related ligands PPh3 and PCy3 maintains similarly high activity levels. These findings contribute to understanding the interactions of toxic complexes with bacterial membranes, suggesting that the ligand structures play a crucial role in inhibiting cell wall synthesis processes, potentially including Lipid II synthesis. Compounds with Ph3E (E = C-imidazole; P) groups also showed to be 10 times more toxic than cisplatin against three mammalian cell lines (IC50: 2-4 μM). In contrast, the analogue 1-benzylimidazole and 1-tert-butylimidazole derivatives were as toxic as cisplatin. We observed that the decomposition of the [Re(I)(CO)3] fragment inside mammalian cell lines liberates CO, which is expected to exert biological effects. Therefore, compounds of this family possessing the structural motif Ph3E seem to combine high antimicrobial and antitumoral activities, the latter being much higher than that of cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos C Romão
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República (EAN), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Sofia S Mendes
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República (EAN), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Cátia Rebelo
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República (EAN), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Sandra M Carvalho
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República (EAN), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Lígia M Saraiva
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República (EAN), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
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5
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Łyczko K, Pogorzelska A, Częścik U, Koronkiewicz M, Rode JE, Bednarek E, Kawęcki R, Węgrzyńska K, Baraniak A, Milczarek M, Dobrowolski JC. Tricarbonyl rhenium(i) complexes with 8-hydroxyquinolines: structural, chemical, antibacterial, and anticancer characteristics. RSC Adv 2024; 14:18080-18092. [PMID: 38841398 PMCID: PMC11152041 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra03141e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Twelve tricarbonyl rhenium(i) complexes in the '2 + 1' system with the anionic bidentate N,O-donor ligand (deprotonated 8-hydroxyquinoline (HQ) or its 2-methyl (MeHQ) or 5-chloro (ClHQ) derivative) and neutral N-donor diazoles (imidazole (Him), 2-methylimidazole (MeHim), 3,5-dimethylpyrazole (Hdmpz), and 3-phenylpyrazole (HPhpz)) were synthesized: [Re(CO)3(LN,O)LN] (LN,O = Q-, MeQ-, ClQ-; LN = Him, MeHim, Hdmpz, HPhpz). Their crystal structures were determined by the scXRD method, compared with the DFT-calculated ones, and characterized by analytical (EA) and spectroscopic techniques (FT-IR, NMR, and UV-Vis) interpreted with DFT and TD-DFT calculations. Most of the Re(i) complexes did not show relevant antibacterial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial strains. Only [Re(CO)3(MeQ)Him] demonstrated significant action 4-fold better against Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa than the free MeHQ ligand. The cytotoxicity of the compounds was estimated using human acute promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60), ovarian (SKOV-3), prostate (PC-3), and breast (MCF-7) cancer, and breast non-cancerous (MCF-10A) cell lines. Only HQ and ClHQ ligands and [Re(CO)3(Q)Hdmpz] complex had good selectivity toward MCF-7 cell line. HL-60 cells were sensitive to all complexes (IC50 = 1.5-14 μM). Still, pure HQ and ClHQ ligands were slightly more active than the complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Łyczko
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology Dorodna 16 03-195 Warsaw Poland
| | - Anna Pogorzelska
- National Medicines Institute Chełmska 30/34 00-725 Warsaw Poland
| | - Urszula Częścik
- National Medicines Institute Chełmska 30/34 00-725 Warsaw Poland
| | | | - Joanna E Rode
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology Dorodna 16 03-195 Warsaw Poland
| | | | - Robert Kawęcki
- Faculty of Science, University of Siedlce 3 Maja 54 08-110 Siedlce Poland
| | | | - Anna Baraniak
- National Medicines Institute Chełmska 30/34 00-725 Warsaw Poland
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6
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Marco A, Ashoo P, Hernández-García S, Martínez-Rodríguez P, Cutillas N, Vollrath A, Jordan D, Janiak C, Gandía-Herrero F, Ruiz J. Novel Re(I) Complexes as Potential Selective Theranostic Agents in Cancer Cells and In Vivo in Caenorhabditis elegans Tumoral Strains. J Med Chem 2024; 67:7891-7910. [PMID: 38451016 PMCID: PMC11129195 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
A series of rhenium(I) complexes of the type fac-[Re(CO)3(N^N)L]0/+, Re1-Re9, was synthesized, where N^N = benzimidazole-derived bidentate ligand with an ester functionality and L = chloride or pyridine-type ligand. The new compounds demonstrated potent activity toward ovarian A2780 cancer cells. The most active complexes, Re7-Re9, incorporating 4-NMe2py, exhibited remarkable activity in 3D HeLa spheroids. The emission in the red region of Re9, which contains an electron-deficient benzothiazole moiety, allowed its operability as a bioimaging tool for in vitro and in vivo visualization. Re9 effectivity was tested in two different C. elegans tumoral strains, JK1466 and MT2124, to broaden the oncogenic pathways studied. The results showed that Re9 was able to reduce the tumor growth in both strains by increasing the ROS production inside the cells. Moreover, the selectivity of the compound toward cancerous cells was remarkable as it did not affect neither the development nor the progeny of the nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Marco
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Universidad
de Murcia, and Institute for Bio-Health Research of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Pezhman Ashoo
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Universidad
de Murcia, and Institute for Bio-Health Research of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Samanta Hernández-García
- Departamento
de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A. Unidad Docente
de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Pedro Martínez-Rodríguez
- Departamento
de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A. Unidad Docente
de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Natalia Cutillas
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Universidad
de Murcia, and Institute for Bio-Health Research of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Annette Vollrath
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dustin Jordan
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christoph Janiak
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Fernando Gandía-Herrero
- Departamento
de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A. Unidad Docente
de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - José Ruiz
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Universidad
de Murcia, and Institute for Bio-Health Research of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), E-30100 Murcia, Spain
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7
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Wu D, Wang J, Du X, Cao Y, Ping K, Liu D. Cucurbit[8]uril-based supramolecular theranostics. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:235. [PMID: 38725031 PMCID: PMC11084038 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02349-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Different from most of the conventional platforms with dissatisfactory theranostic capabilities, supramolecular nanotheranostic systems have unparalleled advantages via the artful combination of supramolecular chemistry and nanotechnology. Benefiting from the tunable stimuli-responsiveness and compatible hierarchical organization, host-guest interactions have developed into the most popular mainstay for constructing supramolecular nanoplatforms. Characterized by the strong and diverse complexation property, cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]) shows great potential as important building blocks for supramolecular theranostic systems. In this review, we summarize the recent progress of CB[8]-based supramolecular theranostics regarding the design, manufacture and theranostic mechanism. Meanwhile, the current limitations and corresponding reasonable solutions as well as the potential future development are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, People's Republic of China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianlong Du
- Bethune First Clinical Medical College, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yibin Cao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Kunmin Ping
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Dahai Liu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Levina A, Wardhani K, Stephens LJ, Werrett MV, Caporale C, Dallerba E, Blair VL, Massi M, Lay PA, Andrews PC. Neutral rhenium(I) tricarbonyl complexes with sulfur-donor ligands: anti-proliferative activity and cellular localization. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:7866-7879. [PMID: 38632950 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00149d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Rhenium(I) tricarbonyl complexes are widely studied for their cell imaging properties and anti-cancer and anti-microbial activities, but the complexes with S-donor ligands remain relatively unexplored. A series of six fac-[Re(NN)(CO)3(SR)] complexes, where (NN) is 2,2'-bipyridyl (bipy) or 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), and RSH is a series of thiocarboxylic acid methyl esters, have been synthesized and characterized. Cellular uptake and anti-proliferative activities of these complexes in human breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) were generally lower than those of the previously described fac-[Re(NN)(CO)3(OH2)]+ complexes; however, one of the complexes, fac-[Re(CO)3(phen)(SC(Ph)CH2C(O)OMe)] (3b), was active (IC50 ∼ 10 μM at 72 h treatment) in thiol-depleted MDA-MB-231 cells. Moreover, unlike fac-[Re(CO)3(phen)(OH2)]+, this complex did not lose activity in the presence of extracellular glutathione. Taken together these properties show promise for further development of 3b and its analogues as potential anti-cancer drugs for co-treatment with thiol-depleting agents. Conversely, the stable and non-toxic complex, fac-[Re(bipy)(CO)3(SC(Me)C(O)OMe)] (1a), predominantly localized in the lysosomes of MDA-MB-231 cells, as shown by live cell confocal microscopy (λex = 405 nm, λem = 470-570 nm). It is strongly localized in a subset of lysosomes (25 μM Re, 4 h treatment), as shown by co-localization with a Lysotracker dye. Longer treatment times with 1a (25 μM Re for 48 h) resulted in partial migration of the probe into the mitochondria, as shown by co-localization with a Mitotracker dye. These properties make complex 1a an attractive target for further development as an organelle probe for multimodal imaging, including phosphorescence, carbonyl tag for vibrational spectroscopy, and Re tag for X-ray fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviva Levina
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Kartika Wardhani
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Liam J Stephens
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Melissa V Werrett
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Chiara Caporale
- Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Elena Dallerba
- Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Victoria L Blair
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | | | - Peter A Lay
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Philip C Andrews
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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9
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Kushwaha R, Singh V, Peters S, Yadav AK, Sadhukhan T, Koch B, Banerjee S. Comparative Study of Sonodynamic and Photoactivated Cancer Therapies with Re(I)-Tricarbonyl Complexes Comprising Phenanthroline Ligands. J Med Chem 2024; 67:6537-6548. [PMID: 38603561 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we have compared the effectivity of light-based photoactivated cancer therapy and ultrasound-based sonodynamic therapy with Re(I)-tricarbonyl complexes (Re1-Re3) against cancer cells. The observed photophysical and TD-DFT calculations indicated the potential of Re1-Re3 to act as good anticancer agents under visible light/ultrasound exposure. Re1 did not display any dark- or light- or ultrasound-triggered anticancer activity. However, Re2 and Re3 displayed concentration-dependent anticancer activity upon light and ultrasound exposure. Interestingly, Re3 produced 1O2 and OH• on light/ultrasound exposure. Moreover, Re3 induced NADH photo-oxidation in PBS and produced H2O2. To the best of our knowledge, NADH photo-oxidation has been achieved here with the Re(I) complex for the first time in PBS. Additionally, Re3 released CO upon light/ultrasound exposure. The cell death mechanism revealed that Re3 produced an apoptotic cell death response in HeLa cells via ROS generation. Interestingly, Re3 showed slightly better anticancer activity under light exposure compared to ultrasound exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kushwaha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Virendra Singh
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Silda Peters
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Tumpa Sadhukhan
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Biplob Koch
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Samya Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
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10
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Chakraborty A, Ghosh S, Chakraborty MP, Mukherjee S, Roy SS, Das R, Acharya M, Mukherjee A. Inhibition of NF-κB-Mediated Proinflammatory Transcription by Ru(II) Complexes of Anti-Angiogenic Ligands in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. J Med Chem 2024; 67:5902-5923. [PMID: 38520399 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB) plays a pivotal role in breast cancer, particularly triple-negative breast cancer, by promoting inflammation, proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, metastasis, and drug resistance. Upregulation of NF-κB boosts vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, assisting angiogenesis. The Ru(II) complexes of methyl- and dimethylpyrazolyl-benzimidazole N,N donors inhibit phosphorylation of ser536 in p65 and translocation of the NF-κB heterodimer (p50/p65) to the nucleus, disabling transcription to upregulate inflammatory signaling. The methyl- and dimethylpyrazolyl-benzimidazole inhibit VEGFR2 phosphorylation at Y1175, disrupting downstream signaling through PLC-γ and ERK1/2, ultimately suppressing Ca(II)-signaling. Partial release of the antiangiogenic ligand in a reactive oxygen species-rich environment is possible as per our observation to inhibit both NF-κB and VEGFR2 by the complexes. The complexes are nontoxic to zebrafish embryos up to 50 μM, but the ligands show strong in vivo antiangiogenic activity at 3 μM during embryonic growth in Tg(fli1:GFP) zebrafish but no visible effect on the adult phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Chakraborty
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials (CAFM), Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur Campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Shilpendu Ghosh
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials (CAFM), Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur Campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Manas Pratim Chakraborty
- Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur Campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Sujato Mukherjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials (CAFM), Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur Campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | | | - Rahul Das
- Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur Campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | | | - Arindam Mukherjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials (CAFM), Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur Campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
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11
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Pivarcsik T, Kiss MA, Rapuš U, Kljun J, Spengler G, Frank É, Turel I, Enyedy ÉA. Organometallic Ru(II), Rh(III) and Re(I) complexes of sterane-based bidentate ligands: synthesis, solution speciation, interaction with biomolecules and anticancer activity. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:4984-5000. [PMID: 38406993 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt04138g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we present the synthesis, characterization and in vitro cytotoxicity of six organometallic [Ru(II)(η6-p-cymene)(N,N)Cl]Cl, [Rh(III)(η5-C5Me5)(N,N)Cl]Cl and [Re(I)(CO)3(N,N)Cl] complexes, in which the (N,N) ligands are sterane-based 2,2'-bipyridine derivatives (4-Me-bpy-St-OH, 4-Ph-bpy-St-OH). The solution chemical behavior of the ligands and the complexes was explored by UV-visible spectrophotometry and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The ligands and their Re(I) complexes are neutral at pH = 7.40; this contributes to their highly lipophilic character (log D7.40 > +3). The Ru(II) and Rh(III) half-sandwich complexes are much more hydrophilic, and this property is greatly affected by the actual chloride ion content of the medium. The half-sandwich Ru and Rh complexes are highly stable in 30% (v/v) DMSO/water (<5% dissociation at pH = 7.40); this is further increased in water. The Rh(III)(η5-C5Me5) complexes were characterized by higher water/chloride exchange and pKa constants compared to their Ru(II)(η6-p-cymene) counterparts. The Re(I)(CO)3 complexes are also stable in solution over a wide pH range (2-12) without the release of the bidentate ligand; only the chlorido co-ligand can be replaced with OH- at higher pH values. A comprehensive discussion of the binding affinity of the half-sandwich Ru(II) and Rh(III) complexes toward human serum albumin and calf-thymus DNA is also provided. The Ru(II)(η6-p-cymene) complexes interact with human serum albumin via intermolecular forces, while for the Rh(III)(η5-C5Me5) complexes the coordinative binding mode is suggested as well. They are also able to interact with calf-thymus DNA, most likely via the coordination of the guanine nitrogen. The Ru(II)(η6-p-cymene) complexes were found to be the most promising among the tested compounds as they exhibited moderate-to-strong cytotoxic activity (IC50 = 3-11 μM) in LNCaP as well as in PC3 prostate cells in an androgen receptor-independent manner. They were also significantly cytotoxic in breast and colon adenocarcinoma cancer cell lines and showed good selectivity for cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Pivarcsik
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, Department of Molecular and Analytical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7-8., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
- Department of Molecular and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7-8., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Márton A Kiss
- Department of Molecular and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7-8., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Uroš Rapuš
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jakob Kljun
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gabriella Spengler
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, Department of Molecular and Analytical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7-8., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Center and Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Éva Frank
- Department of Molecular and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7-8., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Iztok Turel
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Éva A Enyedy
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, Department of Molecular and Analytical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7-8., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
- Department of Molecular and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7-8., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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12
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Palma E, Santos JF, Fernandes C, Paulo A. DNA-Targeted Complexes of Tc and Re for Biomedical Applications. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303591. [PMID: 38038361 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Due to their favorable chemical features, Re and Tc complexes have been widely used for the development of new therapeutic agents and imaging probes to solve problems of biomedical relevance. This review provides an update of the most relevant research efforts towards the development of novel cancer theranostic agents using Re and Tc-based compounds interacting with specific DNA structures. This includes a variety of homometallic complexes, namely those containing M(CO)3 (M=Re, Tc) moieties, that exhibit different modes of interaction with DNA, such as covalent binding, intercalation, groove binding or G-quadruplex DNA binding. Additionally, heterometallic complexes, designed to potentiate synergistic effects of different metal centers to improve DNA-targeting, cytotoxicity and fluorescence properties, are also reviewed. Particular attention is also given to 99m Tc- and 188 Re-labeled oligonucleotides that have been widely explored to develop imaging and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals through the in vivo hybridization with a specific complementary DNA or RNA target sequence to provide useful molecular tools in precision medicine for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Finally, the need for further improvement of DNA-targeted Re and Tc-based compounds as potential therapeutic and diagnostic agents is highlighted, and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Palma
- C2TN - Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias, Nucleares Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana F Santos
- C2TN - Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias, Nucleares Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Célia Fernandes
- C2TN - Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias, Nucleares Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
- DECN - Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - António Paulo
- C2TN - Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias, Nucleares Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
- DECN - Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
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13
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Zinman PS, Welsh A, Omondi RO, Khan S, Prince S, Nordlander E, Smith GS. Aminoquinoline-based Re(I) tricarbonyl complexes: Insights into their antiproliferative activity and mechanisms of action. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 266:116094. [PMID: 38219660 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
In an effort to develop new potent anticancer agents, two Schiff base rhenium(I) tricarbonyl complexes, containing the ubiquitous aminoquinoline scaffold, were synthesized. Both aminoquinoline ligands and Re(I) complexes showed adequate stability over a 48-h incubation period. Furthermore, the cytotoxic activity of the precursor ligands and rhenium(I) complexes were evaluated against the hormone-dependent MCF-7 and hormone-independent triple negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines. Inclusion of the [Re(CO)3Cl]+ entity significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity of the aminoquinoline Schiff base ligands against the tested cancer cell lines. Remarkably, the incorporation of the Schiff-base iminoquinolyl entity notably enhanced the cytotoxic activity of the Re(I) complexes, in comparison with the iminopyridyl entity. Notably, the quinolyl-substituted complex showed up to three-fold higher activity than cisplatin against breast cancer cell lines, underpinning the significance of the quinoline pharmacophore in rational drug design. In addition, the most active Re(I) complex showed better selectivity towards the breast cancer cells over non-tumorigenic FG-0 cells. Western blotting revealed that the complexes increased levels of γH2AX, a key DNA damage response protein. Moreover, apoptosis was confirmed in both cell lines due to the detection of cleaved PARP. The complexes show favourable binding affinities towards both calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA), and bovine serum albumin (BSA), and the order of their interactions align with their cytotoxic effects. The in silico molecular simulations of the complexes were also performed with CT-DNA and BSA targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige S Zinman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Athi Welsh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Reinner O Omondi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Saif Khan
- Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Science, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Sharon Prince
- Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Science, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Ebbe Nordlander
- Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gregory S Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa.
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14
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Bader CA, Simpson PV, Dallerba E, Stagni S, Johnson IRD, Hickey SM, Sorvina A, Hackett M, Sobolev AN, Brooks DA, Massi M, Plush SE. Synthesis and cellular uptake of neutral rhenium(I) morpholine complexes. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:3407-3413. [PMID: 38269470 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03067a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Morpholine motifs have been used extensively as targeting moieties for lysosomes, primarily in fluorescence imaging agents. Traditionally these imaging agents are based on organic molecules which have several shortcomings including small Stokes shifts, short emission lifetimes, and susceptibility to photobleaching. To explore alternative lysosome targeting imaging agents we have used a rhenium based phosphorescent platform which has been previously demonstrated to have an improved Stokes shift, a long lifetime emission, and is highly photostable. Rhenium complexes containing morpholine substituted ligands were designed to accumulate in acidic compartments. Two of the three complexes prepared exhibited bright emission in cells, when incubated at low concentrations (20 μM) and were non-toxic at concentrations as high as 100 μM, making them suitable for live cell imaging. We show that the rhenium complexes are amenable to chemical modification and that the morpholine targeted derivatives can be used for live cell confocal fluorescence imaging of endosomes-lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christie A Bader
- Clinical and Health Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.
| | - Peter V Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia.
| | - Elena Dallerba
- Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia.
| | - Stefano Stagni
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Ian R D Johnson
- Clinical and Health Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.
| | - Shane M Hickey
- Clinical and Health Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.
| | - Alexandra Sorvina
- Clinical and Health Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.
| | - Mark Hackett
- Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia.
| | - Alexandre N Sobolev
- School of Molecular Sciences, M310, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Doug A Brooks
- Clinical and Health Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.
| | - Massimiliano Massi
- Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia.
| | - Sally E Plush
- Clinical and Health Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.
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15
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Neumann T, Ramu V, Bertin J, He M, Vervisch C, Coogan MP, Bertrand HC. Rhenium fac-Tricarbonyl Bisimine Chalcogenide Complexes: Synthesis, Photophysical Studies, and Confocal and Time-Resolved Cell Microscopy. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:1197-1213. [PMID: 38164793 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
We describe the preparation, characterization, and imaging studies of rhenium carbonyl complexes with a pyta (4-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,3-triazole) or tapy (1-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,3-triazole)-based heteroaromatic N∧N ligand and thiolate or selenoate X ligand. The stability and photophysical properties of the selenolate complexes are compared with parent chloride complexes and previously described analogues with benzenethiolate ligands. Two complexes were imaged in A549 cells upon excitation at 405 nm. Colocalization studies suggest a lysosomal accumulation, while one parent chloride complex was described to localize at the Golgi apparatus. Preliminary fluorescence lifetime measurements and imaging demonstrate potential for application in time-resolved microscopy techniques due to the long and variable lifetimes observed in cellular environments, including an increase in lifetime between the solution and solid state many times larger than previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Neumann
- Laboratoire des biomolécules, LBM, Département de chimie, Ecole normale supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Vadde Ramu
- Laboratoire des biomolécules, LBM, Département de chimie, Ecole normale supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Julie Bertin
- Laboratoire des biomolécules, LBM, Département de chimie, Ecole normale supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Menglan He
- Laboratoire des biomolécules, LBM, Département de chimie, Ecole normale supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Caitlan Vervisch
- Laboratoire des biomolécules, LBM, Département de chimie, Ecole normale supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Michael P Coogan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Lancaster, Lancaster LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
| | - Helene C Bertrand
- Laboratoire des biomolécules, LBM, Département de chimie, Ecole normale supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
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16
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Alberto R. Role of Pure Technetium Chemistry: Are There Still Links to Applications in Imaging? Inorg Chem 2023; 62:20539-20548. [PMID: 37417737 PMCID: PMC10731660 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
The discovery and development of new 99mTc-based radiopharmaceuticals or labeled drugs in general is based on innovative, pure chemistry and subsequent, application-targeted research. This was the case for all currently clinically applied imaging agents. Most of them were market-introduced some 20 years ago, and the few more recent ones are based on even older chemistry, albeit technetium chemistry has made substantial progress over the last 20 years. This progress though is not mirrored by new molecular imaging agents and is even accompanied by a steady decrease in the number of groups active in pure and applied technetium chemistry, a contrast to the trends in most other fields in which d-elements play a central role. The decrease in research with technetium has been partly counterbalanced by a strong increase of research activities with homologous, cold rhenium compounds for therapy, disclosing in the future eventually a quite unique opportunity for theranostics. This Viewpoint analyzes the pathways that led to radiopharmaceuticals in the past and their underlying fundamental contributions. It attempts to tackle the question of why new chemistry still does not lead to new imaging agents, i.e., the question of whether pure technetium chemistry is still needed at all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Alberto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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17
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Das S, Joshi P, Patra M. Necrosis-Inducing High-Valent Oxo-Rhenium(V) Complexes with Potent Antitumor Activity: Synthesis, Aquation Chemistry, Cisplatin Cross-Resistance Profile, and Mechanism of Action. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:19720-19733. [PMID: 37974075 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy with the cytotoxic platinum (Pt) drugs cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin is the mainstay of anticancer therapy in the clinic. The antitumor activity of Pt drugs originates from their ability to induce apoptosis via covalent adduct formation with nuclear DNA. While the phenomenal clinical success is highly encouraging, resistance and adverse toxic side effects limit the wider applicability of Pt drugs. To circumvent these limitations, we embarked on an effort to explore the antitumor potential of a new class of oxo-rhenium(V) complexes of the type [(N∧N)(EG)Re(O)Cl] (where EG = ethylene glycolate and N∧N = bipyridine, Bpy (1); phenanthroline, Phen (2); 3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-phenanthroline, Me4Phen (3)). Investigation of speciation chemistry in aqueous media revealed the formation of [(N∧N)Re(O)(OH)3] as the biologically active species. Complex 3 was found to be the most potent among the three, with IC50 values ranging from 0.1 to 0.4 μM against a panel of cancer cells, which is 5-70-fold lower when compared with cisplatin. The higher potency of 3 is attributed to its higher lipophilicity, which enhanced cellular uptake. Importantly, complex 3 efficiently overcomes cisplatin resistance in ovarian, lung, and prostate cancer cells. In addition to reporting the aquation chemistry and identifying the active species in aqueous media, we performed in-depth in vitro mechanistic studies, which revealed that complex 3 preferentially accumulates in mitochondria, depletes mitochondrial membrane potential, and upregulates intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to ER stress-mediated necrosis-mediated cancer cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhangi Das
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Navy Nagar, 400005 Mumbai, India
| | - Pulkit Joshi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Navy Nagar, 400005 Mumbai, India
| | - Malay Patra
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Navy Nagar, 400005 Mumbai, India
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18
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Enslin LE, Purkait K, Pozza MD, Saubamea B, Mesdom P, Visser HG, Gasser G, Schutte-Smith M. Rhenium(I) Tricarbonyl Complexes of 1,10-Phenanthroline Derivatives with Unexpectedly High Cytotoxicity. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:12237-12251. [PMID: 37489813 PMCID: PMC10410611 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Eight rhenium(I) tricarbonyl aqua complexes with the general formula fac-[Re(CO)3(N,N'-bid)(H2O)][NO3] (1-8), where N,N'-bid is (2,6-dimethoxypyridyl)imidazo[4,5-f]1,10-phenanthroline (L1), (indole)imidazo[4,5-f]1,10-phenanthroline (L2), (5-methoxyindole)-imidazo[4,5-f]1,10-phenanthroline (L3), (biphenyl)imidazo[4,5-f]1,10-phenanthroline (L4), (fluorene)imidazo[4,5-f]1,10-phenanthroline (L5), (benzo[b]thiophene)imidazo[4,5-f]1,10-phenanthroline (L6), (5-bromothiazole)imidazo[4,5-f]1,10-phenanthroline (L7), and (4,5-dimethylthiophene)imidazo[4,5-f]1,10-phenanthroline (L8), were synthesized and characterized using 1H and 13C{1H} NMR, FT-IR, UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy, and ESI-mass spectrometry, and their purity was confirmed by elemental analysis. The stability of the complexes in aqueous buffer solution (pH 7.4) was confirmed by UV/Vis spectroscopy. The cytotoxicity of the complexes (1-8) was then evaluated on prostate cancer cells (PC3), showing a low nanomolar to low micromolar in vitro cytotoxicity. Worthy of note, three of the Re(I) tricarbonyl complexes showed very low (IC50 = 30-50 nM) cytotoxic activity against PC3 cells and up to 26-fold selectivity over normal human retinal pigment epithelial-1 (RPE-1) cells. The cytotoxicity of both complexes 3 and 6 was lowered under hypoxic conditions in PC3 cells. However, the compounds were still 10 times more active than cisplatin in these conditions. Additional biological experiments were then performed on the most selective complexes (complexes 3 and 6). Cell fractioning experiments followed by ICP-MS studies revealed that 3 and 6 accumulate mostly in the mitochondria and nucleus, respectively. Despite the respective mitochondrial and nuclear localization of 3 and 6, 3 did not trigger the apoptosis pathways for cell killing, whereas 6 can trigger apoptosis but not as a major pathway. Complex 3 induced a paraptosis pathway for cell killing while 6 did not induce any of our other tested pathways, namely, necrosis, paraptosis, and autophagy. Both complexes 3 and 6 were found to be involved in mitochondrial dysfunction and downregulated the ATP production of PC3 cells. To the best of our knowledge, this report presents some of the most cytotoxic Re(I) carbonyl complexes with exceptionally low nanomolar cytotoxic activity toward prostate cancer cells, demonstrating further the future viability of utilizing rhenium in the fight against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy E. Enslin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa
| | - Kallol Purkait
- Chimie
ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry of Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for
Inorganic Chemistry, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Maria Dalla Pozza
- Chimie
ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry of Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for
Inorganic Chemistry, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Bruno Saubamea
- Plateforme
Imagerie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Cité, F-75270 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Mesdom
- Chimie
ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry of Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for
Inorganic Chemistry, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Hendrik G. Visser
- Department
of Chemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie
ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry of Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for
Inorganic Chemistry, F-75005 Paris, France
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19
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Jakopec S, Gourdon-Grünewaldt L, Čipor I, Meščić Macan A, Perić B, Piantanida I, Cariou K, Gasser G, Kirin SI, Raić-Malić S. Synthesis, characterisation and biological evaluation of monometallic Re(I) and heterobimetallic Re(I)/Fe(II) complexes with a 1,2,3-triazolyl pyridine chelating moiety. Dalton Trans 2023. [PMID: 37366535 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01070h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Bioorganometallic complexes have attracted considerable interest and have shown promise for potential application in the treatment and diagnosis of cancer, as well as bioimaging agents, some acting as theranostic agents. The series of novel ferrocene, benzimidazo[1,2-a]quinoline and fluorescein derivatives with bidentate pyridyl-1,2,3-triazole and 2,2'-dipyridylamine and their tricarbonylrhenium(I) complexes was prepared and fully characterised by NMR, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy in biorelevant conditions. The fluorescein and benzimidazo[1,2-a]quinoline ligands and their complexes with Re(I) showed interactions with ds-DNA/RNA and HSA, characterised by thermal denaturation measurements, fluorimetric and circular dichroism titrations. The binding constants revealed that addition of Re(I) increases the affinity of fluorescein but decreases the affinity of benzimidazo[1,2-a]quinoline. The complexation of Re(I) had the opposite effect on fluorescein and benzimidazo[1,2-a]quinoline ligands' fluorimetric sensitivity upon biomacromolecule binding, Re(I) fluorescein complex emission being strongly quenched by DNA/RNA or HSA, while emission of Re(I) benzimidazo[1,2-a]quinolone complex was enhanced, particularly for HSA, making it a promising fluorescent probe. Some mono- and heterobimetallic complexes showed considerable antiproliferative activity on colon cancer cells (CT26 and HT29), with ferrocene dipyridylamine complexes exhibiting the best inhibitory activity, comparable to cisplatin. The correlation of the cytotoxicity data with the linker type between the ferrocene and the 1,2,3-triazole ring suggests that direct binding of the metallocene to the 1,2,3-triazole is favourable for antitumor activity. The Re(I) benzimidazo[1,2-a]quinolone complex showed moderate antiproliferative activity, in contrast to the Re(I) fluorescein complex, which exhibited weak activity on CT26 cells and no activity on HT29 cells. The accumulation of the Re(I) benzimidazo[1,2-a]quinolone complex in the lysosomes of CT26 cells indicates the site of its bioactivity, thus making this complex a potential theranostic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Jakopec
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Department of Organic Chemistry, Marulićev trg 20, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Lisa Gourdon-Grünewaldt
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, France.
| | - Ivona Čipor
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laboratory for Biomolecular Interactions and Spectroscopy, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Andrijana Meščić Macan
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Department of Organic Chemistry, Marulićev trg 20, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Berislav Perić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Materials Chemistry, Laboratory for Solid State and Complex Compounds Chemistry, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ivo Piantanida
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laboratory for Biomolecular Interactions and Spectroscopy, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kevin Cariou
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, France.
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, France.
| | - Srećko I Kirin
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Materials Chemistry, Laboratory for Solid State and Complex Compounds Chemistry, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Silvana Raić-Malić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Department of Organic Chemistry, Marulićev trg 20, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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20
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Roy N, Shanavas S, Kar B, Thilak Babu L, Das U, Vardhan S, Sahoo SK, Bose B, Rajagopalan V, Paira P. G2/M-Phase-Inhibitory Mitochondrial-Depolarizing Re(I)/Ru(II)/Ir(III)-2,2'-Bipyrimidine-Based Heterobimetallic Luminescent Complexes: An Assessment of In Vitro Antiproliferative Activity and Bioimaging for Targeted Therapy toward Human TNBC Cells. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:12283-12297. [PMID: 37033791 PMCID: PMC10077533 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c08285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an extremely vicious subtype of human breast cancer having the worst prognosis along with strong invasive and metastatic competency. Hence, it can easily invade into blood vessels, and presently, no targeted therapeutic approach is available to annihilate this type of cancer. Metal complexes have successfully stepped into the anticancer research and are now being applauded due to their anticancer potency after the discovery of cisplatin. Many of these metal complexes are also well recognized for their activity toward breast cancer. As the TNBC is a very dangerous subtype and has long been a challenging ailment to treat, we have intended to develop a few brand new mixed metallic Ru(II)/Ir(III)/Re(I)-2,2'-bipyrimidine complexes [L'Re2], [L'RuRe], and [L'IrRe] to abate the unbridled proliferation of TNBC cells. The potency of the complexes against TNBC cells has been justified using MDA-MB-468 TNBC cell lines where complex [L'IrRe] has displayed significant potency among all the three complexes with an IC50 value of 24.12 μM. The complex [L'IrRe] has been competent to cause apoptosis of TNBC cells through inhibition of the G2/M phase in the cell cycle in association with a profuse amount of ROS generation and mitochondrial depolarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilmadhab Roy
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Shanooja Shanavas
- Department
Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Institution Yenepoya
Research Centre, Yenepoya University, University Road, Derlakatte, Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Binoy Kar
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Lavanya Thilak Babu
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Utpal Das
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Seshu Vardhan
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, S.V. National Institute
of Technology (SVNIT), Ichchanath, Surat, Gujarat 395007, India
| | - Suban K. Sahoo
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, S.V. National Institute
of Technology (SVNIT), Ichchanath, Surat, Gujarat 395007, India
| | - Bipasha Bose
- Department
Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Institution Yenepoya
Research Centre, Yenepoya University, University Road, Derlakatte, Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Vijayaraghavan Rajagopalan
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Priyankar Paira
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamilnadu, India
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21
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Matlou ML, Louis H, Charlie DE, Agwamba EC, Amodu IO, Tembu VJ, Manicum ALE. Anticancer Activities of Re(I) Tricarbonyl and Its Imidazole-Based Ligands: Insight from a Theoretical Approach. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:10242-10252. [PMID: 36969470 PMCID: PMC10035000 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Rhenium complexes have been observed experimentally to exhibit good inhibitory activity against malignant cells. Hence, our motivation is to explore this activity from a theoretical perspective. In the present study, density functional theory (DFT) and in silico molecular docking approaches were utilized to unravel the unique properties of metal-based rhenium tricarbonyl complexes as effective anticancer drugs. All DFT calculations and geometric optimizations were conducted using the well-established hybrid functional B3LYP-GD(BJ)/Gen/6-311++G(d,p)/LanL2DZ computational method. The FT-IR spectroscopic characterization of the complexes: fac-[Re(Pico)(CO)3(Pz)] (R1), fac-[Re(Pico)(CO)3(Py)] (R2), fac-[Re(Dfpc)(CO)3(H2O)] (R3), fac-[Re(Dfpc)(CO)3(Pz)] (R4), fac-[Re(Dfpc)(CO)3(Py)] (R5), fac-[Re(Tfpc)(CO)3(H2O)] (R6), fac-[Re(Tfpc)(CO)3(Py)] (R7), and fac-[Re(Tfpc)(CO)3(Im)] (R8) was explored. To gain insights into the electronic structural properties, bioactivity, and stability of these complexes, the highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital analysis, binding energy, and topological analysis based on quantum theory of atoms-in-molecules were considered. The anticancer activities of the complexes were measured via in silico molecular docking against human BCL-2 protein (IG5M) and proapoptotic (agonist) BAX 1 protein (450O). The results showed that the studied complexes exhibited good binding affinity (-3.25 to -10.16 kcal/mol) and could cause significant disruption of the normal physiological functions of the studied proteins. The results of DFT calculations also showed that the studied complexes exhibited good stability and are suitable candidates for the development of anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabu L. Matlou
- Department
of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, P.O. Box X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Hitler Louis
- Computational
and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University
of Calabar, Calabar 540211, Nigeria
| | - Destiny E. Charlie
- Computational
and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University
of Calabar, Calabar 540211, Nigeria
| | - Ernest C. Agwamba
- Computational
and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University
of Calabar, Calabar 540211, Nigeria
- Department
of Chemistry, Covenant University, Ota 50001, Nigeria
| | - Ismail O. Amodu
- Computational
and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University
of Calabar, Calabar 540211, Nigeria
| | - Vuyelwa J. Tembu
- Department
of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, P.O. Box X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Amanda-Lee E. Manicum
- Department
of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, P.O. Box X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
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22
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Nasiri Sovari S, Kolly I, Schindler K, Djuric A, Srdic-Rajic T, Crochet A, Pavic A, Zobi F. Synthesis, characterization, and in vivo evaluation of the anticancer activity of a series of 5- and 6-(halomethyl)-2,2'-bipyridine rhenium tricarbonyl complexes. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:6934-6944. [PMID: 36916301 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt04041g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis, characterization, and in vivo evaluation of the anticancer activity of a series of 5- and 6-(halomethyl)-2,2'-bipyridine rhenium tricarbonyl complexes. The study was promoted in order to understand if the presence and position of a reactive halomethyl substituent on the diimine ligand system of fac-[Re(CO)3]+ species may be a key molecular feature for the design of active and non-toxic anticancer agents. Only compounds potentially able to undergo ligand-based alkylating reactions show significant antiproliferative activity against colorectal and pancreatic cell lines. Of the new species presented in this study, one compound (5-(chloromethyl)-2,2'-bipyridine derivative) shows significant inhibition of pancreatic tumour growth in vivo in zebrafish-Panc-1 xenografts. The complex is noticeably effective at 8 μM concentration, lower than its in vitro IC50 values, being also capable of inhibiting in vivo cancer cells dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Nasiri Sovari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Isabelle Kolly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Kevin Schindler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Ana Djuric
- Department of experimental oncology, Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, Beograd, Republic of Serbia
| | - Tatjana Srdic-Rajic
- Department of experimental oncology, Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, Beograd, Republic of Serbia
| | - Aurelien Crochet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Aleksandar Pavic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11000 Belgrade, Republic of Serbia.
| | - Fabio Zobi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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23
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Sinha N, Wenger OS. Photoactive Metal-to-Ligand Charge Transfer Excited States in 3d 6 Complexes with Cr 0, Mn I, Fe II, and Co III. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:4903-4920. [PMID: 36808978 PMCID: PMC9999427 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Many coordination complexes and organometallic compounds with the 4d6 and 5d6 valence electron configurations have outstanding photophysical and photochemical properties, which stem from metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) excited states. This substance class makes extensive use of the most precious and least abundant metal elements, and consequently there has been a long-standing interest in first-row transition metal compounds with photoactive MLCT states. Semiprecious copper(I) with its completely filled 3d subshell is a relatively straightforward and well explored case, but in 3d6 complexes the partially filled d-orbitals lead to energetically low-lying metal-centered (MC) states that can cause undesirably fast MLCT excited state deactivation. Herein, we discuss recent advances made with isoelectronic Cr0, MnI, FeII, and CoIII compounds, for which long-lived MLCT states have become accessible over the past five years. Furthermore, we discuss possible future developments in the search for new first-row transition metal complexes with partially filled 3d subshells and photoactive MLCT states for next-generation applications in photophysics and photochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayan Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver S Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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24
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Rhenium(I)-tricarbonyl complexes with methimazole and its selenium analogue: Syntheses, characterization and cell toxicity. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 240:112092. [PMID: 36549168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.112092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study explores the effect of a thione/selone ligand on the cell toxicity (in vitro) and light activity of diimine Re(CO)3+ complexes. Six rhenium(I) complexes with general formula fac-[Re(CO)3(N,N')X]+ were prepared, where X = 2-mercapto-1-methylimidazole (methimazole; MMI), and 1-methylimidazole-2-selone (MSeI); N,N' = 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) and 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (dmphen). Their triflate salts were characterized using single-crystal X-ray diffraction, 1H, 13C and 2D NMR, UV-vis and vibrational spectroscopy. Their cytotoxic properties were tested, showing significant cytotoxicity (IC50 = 8.0-55 μM) towards the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. The half-inhibitory concentration (IC50) for fac-[Re(CO)3(dmphen)(MMI)]+, the most toxic complex in this series (8.0 ± 0.2 μM), was comparable to that of the corresponding aqua complex fac-[Re(CO)3(dmphen)(H2O)]+ with IC50 = 6.0 ± 0.1 μM. The fac-[Re(CO)3(bpy)(MMI/MSeI)]+ complexes were somewhat less toxic towards the human embryonic kidney cell line HEK-293 T after 48 h of exposure. The stability of the complexes upon irradiation was monitored using UV-vis spectroscopy, with no CO released when exposed to UV-A light (λ = 365 nm).
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25
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Ma XR, Lu JJ, Huang B, Lu XY, Li RT, Ye RR. Heteronuclear Ru(II)-Re(I) complexes as potential photodynamic anticancer agents with anti-metastatic and anti-angiogenic activities. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 240:112090. [PMID: 36543061 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.112090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Herein, three heterometallic Ru(II)-Re(I) complexes, [Ru(NN)2(tpphz)Re(CO)3Cl](PF6)2 (N-N = 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy, in RuRe1), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen, in RuRe2), 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (DIP, in RuRe3), tpphz = tetrapyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c:3″,2″-h:2″',3″'-j]phenazine), using tpphz as a bridging ligand to connect Ru(II) polypyridyl moiety and Re(I) tricarbonyl moiety were designed and synthesized. Cytotoxicity tests revealed that RuRe1-3 exhibited high phototoxicities against several cancer cell lines tested, with IC50 values ranging from 0.8 to 6.8 μM. Notably, RuRe2 exhibited the most significant increase in cytotoxicity against human prostate cancer (PC3) cells under light (450 nm) irradiation, with phototoxicity index (PI) value increasing by >112.3-fold. Further mechanistic studies of RuRe2 revealed that RuRe2-mediated PDT could induce tumor cell apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway. Moreover, RuRe2-mediated PDT could inhibit PC3 cell scratch healing and reduce the expression levels of matrix metalloproteinases 2 (MMP-2), matrix metalloproteinases 9 (MMP-9) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor VEGFR2. Finally, angiogenic activity assays performed in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) showed that RuRe2 exerted an anti-angiogenesis effect. Our study demonstrated that RuRe1-3 were promising PDT antitumor agents with potential anti-metastatic and anti-angiogenic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Rong Ma
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Jun-Jian Lu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Bo Huang
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, PR China.
| | - Xing-Yun Lu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Rong-Tao Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, PR China.
| | - Rui-Rong Ye
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, PR China.
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26
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Kazimir A, Schwarze B, Lönnecke P, Jelača S, Mijatović S, Maksimović-Ivanić D, Hey-Hawkins E. Metallodrugs against Breast Cancer: Combining the Tamoxifen Vector with Platinum(II) and Palladium(II) Complexes. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020682. [PMID: 36840003 PMCID: PMC9959148 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The luminal A-subtype of breast cancer, where the oestrogen receptor α (ERα) is overexpressed, is the most frequent one. The prodrug tamoxifen (1) is the clinically used agent, inhibiting the ERα activity via the formation of several active metabolites, such as 4-hydroxytamoxifen (2) or 4,4'-dihydroxytamoxifen (3). In this study, we present the tamoxifen derivative 4-[1,1-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)but-1-en-2-yl]-2,2'-bipyridine (4), which was combined with platinum or palladium dichloride, the former a well-known scaffold in anticancer treatment, to give [PtCl2(4-κ2N,N')] (5) or [PdCl2(4-κ2N,N'] (6). To prevent fast exchange of weakly coordinating chlorido ligands in aqueous solution, a bulky, highly stable and hydrophobic nido-carborate(-2) ([C2B9H11]2-) was incorporated. The resulting complexes [3-(4-κ2N,N')-3,1,2-PtC2B9H11] (7) and [3-(4-κ2N,N')-3,1,2-PdC2B9H11] (8) exhibit a dramatic change in electronic and biological properties compared to 5 and 6. Thus, 8 is highly selective for triple-negative MDA-MB-231 cells (IC50 = 3.7 μM, MTT test), while 7 is completely inactive against this cell line. The observed cytotoxicity of compounds 4-6 and 8 against this triple-negative cell line suggests off-target mechanisms rather than only ERα inhibition, for which these compounds were originally designed. Spectroscopic properties and electronic structures of the metal complexes were investigated for possible explanations of the biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Kazimir
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Benedikt Schwarze
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Lönnecke
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sanja Jelača
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Mijatović
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Maksimović-Ivanić
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Evamarie Hey-Hawkins
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Correspondence:
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27
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Xu F, Zhang D, Lu Q, Zhang R, Xia J. Rational design of fluorescent chemosensor for Pd 2+ based on the formation of cyclopalladated complex. Talanta 2023; 253:123967. [PMID: 36195028 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
According to the assumption that the formation of C-Pd bond becomes a cyclopalladated complex (CPC), we designed and synthesized two C-N-N pincer ligands of BODIPY appended 2,2'-bipyridine derivatives (BP and BPB). It has been confirmed that the C-Pd bond does exist and plays a crucial role in "on-off" fluorescence behavior. Based on it, a coordination-induced fluorescence quenching sensor for Pd2+ was constructed. The results indicated that BP possessed high sensitivity and specificity for Pd2+ in solution. The limit of detection (LOD) of BP is determined to be 0.97 nM within a linear range between 1.0 and 50.0 nM, meanwhile, the platinum-group ions demonstrate no interference. The bio-imaging application of BP was investigated and it exhibited a promising vitro test for fluorescent imaging of Pd2+ ions in MCF-7 cells. Meanwhile, BPB coated sensor label for Pd2+ was set up. The visible color variation was displayed under UV light with increasing concentrations of Pd2+. Briefly speaking, fluorescence probes of BP and BPB offer new approaches for Pd2+ detection in a lab and on-site test, as well as the vivo imaging. Then, with the aid of (TD)DFT calculation, the internal reason for the optical difference between the two ligands was disclosed. This concept of CPC containing a Pd-C covalent bond provides a promising perspective of coordination fluorescence sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xu
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Dongkui Zhang
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Qingyi Lu
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Instituted and Technology, Wuhan, 400073, Hubei, China
| | - Jiangbin Xia
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China; Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China.
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28
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Saiyed TA, Adeyemi JO, Saibu GM, Singh M, Oyedeji AO, Hosten EC, Onwudiwe DC. Bipyridine adducts of Zn(II) and Ni(II) bis (N-methyl-N-phenyl dithiocarbamate): Synthesis, characterization, and biological applications. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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29
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Matlou ML, Malan FP, Nkadimeng S, McGaw L, Tembu VJ, Manicum ALE. Exploring the in vitro anticancer activities of Re(I) picolinic acid and its fluorinated complex derivatives on lung cancer cells: a structural study. J Biol Inorg Chem 2023; 28:29-41. [PMID: 36463538 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-022-01971-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Fifteen rhenium(I) tricarbonyl complexes of the form fac-[Re(N,O')(CO)3(X)], where N,O'-bidentate ligand = 2-picolinic acid (Pico); 3,5-difluoropyridine-2-carboxylic acid (Dfpc); 3-trifluoromethyl-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid (Tfpc) and X = H2O; pyrazole (Pz); pyridine (Py); imidazole (Im); and methanol (CH3OH) were synthesized using the '2 + 1' mixed ligand approach with an average yield of 84%. The complexes were characterized using the following spectroscopic techniques: IR, 1H and 13C NMR, UV/Vis, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The effect of the fluorine atoms on the backbone of the N,O'-bidentate ligand was investigated and a trend was noticed in the carbonyl stretching frequencies: with Pico < Tfpc < Dfpc. The in vitro biological screening on Vero (healthy mammalian), HeLa (cervical carcinoma) and A549 (lung cancer) cells revealed one toxic complex, fac-[Re(Pico)(CO)3(H2O)], with respective LC50 values of 9.0 ± 0.9, 15.8 ± 4.9 (SI = 0.570) and 20.9 ± 0.8 (SI = 0.430) μg/mL. As a result, it can be used as a positive control drug of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabu L Matlou
- Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, P.O. Box X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Frederick P Malan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, 02 Lynnwood Road, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Sanah Nkadimeng
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida Campus, Florida, 1710, South Africa
| | - Lyndy McGaw
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Vuyelwa J Tembu
- Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, P.O. Box X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Amanda-Lee E Manicum
- Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, P.O. Box X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
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Olelewe C, Awuah SG. Mitochondria as a target of third row transition metal-based anticancer complexes. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2023; 72:102235. [PMID: 36516614 PMCID: PMC9870944 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.102235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In pursuit of better treatment options for malignant tumors, metal-based complexes continue to show promise as attractive chemotherapeutics due to tunability, novel mechanisms, and potency exemplified by platinum agents. The metabolic character of tumors renders the mitochondria and other metabolism pathways fruitful targets for medicinal inorganic chemistry. Cumulative understanding of the role of mitochondria in tumorigenesis has ignited research in mitochondrial targeting metal-based complexes to overcome resistance and inhibit tumor growth with high potency and selectivity. Here, we discuss recent progress made in third row transition metal-based mitochondrial targeting agents with the goal of stimulating an active field of research toward new clinical anticancer agents and the elucidation of novel mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chibuzor Olelewe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506, USA
| | - Samuel G Awuah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, United States; University of Kentucky Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, United States.
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31
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Single crystal investigation, spectroscopic, DFT studies, and in-silico molecular docking of the anticancer activities of acetylacetone coordinated Re(I) tricarbonyl complexes. Inorganica Chim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2022.121335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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32
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Synthesis, structural characterization and study of antioxidant and anti-PrP Sc properties of flavonoids and their rhenium(I)-tricarbonyl complexes. J Biol Inorg Chem 2023; 28:235-247. [PMID: 36695886 PMCID: PMC9981504 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-022-01986-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This study aims at the synthesis and initial biological evaluation of novel rhenium-tricarbonyl complexes of 3,3',4',5,7-pentahydroxyflavone (quercetin), 3,7,4΄-trihydroxyflavone (resokaempferol), 5,7-dihydroxyflavone (chrysin) and 4΄,5,7-trihydroxyflavonone (naringenin) as neuroprotective and anti-PrP agents. Resokaempferol was synthesized from 2,2΄,4-trihydroxychalcone by H2O2/NaOH. The rhenium-tricarbonyl complexes of the type fac-[Re(CO)3(Fl)(sol)] were synthesized by reacting the precursor fac-[Re(CO)3(sol)3]+ with an equimolar amount of the flavonoids (Fl) quercetin, resokaempferol, chrysin and naringenin and the solvent (sol) was methanol or water. The respective Re-flavonoid complexes were purified by semi-preparative HPLC and characterized by spectroscopic methods. Furthermore, the structure of Re-chrysin was elucidated by X-ray crystallography. Initial screening of the neuroprotective properties of these compounds included the in vitro assessment of the antioxidant properties by the DPPH assay as well as the anti-lipid peroxidation of linoleic acid in the presence of AAPH and their ability to inhibit soybean lipoxygenase. From the above studies, it was concluded that the complexes' properties are mainly correlated with the structural characteristics and the presence of the flavonoids. The flavonoids and their respective Re-complexes were also tested in vitro for their ability to inhibit the formation and aggregation of the amyloid-like abnormal prion protein, PrPSc, by employing the real-time quaking-induced conversion assay with recombinant PrP seeded with cerebrospinal fluid from patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. All the compounds blocked de novo abnormal PrP formation and aggregation.
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Kisel KS, Baigildin VA, Solomatina AI, Gostev AI, Sivtsov EV, Shakirova JR, Tunik SP. Rhenium(I) Block Copolymers Based on Polyvinylpyrrolidone: A Successful Strategy to Water-Solubility and Biocompatibility. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28010348. [PMID: 36615546 PMCID: PMC9822124 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A series of diphosphine Re(I) complexes Re1-Re4 have been designed via decoration of the archetypal core {Re(CO)2(N^N)} through the installations of the phosphines P0 and P1 bearing the terminal double bond, where N^N = 2,2'-bipyridine (N^N1), 4,4'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-bipyridine (N^N2) or 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (N^N3) and P0 = diphenylvinylphosphine, and P1 = 4-(diphenylphosphino)styrene. These complexes were copolymerized with the corresponding N-vinylpyrrolidone-based Macro-RAFT agents of different polymer chain lengths to give water-soluble copolymers of low-molecular p(VP-l-Re) and high-molecular p(VP-h-Re) block-copolymers containing rhenium complexes. Compounds Re1-Re4, as well as the copolymers p(VP-l-Re) and p(VP-h-Re), demonstrate phosphorescence from a 3MLCT excited state typical for this type of chromophores. The copolymers p(VP-l-Re#) and p(VP-h-Re#) display weak sensitivity to molecular oxygen in aqueous and buffered media, which becomes almost negligible in the model physiological media. In cell experiments with CHO-K1 cell line, p(VP-l-Re2) and p(VP-h-Re2) displayed significantly reduced toxicity compared to the initial Re2 complex and internalized into cells presumably by endocytic pathways, being eventually accumulated in endosomes. The sensitivity of the copolymers to oxygen examined in CHO-K1 cells via phosphorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (PLIM) proved to be inessential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina S. Kisel
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskii pr., 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vadim A. Baigildin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskii pr., 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasia I. Solomatina
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskii pr., 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexey I. Gostev
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg State Institute of Technology, Technical University, Moskovskiy pr. 26, 190013 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Eugene V. Sivtsov
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg State Institute of Technology, Technical University, Moskovskiy pr. 26, 190013 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Julia R. Shakirova
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskii pr., 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence: (J.R.S.); (S.P.T.)
| | - Sergey P. Tunik
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskii pr., 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence: (J.R.S.); (S.P.T.)
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Mansour AM, Ibrahim NM, Farag AM, Abo-Elfadl MT. Evaluation of cytotoxic properties of two fluorescent fac-Re(CO) 3 complexes bearing an N, N-bidentate benzimidazole coligand. RSC Adv 2022; 12:30829-30837. [PMID: 36349156 PMCID: PMC9608107 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05992d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The reaction between 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylmethyl-(N-aryl)amine derivatives (LR) and [ReBr(CO)5] afforded octahedral Re(i) complexes of the general formula of [ReBr(CO)3LR] (R = 4-Cl and 4-COOCH3). The Re(i) complexes were screened for their potential cytotoxicity against three malignant cell lines and one normal cell line of different origins. The solvatochromic characteristics of the complexes were examined by UV/vis. spectroscopy with the aid of time-dependent density functional theory calculations. Strong autofluorescence emission can be seen in the two Re(i) complexes between 460 and 488 nm. They appeared to accumulate inside intercellular connections and surrounding cellular membranes. The substances gathered also, along the cell membrane, waiting for their entry. The mode of cell death staining and the DNA fragmentation analysis revealed that the 4-Cl complex showed increased apoptotic changes in the MCF-7, and the Caco-2 cell line, while the HepG2 cell line showed little apoptotic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. Mansour
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo UniversityGamma StreetGizaCairo 12613Egypt
| | - Nourhan M. Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo UniversityGamma StreetGizaCairo 12613Egypt
| | - Ahmad M. Farag
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo UniversityGamma StreetGizaCairo 12613Egypt
| | - Mahmoud T. Abo-Elfadl
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Laboratory, Centre of Excellence for Advanced Sciences, National Research CentreDokkiCairo 12622Egypt,Biochemistry Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research CentreDokkiCairo 12622Egypt
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Abdel Aal S. DFT study of the therapeutic potential of borospherene and metalloborospherenes as a new drug-delivery system for the 5-fluorouracil anticancer drug. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Suárez-Ortiz GA, Hernández-Correa R, Morales-Moreno MD, Toscano RA, Ramirez-Apan MT, Hernandez-Garcia A, Amézquita-Valencia M, Araiza-Olivera D. Diastereomeric Separation of Chiral fac-Tricarbonyl(iminopyridine) Rhenium(I) Complexes and Their Cytotoxicity Studies: Approach toward an Action Mechanism against Glioblastoma. J Med Chem 2022; 65:9281-9294. [PMID: 35776775 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of new (tricarbonyl)rhenium(I) complexes were synthesized using chiral bidentate ligands (+)/(-)-iminopyridines (LR/LS). The reaction yielded a mixture of mononuclear Re(I) diastereoisomers, formulated as fac-[Br(CO)3Re(S/R)L(S/R)]. Each single diastereoisomer was isolated and fully characterized. X-ray crystallography and circular dichroism spectra verified their enantiomeric nature. The cytotoxicity of each complex was evaluated against six cancer cell lines. The effect of the two complexes on viability, proliferation, and migration was analyzed on glioblastoma cell lines (U251 and LN229). Changes in the expression of histones, apoptotic, and key signaling proteins, as well as alterations in DNA structure, were also observed. These experiments showed that the chirality associated with both metal and ligand has a strong influence on cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria A Suárez-Ortiz
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Química, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Rodrigo Hernández-Correa
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Química, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Melissa D Morales-Moreno
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Química, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Rubén A Toscano
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Química, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Maria Teresa Ramirez-Apan
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Química, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Armando Hernandez-Garcia
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Química, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Manuel Amézquita-Valencia
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Química, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Daniela Araiza-Olivera
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Química, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, México
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37
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Karges J. Rhenium complexes as antiviral agents for COVID-19. J COORD CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2022.2084395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Karges
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
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Pete S, Roy N, Kar B, Paira P. Construction of homo and heteronuclear Ru(II), Ir(III) and Re(I) complexes for target specific cancer therapy. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Lu JJ, Ma XR, Xie K, Yang PX, Li RT, Ye RR. Novel heterobimetallic Ir(III)-Re(I) complexes: design, synthesis and antitumor mechanism investigation. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:7907-7917. [PMID: 35535974 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00719c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The reasonable design of binuclear or multinuclear metal complexes has demonstrated their potential advantages in the anticancer field. Herein, three heterobimetallic Ir(III)-Re(I) complexes, [Ir(C^N)2LRe(CO)3DIP](PF6)2 (C^N = 2-phenylpyridine (ppy, in IrRe-1), 2-(2-thienyl)pyridine (thpy, in IrRe-2) and 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)pyridine (dfppy, in IrRe-3); L = pyridylimidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline; DIP = 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline), were designed and synthesized. The heterobimetallic IrRe-1-3 complexes show pH-sensitive emission properties, which can be used for specific imaging of lysosomes. Additionally, IrRe-1-3 display higher cytotoxicity against tested tumor cell lines than the clinical chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin. Further mechanisms indicate that IrRe-1-3 can induce apoptosis and autophagy, increase intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), depolarize the mitochondrial membrane (MMP), block the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase and inhibit cell migration. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of the synthesis of heterobimetallic Ir(III)-Re(I) complexes with superior anticancer activities and evaluation of their anticancer mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jian Lu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China.
| | - Xiu-Rong Ma
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China.
| | - Kai Xie
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China.
| | - Pei-Xin Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China.
| | - Rong-Tao Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China.
| | - Rui-Rong Ye
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China.
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Challenges and opportunities in the development of metal-based anticancer theranostic agents. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:231168. [PMID: 35420649 PMCID: PMC9109461 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20212160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Around 10 million fatalities were recorded worldwide in 2020 due to cancer and statistical projections estimate the number to increase by 60% in 2040. With such a substantial rise in the global cancer burden, the disease will continue to impose a huge socio-economic burden on society. Currently, the most widely used clinical treatment modality is cytotoxic chemotherapy using platinum drugs which is used to treat variety of cancers. Despite its clinical success, critical challenges like resistance, off-target side effects and cancer variability often reduce its overall therapeutic efficiency. These challenges require faster diagnosis, simultaneous therapy and a more personalized approach toward cancer management. To this end, small-molecule ‘theranostic’ agents have presented a viable solution combining diagnosis and therapy into a single platform. In this review, we present a summary of recent efforts in the design and optimization of metal-based small-molecule ‘theranostic’ anticancer agents. Importantly, we highlight the advantages of a theranostic candidate over the purely therapeutic or diagnostic agent in terms of evaluation of its biological properties.
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Yim J, Park SB. Label-Free Target Identification Reveals the Anticancer Mechanism of a Rhenium Isonitrile Complex. Front Chem 2022; 10:850638. [PMID: 35372261 PMCID: PMC8964423 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.850638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Elucidation of the molecular mechanism of therapeutic agents and potential candidates is in high demand. Interestingly, rhenium-based complexes have shown a highly selective anticancer effect, only on cancer cells, unlike platinum-based drugs, such as cisplatin and carboplatin. These differences might be attributed to their different molecular targets. We confirmed that the target of tricarbonyl rhenium isonitrile polypyridyl (TRIP) complex is a protein, not DNA, using ICP-MS analysis and identified heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) as its target protein using a label-free target identification method. The subsequent biological evaluation revealed that TRIP directly inhibits the chaperone function of HSP60 and induces the accumulation of misfolded proteins in mitochondria, thereby leading to the activation of mitochondrial unfolded protein response (mtUPR)-mediated JNK2/AP-1/CHOP apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhyeong Yim
- Department of Biophysics and Chemical Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Bum Park
- Department of Biophysics and Chemical Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- CRI Center for Chemical Proteomics, Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Seung Bum Park,
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42
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Drug combination study of novel oxorhenium(V) complexes. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 231:111807. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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43
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Schnierle M, Winkler M, Filippou V, van Slageren J, Ringenberg M. (Spectro)Electrochemistry of 3‐(Pyrid‐2‐yl)‐s‐Tetrazine‐ or 1,2‐(dihydro)pyridazine Tricarbonylrhenium(I)chloride. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Schnierle
- University of Stuttgart Faculty of Chemistry: Universitat Stuttgart Fakultat 3 Chemie Institut für Anorganische Chemie GERMANY
| | - Mario Winkler
- Universität Stuttgart Fakultät 3 Chemie: Universitat Stuttgart Fakultat 3 Chemie Institut für Physikalische Chemie GERMANY
| | - Vasileios Filippou
- Universität Stuttgart Fakultät 3 Chemie: Universitat Stuttgart Fakultat 3 Chemie Institut für Anorganische Chemie GERMANY
| | - Joris van Slageren
- Universität Stuttgart Fakultät 3 Chemie: Universitat Stuttgart Fakultat 3 Chemie Institut für Physikalische Chemie GERMANY
| | - Mark Ringenberg
- Universität Stuttgart Institute für Anorganische Chemie Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart GERMANY
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He SF, Liao JX, Huang MY, Zhang YQ, Zou YM, Wu CL, Lin WY, Chen JX, Sun J. Rhenium-guanidine complex as photosensitizer: trigger HeLa cell apoptosis through death receptor-mediated, mitochondria-mediated and cell cycle arrest pathways. Metallomics 2022; 14:6527583. [PMID: 35150263 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfac008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
During the last decades, growing evidence indicates that the photodynamic antitumor activity of transition metal complexes, and Re(I) compounds are potential candidates for photodynamic therapy (PDT). This study reports the synthesis, characterization, and anti-tumor activity of three new Re(I)-guadinium complexes. Cytotoxicity tests reveal that complex Re1 increased cytotoxicity by 145-fold from IC50 > 180 μM in the dark to 1.3 ± 0.7 μM following 10 min of light irradiation (425 nm) in HeLa cells. Further, the mechanism by which Re1 induces apoptosis in the presence or absence of light irradiation was investigated, and results indicate that cell death was caused through different pathways. Upon irradiation, Re1 first accumulates on the cell membrane and interacts with death receptors to activate the extrinsic death receptor-mediated signaling pathway, then is transported into the cell cytoplasm. Most of the intracellular Re1 locates within mitochondria, improving the ROS level, and decreasing MMP and ATP levels, and inducing the activation of caspase-9 and, thus, apoptosis. Subsequently, the residual Re1 can translocate into the cell nucleus, and activates the p53 pathway, causing cell-cycle arrest and eventually cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Fen He
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Dongguan Peaple's Hospital, Dongguan, 523059, China
| | - Jia-Xin Liao
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Min-Ying Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Yu-Qing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Yi-Min Zou
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Ci-Ling Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Wen-Yuan Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Jia-Xi Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Jing Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
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Ultrafast charge transfer dynamics in 2D covalent organic frameworks/Re-complex hybrid photocatalyst. Nat Commun 2022; 13:845. [PMID: 35149679 PMCID: PMC8837612 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28409-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhenium(I)-carbonyl-diimine complexes have emerged as promising photocatalysts for carbon dioxide reduction with covalent organic frameworks recognized as perfect sensitizers and scaffold support. Such Re complexes/covalent organic frameworks hybrid catalysts have demonstrated high carbon dioxide reduction activities but with strong excitation energy-dependence. In this paper, we rationalize this behavior by the excitation energy-dependent pathways of internal photo-induced charge transfer studied via transient optical spectroscopies and time-dependent density-functional theory calculation. Under band-edge excitation, the excited electrons are quickly injected from covalent organic frameworks moiety into catalytic RheniumI center within picosecond but followed by fast backward geminate recombination. While under excitation with high-energy photon, the injected electrons are located at high-energy levels in RheniumI centers with longer lifetime. Besides those injected electrons to RheniumI center, there still remain some long-lived electrons in covalent organic frameworks moiety which is transferred back from RheniumI. This facilitates the two-electron reaction of carbon dioxide conversion to carbon monoxide. Re complexes within covalent organic frameworks have emerged as promising photocatalysts for CO2 reduction. Here, authors identify a high-energy electron transfer pathway during CO2 reduction that results in longer-lived excited states than a low-energy electron transfer pathway.
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Schindler K, Zobi F. Anticancer and Antibiotic Rhenium Tri- and Dicarbonyl Complexes: Current Research and Future Perspectives. Molecules 2022; 27:539. [PMID: 35056856 PMCID: PMC8777860 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Organometallic compounds are increasingly recognized as promising anticancer and antibiotic drug candidates. Among the transition metal ions investigated for these purposes, rhenium occupies a special role. Its tri- and dicarbonyl complexes, in particular, attract continuous attention due to their relative ease of preparation, stability and unique photophysical and luminescent properties that allow the combination of diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, thereby permitting, e.g., molecules to be tracked within cells. In this review, we discuss the anticancer and antibiotic properties of rhenium tri- and dicarbonyl complexes described in the last seven years, mainly in terms of their structural variations and in vitro efficacy. Given the abundant literature available, the focus is initially directed on tricarbonyl complexes of rhenium. Dicarbonyl species of the metal ion, which are slowly gaining momentum, are discussed in the second part in terms of future perspective for the possible developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabio Zobi
- Department of Chemistry, Fribourg University, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland;
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Wiratpruk N, Bindra G, Hamilton A, Hulett M, Barnard P. Anticancer Properties of Rhenium(I) Tricarbonyl Complexes of N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:7630-7643. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00447j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A family of eight rhenium(I) tricarbonyl complexes bearing pyridyl-imidazolylidene or bis-imidazolylidene ligand in combination with a series of N-acetyl amino acids ligands (glycine, isoleucine, proline) and acetate have been synthesised...
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Sharma S. A, N. V, Kar B, Das U, Paira P. Target-specific mononuclear and binuclear rhenium( i) tricarbonyl complexes as upcoming anticancer drugs. RSC Adv 2022; 12:20264-20295. [PMID: 35919594 PMCID: PMC9281374 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03434d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal complexes have gradually been attracting interest from researchers worldwide as potential cancer therapeutics. Driven by the many side effects of the popular platinum-based anticancer drug cisplatin, the tireless endeavours of researchers have afforded strategies for the design of appropriate metal complexes with minimal side effects compared to cisplatin and its congeners to limit the unrestricted propagation of cancer. In this regard, transition metal complexes, especially rhenium-based complexes are being identified and highlighted as promising cancer theranostics, which are endowed with the ability to detect and annihilate cancer cells in the body. This is attributed the amazing photophysical properties of rhenium complexes together with their ability to selectively attack different organelles in cancer cells. Therefore, this review presents the properties of different rhenium-based complexes to highlight their recent advances as anticancer agents based on their cytotoxicity results. In this review, rhenium-based complexes are highlighted as promising cancer theranostics, which are endowed with the ability to detect and annihilate cancer cells in the body.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Sharma S.
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vaibhavi N.
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Binoy Kar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Utpal Das
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Priyankar Paira
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India
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Nadeem Q, Battistin F, Blacque O, Alberto R. Naphthalene Exchange in [Re(η 6 -napht) 2 ] + with Pharmaceuticals Leads to Highly Functionalized Sandwich Complexes [M(η 6 -pharm) 2 ] + (M=Re/ 99m Tc). Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103566. [PMID: 34817903 PMCID: PMC9300139 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Bis‐arene sandwich complexes are generally prepared by the Fischer‐Hafner reaction, which conditions are incompatible with most O‐ and N‐ functional groups. We report a new way for the synthesis of sandwich type complexes [Re(η6‐arene)2]+ and [Re(η6‐arene)(η6‐benzene)]+ from [Re(η6‐napht)2]+ and [Re(η6‐napht)(η6‐benzene)]+, with functionalized arenes and pharmaceuticals. N‐methylpyrrolidine (NMP) facilitates the substitution of naphthalene with the incoming arene. A series of fully characterized rhenium sandwich complexes with simple arenes, such as aniline, as well as with active compounds like lidocaine and melatonin are presented. With these rhenium compounds in hand, the radioactive sandwich complexes [99mTc(η6‐pharm)2]+ (pharm=pharmaceutical) can be unambiguously confirmed. The direct labelling of pharmaceuticals with 99mTc through η6‐coordination to phenyl rings and the confirmation of the structures with the rhenium homologues opens a path into molecular theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qaisar Nadeem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Federica Battistin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Blacque
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger Alberto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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