1
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Yang WP, Miao HJ, Liu L, Duan XH, Guo LN. Visible Light-Promoted Aromatization-Driven Deconstructive Fluorination of Spiro Carbocycles. Org Lett 2024. [PMID: 39186378 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
A visible light-promoted aromatization-driven deconstructive fluorination of spiro carbocycles is presented. A series of spiro dihydroquinazolinones reacted efficiently with NFSI under visible light irradiation to afford the 2-(4-fluoroalkyl)quinazolin-4(3H)-ones in good yields with excellent functional group tolerance. A radical pathway involving C-C bond cleavage and F atom transfer is proposed for the reaction. In addition, the ring-opening chlorination of spiro dihydroquinazolinones with NCS was also applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Peng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry and Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage, Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Hong-Jie Miao
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry and Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage, Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Le Liu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry and Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage, Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xin-Hua Duan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry and Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage, Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Li-Na Guo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry and Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage, Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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2
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Wan T, Ciszewski ŁW, Ravelli D, Capaldo L. Photoinduced Intermolecular Radical Hydroalkylation of Olefins via Ligated Boryl Radicals-Mediated Halogen Atom Transfer. Org Lett 2024; 26:5839-5843. [PMID: 38950385 PMCID: PMC11250028 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Light-mediated Halogen-Atom Transfer (XAT) has become a significant methodology in contemporary synthesis. Unlike α-aminoalkyl and silyl radicals, ligated boryl radicals (LBRs) have not been extensively explored as halogen atom abstractors. In this study, we introduce NHC-ligated boranes as optimal radical chain carriers for the intermolecular reductive radical hydroalkylation and hydroarylation of electron-deficient olefins by using direct UV-A light irradiation. DFT analysis allowed us to rationalize the critical role of the NHC ligand in facilitating efficient chain propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wan
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- The
Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of
Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Łukasz W. Ciszewski
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Davide Ravelli
- PhotoGreen
Lab, Department of Chemistry, University
of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Luca Capaldo
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- SynCat
Lab, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
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3
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Sun Y, He Q, Lv X, Zhang N, Yan W, Sun J, Zhuang L. Switchable Site-Selective Benzanilide C(sp 2)-H Bromination via Promoter Regulation. Molecules 2024; 29:2861. [PMID: 38930925 PMCID: PMC11206611 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Regioselective benzanilide bromination that generates either regioisomer from the same starting material is desirable. Herein, we develop switchable site-selective C(sp2)-H bromination by promoter regulation. This protocol leads to regiodivergent brominated benzanilide starting from the single substrate via selection of promoters. The protocol demonstrates excellent regioselectivity and good tolerance of functional groups with high yields. The utility effectiveness of this method has been well exemplified in the late-stage modification of biologically important molecules.
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4
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Gan XC, Zhang B, Dao N, Bi C, Pokle M, Kan L, Collins MR, Tyrol CC, Bolduc PN, Nicastri M, Kawamata Y, Baran PS, Shenvi R. Carbon quaternization of redox active esters and olefins by decarboxylative coupling. Science 2024; 384:113-118. [PMID: 38574151 DOI: 10.1126/science.adn5619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of quaternary carbons often requires numerous steps and complex conditions or harsh reagents that act on heavily engineered substrates. This is largely a consequence of conventional polar-bond retrosynthetic disconnections that in turn require multiple functional group interconversions, redox manipulations, and protecting group chemistry. Here, we report a simple catalyst and reductant combination that converts two types of feedstock chemicals, carboxylic acids and olefins, into tetrasubstituted carbons through quaternization of radical intermediates. An iron porphyrin catalyst activates each substrate by electron transfer or hydrogen atom transfer, and then combines the fragments using a bimolecular homolytic substitution (SH2) reaction. This cross-coupling reduces the synthetic burden to procure numerous quaternary carbon---containing products from simple chemical feedstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Cheng Gan
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Benxiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nathan Dao
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Cheng Bi
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Maithili Pokle
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Liyan Kan
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Michael R Collins
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry Department, Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA 92122, USA
| | | | | | | | - Yu Kawamata
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Phil S Baran
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ryan Shenvi
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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5
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Wang C, Liu X, Wang Q, Fang WH, Chen X. Unveiling Mechanistic Insights and Photocatalytic Advancements in Intramolecular Photo-(3 + 2)-Cycloaddition: A Comparative Assessment of Two Paradigmatic Single-Electron-Transfer Models. JACS AU 2024; 4:419-431. [PMID: 38425917 PMCID: PMC10900211 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of 1-aminonorbornane (1-aminoNB), a potential aniline bioisostere, through photochemistry or photoredox catalysis signifies a remarkable breakthrough with implications in organic chemistry, pharmaceutical chemistry, and sustainable chemistry. However, an understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved in these reactions remains limited and ambiguous. Herein, we employ high-precision CASPT2//CASSCF calculations to elucidate the intricate mechanisms regulating the intramolecular photo-(3 + 2)-cycloaddition reactions for the synthesis of 1-aminoNB in the presence or absence of the Ir-complex-based photocatalyst. Our investigations delve into radical cascades, stereoselectivity, particularly single-electron-transfer (SET) events, etc. Furthermore, we innovatively introduce and compare two SET models integrating Marcus electron-transfer theory and transition-state theory. These models combined with kinetic data contribute to recognizing the critical control factors in diverse photocatalysis, thereby guiding the design and manipulation of photoredox catalysis as well as the improvement and modification of photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu Wang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao Liu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Wang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei-Hai Fang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuebo Chen
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People’s Republic of China
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6
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Yu W, Wang H, Zhao K, Li W, Wang T, Fu J. Visible-Light-Induced Three-Component 1,2-Alkylpyridylation of Alkenes via a Halogen-Atom Transfer Process. J Org Chem 2024; 89:1703-1708. [PMID: 38227772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Visible-light-induced three-component 1,2-alkylpyridylation of alkenes with unactivated alkyl iodides and aryl cyanides is reported via a photocatalytic halogen-atom transfer (XAT) strategy. This metal-free protocol utilizes readily available tertiary alkylamine as the terminal reductant to smoothly convert alkyl iodides into the corresponding carbon radical species. The reaction features a broad substrate scope, excellent functional group tolerance, high efficiency, and mild reaction conditions. The practicability of this methodology is further demonstrated in the late-stage difunctionalization of bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Yu
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education and Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Hongyu Wang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Kuang Zhao
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education and Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Wendong Li
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education and Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Tao Wang
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education and Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Junkai Fu
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
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7
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Chatgilialoglu C, Barata-Vallejo S, Gimisis T. Radical Reactions in Organic Synthesis: Exploring in-, on-, and with-Water Methods. Molecules 2024; 29:569. [PMID: 38338314 PMCID: PMC10856544 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Radical reactions in water or aqueous media are important for organic synthesis, realizing high-yielding processes under non-toxic and environmentally friendly conditions. This overview includes (i) a general introduction to organic chemistry in water and aqueous media, (ii) synthetic approaches in, on, and with water as well as in heterogeneous phases, (iii) reactions of carbon-centered radicals with water (or deuterium oxide) activated through coordination with various Lewis acids, (iv) photocatalysis in water and aqueous media, and (v) synthetic applications bioinspired by naturally occurring processes. A wide range of chemical processes and synthetic strategies under different experimental conditions have been reviewed that lead to important functional group translocation and transformation reactions, leading to the preparation of complex molecules. These results reveal how water as a solvent/medium/reagent in radical chemistry has matured over the last two decades, with further discoveries anticipated in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chryssostomos Chatgilialoglu
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Center of Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-712 Poznan, Poland
| | - Sebastian Barata-Vallejo
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junin 954, Buenos Aires CP 1113, Argentina
| | - Thanasis Gimisis
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece
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8
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Wang ZY, Freas DJ, Fu GC. Phosphine Catalysis of the Fluorination of Unactivated Tertiary Alkyl Chlorides under Mild and Convenient Conditions. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25093-25097. [PMID: 37939003 PMCID: PMC10942731 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Due to the significance of organofluorine compounds in disciplines ranging from medicine to agriculture to materials science, the invention of new methods for the creation of carbon-fluorine bonds is an important objective. Among the underdeveloped dimensions in this area are the fluorination of hindered alkyl halides (particularly chlorides) and the discovery of catalysts for such fluorination processes. Herein, we report a mild method for the fluorination of unactivated tertiary alkyl chlorides (and bromides), catalyzed by inexpensive PPh3. This straightforward process is compatible with a range of hindered electrophiles and a variety of functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Yan Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Dylan J Freas
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Gregory C Fu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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9
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Sun X, Zheng K. Electrochemical halogen-atom transfer alkylation via α-aminoalkyl radical activation of alkyl iodides. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6825. [PMID: 37884528 PMCID: PMC10603137 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42566-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Alkyl halides, widely recognized as important building blocks and reagents in organic synthesis, can serve as versatile alkyl radical precursors in radical-based transformations. However, generating alkyl radicals directly from unactivated alkyl halides under mild conditions remains a challenge due to their extremely low reduction potentials. To address this issue, α-aminoalkyl radicals were employed as efficient halogen-atom transfer (XAT) reagents in the photoredox activation of unactivated alkyl halides. Here, we report an effective electrooxidation strategy for generating alkyl radicals from unactivated alkyl iodides via an electrochemical halogen-atom transfer (e-XAT) process under mild conditions. The α-aminoalkyl radicals generated by anodic oxidation are demonstrated to be efficient XAT reagents in these transformations. This facile electricity-driven strategy obviates the need for sacrificial anodes and external chemical oxidants. The method successfully applies to a wide variety of alkyl iodides, including primary, secondary, and tertiary, as well as structurally diverse olefins, exhibiting excellent functional group tolerance. Moreover, we further demonstrate the utility of this strategy by rapidly functionalizing complex molecules and biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | - Ke Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China.
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10
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Bertrand X, Pucheault M, Chabaud L, Paquin JF. Synthesis of Tertiary Fluorides through an Acid-Mediated Deoxyfluorination of Tertiary Alcohols. J Org Chem 2023; 88:14527-14539. [PMID: 37769207 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
The combination of methanesulfonic acid and potassium bifluoride is reported for the deoxyfluorination of tertiary alcohols. Under metal-free conditions that use readily available, cheap, and easy-to-handle reagents, a range of tertiary alcohols could be converted into the corresponding fluorides in excellent yields (average yields of 85% for 23 examples). Mechanistic investigation showed that the reaction proceeds at 0 °C, in part, through an elimination/hydrofluorination pathway, but no residual alkenes are observed. The application of these conditions for the fluorination of ether and ester is also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Bertrand
- CCVC, PROTEO, Département de chimie, Université Laval, 1045 Avenue de la médecine, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Mathieu Pucheault
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Laurent Chabaud
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Jean-François Paquin
- CCVC, PROTEO, Département de chimie, Université Laval, 1045 Avenue de la médecine, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
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11
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Moon HW, Lavagnino MN, Lim S, Palkowitz MD, Mandler MD, Beutner GL, Drance MJ, Lipshultz JM, Scola PM, Radosevich AT. Deoxyfluorination of 1°, 2°, and 3° Alcohols by Nonbasic O-H Activation and Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Fluoride Shuttling. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:22735-22744. [PMID: 37812176 PMCID: PMC11179691 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
A method for deoxyfluorination of aliphatic primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols is reported, employing a nontrigonal phosphorus triamide for base-free alcohol activation in conjunction with an organic soluble fluoride donor and a triarylborane fluoride shuttling catalyst. Mechanistic experiments are consistent with a reaction that proceeds by the collapse of an oxyphosphonium fluoroborate ion pair with fluoride transfer. The substrate scope complements existing deoxyfluorination methods and enables the preparation of homochiral secondary and tertiary alkylfluorides by stereoinversion of the substrate alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Won Moon
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Marissa N. Lavagnino
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Soohyun Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Maximilian D. Palkowitz
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, 250 Water Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
| | - Michael D. Mandler
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Gregory L. Beutner
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Myles J. Drance
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeffrey M. Lipshultz
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Paul M. Scola
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, 250 Water Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
| | - Alexander T. Radosevich
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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12
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Du HW, Du YD, Zeng XW, Shu W. Access to Trifluoromethylketones from Alkyl Bromides and Trifluoroacetic Anhydride by Photocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308732. [PMID: 37534823 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Aliphatic trifluoromethyl ketones are a type of unique fluorine-containing subunit which play a significant role in altering the physical and biological properties of molecules. Catalytic methods to provide direct access to aliphatic trifluoromethyl ketones are highly desirable yet remain underdeveloped, partially owing to the high reactivity and instability of trifluoroacetyl radical. Herein, we report a photocatalytic synthesis of trifluoromethyl ketones from alkyl bromides with trifluoroacetic anhydride. The reaction features dual visible-light and halogen-atom-transfer catalysis, followed by an enabling radical-radical cross-coupling of an alkyl radical with a stabilized trifluoromethyl radical. The reaction provides straightforward access to aliphatic trifluoromethyl ketones from readily available and cost-effective alkyl halides and trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Wu Du
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Dan Du
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Xian-Wang Zeng
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Wei Shu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, P. R. China
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13
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Patel C, André-Joyaux E, Leitch JA, de Irujo-Labalde XM, Ibba F, Struijs J, Ellwanger MA, Paton R, Browne DL, Pupo G, Aldridge S, Hayward MA, Gouverneur V. Fluorochemicals from fluorspar via a phosphate-enabled mechanochemical process that bypasses HF. Science 2023; 381:302-306. [PMID: 37471551 DOI: 10.1126/science.adi1557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
All fluorochemicals-including elemental fluorine and nucleophilic, electrophilic, and radical fluorinating reagents-are prepared from hydrogen fluoride (HF). This highly toxic and corrosive gas is produced by the reaction of acid-grade fluorspar (>97% CaF2) with sulfuric acid under harsh conditions. The use of fluorspar to produce fluorochemicals via a process that bypasses HF is highly desirable but remains an unsolved problem because of the prohibitive insolubility of CaF2. Inspired by calcium phosphate biomineralization, we herein disclose a protocol of treating acid-grade fluorspar with dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (K2HPO4) under mechanochemical conditions. The process affords a solid composed of crystalline K3(HPO4)F and K2-xCay(PO3F)a(PO4)b, which is found suitable for forging sulfur-fluorine and carbon-fluorine bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calum Patel
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Emy André-Joyaux
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Jamie A Leitch
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, University College London School of Pharmacy, London W1CN 1AX, UK
- FluoRok Ltd., Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke Hill, Woodstock Road, Begbroke OX5 1PF, UK
| | | | - Francesco Ibba
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
- FluoRok Ltd., Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke Hill, Woodstock Road, Begbroke OX5 1PF, UK
| | - Job Struijs
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | | | - Robert Paton
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80528, USA
| | - Duncan L Browne
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, University College London School of Pharmacy, London W1CN 1AX, UK
| | - Gabriele Pupo
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
- FluoRok Ltd., Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke Hill, Woodstock Road, Begbroke OX5 1PF, UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Michael A Hayward
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QR, UK
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14
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Zhang W, Guan W, Martinez Alvarado JI, Novaes LFT, Lin S. Deep Electroreductive Chemistry: Harnessing Carbon- and Silicon-based Reactive Intermediates in Organic Synthesis. ACS Catal 2023; 13:8038-8048. [PMID: 38707967 PMCID: PMC11067979 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c01174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
This Viewpoint outlines our recent contribution in electroreductive synthesis. Specifically, we leveraged deeply reducing potentials provided by electrochemistry to generate radical and anionic intermediates from readily available alkyl halides and chlorosilanes. Harnessing the distinct reactivities of radicals and anions, we have achieved several challenging transformations to construct C-C, C-Si, and Si-Si bonds. We highlight the mechanistic design principle that underpinned the development of each transformation and provide a view forward on future opportunities in growing area of reductive electrosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Luiz F. T. Novaes
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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15
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Zhou J, Zhao Z, Jiang B, Yamamoto K, Sumii Y, Shibata N. Synthesis of triarylmethanes by silyl radical-mediated cross-coupling of aryl fluorides and arylmethanes. Chem Sci 2023; 14:4248-4256. [PMID: 37123196 PMCID: PMC10132141 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00154g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the cross-couplings of aryl halides with diarylmethanes are mostly achieved by transition-metal catalysis, aryl fluorides are rarely used as coupling partners owing to the high inertness of C-F bonds. Herein, we describe the efficient silylboronate-mediated cross-coupling reaction of aryl fluorides with arylalkanes under transition-metal-free, room-temperature conditions. The combination of silylboronate and KO t Bu is critical for driving a radical process via the cleavage of C-F and C-H bonds in two appropriate coupling precursors, resulting in a cross-coupling product. This practical cross-coupling protocol is applicable to a wide variety of aryl fluorides with a C(sp2)-F bond. This method can be extended to other coupling partners with a C(sp3)-H bond, including diarylmethanes, diarylethanes, and monoarylalkanes. Many di- and triarylalkanes with tertiary or quaternary carbon centers can be obtained easily in moderate to high yields. We believe that the developed silylboronate-mediated cross-coupling method is a valuable contribution to C-F and C-H activation chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhou
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Zhengyu Zhao
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Bingyao Jiang
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Yamamoto
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Yuji Sumii
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Norio Shibata
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
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16
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Li R, Heuer J, Kuckhoff T, Landfester K, Ferguson CTJ. pH-Triggered Recovery of Organic Polymer Photocatalytic Particles for the Production of High Value Compounds and Enhanced Recyclability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217652. [PMID: 36749562 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pseudo-homogeneous polymeric photocatalysts are an emerging class of highly efficient and tunable photocatalytic materials, where the photocatalytic centers are easily accessible. The creation of highly efficient photocatalytic materials that can be rapidly separated and recovered is one of the critical challenges in photocatalytic chemistry. Here, we describe pH-responsive photocatalytic nanoparticles that are active and well-dispersed under acidic conditions but aggregate instantly upon elevation of pH, enabling easy recovery. These responsive photocatalytic polymers can be used in various photocatalytic transformations, including CrVI reduction and photoredox alkylation of indole derivative. Notably, the cationic nature of the photocatalyst accelerates reaction rate of an anionic substrate compared to uncharged species. These photocatalytic particles could be readily recycled allowing multiple successive photocatalytic reactions with no clear loss in activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Julian Heuer
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Kuckhoff
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Calum T J Ferguson
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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17
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Wan T, Capaldo L, Ravelli D, Vitullo W, de Zwart FJ, de Bruin B, Noël T. Photoinduced Halogen-Atom Transfer by N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Ligated Boryl Radicals for C(sp 3)-C(sp 3) Bond Formation. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 145:991-999. [PMID: 36583709 PMCID: PMC9853867 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we present a comprehensive study on the use of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-ligated boryl radicals to enable C(sp3)-C(sp3) bond formation under visible-light irradiation via Halogen-Atom Transfer (XAT). The methodology relies on the use of an acridinium dye to generate the boron-centered radicals from the corresponding NHC-ligated boranes via single-electron transfer (SET) and deprotonation. These boryl radicals subsequently engage with alkyl halides in an XAT step, delivering the desired nucleophilic alkyl radicals. The present XAT strategy is very mild and accommodates a broad scope of alkyl halides, including medicinally relevant compounds and biologically active molecules. The key role of NHC-ligated boryl radicals in the operative reaction mechanism has been elucidated through a combination of experimental, spectroscopic, and computational studies. This methodology stands as a significant advancement in the chemistry of NHC-ligated boryl radicals, which had long been restricted to radical reductions, enabling C-C bond formation under visible-light photoredox conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wan
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luca Capaldo
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Davide Ravelli
- PhotoGreen
Lab, Department of Chemistry, University
of Pavia, viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Walter Vitullo
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Felix J. de Zwart
- Homogeneous,
Supramolecular and Bio-inspired Catalysis Group (HomKat), van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Homogeneous,
Supramolecular and Bio-inspired Catalysis Group (HomKat), van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands,E-mail:
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18
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Mistry S, Kumar R, Lister A, Gaunt MJ. C(sp 3)-C(sp 3) coupling of non-activated alkyl-iodides with electron-deficient alkenes via visible-light/silane-mediated alkyl-radical formation. Chem Sci 2022; 13:13241-13247. [PMID: 36425511 PMCID: PMC9667957 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03516b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we present a remarkably mild and general initiation protocol for alkyl-radical generation from non-activated alkyl-iodides. An interaction between a silane and an alkyl iodide is excited by irradiation with visible light to trigger carbon-iodide bond homolysis and form the alkyl radical. We show how this method can be developed into an operationally simple and general Giese addition reaction that can tolerate a range of sensitive functionalities not normally explored in established approaches to this strategically important transformation. The new method requires no photocatalyst or other additives and uses only commerical tris(trimethylsilyl)silane and visible light to effectively combine a broad range of alkyl halides with activated alkenes to form C(sp3)-C(sp3) bonds embedded within complex frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanesh Mistry
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Roopender Kumar
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | | | - Matthew J Gaunt
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
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19
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Zhang Y, Chen J, Huang H. Radical Brook Rearrangements: Concept and Recent Developments. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205671. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 P. R. China
| | - Jun‐Jie Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 P. R. China
| | - Huan‐Ming Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 P. R. China
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20
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Luridiana A, Mazzarella D, Capaldo L, Rincón JA, García-Losada P, Mateos C, Frederick MO, Nuño M, Jan Buma W, Noël T. The Merger of Benzophenone HAT Photocatalysis and Silyl Radical-Induced XAT Enables Both Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Electrophile Coupling and 1,2-Dicarbofunctionalization of Olefins. ACS Catal 2022; 12:11216-11225. [PMID: 36158902 PMCID: PMC9486949 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A strategy for both
cross-electrophile coupling and 1,2-dicarbofunctionalization
of olefins has been developed. Carbon-centered radicals are generated
from alkyl bromides by merging benzophenone hydrogen atom transfer
(HAT) photocatalysis and silyl radical-induced halogen atom transfer
(XAT) and are subsequently intercepted by a nickel catalyst to forge
the targeted C(sp3)–C(sp2) and C(sp3)–C(sp3) bonds. The mild protocol is fast
and scalable using flow technology, displays broad functional group
tolerance, and is amenable to a wide variety of medicinally relevant
moieties. Mechanistic investigations reveal that the ketone catalyst,
upon photoexcitation, is responsible for the direct activation of
the silicon-based XAT reagent (HAT-mediated XAT) that furnishes the
targeted alkyl radical and is ultimately involved in the turnover
of the nickel catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Luridiana
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniele Mazzarella
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luca Capaldo
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Juan A. Rincón
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas-Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Pablo García-Losada
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas-Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Carlos Mateos
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas-Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Michael O. Frederick
- Small Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Manuel Nuño
- Vapourtec Ltd. Park Farm Business Centre, Fornham St Genevieve, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk IP28 6TS, U.K
| | - Wybren Jan Buma
- Molecular Photonics, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Wang X, Wang X, Pan H, Ming X, Zhang Z, Wang T. Palladium-Catalyzed Oxidative Nonclassical Heck Reaction of Arylhydrazines with Allylic Alcohols via C-N Bond Cleavage: Access to β-Arylated Carbonyl Compounds. J Org Chem 2022; 87:10173-10184. [PMID: 35877650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An efficient palladium-catalyzed oxidative nonclassical Heck reaction of arylhydrazines with allylic alcohols via C-N bond cleavage has been successfully developed. This method provides a series of β-arylated carbonyl compounds with broad functional group tolerance under base-free, simple, and mild open air reaction conditions. In the reaction, arylhydrazines with the smaller molecular weight of the leaving group were employed as the "green" arylation reagent, which released N2 and water as the byproducts under air. Mechanistic studies suggested that an aryl radical process and Pd-H complex migration reinsertion were involved. Moreover, the synthesis of the antiarrhythmic drug propafenone was completed with this transformation as the key step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshuo Wang
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiang xi 330022, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiang xi 330022, P. R. China
| | - Hongwu Pan
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiang xi 330022, P. R. China
| | - Xiayi Ming
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiang xi 330022, P. R. China
| | - Zhenming Zhang
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiang xi 330022, P. R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiang xi 330022, P. R. China
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22
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Bellotti P, Huang HM, Faber T, Laskar R, Glorius F. Catalytic defluorinative ketyl-olefin coupling by halogen-atom transfer. Chem Sci 2022; 13:7855-7862. [PMID: 35865891 PMCID: PMC9258324 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02732a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketyl-olefin coupling reactions stand as one of the fundamental chemical transformations in synthetic chemistry and have been widely employed in the generation of complex molecular architectures and natural product synthesis. However, catalytic ketyl-olefin coupling, until the recent development of photoredox chemistry and electrosynthesis through single-electron transfer mechanisms, has remained largely undeveloped. Herein, we describe a new approach to achieve catalytic ketyl-olefin coupling reactions by a halogen-atom transfer mechanism, which provides innovative and efficient access to various gem-difluorohomoallylic alcohols under mild conditions with broad substrate scope. Preliminary mechanistic experimental and computational studies demonstrate that this radical-to-polar crossover transformation could be achieved by sequentially orchestrated Lewis acid activation, halogen-atom transfer, radical addition, single-electron reduction and β-fluoro elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bellotti
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstraße 36 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Huan-Ming Huang
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstraße 36 48149 Münster Germany
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 China
| | - Teresa Faber
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstraße 36 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Ranjini Laskar
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstraße 36 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstraße 36 48149 Münster Germany
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23
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Li Y, Zhu J. Mechanistic Insight into the Ni-Catalyzed Kumada Cross-Coupling: Alkylmagnesium Halide Promotes C-F Bond Activation and Electron-Deficient Metal Center Slows Down β-H Elimination. J Org Chem 2022; 87:8902-8909. [PMID: 35762620 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Ni-catalyzed Kumada-Tamao-Corriu (KTC) cross-coupling between aryl fluorides and alkyl Grignard reagents has been used to achieve a highly selective Csp2-Csp3 bond construction via the carbon-fluorine (C-F) bond activation. However, the detailed mechanism of this groundbreaking KTC reaction remains unclear. Herein, we perform a series of analyses by density functional theory (DFT) calculations in order to understand the reaction mechanisms for the selective activation of a highly inert C-F bond by Ni catalysts with bidentate phosphorus ligands. An alternative mechanism for Ni/Mg bimetallic cooperation C-F bond cleavage instead of a traditional oxidative addition was proposed. The push-pull interaction in the transition state provided by the Ni center and the Lewis acid of the Mg cation smoothly breaks the C-F bond, supported by the significantly decreased activation energy from 30.9 to 4.6 kcal mol-1 and principal interacting orbital analysis. Owing to the elevated lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy level and the electron-deficient metal center caused by the bidentate phosphorus ligand, the β-H elimination could be impeded, increasing the selectivity of KTC cross-coupling. Our DFT results rationally explain the experimental observations, which will be helpful for further development of KTC cross-coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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24
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Zhang Y, Chen JJ, Huang HM. Radical Brook Rearrangement: Concept and Recent Developments. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- ShanghaiTech University School of Physical Science and Technology CHINA
| | - Jun-Jie Chen
- ShanghaiTech University School of Physical Science and Technology CHINA
| | - Huan-Ming Huang
- ShanghaiTech University School of Physical Science and Technology 393 Middle Huaxia RoadPudong 201210 Shanghai CHINA
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25
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Abstract
![]()
Fluorinated
carbohydrates have found many applications in the glycosciences.
Typically, these contain fluorination at a single position. There
are not many applications involving polyfluorinated carbohydrates,
here defined as monosaccharides in which more than one carbon has
at least one fluorine substituent directly attached to it, with the
notable exception of their use as mechanism-based inhibitors. The
increasing attention to carbohydrate physical properties, especially
around lipophilicity, has resulted in a surge of interest for this
class of compounds. This review covers the considerable body of work
toward the synthesis of polyfluorinated hexoses, pentoses, ketosugars,
and aminosugars including sialic acids and nucleosides. An overview
of the current state of the art of their glycosidation is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kler Huonnic
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Bruno Linclau
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, U.K.,Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Campus Sterre, Krijgslaan 281-S4, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
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26
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Huang CY, Li J, Li CJ. Photocatalytic C(sp 3) radical generation via C-H, C-C, and C-X bond cleavage. Chem Sci 2022; 13:5465-5504. [PMID: 35694342 PMCID: PMC9116372 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00202g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
C(sp3) radicals (R˙) are of broad research interest and synthetic utility. This review collects some of the most recent advancements in photocatalytic R˙ generation and highlights representative examples in this field. Based on the key bond cleavages that generate R˙, these contributions are divided into C–H, C–C, and C–X bond cleavages. A general mechanistic scenario and key R˙-forming steps are presented and discussed in each section. C(sp3) radicals (R˙) are of broad research interest and synthetic utility.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yu Huang
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street W. Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Jianbin Li
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street W. Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street W. Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
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27
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Jiang L, Sarró P, Teo WJ, Llop J, Suero MG. Catalytic alkene skeletal modification for the construction of fluorinated tertiary stereocenters. Chem Sci 2022; 13:4327-4333. [PMID: 35509472 PMCID: PMC9006967 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00968d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we describe the first construction of fluorinated tertiary stereocenters based on an alkene C(sp2)-C(sp2) bond cleavage. The new process, that takes advantage of a Rh-catalyzed carbyne transfer, relies on a branched-selective fluorination of tertiary allyl cations and is distinguished by a wide scope including natural products and drug molecule derivatives as well as adaptability to radiofluorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyin Jiang
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology. Av. Països Catalans, 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Pau Sarró
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology. Av. Països Catalans, 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
- Departament de Química Analítica I Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, C. Marcel·lí Domingo, 1 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Wei Jie Teo
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology. Av. Països Catalans, 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Jordi Llop
- CIC BiomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance 20014 San Sebastián Guipuzcoa Spain
| | - Marcos G Suero
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology. Av. Països Catalans, 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
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28
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Borodkin GI, Shubin VG. Electrophilic Fluorination of Heterocyclic Compounds with NF Reagents in Unconventional Media. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-022-03060-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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29
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Liu C, Li K, Shang R. Arenethiolate as a Dual Function Catalyst for Photocatalytic Defluoroalkylation and Hydrodefluorination of Trifluoromethyls. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Can Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Kang Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Rui Shang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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30
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Pal S, Chandra G, Patel S, Singh S. Fluorinated Nucleosides: Synthesis, Modulation in Conformation and Therapeutic Application. CHEM REC 2022; 22:e202100335. [PMID: 35253973 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the last twenty years, fluorination on nucleoside has established itself as the most promising tool to use to get biologically active compounds that could sustain the clinical trial by affecting the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic properties. Due to fluorine's inherent unique properties and its judicious introduction into the molecule, makes the corresponding nucleoside metabolically very stable, lipophilic, and opens a new site of intermolecular binding. Fluorination on various nucleosides has been extensively studied as a result, a series of fluorinated nucleosides come up for different therapeutic uses which are either approved by the FDA or under the advanced stage of the clinical trial. Here in this review, we are summarizing the latest development in the chemistry of fluorination on nucleoside that led to varieties of new analogs like carbocyclic, acyclic, and conformationally biased nucleoside and their biological properties, the influence of fluorine on conformation, oligonucleotide stability, and their use in therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Pal
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar Argul, Odisha, India, 752050
| | - Girish Chandra
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, SH-7, Gaya Panchanpur Road, Gaya, Bihar, India, 824236
| | - Samridhi Patel
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, SH-7, Gaya Panchanpur Road, Gaya, Bihar, India, 824236
| | - Sakshi Singh
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar Argul, Odisha, India, 752050
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31
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Pan X, Talavera M, Scholz G, Braun T. Chlorodefluorination of Fluoromethanes and Fluoroolefins at a Lewis Acidic Aluminum Fluoride. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinzi Pan
- Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin Department of Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Maria Talavera
- Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin Department of Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Gudrun Scholz
- Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin Department of Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Thomas Braun
- Humboldt University Chemistry Brook-Taylor Str. 2 12489 Berlin GERMANY
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32
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Birepinte M, Champagne PA, Paquin J. Photoinitiated
anti
‐Hydropentafluorosulfanylation of Terminal Alkynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202112575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mélodie Birepinte
- CCVC, PROTEO Département de chimie Université Laval 1045 avenue de la Médecine Québec G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Pier Alexandre Champagne
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark NJ 07102 USA
| | - Jean‐François Paquin
- CCVC, PROTEO Département de chimie Université Laval 1045 avenue de la Médecine Québec G1V 0A6 Canada
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33
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He JQ, Yang ZX, Zhou XL, Li Y, Gao S, Shi L, Liang D. Exploring the regioselectivity of the cyanoalkylation of 3-aza-1,5-dienes: photoinduced synthesis of 3-cyanoalkyl-4-pyrrolin-2-ones. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00918h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Regioselective cyanoalkylalkenylation of 3-aza-1,5-dienes with oxime esters induced by visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qin He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
| | - Zhi-Xian Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
| | - Xue-Lu Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
| | - Yanni Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
| | - Shulin Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
| | - Lou Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
| | - Deqiang Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
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34
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Juliá F, Constantin T, Leonori D. Applications of Halogen-Atom Transfer (XAT) for the Generation of Carbon Radicals in Synthetic Photochemistry and Photocatalysis. Chem Rev 2021; 122:2292-2352. [PMID: 34882396 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The halogen-atom transfer (XAT) is one of the most important and applied processes for the generation of carbon radicals in synthetic chemistry. In this review, we summarize and highlight the most important aspects associated with XAT and the impact it has had on photochemistry and photocatalysis. The organization of the material starts with the analysis of the most important mechanistic aspects and then follows a subdivision based on the nature of the reagents used in the halogen abstraction. This review aims to provide a general overview of the fundamental concepts and main agents involved in XAT processes with the objective of offering a tool to understand and facilitate the development of new synthetic radical strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Juliá
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Timothée Constantin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Daniele Leonori
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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35
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Birepinte M, Champagne PA, Paquin JF. Photoinitiated anti-Hydropentafluorosulfanylation of Terminal Alkynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202112575. [PMID: 34716642 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202112575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A photoinitiated anti-hydropentafluorosulfanylation of terminal alkynes using SF5 Cl and (TMS)3 SiH as the hydrogen atom donor is reported. This transformation generates selectively (Z)-(1-alken-1-yl)pentafluoro-λ6 -sulfanes (Z:E : >85:15), thus allowing the preparation of this previously unknown geometrical isomer. DFT calculations highlight that the selectivity is due to the intrinsic preference of SF5 -substituted vinylic radicals to adopt a cis geometry, and to increased steric contacts during the transition structures leading to the minor (E)-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélodie Birepinte
- CCVC, PROTEO, Département de chimie, Université Laval, 1045 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Pier Alexandre Champagne
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Jean-François Paquin
- CCVC, PROTEO, Département de chimie, Université Laval, 1045 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
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36
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Garbacz M, Stecko S. Synthesis of chiral branched allylamines through dual photoredox/nickel catalysis. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:8578-8585. [PMID: 34553201 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01624e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Allylamines are versatile building blocks in the synthesis of various naturally occurring products and pharmaceuticals. In contrast to terminal allylamines, the methods of synthesis of their branched congeners with internal, stereodefined double bonds are less explored. This work describes a new approach for the preparation of allylamines via cross-coupling of alkyl bromides with simple 3-bromoallylamines by merging the photoredox approach and Ni catalysis. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions, under blue light irradiation, and in the presence of an organic dye, 4CzIPN, as a photocatalyst. The scope of suitable reaction partners is broad, including alkyl bromides bearing reactive functionalities (e.g., esters, nitriles, aldehydes, ketones, epoxides) and N-protected allylamines, as well as N-allylated secondary and tertiary amines and heterocycles. The employment of non-racemic starting materials allows for rapid and easy construction of complex multifunctional allylamine derivatives without the loss of enantiomeric purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Garbacz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Sebastian Stecko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
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37
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38
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Tian H, Yang S, Wang X, Xu W, Liu Y, Li Y, Wang Q. Dehalogenative Cross-Coupling of gem-Difluoroalkenes with Alkyl Halides via a Silyl Radical-Mediated Process. J Org Chem 2021; 86:12772-12782. [PMID: 34459192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we describe a convenient general protocol for monofluoroalkenylation reactions of alkyl bromides involving cooperative visible-light photoredox catalysis and halogen abstraction. Mechanistic experiments showed that the products were generated by selective cross-coupling of aliphatic radicals with fluoroalkenyl radicals. Silyl radical-mediated halogen abstraction enabled the protocol to be used for the monofluoroalkenylation of a broad range of alkyl and heteroaryl halides. The protocol could be carried out on a gram scale and was applied to cholesterol, indicating its utility for late-stage monofluoroalkenylation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoxiang Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Wentao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingmin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
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39
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Liu S, Su YL, Sun TY, Doyle MP, Wu YD, Zhang X. Precise Introduction of the -CH nX 3-n (X = F, Cl, Br, I) Moiety to Target Molecules by a Radical Strategy: A Theoretical and Experimental Study. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:13195-13204. [PMID: 34374531 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Addition of halomethyl radicals to form bioactive molecules has recently become an efficient strategy. The reaction has a bottleneck, however, which is the effective and selective generation of the proper halomethyl •CHnX3-n radical by combining CHnX4-n with a carbon radical. Understanding the reactivity and selectivity of carbon radicals in the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and halogen atom transfer (XAT) reactions of CHnX4-n is key to the development of such an attractive method. With the help of the emerging data-driven strategy, DFT calculations were used to explore various correlations. For selectivity, the relative energy barriers between HAT and XAT reactions (ΔG⧧H - ΔG⧧X) correlate reasonably well with the three parameters ΔGH, ΔGX, and IP, and the correlation studies reveal that the calculated IPinver and the experimental ΔBDE can be used to conveniently predict the selectivity. Predicted selectivities are consistent with experimental determinations. This work not only provides a possibility for selecting carbon radicals with the known or easily obtained physicochemical data but also demonstrates that the informatic workflow such as generating data and identifying correlations has potential applications in mining reaction rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China
| | - Yong-Liang Su
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Tian-Yu Sun
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China
| | - Michael P Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Yun-Dong Wu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China.,Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xinhao Zhang
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China.,Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
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40
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Greenwood JW, Boyle BT, McNally A. Pyridylphosphonium salts as alternatives to cyanopyridines in radical-radical coupling reactions. Chem Sci 2021; 12:10538-10543. [PMID: 34447547 PMCID: PMC8356814 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02324a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Radical couplings of cyanopyridine radical anions represent a valuable technology for functionalizing pyridines, which are prevalent throughout pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials. Installing the cyano group, which facilitates the necessary radical anion formation and stabilization, is challenging and limits the use of this chemistry to simple cyanopyridines. We discovered that pyridylphosphonium salts, installed directly and regioselectively from C–H precursors, are useful alternatives to cyanopyridines in radical–radical coupling reactions, expanding the scope of this reaction manifold to complex pyridines. Methods for both alkylation and amination of pyridines mediated by photoredox catalysis are described. Additionally, we demonstrate late-stage functionalization of pharmaceuticals, highlighting an advantage of pyridylphosphonium salts over cyanopyridines. Cyanopyridines form dearomatized radical anions upon single-electron reduction and participate in photoredox coupling reactions. Pyridylphosphonium salts replicate that reactivity with a broader scope and increase the utility of these processes.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob W Greenwood
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
| | - Benjamin T Boyle
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
| | - Andrew McNally
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
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41
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Escobar RA, Johannes JW. Reductive Radical Conjugate Addition of Alkyl Electrophiles Catalyzed by a Cobalt/Iridium Photoredox System. Org Lett 2021; 23:6046-6051. [PMID: 34270268 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Alkyl and aryl halides have been studied extensively as radical precursors; however, mild and less toxic conditions for the activation of alkyl bromides toward alkyl radicals are still desirable. Reported here is a reductive radical conjugate addition that allows for the formation of alkyl radicals via activation of alkyl bromides through cobalt/iridium catalysis. The developed conditions are emphasized in the broad substrate scope presented, including benzylic halides and halides containing free alcohols, silanes, and chlorides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randolph A Escobar
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Jeffrey W Johannes
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
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42
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Zhong T, Yi JT, Chen ZD, Zhuang QC, Li YZ, Lu G, Weng J. Photoredox-catalyzed aminofluorosulfonylation of unactivated olefins. Chem Sci 2021; 12:9359-9365. [PMID: 34349907 PMCID: PMC8278970 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02503a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of efficient approaches to access sulfonyl fluorides is of great significance because of the widespread applications of these structural motifs in many areas, among which the emerging sulfur(vi) fluoride exchange (SuFEx) click chemistry is the most prominent. Here, we report the first three-component aminofluorosulfonylation of unactivated olefins by merging photoredox-catalyzed proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) activation with radical relay processes. Various aliphatic sulfonyl fluorides featuring a privileged 5-membered heterocyclic core have been efficiently afforded under mild conditions with good functional group tolerance. The synthetic potential of the sulfonyl fluoride products has been examined by diverse transformations including SuFEx reactions and transition metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that amidyl radicals, alkyl radicals and sulfonyl radicals are involved in this difunctionalization transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Ji-Tao Yi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Da Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Quan-Can Zhuang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Yong-Zhao Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Gui Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Jiang Weng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
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43
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Sowaileh MF, Alshammari MD, Colby DA. Synthesis of Difluorinated Halohydrins by the Chemoselective Addition of Difluoroenolates to α-Haloketones. Org Lett 2021; 23:5098-5101. [PMID: 34124917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
α-Haloketones are valuable intermediates in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and natural products because they display two electrophiles. Although chemoselective additions to each of these functional groups are known, the use of fluorinated nucleophiles has not been characterized, except for the dimerization of fluorohalomethyl ketones. Our studies demonstrate the use of difluoroenolates to create difluorinated bromohydrins and chlorohydrins from α-haloketones without any cyclization or rearrangement due to the mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munia F Sowaileh
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Maali D Alshammari
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - David A Colby
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
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44
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45
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Vincent É, Brioche J. Synthesis of Alkyl Fluorides by Silver‐Catalyzed Radical Decarboxylative Fluorination of Cesium Oxalates. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Émilie Vincent
- INSA Rouen UNIROUEN CNRS COBRA (UMR 6014) Normandie University 76000 Rouen France
| | - Julien Brioche
- INSA Rouen UNIROUEN CNRS COBRA (UMR 6014) Normandie University 76000 Rouen France
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46
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47
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Carvalho DR, Christian AH. Modern approaches towards the synthesis of geminal difluoroalkyl groups. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:947-964. [PMID: 33406177 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02374d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This review will cover the importance of and most recent approaches toward geminal difluoroalkyl groups. Transition metal-mediated, photochemical, organocatalytic, and other methods as well as their mechanistic implications will be discussed, with special emphasis on applications to biologically-relevant compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayanne R Carvalho
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
| | - Alec H Christian
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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48
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Liu Y, Han Z, Yang Y, Zhu R, Liu C, Zhang D. DFT study on synergetic Ir/Cu-metallaphotoredox catalyzed trifluoromethylation of aryl bromides. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2020.111294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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49
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Cannalire R, Pelliccia S, Sancineto L, Novellino E, Tron GC, Giustiniano M. Visible light photocatalysis in the late-stage functionalization of pharmaceutically relevant compounds. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 50:766-897. [PMID: 33350402 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00493f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The late stage functionalization (LSF) of complex biorelevant compounds is a powerful tool to speed up the identification of structure-activity relationships (SARs) and to optimize ADME profiles. To this end, visible-light photocatalysis offers unique opportunities to achieve smooth and clean functionalization of drugs by unlocking site-specific reactivities under generally mild reaction conditions. This review offers a critical assessment of current literature, pointing out the recent developments in the field while emphasizing the expected future progress and potential applications. Along with paragraphs discussing the visible-light photocatalytic synthetic protocols so far available for LSF of drugs and drug candidates, useful and readily accessible synoptic tables of such transformations, divided by functional groups, will be provided, thus enabling a useful, fast, and easy reference to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolando Cannalire
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy.
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50
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Zhang W, Lin S. Electroreductive Carbofunctionalization of Alkenes with Alkyl Bromides via a Radical-Polar Crossover Mechanism. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:20661-20670. [PMID: 33231074 PMCID: PMC7951757 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c08532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry grants direct access to reactive intermediates (radicals and ions) in a controlled fashion toward selective organic transformations. This feature has been demonstrated in a variety of alkene functionalization reactions, most of which proceed via an anodic oxidation pathway. In this report, we further expand the scope of electrochemistry to the reductive functionalization of alkenes. In particular, the strategic choice of reagents and reaction conditions enabled a radical-polar crossover pathway wherein two distinct electrophiles can be added across an alkene in a highly chemo- and regioselective fashion. Specifically, we used this strategy in the intermolecular carboformylation, anti-Markovnikov hydroalkylation, and carbocarboxylation of alkenes-reactions with rare precedents in the literature-by means of the electroreductive generation of alkyl radical and carbanion intermediates. These reactions employ readily available starting materials (alkyl halides, alkenes, etc.) and simple, transition-metal-free conditions and display broad substrate scope and good tolerance of functional groups. A uniform protocol can be used to achieve all three transformations by simply altering the reaction medium. This development provides a new avenue for constructing Csp3-Csp3 bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
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